Handbook of the physicochemical properties of the elements g v samsonov (auth ), g v samsonov (eds )

The section "Nuclear and Physical Properties of the Elements" has been supplemented with the table "Energy Levels of Nuclei.. The chemistry part has a supplementary table giving data on

Handbook of the

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

of the ELEMENTS

Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev

Translated from Russian

IF I/PLENUM • NEW YORK-WASHINGTON • 1968

<!JVl3Y1KO-XVlMVll(ECKVlE CBoC1CTBA 3J1EMEHTOB

FIZIKO-KHIMICHESKIE SVOISTVA ELEMENTOV

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS

ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-6068-1

001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-6066-7

e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-6066-7

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 67-10536

© 1968 I F I / Plenum Data Corporation Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1968

A Subsidiary of Plenum Publishing Corporation

227 West 17 Street, New York, N Y 10011

All rights reserved

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any

form without written permission from the publisher

PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION

The American edition of this handbook contains concise tion on the basic physical properties of the elements and on their chem-ical characteristics In general, the data selected for inclusion in the handbook are those which either agree well with calculated data (in those cases where calculations could be carried out) or satisfy various correlations, particularly those based on concepts of the distribution of valence electrons of isolated atoms in the formation of a condensed state, as electrons localized at atomic ions in the form of energetically stable configurations, and as nonlocalized electrons

informa-The Russian edition was published in the USSR in 1965, and new

or previously omitted data have been added to all the sections of the present edition In addition, the authors have considered it necessary to include a series of new sections Thus, a new table has been included,

"Electronic Configurations and Ground States of Free Atoms and Their Ions," since, in the ionization of some atoms (particularly for transition metals), the electrons are not always abstracted from the outer shell, and, consequently, calculation of the ground state (electron energy level) using the usual vector model does not give a direct result The ground states are obtained experimentally and the table contains the corresponding data on the configurations and states of triply-ionized atoms (which is usually sufficient)

We have added tables giving the radii of the main maxima of the outer orbitals of isolated atoms and ions recently calculated on the basis

of a solution of the Dirac equation [2570-2572] The authors of these calculations based their work on the same electronic structures of iso-lated atoms as those adopted in this handbook, with the exception of the atoms Tb, Cf, Es, and Fm, for which the following configurations of the outer shells were used i.nthecalculations: 4f6S 2, 5f'6d1s2, Sf106d1S2, and 5f1l6d1S2, respectively

The additional table "Bond Energies of Deep-Lying Electrons" gives the energies required for the abstraction of inner electrons from the atomic core The bond energies are given in electron volts so that

vi PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION

these values may be compared readily with the ionization potentials of outer electrons

The section "Nuclear and Physical Properties of the Elements" has been supplemented with the table "Energy Levels of Nuclei " Tables have been added which characterize the reactions of electrons with solids

The section on diffusion constants and other sections in the physics part of the handbook have been considerably enlarged The chemistry part has a supplementary table giving data on the reactions of a number

of elements with refractory compounds in the solid phase, since these data are important for high-temperature technology There are also other additions

The authors hope that the book will prove useful to wide circles

of American specialists, from scientists and engineers to students The authors are grateful to Plenum Press for their interest in this work on the correlation of data on the physical and chemical properties of elements

G V Samsonov

PREFACE

The extensive development of new branches of technology and the expansion of eXisting ones require a sharp increase in the amount of scientific, technological, and constrnctional work being done with new materials having complex physical, mechanical, and chemical proper-ties; this, in turn, requires a knowledge of the basic properties of the chemical elements

Most of the handbooks on the properties of the elements published

in the USSR and abroad are either of a strictly specialist nature (e.g., handbooks on nuclear physics and nuclear materials) or are individual collections, often including all the data on a specific problem so that the reader must select the most reliable values from the numerous and sometimes contradictory ones (e.g., the handbook by M A Filyand and

E 1 Semenova, Properties of Rare Elements) Furthermore, some handbooks are considerably out of date - e.g., the monograph by

M P Slavinskii, Physicochemical Properties of the Elements, published

in 1952 Although the basic handbook Structure and Properties of Binary Metal Systems by A E Vol, which is being published at the present time, does not have the above shortcomings, it does not include all the properties of the elements

In considering the shortcomings of previous publications, the authors of the present handbook attempted to compile a more concise work which would, at the same time, include a wider range of subjects,

so that it would be useful to teachers, graduate students, and uates, as well as to specialists in various branches of the natural and technological sciences

undergrad-The authors clearly realized the complexity of such a task and the impossibility of avoiding mistakes in the organization of the book

as well as in the presentation of complete and reliable factual material Nonetheless, they decided to proceed with this task as they themselves have been inconvenienced and their work hamper~d daily by the lack

of a single collection of reliable data on the properties of the elements

vii

viii PREFACE

The handbook was compiled by a large group of authors ing of the staffs of the Refractory Materials Section of the Institute of Problems in the Study of Materials, Academy of Sciences UkrSSR and

consist-of the Metal Reduction Laboratory consist-of the Institute consist-of the ical Principles of Processing of Mineral Raw Materials, Siberian branch

Physicochem-of the Academy Physicochem-of Sciences USSR, and consultants for various sections,

in particular, A S Povarennykh (Geological Institute of the Academy of

of Sciences UkrSSR), V S Neshpor (State Institute of Applied Chemistry), and others to whom the authors are grateful for comments and advice The authors hope that despite its inevitable shortcomings, the handbook will prove useful to a wide circle of readers; we will be grate-ful for all comments, recommendations, and wishes

The authors would like to thank G A Koval', T K Kononenko,

T G Kutsenok, and L F Ochkas for their help in compiling the

handbook

CONTENTS

Introduction 1

Chapter 1 Atomic Structure and Crystallochemical Properties of the Elements 7

Content of Elements in the Universe 7

Relative Content of Nuclei of Elements in Cosmic Rays 7 Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust 8

Content of Elements in Sea Water 9

Atomic Weights, Atomic Volumes, and Year of Discovery of Elements • 10

Electronic Structure of Isolated Atoms 13

Ionization Potentials of Atoms 16

Electron Affinity 20

Electronegativity of Elements 21

Bond Energies of Deep-Lying Electrons 22

Electronic Configuration and Ground States of Free Atoms and Their Ions • 24

Number of Spectral Lines of the Elements 29

Spectral Lines of the Elements 30

Wavelengths of L-Series 68

Wavelengths of K-Series 72

Wavelengths of M-Series • 73

Wavelengths of N -Series 87

Radii of the Main Maxima of Outer Orbitals of Atoms 88 Radii of the Main Maxima of Outer Orbitals of Ions 92 Atomic and Ionic Radii 97

Crystal Structure of the Elements 110

Polymorphic Conversions 124

Density of the Elements 128

Chapter II Nuclear Physical Properties of the Elements 131 IsotopiC Composition of the Elements 131

Energy Levels of Nuclei 181

Thermal Neutron Absorption and Scattering Cross Sections of Nuclei of Elements and Isotopes 198

ix

x CONTENTS

Thermal Neutron Fission Cross Sections of Nuclei

of Heavy Elements 217

Interaction of Nuclei of Elements with Neutrons in Resonance Region .• •.• 217

Interaction of Nuclei of Elements and Isotopes with Fast Neutrons •• • 222

Maximum Range of Electrons in SoUd Elements 227

Scattering of Electrons at Atoms • • 230

Properties of Elementary Particles • • • 234

Chapter III Thermodynamic and Heat Properties of Elements • • • • • • • • • • 236

Entropies of Gaseous Elements

Entropies of Substances

Heat Capacity •

Melting and Boiling Points

Heats of Fusion and Sublimation

Vapor Pressure • •

Vapor Pressures of Elements at Melting Points •

Critical Parameters of Elements

Reduced Thermodynamic Potentials

Thermal Conductivity

Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Characteristic Temperature • • • •

Mean Square Displacement of Atoms in Thermal Oscillations

Crystal Lattice Energy

Surface Tension •

Dynamic Viscosity of Elements in Liquid State

Kinematic Viscosity of Elements in Liquid State

Viscosity of Some Liquified Gases • •

Self-Diffusion Parameters of the Elements

Interdiffusion Parameters of the Elements

Mobility of Ions in Gases .•

Chapter IV Electrical and Magnetic Properties of the Elements •

Electrical Conductivity • •

Thermal Coefficient of Electrical Resistance

236 239 242 248 250 252 258 261 262 268 278 284 285 286 287 288 291 292 293 299 312 314 314 323 Superconductivity •• • • • • • • 327

Thermoelectric Properties • 329

CONTENTS

Galvanomagnetic Properties

Magnetic Properties

Emission Properties

Work Function of Different Faces of a Tungsten Single Crystal •

Secondary Electron Emission Width of Forbidden Band Dielectric Properties

Chapter V Optical Properties of the Elements Color " •.•

Emissivity .•

Reflectivity •

Refractive Indices ,

Chapter VI Mechanical Properties of the Elements Modulus of Normal Elasticity .•

Shear Modulus

Poisson's Ratio •

Compressibility

Velocity of Sound in Matter

Limit of Proportionality during Strain

Tensile Yield Stress

Tensile Strength

Relative Elongation

Compressive Strength

Fatigue Limit under Alternating Bending

Creep

Long-Term Strength of Metals

Impact Strength

Hardness on Mineralogical Scale Brinell Hardness

Vickers Hardness

Rockwell Hardness Microhardness

Chapter VII Electrochemical Properties of Elements NormaLElectrode Potentials

Electrochemical Weight Equivalents

Standard Oxidation-Reduction Potentials of Elements and Ions in Water at 298°K

xi

332

338

354

362

363

364

366

374

374

377

383

386

387

387

394

396

397

398

400

403

408

415

422

424

425

427

428

432

432

438

443

445

447

447

449

452

xii CONTENTS

Evolution of Hydrogen on Various Metals in Aqueous

Solutions of Acids and Alkalis at 293°K • 455

Chapter VIII Chemical Propenies of the Elements 457

Interaction of the Elements with Various Reagents 457

Corrosion of the Elements in Various Media • • 609

Reactions of the Elements with Hydrogen • 721

Reactions of the Elements with Boron 737

Reactions of the Elements with Carbon 745

Reactions of the Elements with Silicon 754

Reactions of the Elements with Nitrogen 762

Reactions of the Elements with Phosphorus 778

Reactions of the Elements with Oxygen 788

Reactions of the Elements with Sulfur 810

Reactions of the Elements with Selenium and Tellurium 827 Reactions of the Elements with Refractory Materials in the Solid Phase 836

Toxicity .• • • 848

References • 857

INTRODUCTION

The study of the properties of the chemical elements has always lagged considerably behind their discovery, and this has mainly been due to the difficUlty in obtaining elements in a sufficiently pure form,

as well as to the need for the development of special investigation procedures and the corresponding equipment and instruments This, in particular, has been responsible for the presence in the scientific litera-ture of much data on the physical and chemical properties of substances which were obtained with samples of varying 'Clegrees of purity and which often differed substantially from each other and even contradict-

ed each other

In connection with the development of semiconductor technOlogy, nuclear physics, and high- and low-temperature technOlogy, consider-able success has now been achieved in the preparation of elements in a highly pure state, and this has lead to the accumulation of a large amount of data on the electrophysical, nuclear, and structural proper-ties of the elements However, it should be noted that there is some lag in the investigation of the thermal, thermodynamic, and, particu-larly, the mechanical properties of substances This lag also applies to some extent to chemical properties, information on which is largely of

a purely qualitative descriptive character

These peculiarities in research on the properties of the elements are naturally reflected in the present handbook, which was compiled from literature data available to the authors An attempt was made to present the most reliable data, with the degree of reliability determined mainly from the dependability of the method used in establishing the numerical values of the properties, the purity characteristics and states

of the samples, and also statistical criteria In a number of cases the degree of reliability was also estimated from the agreement of the measured properties with some well-established laws and the logical conclusions from them

Values whose degree of reliability is doubtful and for which there are no reliable data are given in parentheses Only one numerical value

1

2 INTRODUCTION

is given for each property of an element and this facilitates the use of the handbook The citations in the "References" column correspond to this value At the same time, additional literature references are given so that specialists can draw their own conclusions on the degree of reliabil-ity of particular values and also on the effect of purity, measurement method, and other parameters on the numerical values of the properties

As a result of this, the handbOok is to some extent of a ical nature The number of references shows the statistical reliability

bibliograph-of the values and the extent to which they have been studied, and this should attract the attention of research organizations and investigators occupied with the study of the properties of elements

The following comments shOUld be made on the material in the individual chapters and tables In Chapter I we give general informa-tion on the properties of the elements and the structure of their atoms Together with data on the abundance of the elements in the earth's crust, we also give the relative abundances of the elements in the uni-verse, in some cosmic objects, and in cosmic rays The table of the atomic weights and atomic volumes of the elements, which was com-piled from data in 1962, gives information on the discovery of the cor-responding elements The table giving the electronic structure of iso-lated atoms has been changed somewhat and augmented in comparison with that normally given; in particular, we give the electronic struc-ture of recently discovered members of the actinide series, for the ter-bium atom we adopted the more probable configuration 4t'5d16gZ in comparison with 4f6s2 , etc The table giving the ionization potentials

of atoms has been augmented substantially, particularly for the rare earth elements from the summary [1] and the articles [2590] and [2591] The values of the electron affinity were taken from the handbook [2] Together with data on electron affinity we also give values of the elec-tropegativity of the elements; although the latter characteristic does not have a sufficiently precise physical meaning and is formal in character,

it is still used by a number of investigators Available data on the tral characteristics of the elements in ground and ionized states are presented systematically

spec-Particular comment should be made on the table of atomic and ionic radii The latter are arbitrary values, representing the possible radius of the sphere of action of atoms in compounds with various satu-rated types of bond, namely, ionic, covalent, or metallic In homoa-

INTRODUCTION 3

tomic compounds, half ofthe shortest interatomic distance is taken as the radius of the atoms; in heteroatomic compounds of the ionic type the radii of the ions are obtained by subtracting from the interatomic dis-tances the radius of one of the ions, which is taken as a reference Therefore, the system of ionic radii depends on the values of the so-called reference radii, which are different according to different authors

(for example, according to Goldschmidt the radius ofd- is 1.32xlO-1

nm according to Pauling it is 1.40xlO-1 nm, according to Belov and Bokii it is 1.36xlO-1 nm, etc.) Since there are continuous transitions between types of bond in a series of compounds, the values of the ionic and covalent radii adopted are approximate and their sums differ substantially from the corresponding interatomic distances Povarennykh [3] proposed a system of "varying" ionic radii, whose values depend on the character of the bond in each actual compound and are calculated from the difference in the electronegativities of the corresponding atoms mentioned above The coordination number and multiplicity of the covalent bond also affect the values of the radii More details on this problem will be found in Batsanov's review [43]

In view of these circumstances and the physical uncertainty ofthe concepts of atomic and ionic radii the authors decided that it was necessary to present all systems of these values without showing pref-erence for any of them At the end of the chapter we present data on the density of the elements and their crystal structures and polymorphic conversions

Chapter II gives data on the main nuclear properties of the ements Tables of the isotopic composition of the elements and the characteristics of the interaction of elements with neutrons were com-piled mainly from the Handbook of Nuclear Physics [4] and the proper-ties of the elementary particles are from data in [5]

el-Unfortunately the size of this handbook made it impossible to include tables of the interaction of elements with neutrons having resonance energies over the whole spectrum of resonance energies More complete information on the nuclear properties of the elements may be obtained from the Nuclear Physical Constants handbook [249] Chapter III covers the thermodynamic and thermal properties of the elements Most tables in this section were compiled on the basis

of handbooks and monographs [6-11] published in the USSR and abroad

4 INTRODUCTION

In the tables giving the boiling points and vapor pressures of the ments, at the melting points we give mainly calculated data obtained from experimental equations of the temperature dependence of the vapor pressure In the table of thermal expansion coefficients we give the mean values of the coefficients for the given temperature ranges

ele-It should be noted that the conversion of dynamic into kinematic cosity and vice versa was impossible in most cases because of the lack

vis-of data on the density vis-of liquids In the tables vis-of diffusion tics, together with the diffusion parameters we also give the methods used for determining them in the original work

characteris-Chapter IV gives data on the electrical and magnetic properties

of the elements The values of the electrical resistances of the elements are given for the widest possible temperature ranges The electrical resistance is a structurally sensitive property and depends very markedly

on the purity of the materials Therefore, the data are most reliable for those elements with which there has been the greatest progress in improving purity in connection with their use in new fields of technol-ogy It may be assumed that some of the values of electrical resistance are somewhat high because of the inadequate purity of the samples, and

so in selecting the most reliable values we favored the lowest values Data on superconductivity are taken from B Roberts' review [12] with hardly any changes The values given for the specific magnetic suscep-tibility may be connected readily into atomic or molar susceptibiliues

by multiplying by the atomic or molecular weight, respectively In the section on emission characteristics we give the values of the work function for electron emission measured by various methods and esti-mated by empirical relations Because of the substantial dependence of the work function on the method of determination (thermoelectric, photoelectric, autoelectronic, effusion, from the difference in contact potentials, and calorimetric methods) and the character of the empirical relation for the calculation, we give a range of literature references to the original papers More complete information on this problem may

be found in the handbook [1347] In the table giving the widths of the forbidden band we give the characteristics of the samples on which the measurements were made The thermal method gives the width of the forbidden band at absolute zero, while the optical method gives the value at the measurement temperature Where we give the value at absolute zero determined by the optical method this means that mea-surements were made of the temperature dependence of the absorption

6 = 61160, where 6 1 is the permittivity of the substance and 6 0 is the permittivity of vacuum, which equals 8.85 X 10-12 F 1m Because of the very slight deviation of 6 from I, for gases we give the values of

Chapter V gives data on the main optical properties of the ments, namely, the color, emissive power, reflectance, and refractive index

ele-Chapter VI covers the mechanical properties of the elements, which are the least-studied properties The data on these properties are not only very limited, but also show considerable scatter because of the indeterminacy of the composition of the samples studied, the effect

of various types of defect, texture, the character of the treatment, etc

In Chapter VII we give the main electrochemical characteristics

of the elements According to the system of signs for the electrode potential adopted in the USSR we give the sign relative to a standard hydrogen electrode, whose equilibrium potential is conventionally taken

as O The electrochemical equivalents were calculated from the values

of the atomic weights adopted

Chapter VIII covers the main chemical properties of the elements Here the authors decided that it was possible to abandon the order of the elements adopted in the other sections and to examine them in the groups of the Periodic Table, where chemically similar elements are grouped together In addition to a description of the main chemical

characteristics of the elements and the rate of their corrosion by various reagents, we also give somewhat more detailed data on the interaction

of elements with nonmetals, namely, hydrogen, boron, carbon, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and tellurium, and point out some classification principles referring to the character of the interaction In the same chapter we give the basic ideas of the toxicity

of elements

6 INTRODUCTION

The values given in the handbook are in the SI (International System) of units, which is adopted in the USSR, with the exception of some units which are not included in the system For the convenience

of readers, in some cases together with the new system we give values

in the cgs, mts (meter-ton-second), and other systems with the

conversion factors

number I Element I Composition of iReferences

8 ATOMIC STRUCTURES AND CRYST ALLOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

ABUNDANCE OF ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH'S CRUST (Lithosphere's composition according to A P Vinogradov) [20, 21, 23]

con-CONTENT OF ELEMENTS IN SEA WATER 9

CONTENT OF ELEMENTS IN SEA WATER* [2352]

10 ATOMIC STRUCTURES AND CRYST ALLOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

ATOMIC WEIGHTS, ATOMIC VOLUMES, AND YEAR OF

DISCOVERY OF THE ELEMENTS [25-30]

(atomic weights as of January I, 1962)

2 Helium He 4.0026 19.43 1868; discovered by J.Janssen

It was isolated by W, Ramsay

in 1895

3 Lithium Li 6.939 12.94 1817; A Arfvedson

4 Beryllium Be 9.0122 4.89 1 'ffi7; N Vauquelin

5 Boron B 10.811:1: 4.67 1808; H Davy, I Gay-Lussac,

ATOMIC WEIGHTS AND VOLUMES 11

29 Copper Cu 63.54 7.11 Known since ancient times

30 Zinc Zn 65.37 9.15 Known since ancient times

31 Gallium Ga 69.72 11.80 1875; Lecoq de Boisbaudran

49 Indium In 114.82' 15.76 1863; F Reich and T Richter

50 Tin Sn 118.69 16.29 Known since ancient times

51 Antimony Sb 121.75 18.19 Known since ancient times

52 Tellurium Te 127.60 20.02 1782; Muller van Richenstei n

53 Iodine I 126.9044 25.72 1811; B Courtois

54 Xenon Xe 131.30 36.76 1898; W Ramsay and

M Travers

55 Cesium Cs 132.905 67.84 1860; R Bunsen

12 A TOMIC STRUCTURES AND CRYST ALLOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

59 Praseodymium Pr 140.907 20.82 1885; C A Von Welsbach

60 Neodymium Nd 144.24 20.58 1885; C A Von Welsbach

71 Lutetium Lu 174.97 17.76 1907; C A Von Welsbach

72 Hafuium Hf 178.49 13.47 1923; D Coster and G Hevese y

78 Platinum Pt 195.09 9.09 Known since ancient times

79 Gold Au 196.967 10.20 Known since ancient times

80 Mercury Hg 200.59 13.94 Known since ancient times

81 Thallium T1 204.37 17.22 1861; V Crookes

82 Lead Pb 207.19 18.27 Known since ancient times

83 Bismuth Bi 208.980 21.31 1529; G Agricola

84 Polonium Po - - 1898; P Curie and M.-Curie

85 Astatine At - - 1940; E Segre, D Corson,

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF ISOLATED ATOMS 13

91 Protactinium Pa - - 1917; O Hahn and L Meitner

92 Uranium U 238.03 12.50 1789; M Klaproth; E Peligot

isolated it in a pure form in

1841

P Abelson

94 Plutonium Pu - - 1941; G Seaborg et al

95 Americium Am - - 1945; G Seaborg et al

97 Berkelium Bk - - 1949; G Seaborg et al

98 Californium Cf - - 1950; G Seaborg et al

99 Einsteinium Es - - 1952; A Ghiorso et al

101 Mendelevium Md - - 1955; G Seaborg et al

102 Nobelium No - - 1958; G N Flerov: G Seaborg

103 Lawrencium Lw - - 1961; A Ghiorso et al

"The name of the element has not been accepted universally [29]

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF ISOLATED ATOMS

14 ATOMIC STRUCTURES AND CRYSTALLOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

-ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF ISOLA TED ATOMS 15

* HypothetIcal

20 ATOMIC STRUCTURES AND CRYSTALLOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

ELECTRONEGA TIVITY OF ELEMENTS 21

ELECTRONEGATIVITY OF ELEMENTS

<U

24 ATOMIC STRUCTURES AND CRYSTALLOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION AND GROUND STATES

OF FREE ATOMS AND THEIR IONS [13-17]

Element Un-ionized Singly-ionized Doubly-ionized

22 Ti 3dz4sz (SFz) 3dz4s ("Fs /z) 3dz eFz) 3p63d(ZDs/2)

23 V 3ds45'- (4Fs / z> 3~ (5Do> 3ds (4FS /z> 3dz (SFz>

CONFIGURATION AND GROUND STATES OF ATOMS AND IONS 25

Continuation

Element Un-ionized Singly-ionized Doubly-ionized

-26 ATOMIC STRUCTURES AND CRYST ALLOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

4d10 (Iso) 5s (25112) 5.} (Iso) 5p CZPij2) 5p2 (sPo) 5pS (45:; /2) 5p4 (SP2) 5p5 ep;;Z) 5p6 (Iso) 6s (251/ 2) 5d2 (SF2) 4f'-5s25p66s (4H7 / 2) 4f'5.}5p66s (~)

4t45.}5p66s (617 / 2) 4F5s25p66s eH2)

4f65.}5p66s (BF 1/2) 4f7 5.} 5p66s (954)

4f75.}5p65d6s (10Do 5/2 )

Continuation Doubl y- ionized Triply-

-4d10 (150) 4d9 (2D5 /2) 5s (251/2) 4d10 (150) 5s2 (150) 5s (ZS 1 /2) 5p CZPi/2) 5s2 (150) 5p2 (SPo) 5p (2Pi/2) 5pS (45; /2) 5p2 (sPo) 5p4 (sP2) 5pS (45; /2) 5p5 (2pS /2) 5p4 CSP2)

-4t25s25p6 CSH4) 4f15.}5p6

eF5j2) 4f'5s25p6 (4lg12) 4f'-5.}5p6

(sH4) 4t45s25p6 (514) 4f'5.}5p6

(419 /2) 4F5s25p6 (6H 5/2 4t45.}5p6

(54) 4F5s25p6 eFo) 4F5s25p6

(~5/2) 4f7 5.} 5p6 (BS7 / 2) 4t55s25p6

eFo)

4f'15.} 5p65d (9na 4f75s25p6

BSo ( 7/2 )

CONFIGURATION AND GROUND STATES OF ATOMS AND IONS 27

Continuation

Element Un-ionized Singly-ionized Doubly-ionized

28 ATOMIC STRUCTURES AND CRYSTALLOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Continuation

Eleme'nt Un-ionized Singl y- ionized Doubly-ionized

NUMBER OF SPECTRAL LINES OF THE ELEMENTS

NUMBER OF SPE CTRAL LINES OF THE