MINERAL mineral resources

 Main Functions Sulfur is necessary for the formation of hair, nails, cartilage and tissue..  Deficiency Symptoms Although uncommon, zinc deficiency symptoms include anemia, stunted g

Pada Bahan Makanan : ±96% bahan organik dan air ± 4% unsur mineral/zat

anorganik/kadar abu

Berdasarkan penelitian : ada 14 unsur mineral yg

diperlukan tubuh manusia

 mineral makro : terdapat dalam tubuh dalam jumlah cukup besar :Na, Cl, K, Ca, P, Mg dan S

 mineral mikro : terdapat dalam tubuh dalam jumlah kecil : Fe, I, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co dan F

Unsur mineral dalam bentuk : ion bebas

Terikat dg zat organik lain Fungsi mineral : zat pembangun dan pengatur

Sulfur (S)

The average human body contains about 1 teaspoon of sulfur You may know sulfur as the mineral that gives rotten eggs their distinctive smell

Natural Food Sources

Dried beans, cabbage, clams, eggs, fish, garlic,

legumes, meat, milk, onions, poultry, wheat germ

 Main Functions

Sulfur is necessary for the formation of hair, nails,

cartilage and tissue It is needed for metabolism and a healthy nervous system, plus it aids bile secretion in the liver

 Deficiency Symptoms

Sulfur deficiency is only found in conjunction with

protein deficiency, and can be alleviated by increasing protein consumption

 Toxicity Symptoms

Excess sulfur is excreted in urine, so is essentially non-toxic

Zinc (Zn)

Zinc is an important trace element involved in antioxidant reactions It can boost your immune system and has been reported to be

effective in fending off bad colds Vegetarians should be conscious

of ensuring an adequate intake of zinc

 Natural Food Sources

Beef, black beans, blackstrap molasses, chicken heart, egg yolk, fish, lamb, maple syrup, milk, nuts, oysters, pork, sesame seeds, soybeans, sunflower seeds, turkey, wheat germ, whole grain

products, yeast

 Main Functions

Zinc is a component of insulin and over 100 enzymes, proteins,

nucleic acids and hormones It helps in the healing of wounds,

tissue repair, growth, energy conversion and sexual development

It regulates blood sugar, blood pressure, heart rate and cholesterol levels

 Deficiency Symptoms

Although uncommon, zinc deficiency symptoms include anemia, stunted growth, birth defects, sterility, mental problems, skin

problems, hair loss and a decreased ability to taste food If your diet is too rich in copper or iron, it could lead to a zinc deficiency

Manganese (Mn)

Not a lot is known about this trace element, but it may play a role in treating heart arrhythmia, osteoporosis, epilepsy and back pain Our bodies store about 10 mg of manganese in the bones, liver, kidneys and pancreas

 Natural Food Sources

Beans, blackberries, blueberries, bran, brown rice, buckwheat,

carrots, chestnuts, hazelnuts, legumes, oatmeal, peanuts, peas, pecans, seaweed, spinach, tea, wheat germ, whole grains

 Main Functions

Manganese is used in bone formation, muscle coordination,

nervous system function and is involved in several enzyme

reactions It is also used, along with vitamin K, to promote blood clotting

 Deficiency Symptoms

Deficiencies are rare, as manganese is widely available in the food supply However, symptoms may include seizures, epilepsy, poor muscle coordination, facial twitching, bone deformities and general weakness Manganese deficiencies in children may lead to stunted growth and development

Iron (Fe)

There are 2 forms of Iron , ferrous and ferric compound Ferrous compound is more difficult for the body to

absorb Iron is found in many plants, but even that is often in a form that is difficult to absorb (some iron-rich vegetables like spinach also contain oxalic acid, which interferes with the absorption of iron and other

minerals) Vitamin C greatly improves iron absorption

 Natural Food Sources

Enriched bread, beans, blackstrap molasses, chickpeas, clams, egg yolk, fish, green leafy vegetables, lentils,

liver, mussels, oysters, peaches, prunes, raisons, red meat, seaweed, seeds, soybean flour

 Main Functions

Iron binds with hemoglobin molecules and carries

oxygen in your blood and throughout your body It is involved in enzyme activities related to energy storage and availability Iron also forms part of several

enzymes and proteins in the body

Main Functions of Iron

 Transport and storage of oxygen

 Aid in energy production and cell diffusion

 Helps the immune and central nervous systems

Low Iron Level

Low iron levels can cause people to develop iron deficiency

anemia When a person is anemic, their blood contains low

levels of oxygen

Deficiency

 Fatigue

 Weakness

 Rapid heartbeat

 Fainting

 Susceptibility to infection, and

 Swelling of the tongue

 lethargy, poor concentration, pale skin and shortness of breath Vegetarians have to ensure they get an adequate iron intake, as

do menstruating or pregnant women

Iodine (I)

Iodine, also referred to as iodide, is a trace mineral necessary for

thyroid gland function and development Iodized salt is the main source of iodine in most diets

 Natural Food Sources

Lobster, milk, mushrooms, nutritional yeast, oysters, canned

salmon, salted nuts and seeds, saltwater fish (cod, haddock,

herring), sea salt, seaweed, shrimp, table salt

 Main Functions

Iodine is necessary to form thyroid hormones, which regulate the body's metabolism It also promotes normal cell function, keeps skin hair and nails healthy and is important for overall

growth and development

 Deficiency Symptoms

Goiter, or thyroid enlargement, is a symptom of iodine

deficiency, as is dry hair, irritability, nervousness, slow

metabolism and obesity If pregnant women are deficient in

iodine it may cause cretinism, a form of mental retardation of the fetus

Fluorine (F)

Fluoride is found mainly in the teeth - no wonder it is

such a common ingredient in toothpastes In many

parts of the world, fluoride is added to tap water

Studies have proven that this significantly decreases tooth decay in children, especially when fluoride is

consumed before the teeth erupt

 Natural Food Sources

Apples, calf liver, cod, eggs, kidney, canned salmon, canned sardines, fluoridated tap water, some cheese, tea

 Main Functions

Fluoride is essential for healthy bone and tooth

formation, as it helps the body retain calcium It

prevents acid and plaque formation in the mouth

caused from food, especially sugar

 Deficiency Symptoms

If the water in your area is not fluoridated,

supplements are necessary - especially for infants and children - or increased dental cavities may result

Cobalt (Co)

Cobalt is a trace mineral stored primarily in the liver It

acts as a catalyst that helps form vitamin B12, which is essential for making red blood cells

 Natural Food Sources

Clams, dairy products, kidney, liver, meats, oysters,

some seaweed

 Main Functions

Cobalt works in concert with Vitamin B12 for the

functioning of enzymes and production of red blood

cells It also helps form the myelin covering around the nerves

 Deficiency Symptoms

Cobalt is found mainly in animal products, so deficiency

is quite common among strict vegetarians A deficiency

in cobalt may lead to a deficiency in vitamin B12, which can lead to pernicious anemia and nervous system

disorders

Cuprum (Cu)

 Cu is available in the liver, kidney, hair and

brain

Cu is essential for hemoglobin growth and is as

a cofactor for an enzyme that catalyzes the

tyrosinase, sitokrom oksidase, and ascorbat

oksidase

decreasing in elastine synthesize, so that aorta and tendon tissues are less elastic In the

baby, it caused leucopenia (less leucocyte) and bone demineralization.

Boron (B)

Boron is a trace element found mostly in the parathyroid glands It helps you absorb calcium in your bones

Boron's role in the body was only discovered in the

1980's

 Natural Food Sources

Apples, beans, beer, carrots, cider, grains, grapes, leafy vegetables, legumes, nuts, pears, raisons, some

drinking water supplies

 Main Functions

Boron helps regulate the levels of calcium in the body, which may help to preserve bone and prevent

osteoporosis It promotes normal growth, development and metabolism

 Deficiency Symptoms

Poor bone development is the main boron deficiency

symptom

Selenium (Se)

Selenium is a strong antioxidant found in many natural sources,

depending on how abundant the selenium concentration is in a

region's soil The soil in China, New Zealand and southeastern U.S

is particularly selenium-deficient Some studies have shown

selenium to be an effective supplement for preventing heart

disease and cancer

 Natural Food Sources

Bran, broccoli, brown rice, cabbage, chicken, garlic, kidney, liver, milk, mushrooms, nuts (especially Brazil nuts), nutritional yeast, oatmeal, onions, seafood, whole grain products

 Main Functions

Selenium works in conjunction with vitamin E and is involved in

several enzyme systems It is necessary for healthy skin, muscles and heart function Selenium promotes the formation of antibodies and can help prevent infection It also helps prevent the absorption

of metals such as mercury, silver and thallium and may protect

against prostate cancer

 Deficiency Symptoms

Selenium deficiency can lead to premature aging, muscular aches, nerve cell damage, mental retardation and infertility It has even resulted in myocardial deaths

Chromium (Cr)

The body's use of chromium is not fully understood by science yet There has been some recent press that chromium picolinate or

GTF may help diabetics control their blood sugar and aid in weight loss efforts

 Natural Food Sources

Apples, barley, beef, brewer's yeast, broccoli, calf liver, cheese,

chicken, corn, eggs, molasses, mushrooms, peanuts, sweet potato, tomato, whole grain products, wheat germ

 Main Functions

Chromium helps insulin work efficiently when metabolizing glucose

It is also involved in using proteins, fats and carbohydrates

 Deficiency Symptoms

Chromium deficiency is common in the modern diet, mainly

because of the consumption of processed grains Symptoms

include numbness in the fingers and toes, high blood sugar,

glucose intolerance, clumsiness and nerve disorders Chromium

deficiency may even lead to symptoms similar to diabetes