Fundamentals of corporate finance 9th ed ross westerfiled jordan

PART 1 Overview of Corporate FinanceCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CORPORATE FINANCE 1CHAPTER 2 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, TAXES, AND CASH FLOW 21PART 2 Financial Statements and LongTerm Financial PlanningCHAPTER 3 WORKING WITH FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 48CHAPTER 4 LONGTERM FINANCIAL PLANNING AND GROWTH 89PART 3 Valuation of Future Cash FlowsCHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO VALUATION: THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY 121CHAPTER 6 DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW VALUATION 146CHAPTER 7 INTEREST RATES AND BOND VALUATION 192CHAPTER 8 STOCK VALUATION 234PART 4 Capital BudgetingCHAPTER 9 NET PRESENT VALUE AND OTHER INVESTMENT CRITERIA 264CHAPTER 10 MAKING CAPITAL INVESTMENT DECISIONS 302CHAPTER 11 PROJECT ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION 337PART 5 Risk and ReturnCHAPTER 12 SOME LESSONS FROM CAPITAL MARKET HISTORY 368CHAPTER 13 RETURN, RISK, AND THE SECURITY MARKET LINE 403CHAPTER 14 OPTIONS AND CORPORATE FINANCE 439PART 6 Cost of Capital and LongTerm Financial PolicyCHAPTER 15 COST OF CAPITAL 479CHAPTER 16 RAISING CAPITAL 513CHAPTER 17 FINANCIAL LEVERAGE AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE POLICY 551CHAPTER 18 DIVIDENDS AND DIVIDEND POLICY 590PART 7 ShortTerm Financial Planning and ManagementCHAPTER 19 SHORTTERM FINANCE AND PLANNING 624CHAPTER 20 CASH AND LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT 657CHAPTER 21 CREDIT AND INVENTORY MANAGEMENT 689PART 8 Topics in Corporate FinanceCHAPTER 22 INTERNATIONAL CORPORATE FINANCE

FUNDAMENTALS OF

CORPORATE FINANCE

Financial Management

Adair

Excel Applications for Corporate Finance

First Edition

Block, Hirt, and Danielsen

Foundations of Financial Management

Thirteenth Edition

Brealey, Myers, and Allen

Principles of Corporate Finance

Ninth Edition

Brealey, Myers, and Allen

Principles of Corporate Finance, Concise

First Edition

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Fundamentals of Corporate Finance

Sixth Edition

Brooks

FinGame Online 5.0

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Case Studies in Finance: Managing for

Corporate Value Creation

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Finance: Applications and Theory

Grinblatt and Titman

Financial Markets and Corporate Strategy

Kester, Ruback, and Tufano

Case Problems in Finance

Twelfth Edition

Ross, Westerfi eld, and Jaffe

Corporate Finance Ninth Edition

Ross, Westerfi eld, Jaffe, and Jordan

Corporate Finance: Core Principles and Applications

Second Edition

Ross, Westerfi eld, and Jordan

Essentials of Corporate Finance Sixth Edition

Ross, Westerfi eld, and Jordan

Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Ninth Edition

Bodie, Kane, and Marcus

Investments Eighth Edition

Hirt and Block

Fundamentals of Investment Management Ninth Edition

Hirschey and Nofsinger

Investments: Analysis and Behavior Second Edition

Jordan and Miller

Fundamentals of Investments: Valuation and Management

Fifth Edition

Financial Institutions and Markets

Rose and Hudgins

Bank Management and Financial Services Eighth Edition

Rose and Marquis

Money and Capital Markets: Financial Institutions and Instruments in a Global Marketplace

Tenth Edition

Saunders and Cornett

Financial Institutions Management: A Risk Management Approach

Sixth Edition

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Financial Markets and Institutions Fourth Edition

International Finance

Eun and Resnick

International Financial Management Fifth Edition

Kuemmerle

Case Studies in International Entrepreneurship: Managing and Financing Ventures in the Global Economy

First Edition

Real Estate

Brueggeman and Fisher

Real Estate Finance and Investments Thirteenth Edition

Ling and Archer

Real Estate Principles: A Value Approach Third Edition

Financial Planning and Insurance

Allen, Melone, Rosenbloom, and Mahoney

Retirement Plans: 401(k)s, IRAs, and Other Deferred Compensation Approaches Tenth Edition

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Personal Financial Planning First Edition

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Risk Management and Insurance Second Edition

Kapoor, Dlabay, and Hughes

Focus on Personal Finance: An Active Approach to Help You Develop Successful Financial Skills

Third Edition

Kapoor, Dlabay, and Hughes

Personal Finance Ninth Edition

Stephen A Ross

Franco Modigliani Professor of Finance and Economics

Sloan School of Management , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Consulting Editor

Stephen A Ross

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Randolph W Westerfi eld

University of Southern California

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ross, Stephen A.

Fundamentals of corporate fi nance / Stephen A Ross, Randolph W Westerfi eld, Bradford

D Jordan.—9th ed., Alternate ed.

p cm.— (The McGraw-Hill/Irwin series in fi nance, insurance and real estate)

Includes index.

ISBN-13: 978-0-07-338239-5 (standard edition : alk paper)

ISBN-10: 0-07-338239-6 (standard edition : alk paper)

ISBN-13: 978-0-07-724612-9 (alternate edition : alk paper)

ISBN-10: 0-07-724612-8 (alternate edition : alk paper)

1 Corporations—Finance I Westerfi eld, Randolph II Jordan, Bradford D III Title

HG4026.R677 2010

658.15—dc22

2008053546

www.mhhe.com

S.A.R R.W.W B.D.J

About the Authors

Institute of Technology

Stephen A Ross is the Franco Modigliani Professor of Finance and Economics at the Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology One of the most widely published authors in fi nance and economics, Professor Ross is recognized for his work in develop- ing the Arbitrage Pricing Theory and his substantial contributions to the discipline through his research in signaling, agency theory, option pricing, and the theory of the term structure of interest rates, among other topics A past president of the American Finance Association, he currently serves as an associate editor of several academic and prac- titioner journals He is a trustee of CalTech

RANDOLPH W WESTERFIELD

Marshall School of Business, University of Southern California

Randolph W Westerfi eld is Dean Emeritus of the University of ern California’s Marshall School of Business and is the Charles B

South-Thornton Professor of Finance

He came to USC from the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, where he was the chairman of the fi nance department and a member of the fi nance faculty for 20 years He is a member of several public company boards of directors including Health Manage- ment Associates, Inc., and the Nicholas Applegate growth fund His areas of expertise include corporate fi nancial policy, investment man- agement, and stock market price behavior

BRADFORD D JORDAN

Gatton College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky

Bradford D Jordan is Professor of Finance and holder of the Richard

W and Janis H Furst Endowed Chair in Finance at the University of Kentucky He has a long-standing interest in both applied and theoret- ical issues in corporate fi nance and has extensive experience teaching all levels of corporate fi nance and fi nancial management policy Pro- fessor Jordan has published numerous articles on issues such as cost

of capital, capital structure, and the behavior of security prices He is

a past president of the Southern Finance Association, and he is

coau-thor of Fundamentals of Investments: Valuation and Management, 5e,

a leading investments text, also published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin

When the three of us decided to write a book, we were united by one strongly held principle: Corporate fi nance should

be developed in terms of a few integrated, powerful ideas We believed that the subject was all too often presented as

a collection of loosely related topics, unifi ed primarily by virtue of being bound together in one book, and we thought

there must be a better way

One thing we knew for certain was that we didn’t want to write a “me-too” book So, with a lot of help, we took a hard look at what was truly important and useful In doing so, we were led to eliminate topics of dubious relevance,

downplay purely theoretical issues, and minimize the use of extensive and elaborate calculations to illustrate points that

are either intuitively obvious or of limited practical use

As a result of this process, three basic themes became our central focus in writing Fundamentals of Corporate Finance:

AN EMPHASIS ON INTUITION

We always try to separate and explain the principles at work on a common sense, intuitive level before launching into

any specifi cs The underlying ideas are discussed fi rst in very general terms and then by way of examples that illustrate

in more concrete terms how a fi nancial manager might proceed in a given situation

A UNIFIED VALUATION APPROACH

We treat net present value (NPV) as the basic concept underlying corporate fi nance Many texts stop well short of

con-sistently integrating this important principle The most basic and important notion, that NPV represents the excess of

market value over cost, often is lost in an overly mechanical approach that emphasizes computation at the expense of

comprehension In contrast, every subject we cover is fi rmly rooted in valuation, and care is taken throughout to explain

how particular decisions have valuation effects

A MANAGERIAL FOCUS

Students shouldn’t lose sight of the fact that fi nancial management concerns management We emphasize the role of

the fi nancial manager as decision maker, and we stress the need for managerial input and judgment We consciously

avoid “black box” approaches to fi nance, and, where appropriate, the approximate, pragmatic nature of fi nancial

analy-sis is made explicit, possible pitfalls are described, and limitations are discussed

In retrospect, looking back to our 1991 fi rst edition IPO, we had the same hopes and fears as any entrepreneurs How would we be received in the market? At the time, we had no idea that just 18 years later, we would be working on a ninth

edition We certainly never dreamed that in those years we would work with friends and colleagues from around the world

to create country-specifi c Australian, Canadian, and South African editions, an International edition, Chinese, French,

Polish, Portuguese, Thai, Russian, Korean, and Spanish language editions, and an entirely separate book, Essentials of

Corporate Finance, now in its sixth edition

Today, as we prepare to once more enter the market, our goal is to stick with the basic principles that have brought

us this far However, based on the enormous amount of feedback we have received from you and your colleagues, we

have made this edition and its package even more fl exible than previous editions We offer fl exibility in coverage, by

con-tinuing to offer two editions, and fl exibility in pedagogy, by providing a wide variety of features in the book to help

stu-dents to learn about corporate fi nance We also provide fl exibility in package options by offering the most extensive

collection of teaching, learning, and technology aids of any corporate fi nance text Whether you use only the textbook,

or the book in conjunction with our other products, we believe you will fi nd a combination with this edition that will meet

your current as well as your changing course needs

Stephen A Ross Randolph W Westerfi eld Bradford D Jordan

Preface from the Authors

Coverage

PART 1 Overview of Corporate Finance

Chapter 1

Introduction to Corporate

Finance

Sarbanes–Oxley.

Goal of the fi rm and agency problems.

Ethics, fi nancial management, and executive compensation.

Stresses value creation as the most fundamental aspect of management and describes agency issues that can arise.

Brings in real-world issues concerning confl icts

of interest and current controversies surrounding ethical conduct and management pay.

Chapter 2

Financial Statements, Taxes,

and Cash Flow

Minicase: Cash Flows and Financial

Statements at Sunset Boards, Inc.

Cash fl ow vs earnings.

Market values vs book values.

Reinforces key cash fl ow concepts in a business setting.

small-Clearly defi nes cash fl ow and spells out the differences between cash fl ow and earnings.

Emphasizes the relevance of market values over book values.

PART 2 Financial Statements and Long-Term Financial Planning

Expanded Du Pont analysis.

Du Pont analysis for real companies

using data from S&P Market Insight.

Ratio and fi nancial statement analysis using smaller fi rm data.

Understanding fi nancial statements.

Expands the basic Du Pont equation to better explore the interrelation ships between operating and fi nancial performance.

Analysis shows students how to get and use world data, thereby applying key chapter ideas.

real-Uses fi rm data from RMA to show students how

to actually get and evaluate fi nancial statements benchmarks.

Thorough coverage of standardized fi nancial statements and key ratios.

This book was designed and developed explicitly for a fi rst course in business or corporate fi nance, for

both fi nance majors and non-majors alike In terms of background or prerequisites, the book is nearly

self-contained, assuming some familiarity with basic algebra and accounting concepts, while still reviewing

important accounting principles very early on The organization of this text has been developed to give

instructors the fl exibility they need Two important changes have been made to the ninth edition chapter

organization, one of which is the exciting addition of a behavioral fi nance chapter in the Alternate Edition

Also, the chapter on options and corporate fi nance, Chapter 14 in the eighth edition, has been moved to

the Alternate Edition

The following grid presents, for each chapter, some of the most signifi cant features as well as a few

selected chapter highlights of the ninth edition of Fundamentals Of course, in every chapter, opening

vignettes, boxed features, in-chapter illustrated examples using real companies, and end-of-chapter

mate-rial have been thoroughly updated as well

Minicase: Planning for Growth at S&S Air.

Explanation of alternative formulas for sustainable and internal growth rates.

Thorough coverage of sustainable growth as a planning tool.

Long-range fi nancial planning.

Illustrates the importance of fi nancial planning in

a small fi rm.

Explanation of growth rate formulas clears up a common misunderstanding about these formulas and the circumstances under which alternative formulas are correct.

Provides a vehicle for examining the ships between operations, fi nancing, and growth.

interrelation-Covers percentage of sales approach to creating

pro forma statements.

PART 3 Valuation of Future Cash Flows Chapter 5

Introduction to Valuation:

The Time Value of Money

First of two chapters on time value of money.

Relatively short chapter introduces just the basic ideas on time value of money to get students started on this traditionally diffi cult topic.

Chapter 6

Discounted Cash Flow Valuation

Growing annuities and perpetuities.

Second of two chapters on time value

of money.

New minicase: The MBA Decision.

Covers more advanced time value topics with numerous examples, calculator tips, and Excel spreadsheet exhibits Contains many real-world examples.

Chapter 7

Interest Rates and Bond Valuation

Infl ation and present values.

“Clean” vs “dirty” bond prices and accrued interest.

NASD’s new TRACE system and transparency in the corporate bond market.

“Make-whole” call provisions.

Minicase: Financing S&S Air’s

Expansion Plans with a Bond Issue.

Bond valuation.

Interest rates.

Clears up the pricing of bonds between coupon payment dates and also bond market quoting conventions.

Up-to-date discussion of new developments in

fi xed income with regard to price, volume, and transactions reporting.

Up-to-date discussion of a relatively new type of call provision that has become very common

Complete coverage of bond valuation and bond features.

Discusses real versus nominal rates and the determinants of the term structure.

Coverage (continued)

xii

PART 4 Capital Budgeting

Chapter 9

Net Present Value and Other

Investment Criteria

Modifi ed internal rate of return (MIRR)

New case: Bullock Gold Mining.

First of three chapters on capital budgeting.

NPV, IRR, payback, discounted payback, and accounting rate of return.

Relatively short chapter introduces key ideas on

an intuitive level to help students with this traditionally diffi cult topic.

Consistent, balanced examination of advantages and disadvantages of various criteria.

Chapter 10

Making Capital Investment

Decisions

Project cash fl ow.

Alternative cash fl ow defi nitions.

Special cases of DCF analysis.

Thorough coverage of project cash fl ows and the relevant numbers for a project analysis.

Emphasizes the equivalence of various formulas, thereby removing common misunderstandings.

Considers important applications of chapter tools.

Chapter 11

Project Analysis and Evaluation

Minicase: Conch Republic Electronics.

Minicase: A Job at S&S Air.

Expanded discussion of geometric vs

arithmetic returns.

Capital market history.

Market effi ciency.

New! The equity risk premium.

Discusses calculation and interpretation of geometric returns Clarifi es common mis- conceptions regarding appropriate use of arithmetic vs geometric average returns.

Extensive coverage of historical returns, volatilities, and risk premiums.

Effi cient markets hypothesis discussed along with common misconceptions.

New section discusses the equity premium puzzle and latest international evidence.

unsys-Beta and the security market line.

Illustrates basics of risk and return in a straightforward fashion

Develops the security market line with an intuitive approach that bypasses much of the usual portfolio theory and statistics.

PART 6 Cost of Capital and Long-Term Financial Policy Chapter 14

Cost of Capital

Internal equity and fl otation costs.

Geometric vs arithmetic growth rates.

Cost of capital estimation.

Both approaches are used in practice Clears up issues surrounding growth rate estimates.

Contains a complete, Web-based illustration of cost of capital for a real company.

Chapter 15

Raising Capital

Minicase: S&S Air Goes Public.

Dutch auction IPOs.

IPO “quiet periods.”

Rights vs warrants.

IPO valuation.

Explains uniform price auctions using recent Google IPO as an example.

Explains the SEC’s quiet period rules.

Clarifi es the option-like nature of rights prior

to their expiration dates.

Extensive, up-to-date discussion of IPOs, including the 1999–2000 period.

Basics of fi nancial leverage.

Optimal capital structure.

Financial distress and bankruptcy.

Illustrates effect of leverage on risk and return.

Describes the basic trade-offs leading to an optimal capital structure.

Briefl y surveys the bankruptcy process.

Chapter 17

Dividends and Dividend Policy

Minicase: Electronic Timing, Inc.

Very recent survey evidence on dividend policy.

Effect of new tax laws.

Dividends and dividend policy.

New! Optimal payout policy.

Discusses implications of new, lower dividend, and capital gains rates.

Describes dividend payments and the factors favoring higher and lower payout policies.

Extensive discussion of the latest research and survey evidence on dividend policy, including life-cycle theory.

Thorough coverage of buybacks as an alternative

to cash dividends.

Chapters Selected Topics of Interest Benefi ts to You

PART 7 Short-Term Financial Planning and Management

Chapter 18

Short-Term Finance

and Planning

Operating and cash cycles.

Short-term fi nancial planning.

Stresses the importance of cash fl ow timing.

Illustrates creation of cash budgets and potential need for fi nancing.

Cash collection and disbursement.

Thorough coverage of fl oat management and potential ethical issues.

Examination of systems used by fi rms to handle cash infl ows and outfl ows.

Evaluates working capital issues for a small fi rm.

Analysis of credit policy and implementation.

Brief overview of important inventory concepts.

PART 8 Topics in Corporate Finance

Chapter 21

International Corporate Finance

Minicase: S&S Air Goes

International.

Foreign exchange.

International capital budgeting.

Exchange rate and political risk.

Covers essentials of exchange rates and their determination.

Shows how to adapt basic DCF approach

to handle exchange rates.

Discusses hedging and issues surrounding sovereign risk.

xiv

PEDAGOGICAL USE OF COLOR

This learning tool continues to be an

important feature of Fundamentals of Corporate Finance In almost every

chapter, color plays an extensive, nonschematic, and largely self-evident role A guide to the functional use of color is on the endsheets of the text

Study Features

After studying this chapter, you should understand:

relevant cash fl ows for a proposed project.

project is acceptable.

a project.

equivalent annual cost of

products such as a hybrid railroad locomotive (described as a 200-ton, 6,000-horsepower “Prius on rails”), GE’s green initiative seems to be paying off

Revenue from green products was $14 billion in 2007, with a target of $25 billion in 2010 The company’s internal commitment to reduced energy consumption saved it more than $100 million from 2004 to 2007, and the company was on target to reduce its water consumption by 20 percent by 2012, another consid- erable cost savings

As you no doubt recognize from your study of the vious chapter, GE’s decision to develop and market green technology represents a capital budgeting decision In this chapter, we further investigate such decisions, how they are made, and how to look at them objectively

pre-This chapter follows up on our previous one by ing more deeply into capital budgeting We have two main tasks First, recall that in the last chapter, we saw that cash fl ow estimates are the critical input into a net present value analysis, but we didn’t say much about where these cash fl ows come from; so we will now examine this question in some detail Our second goal is

delv-to learn how delv-to critically examine NPV estimates, and, in particular, how to evaluate the sensitivity of NPV esti- mates to assumptions made about the uncertain future

So far, we’ve covered various parts of the capital budgeting decision Our task in this chapter is to start bringing these pieces together In particular, we will show you how to “spread the numbers” for a pro- posed investment or project and, based on those numbers, make an initial assessment about whether the project should be undertaken

In the discussion that follows, we focus on the process of setting up a discounted cash

fl ow analysis From the last chapter, we know that the projected future cash fl ows are the

accounting information to come up with these fi gures

In evaluating a proposed investment, we pay special attention to deciding what tion is relevant to the decision at hand and what information is not As we will see, it is easy

informa-to overlook important pieces of the capital budgeting puzzle

Master the ability to solve problems in this chapter

by using a spreadsheet Access Excel Master on the student Web site www.mhhe.com/rwj.

CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES

New to this edition, this feature maps out the

topics and learning goals in every chapter Each end-of-chapter problem and test bank question

is linked to a learning objective, to help you organize your assessment of knowledge and comprehension

To meet the varied needs of its intended audience, Fundamentals of Corporate Finance is rich in valuable

learning tools and support

CHAPTER-OPENING VIGNETTES

Vignettes drawn from real-world events introduce students to the chapter concepts For examples, see Chapter 4, page 87; Chapter 5, page 119

This series of boxes are the

popular articles updated from

previous editions written by a

distinguished scholar or

practitioner on key topics in

the text Boxes include essays

by Merton Miller on capital

structure, Fischer Black on

dividends, and Roger Ibbotson

on capital market history A

complete list of “In Their Own

Words” boxes appears on

page xli

IN THEIR OWN WORDS

The most fascinating characteristic about the data on real fi nancial market returns that I collected is the stability of the long-run real equity returns The compound annual (geometric) real return on U.S stocks averaged 6.8% per year from 1802 through 2007 and this return had remained remarkably stable over long-term periods

From 1802 through 1871, the real return averaged 7.0%, from 1871, when the Cowles Foundation data became available, through 1925, the real return on stocks averaged 6.6% per year, and since 1925, which the well-known Ibbotson data cover, the real return has averaged 6.7% Despite the fact that the price level has increased over ten times since the end of the Second World War, real stock returns have still averaged 6.8%

The long run stability of real returns on stocks is strongly indicative of mean reversion of equity return Mean

reversion means that stock returns can be very volatile in the short run, but show a remarkable stability in the long run When my research was fi rst published, there was much skepticism of the mean reversion properties of equity market returns, but now this concept is widely accepted for stocks If mean reversion prevails, portfolios geared for the long-term should have a greater share of equities than short-term portfolios This conclusion has long been the “conventional” wisdom on investing, but it does not follow if stock returns follow a random walk, a concept widely accepted by academics in the 1970s and 1980s

When my data fi rst appeared, there was also much discussion of “survivorship bias,” the fact that the U.S stock returns are unusually good because the U.S was the most successful capitalist country But three British researchers, Elroy Dimson, Paul Marsh, and Michael Staunton, surveyed stock returns in 16 countries since the beginning of the

20th century and wrote up their results in a book entitled Triumph of the Optimists The authors concluded that U.S

stock returns do not give a distorted picture of the superiority of stocks over bonds worldwide

Jeremy J Siegel is the Russell E Palmer Professor of Finance at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and author of and long-term economic trends

Jeremy J Siegel on Stocks for the Long Run

Bond quotes have become more available with the rise of the Internet One site where you can fi nd current bond

prices is cxa.marketwatch.com/fi nra/MarketData/Default.aspx We went to the Web site and searched for bonds

issued by Chevron Here is a look at part of what we found for one of the bonds:

The bond has a coupon rate of 7.50 percent and matures on March 1, 2043 The last sale on this bond was at a

price of 108.50 percent of par, which gives a yield to maturity of about 5.93 percent Not only does the site provide

the most recent price and yield information, but it also provides more important information about the bond, such

as the credit rating, coupon date, call date, and call price We’ll leave it up to you to have a look at the page and

the rest of the information available there

WORK THE WEB

Questions

1 Go to this Web site and fi nd the bond shown above When was this bond issued? What was the

size of the bond issue? What were the yield to maturity and price when the bond was issued?

2 When you search for Chevron bonds (CVX), you will fi nd bonds for several companies listed

Why do you think Chevron has bonds issued with different corporate names?

ENHANCED! WORK THE WEB BOXES

These boxes show students how to research

fi nancial issues using the Web and then how to use the information they fi nd to make business decisions

New to this edition, now all

of the Work the Web boxes also include interactive follow-up questions and exercises

illustration and reinforcing the relevance of the material Some examples tie into the chapter opening

vignette for added reinforcement See Example 5.10 on page 133

SPREADSHEET STRATEGIES

This feature introduces students to Excel and shows them how to set

up spreadsheets in order to analyze common fi nancial problems—a vital part

of every business student’s education

CALCULATOR HINTS

Brief calculator tutorials appear in selected chapters to help students

learn or brush up on their fi nancial calculator skills These complement

the Spreadsheet Strategies

How to Calculate Present Values with Multiple Future Cash Flows Using a Spreadsheet

Just as we did in our previous chapter, we can set up a basic spreadsheet to calculate the present values of the individual cash fl ows as follows Notice that we have simply calculated the present values one at a time and added them up:

1 2 3

What is the present value of $200 in one year, $400 the next year, $600 the next year, and

$800 the last year if the discount rate is 12 percent?

Using a spreadsheet to value multiple future cash flows SPREADSHEET STRATEGIES

CALCULATOR HINTS

Annuity Present Values

To fi nd annuity present values with a fi nancial calculator, we need to use the PMT key (you were probably dering what it was for) Compared to fi nding the present value of a single amount, there are two important differ- ences First, we enter the annuity cash fl ow using the PMT key Second, we don’t enter anything for the future value, FV So, for example, the problem we have been examining is a three-year, $500 annuity If the discount rate is 10 percent, we need to do the following (after clearing out the calculator!):

learning Each section is then followed by a series of short concept questions that highlight the key

ideas just presented Students use these questions to make sure they can identify and understand

the most important concepts as they read

LABELED EXAMPLES

Separate numbered and titled examples are extensively integrated into the chapters

These examples provide detailed applications and illustrations of the text material in a step-by-step format Each example is

completely self-contained so students don’t have to search for additional information Based on our classroom testing, these examples are among the most useful learning aids because they provide both detail and

explanation

SUMMARY TABLES

These tables succinctly restate key principles, results, and equations They appear whenever it is useful

to emphasize and summarize a group of related concepts For examples, see Chapter 6, page 161

Concept Questions 3.3a What are the fi ve groups of ratios? Give two or three examples of each kind

3.3b Given the total debt ratio, what other two ratios can be computed? Explain how

3.3c Turnover ratios all have one of two fi gures as the numerator What are these

two fi gures? What do these ratios measure? How do you interpret the results?

3.3d Profi tability ratios all have the same fi gure in the numerator What is it? What do

these ratios measure? How do you interpret the results?

276 P A R T 4 Capital Budgeting

A project has a total up-front cost of $435.44 The cash fl ows are $100 in the fi rst year,

$200 in the second year, and $300 in the third year What’s the IRR? If we require an

18 percent return, should we take this investment?

We’ll describe the NPV profi le and fi nd the IRR by calculating some NPVs at different count rates You should check our answers for practice Beginning with 0 percent, we have:

dis-Discount Rate NPV

0% $164.56 5% 100.36 10% 46.15

20%  39.61

The NPV is zero at 15 percent, so 15 percent is the IRR If we require an 18 percent return, then we should not take the investment The reason is that the NPV is negative at 18 per-

take this investment because its 15 percent return is below our required 18 percent return

Calculating the IRR

EXAMPLE 9.4

KEY EQUATIONS

Called out in the text, key equations are identifi ed by an equation number The list in Appendix B

shows the key equations by chapter, providing students with a convenient reference

HIGHLIGHTED CONCEPTS

Throughout the text, important ideas are pulled out and presented in a highlighted box—signaling to

students that this material is particularly relevant and critical for their understanding For examples,

see Chapter 7, page 218; Chapter 9, page 265

appear in the margins with defi nitions for easy location and identifi cation by the student See

Chapter 7, page 203 for an example

EXPLANATORY WEB LINKS

These Web links are provided in the margins of the text They are specifi cally selected to accompany

text material and provide students and instructors with a quick way to check for additional information

using the Internet

If you go to the Web site and click on a particular bond, you will get a lot of information about the bond, including the credit rating, the call schedule, original issue information, and trade information

As we mentioned before, the U.S Treasury market is the largest securities market in the world As with bond markets in general, it is an OTC market, so there is limited transpar- ency However, unlike the situation with bond markets in general, trading in Treasury issues, particularly recently issued ones, is very heavy Each day, representative prices for outstanding Treasury issues are reported

Figure 7.4 shows a portion of the daily Treasury note and bond listings from the Web site wsj.com The entry that begins “2021 Nov 15” is highlighted This information tells us that the bond will mature in November of 2021 The next column is the coupon rate, which

is 8.000 percent for this bond Treasury bonds all make semiannual payments and have a face value of $1,000, so this bond will pay $40 per six months until it matures

The Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis maintains dozens of online

fi les containing nomic data as well as rates

macroeco-on U.S Treasury issues Go

to www.stls.frb.org/fred/fi les

The Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis maintains dozens of online

fi les containing nomic data as well as rates

macroeco-on U.S Treasury issues Go

to www.stls.frb.org/fred/fi les

Based on our examples, we can now write the general expression for the value of a

bond If a bond has (1) a face value of F paid at maturity, (2) a coupon of C paid per period, (3) t periods to maturity, and (4) a yield of r per period, its value is:

Bond value  C  [1  1兾(1  r) t]兾r  F 兾(1  r) t

[7.1]

Bond value  of the couponsPresent value  of the face amountPresent value

review the key points and providing closure to the chapter

CONCEPTS REVIEW AND

CRITICAL THINKING

QUESTIONS

This successful end-of-chapter

section facilitates your students’

knowledge of key principles, as

well as intuitive understanding of

the chapter concepts A number

of the questions relate to the

chapter-opening vignette—

reinforcing student

critical-thinking skills and the learning of

chapter material

CHAPTER REVIEW AND SELF-TEST PROBLEMS

Appearing after the Summary and Conclusion, each chapter includes a Chapter Review and Self-Test Problem section These questions and answers allow students to test their abilities in solving key problems related to the chapter content and provide instant reinforcement

5.1 Calculating Future Values Assume you deposit $10,000 today in an account that

pays 6 percent interest How much will you have in fi ve years?

5.2 Calculating Present Values Suppose you have just celebrated your 19th birthday

A rich uncle has set up a trust fund for you that will pay you $150,000 when you turn 30 If the relevant discount rate is 9 percent, how much is this fund worth today?

5.3 Calculating Rates of Return You’ve been offered an investment that will double

your money in 10 years What rate of return are you being offered? Check your answer using the Rule of 72

5.4 Calculating the Number of Periods You’ve been offered an investment that will

pay you 9 percent per year If you invest $15,000, how long until you have

$30,000? How long until you have $45,000?

future value factor is:

discount factor is:

CHAPTER REVIEW AND SELF-TEST PROBLEMS

ANSWERS TO CHAPTER REVIEW AND SELF-TEST PROBLEMS

1 Present Value [LO2]The basic present value equation has four parts What are they?

2 Compounding [LO1, 2]What is compounding? What is discounting?

3 Compounding and Period [LO1]As you increase the length of time involved, what happens to future values? What happens to present values?

4 Compounding and Interest Rates [LO1] What happens to a future value if you

increase the rate r? What happens to a present value?

5 Ethical Considerations [LO2]Take a look back at Example 5.7 Is it deceptive advertising? Is it unethical to advertise a future value like this without a disclaimer?

To answer the next fi ve questions, refer to the TMCC security we discussed to

open the chapter

CONCEPTS REVIEW AND CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS

questions and problems The end-of-chapter support greatly exceeds typical introductory textbooks The questions and problems

are segregated into three learning levels: Basic, Intermediate, and Challenge Answers to selected end-of-chapter material appear

in Appendix C Also, all problems are available in McGraw-Hill’s Homework Manager—see page xxiv for details

1 Pro Forma Statements [LO1]Consider the following simplifi ed fi nancial statements for the Phillips Corporation (assuming no income taxes):

Sales Costs

$23,000 16,700

$ 6,300 Assets Total

$15,800

$15,800

Debt Equity Total

$ 5,200 10,600

$15,800

Phillips has predicted a sales increase of 15 percent It has predicted that every item

on the balance sheet will increase by 15 percent as well Create the pro forma

2 Pro Forma Statements and EFN [LO1, 2] In the previous question, assume Phillips pays out half of net income in the form of a cash dividend Costs and assets vary with sales, but debt and equity do not Prepare the pro forma statements and

Located at the end of the book’s chapters, these minicases focus on real-life company situations that embody important corporate

fi nance topics Each case presents a new scenario, data, and a dilemma Several questions at the end of each case require

students to analyze and focus on all of the material they learned from each chapter

Financing S&S Air’s Expansion Plans with a Bond Issue

MINICASE

Mark Sexton and Todd Story, the owners of S&S Air, have decided to expand their operations They instructed their newly hired fi nancial analyst, Chris Guthrie, to enlist an underwriter to help sell $35 million in new 10-year bonds to

fi nance construction Chris has entered into discussions with Kim McKenzie, an underwriter from the fi rm of Raines and Warren, about which bond features S&S Air should consider and what coupon rate the issue will likely have

Although Chris is aware of the bond features, he is tain about the costs and benefi ts of some features, so he isn’t sure how each feature would affect the coupon rate of the bond issue You are Kim’s assistant, and she has asked you to prepare a memo to Chris describing the effect of each of the following bond features on the coupon rate of the bond She would also like you to list any advantages or disadvantages of each feature:

QUESTIONS

collateral.

positive covenants S&S Air might consider

negative covenants S&S Air might consider

pub-licly traded company)

10 A fl oating-rate coupon

WEB EXERCISES (ONLINE ONLY)

For instructors interested in integrating even more online resources and problems into their course, these Web activities show

students how to learn from the vast amount of fi nancial resources available on the Internet In the 9 th edition of Fundamentals,

these Web exercises are available to students and instructors on the Online Learning Center

This edition of Fundamentals has several options in terms of the textbook, instructor supplements, student

supplements, and multimedia products Mix and match to create a package that is perfect for your course!

TEXTBOOK

As with the previous editions, we are offering two versions of this text Choose the length and topics

suit-able for your course

• Standard Edition (21 Chapters)

• Alternate Edition (27 Chapters)

Instructor’s CD-ROM

Keep all the supplements in one place! This CD contains all the necessary supplements—Instructor’s

Manual, Solutions, Test Bank, Computerized Test Bank, and PowerPoint—all in one useful product in an

electronic format

• Instructor’s Manual (IM)

Prepared by Steve Dolvin, Butler University

A great place to fi nd new lecture ideas! The annotated outline for each chapter includes lecture tips, real-world tips, ethics notes, suggested PowerPoint slides, and, when appropriate, a video synopsis

Prepared by Kay Johnson, Penn State University—Erie

Over 100 questions and problems per chapter! Each chapter is divided into FIVE parts Part I contains

questions that test the understanding of the key terms in the book Part II includes questions patterned

after the learning objectives, concept questions, chapter-opening vignettes, boxes, and highlighted

phrases Part III contains multiple-choice problems patterned after the end-of-chapter questions, in basic, intermediate, and challenge levels Part IV provides essay questions to test problem-solving skills

and more advanced understanding of concepts Part V is a new section that picks up questions

directly from the end-of-chapter material and converts them into parallel test bank questions For your reference, each TB question in this part is linked with its corresponding question in the EOC

• Computerized Test Bank (Windows)

Create your own tests in a snap! These additional questions are found in a computerized test bank utilizing McGraw-Hill’s EZ Test testing software to quickly create customized exams This user-friendly program allows instructors to sort questions by format; edit existing questions or add new ones; and scramble questions for multiple versions of the same test

• PowerPoint Presentations

Prepared by Steve Dolvin, Butler University

The PowerPoint slides for the ninth edition have been revised to include a wealth of instructor rial, including lecture tips, real world examples, and international notes Each presentation now also includes slides dedicated entirely to ethics notes that relate to the chapter topics In addition, the PPTs provide exhibits and examples both from the book and from outside sources Applicable slides have Web links that take you directly to specifi c Internet sites, or a spreadsheet link to show an

Comprehensive Teaching

and Learning Package

Customize our content for your course! If you already have PowerPoint installed on your PC, you have the ability to add, delete, edit, print, or rearrange the complete presen- tation to focus on your course needs

Videos (DVD Format)

Current set of videos on hot topics! McGraw-Hill/Irwin produced a series of fi nance videos that

are 10-minute case studies on topics such as Financial Markets, Careers, Rightsizing, Capital

Budgeting, EVA (Economic Value Added), Mergers and Acquisitions, and International Finance

ONLINE SUPPORT

Online learning center at www.mhhe.com/rwj

The Online Learning Center (OLC) contains FREE access to additional Web-based study and

teaching aids created for this text, such as:

Student Support

A great resource for those seeking additional practice, students can access self-grading quizzes, Excel template problems, electronic fl ashcards, and the brand new program, Excel Master, designed by Brad Jordan and Joe Smolira

• Premium Content Access

iPod Content—The library isn’t the only place to study! Students lead active and

mobile lives Harness the power of one of the most popular technology tools today and study on the go Our innovative approach allows you to download Narrated PowerPoints and quizzes right into your iPod or other MP3 player device

Narrated PowerPoint Slides—Created by Kent Ragan, Missouri State University The

narrated PowerPoints provide real-world examples accompanied by step by step instructions and explanations for solving problems presented in the chapter The Concept Checks from the text are also integrated into the slides to reinforce the key topics in the chapter Designed spe- cifi cally to appeal to the different learning methods of students, the slides provide a visual and audio explanation of topics and problems Click on the slide and listen to the accompanying narration! You can view this slides via computer or download them onto your video iPod

Teaching Support

Along with having access to all of the same material your students can view on the book’s OLC, you also have password protected access to the Instructor’s Manual, solutions to end-of-chapter problems and cases, Instructor’s PowerPoint, Excel Template Solutions, Video clips and Video projects and questions

WebCT and Blackboard course cartridges allow instructors to manage their course and administer examinations online Increase ease, organization, and effi ciency and ask your representative for more details about course cartridges today!

McGraw-Hill Investments Trader

Students receive free access to this Web-based portfolio simulation with a hypothetical

$100,000 brokerage account to buy and sell stocks and mutual funds Students can use the real data found at this site in conjunction with the chapters on investments They can

McGraw-Hill’s Homework Manager and Homework Manager Plus

Are you looking for a way to spend less time grading and to have more fl exibility with the lems you assign as homework and tests? McGraw-Hill’s Homework Manager is an exciting new package option developed for this text! Homework Manager is a Web-based tool for instructors and students for delivering, answering, and grading end-of-chapter problems and tests, and providing a limitless supply of self-graded practice for students

All of the book’s end-of-chapter Questions and Problems are loaded into Homework ager, and instructors can choose to assign the exact problems as stated in the book, or algo- rithmic versions of them so each student has a unique set of variables for the problems You create the assignments and control parameters such as do you want your students to receive hints, is this a graded assignment or practice, etc The test bank is also available in Homework Manager, giving you the ability to use those questions for online tests Both the problems and the tests are automatically graded and the results are stored in a private grade book, which is created when you set up your class Detailed results let you see at a glance how each student does on an assignment or an individual problem—you can even see how many tries it took them to solve it If you order this special package, students will receive a Homework Manager User’s Guide and an access code packaged with their text

There is also an enhanced version of McGraw-Hill’s Homework Manager through the work Manager Plus package option If you order the text packaged with Homework Manager Plus, your students will receive Homework Manager as described above, but with an inte- grated online text included When students are in Homework Manager and need more help to solve a problem, there will be a link that takes them to the section of the text online that explains the concept they are struggling with All of McGraw-Hill’s media assets, such as vid- eos, narrated lectures, and additional online quizzing, are also integrated at the appropriate places of the online text to provide students with a full learning experience If you order this special package, students will receive the Homework Manager Plus card packaged with their text, which gives them access to all of these products

McGraw-Hill’s Homework Manager is powered by Brownstone

AVAILABLE FOR PURCHASE & PACKAGING

Student Problem Manual ISBN 0077246225

Prepared by Thomas Eyssell, University of Missouri–St Louis

Need additional reinforcement of the concepts? This valuable resource provides students with additional problems for practice Each chapter begins with Concepts for Review, followed by Chapter Highlights These re-emphasize the key terms and concepts in the chapter A short Concept Test, averaging 10 questions and answers, appears next Each chapter concludes with additional problems for the student to review Answers to these problems appear at the end of the Student Problem Manual

BusinessWeek

Your students can subscribe to 15 weeks of BusinessWeek for a special price of $8.25 in

addi-tion to the price of the text Students will receive a pass-code card shrink-wrapped with their

online subscription

FinGame Online 5.0

By LeRoy Brooks, John Carroll University

(ISBN 10: 0077219880/ISBN 13: 9780077219888)

Just $15.00 when packaged with this text In this comprehensive simulation game, students

control a hypothetical company over numerous periods of operation The game is now tied to

the text by exercises found on the Online Learning Center As students make major fi nancial

and operating decisions for their company, they will develop and enhance their skills in fi nancial

management and fi nancial accounting statement analysis

Financial Analysis with an Electronic Calculator, Sixth Edition

By Mark A White, University of Virginia, McIntire School of Commerce

(ISBN 10: 0073217093/ISBN 13: 9780073217093)

The information and procedures in this supplementary text enable students to master the use

of fi nancial calculators and develop a working knowledge of fi nancial mathematics and

prob-lem solving Complete instructions are included for solving all major probprob-lem types on three

popular models: HP 10B and 12C, TI BA II Plus, and TI-84 Hands-on problems with detailed

solutions allow students to practice the skills outlined in the text and obtain instant

reinforce-ment Financial Analysis with an Electronic Calculator is a self-contained supplement to the

introductory fi nancial management course

Assurance of Learning Ready

Assurance of learning is an important element of many accreditation standards Fundamentals of

Corporate Finance , 9e, is designed specifi cally to support your assurance of learning initiatives

Each chapter in the book begins with a list of numbered learning objectives that appear throughout the chapter, as well as in the end-of-chapter problems and exercises Every test

bank question is also linked to one of these objectives, in addition to level of diffi culty, topic

area, Bloom’s Taxonomy level, and AACSB skill area EZ Test , McGraw-Hill’s easy-to-use test

bank software, can search the test bank by these and other categories, providing an engine

for targeted Assurance of Learning analysis and assessment

AACSB Statement

The McGraw-Hill Companies is a proud corporate member of AACSB International

Under-standing the importance and value of AACSB accreditation, the ninth edition of Fundamentals

of Corporate Finance has sought to recognize the curricula guidelines detailed in the AACSB

standards for business accreditation by connecting selected questions in the test bank to the

general knowledge and skill guidelines found in the AACSB standards

The statements contained in the test bank are provided only as a guide for the users of this text The AACSB leaves content coverage and assessment within the purview of individual

schools, the mission of the school, and the faculty While Fundamentals of Corporate Finance

and the teaching package make no claim of any specifi c AACSB qualifi cation or evaluation, we

have, within the test bank, labeled selected questions according to the six general knowledge

Acknowledgments

To borrow a phrase, writing an introductory fi nance textbook is easy—all you do is sit down at a word

pro-cessor and open a vein We never would have completed this book without the incredible amount of help

and support we received from literally hundreds of our colleagues, students, editors, family members, and

friends We would like to thank, without implicating, all of you

Clearly, our greatest debt is to our many colleagues (and their students) who, like us, wanted to try an alternative to what they were using and made the decision to change Needless to say, without this sup-

port, we would not be publishing a ninth edition!

A great many of our colleagues read the drafts of our fi rst and subsequent editions The fact that this book has so little in common with our earliest drafts, along with the many changes and improvements we

have made over the years, is a refl ection of the value we placed on the many comments and suggestions

that we received To the following reviewers, then, we are grateful for their many contributions:

A Steven Graham Darryl E J Gurley Wendy D Habegger David Harraway John M Harris, Jr

R Stevenson Hawkey Delvin D Hawley Robert C Higgins Karen Hogan Steve Isberg James Jackson Pankaj Jain James M Johnson Randy Jorgensen Jarl G Kallberg Terry Keasler David N Ketcher Jim Keys

Kee Kim Robert Kleinman David Kuipers Morris A Lamberson Qin Lan

Adam Y C Lei George Lentz John Lightstone Jason Lin Robert Lutz Pawan Madhogarhia

Timothy Manuel David G Martin Dubos J Masson John McDougald Bob McElreath Gordon Melms Richard R Mendenhall Wayne Mikkelson Lalatendu Misra Karlyn Mitchell Sunil Mohanty Scott Moore Frederick H Mull Michael J Murray Randy Nelson Bulent Parker Megan Partch Samuel Penkar Pamela P Peterson Robert Phillips George A Racette Charu G Raheja Narendar V Rao Russ Ray Ron Reiber Thomas Rietz Jay R Ritter Ricardo J Rodriguez Kenneth Roskelley Gary Sanger Travis Sapp

Jun Wang James Washam Alan Weatherford Marsha Weber

Annie Wong David J Wright Steve B Wyatt Tung-Hsiao Yang Morris Yarmish Michael Young Mei Zhang

J Kenton Zumwalt Tom Zwirlein

Reviews from the following instructors helped us to shape our development plan for the ninth

edition of Fundamentals of Corporate Finance

Belinda Mucklow

University of Wisconsin, Madison

Barry Mulholland

University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh

Stu Rosenstein

East Carolina University

Ivan Roten

Appalachian State University

Michael Sher

Metropolitan State University

Central Michigan University

Several of our most respected colleagues contributed original essays for this edition, which are entitled “In

Their Own Words,” and appear in selected chapters To these individuals we extend a special thanks:

University of Florida

We are lucky to have had skilled and experienced instructors developing the supplement

mate-rial for this edition Thank you to Steve Dolvin, Butler University, for his work thoroughly revising

and updating the Instructor’s Manual and the PowerPoint Presentations and for organizing and

distributing the wealth of annotated instructor notes from the book into these teaching

materi-als We greatly appreciate the contributions of Joe Smolira, Belmont University, who worked

closely with us to develop the Solutions Manual and to create Excel Templates for many of the

end of chapter problems Thank you also to Kay Johnson, Penn State University, Erie, for her

thorough updating, revising, and tagging of every problem in the test bank Thanks to Kent

Ragan, Missouri State University, for expertly developing and extending the Student Narrated

PowerPoint slides for the ninth edition We owe a special thank you to Thomas Eyssell of the

University of Missouri for his exceptional work on the Student Problem Manual

The following University of Kentucky students did outstanding work on this edition of

Fundamentals: Laura Coogan, Tony Cox, and Steve Hailey To them fell the unenviable task of

technical proofreading, and in particular, careful checking of each calculation throughout the text

and Instructor’s Manual

Finally, in every phase of this project, we have been privileged to have had the complete and unwavering support of a great organization, McGraw-Hill/Irwin We especially thank the

McGraw-Hill/Irwin sales group The suggestions they provide, their professionalism in assisting

potential adopters, and the service they provide to current users have been a major factor in

our success

We are deeply grateful to the select group of professionals who served as our development team on this edition: Michele Janicek, Executive Editor; Elizabeth Hughes, Development Editor;

Ashley Smith, Marketing Manager; Christine Vaughan, Lead Project Manager; Pam Verros,

Designer; and Brian Nacik, Media Producer Others at McGraw-Hill/Irwin, too numerous to list

here, have improved the book in countless ways

Throughout the development of this edition, we have taken great care to discover and nate errors Our goal is to provide the best textbook available on the subject To ensure that

elimi-future editions are error-free, we gladly offer $10 per arithmetic error to the fi rst individual

report-ing it as a modest token of our appreciation More than this, we would like to hear from

instruc-tors and students alike Please write and tell us how to make this a better text Forward your

comments to: Dr Brad Jordan, c/o Editorial—Finance, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 1333 Burr Ridge

Parkway, Burr Ridge, IL 60527 or visit us online at www.mhhe.com/rwj

Stephen A Ross Randolph W Westerfi eld Bradford D Jordan

xxviii

California

at Los Angeles Hersh ShefrinSanta Clara University Samuel C Weaver Lehigh University

Brief Contents

PART 1 Overview of Corporate Finance CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CORPORATE FINANCE 1

CHAPTER 2 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, TAXES, AND CASH FLOW 19

PART 2 Financial Statements and Long-Term Financial Planning CHAPTER 3 WORKING WITH FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 46

CHAPTER 4 LONG-TERM FINANCIAL PLANNING AND GROWTH 87

PART 3 Valuation of Future Cash Flows CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO VALUATION: THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY 119

CHAPTER 6 DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW VALUATION 144

CHAPTER 7 INTEREST RATES AND BOND VALUATION 190

CHAPTER 8 STOCK VALUATION 231

PART 4 Capital Budgeting CHAPTER 9 NET PRESENT VALUE AND OTHER INVESTMENT CRITERIA 260

CHAPTER 10 MAKING CAPITAL INVESTMENT DECISIONS 298

CHAPTER 11 PROJECT ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION 335

PART 5 Risk and Return CHAPTER 12 SOME LESSONS FROM CAPITAL MARKET HISTORY 365

CHAPTER 13 RETURN, RISK, AND THE SECURITY MARKET LINE 401

PART 6 Cost of Capital and Long-Term Financial Policy CHAPTER 14 COST OF CAPITAL 437

CHAPTER 15 RAISING CAPITAL 471

CHAPTER 16 FINANCIAL LEVERAGE AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE POLICY 508

CHAPTER 17 DIVIDENDS AND PAYOUT POLICY 546

PART 8 Topics in Corporate Finance

CHAPTER 21 INTERNATIONAL CORPORATE FINANCE 681

PART 7 Short-Term Financial Planning and Management

CHAPTER 18 SHORT-TERM FINANCE AND PLANNING 579

CHAPTER 19 CASH AND LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT 612

CHAPTER 20 CREDIT AND INVENTORY MANAGEMENT 644

PART 1 Overview of Corporate Finance CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO CORPORATE FINANCE 1

1.1 Corporate Finance and the Financial Manager 2

What Is Corporate Finance? 2 The Financial Manager 2 Financial Management Decisions 2 Capital Budgeting 2

Capital Structure 3 Working Capital Management 4 Conclusion 4

1.2 Forms of Business Organization 4

Sole Proprietorship 4 Partnership 5 Corporation 5

A Corporation by Another Name 7

1.3 The Goal of Financial Management 7

Possible Goals 8 The Goal of Financial Management 8

A More General Goal 9 Sarbanes–Oxley 9

1.4 The Agency Problem and Control of the

Corporation 10

Agency Relationships 10 Management Goals 11

Do Managers Act in the Stockholders’ Interests? 11 Managerial Compensation 11

Control of the Firm 12 Conclusion 12 Stakeholders 12

1.5 Financial Markets and the Corporation 13

Cash Flows to and from the Firm 14 Primary versus Secondary Markets 14 Primary Markets 14

Secondary Markets 15 Dealer versus Auction Markets 15 Trading in Corporate Securities 15 Listing 16

1.6 Summary and Conclusions 16

CHAPTER 2

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS, TAXES, AND CASH FLOW 19

2.1 The Balance Sheet 20

Assets: The Left Side 20 Liabilities and Owners’ Equity: The Right Side 20 Net Working Capital 21

Liquidity 22 Debt versus Equity 23 Market Value versus Book Value 23

2.2 The Income Statement 24

GAAP and the Income Statement 25 Noncash Items 26

Time and Costs 26

2.3 Taxes 28 Corporate Tax Rates 28 Average versus Marginal Tax Rates 29

2.4 Cash Flow 30 Cash Flow from Assets 31 Operating Cash Flow 31 Capital Spending 32 Change in Net Working Capital 32 Conclusion 33

A Note about “Free” Cash Flow 33 Cash Flow to Creditors and Stockholders 33 Cash Flow to Creditors 33

Cash Flow to Stockholders 33

An Example: Cash Flows for Dole Cola 35 Operating Cash Flow 35

Net Capital Spending 36 Change in NWC and Cash Flow from Assets 36 Cash Flow to Stockholders and Creditors 36

2.5 Summary and Conclusions 37

PART 2 Financial Statements and Long-Term Financial Planning CHAPTER 3

WORKING WITH FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 46

3.1 Cash Flow and Financial Statements:

Common–Base Year Financial Statements:

Trend Analysis 53

Contents

Combined Common-Size and Base

Year Analysis 53

3.3 Ratio Analysis 54

Short-Term Solvency, or Liquidity, Measures 55

Current Ratio 55

The Quick (or Acid-Test) Ratio 56

Other Liquidity Ratios 57

Long-Term Solvency Measures 57

Total Debt Ratio 57

A Brief Digression: Total Capitalization versus

Total Assets 58

Times Interest Earned 58

Cash Coverage 59

Asset Management, or Turnover, Measures 59

Inventory Turnover and Days’ Sales in Inventory 59

Receivables Turnover and Days’ Sales

in Receivables 60

Asset Turnover Ratios 61

Profi tability Measures 61

3.4 The Du Pont Identity 65

A Closer Look at ROE 65

An Expanded Du Pont Analysis 67

3.5 Using Financial Statement Information 69

Why Evaluate Financial Statements? 69

Internal Uses 69

External Uses 69

Choosing a Benchmark 70

Time Trend Analysis 70

Peer Group Analysis 70

Problems with Financial Statement Analysis 74

3.6 Summary and Conclusions 76

CHAPTER 4

LONG-TERM FINANCIAL PLANNING AND GROWTH 87

4.1 What Is Financial Planning? 88

Growth as a Financial Management Goal 88 Dimensions of Financial Planning 89 What Can Planning Accomplish? 90 Examining Interactions 90 Exploring Options 90 Avoiding Surprises 90 Ensuring Feasibility and Internal Consistency 90 Conclusion 90

4.2 Financial Planning Models: A First Look 91

A Financial Planning Model: The Ingredients 91 Sales Forecast 91

Pro Forma Statements 91 Asset Requirements 92 Financial Requirements 92 The Plug 92

Economic Assumptions 92

A Simple Financial Planning Model 92

4.3 The Percentage of Sales Approach 94

The Income Statement 94 The Balance Sheet 95

A Particular Scenario 97

An Alternative Scenario 98

4.4 External Financing and Growth 99

EFN and Growth 99 Financial Policy and Growth 103 The Internal Growth Rate 103 The Sustainable Growth Rate 103 Determinants of Growth 105

A Note about Sustainable Growth Rate

Calculations 106

4.5 Some Caveats Regarding Financial

Planning Models 108

4.6 Summary and Conclusions 109

PART 3 Valuation of Future Cash Flows

CHAPTER 5

INTRODUCTION TO VALUATION: THE TIME VALUE

OF MONEY 119

5.1 Future Value and Compounding 120

Investing for a Single Period 120

Investing for More Than One Period 120

A Note about Compound Growth 126

5.2 Present Value and Discounting 127

The Single-Period Case 127 Present values for Multiple Periods 128

5.3 More about Present and Future Values 131

Present versus Future Value 131 Determining the Discount Rate 132 Finding the Number of Periods 136

5.4 Summary and Conclusions 139

CHAPTER 6

DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW VALUATION 144

6.1 Future and Present Values of Multiple

Cash Flows 145

Future Value with Multiple Cash Flows 145 Present Value with Multiple Cash Flows 148

A Note about Cash Flow Timing 151

6.2 Valuing Level Cash Flows: Annuities

A Note about Annuities Due 160 Perpetuities 160

Growing Annuities and Perpetuities 161

6.3 Comparing Rates: The Effect of Compounding 163

Effective Annual Rates and Compounding 163

Calculating and Comparing Effective

Annual Rates 164 EARs and APRs 166

Taking It to the Limit: A Note about Continuous

Compounding 167

6.4 Loan Types and Loan Amortization 169

Pure Discount Loans 169 Interest-Only Loans 169 Amortized Loans 170

6.5 Summary and Conclusions 175

CHAPTER 7

INTEREST RATES AND BOND VALUATION 190

7.1 Bonds and Bond Valuation 191

Bond Features and Prices 191 Bond Values and Yields 191 Interest Rate Risk 195 Finding the Yield to Maturity: More Trial and Error 196

7.2 More about Bond Features 201

Is It Debt or Equity? 201 Long-Term Debt: The Basics 201 The Indenture 203

Terms of a Bond 203 Security 204 Seniority 204 Repayment 204 The Call Provision 205 Protective Covenants 205

7.5 Bond Markets 212 How Bonds Are Bought and Sold 212 Bond Price Reporting 214

A Note about Bond Price Quotes 215

7.6 Infl ation and Interest Rates 217

Real versus Nominal Rates 217 The Fisher Effect 218

Infl ation and Present Values 219

7.7 Determinants of Bond Yields 220

The Term Structure of Interest Rates 220

Bond Yields and the Yield Curve: Putting

It All Together 221 Conclusion 223

7.8 Summary and Conclusions 224

CHAPTER 8

STOCK VALUATION 231

8.1 Common Stock Valuation 232

Cash Flows 232 Some Special Cases 234 Zero Growth 234 Constant Growth 234 Nonconstant Growth 237 Two-Stage Growth 239 Components of the Required Return 240

8.2 Some Features of Common and

Preferred Stocks 242

Common Stock Features 242 Shareholder Rights 242 Proxy Voting 243 Classes of Stock 244 Other Rights 244 Dividends 244 Preferred Stock Features 245 Stated Value 245

Cumulative and Noncumulative Dividends 245

Is Preferred Stock Really Debt? 245

8.3 The Stock Markets 246

Dealers and Brokers 246 Organization of the NYSE 247 Members 247

Operations 248 Floor Activity 248 NASDAQ Operations 249 ECNs 250

Stock Market Reporting 250

8.4 Summary and Conclusions 252

CHAPTER 9

NET PRESENT VALUE AND OTHER

INVESTMENT CRITERIA 260

9.1 Net Present Value 261

The Basic Idea 261

Estimating Net Present Value 262

9.2 The Payback Rule 265

Defi ning the Rule 265

Analyzing the Rule 266

Redeeming Qualities of the Rule 267

Summary of the Rule 268

9.3 The Discounted Payback 268

9.4 The Average Accounting Return 271

9.5 The Internal Rate of Return 273

Problems with the IRR 277

Nonconventional Cash Flows 277

Mutually Exclusive Investments 279

Investing or Financing? 281

Redeeming Qualities of the IRR 282

The Modifi ed Internal Rate of Return (MIRR) 283

Method #1: The Discounting Approach 283

Method #2: The Reinvestment Approach 283

Method #3: The Combination Approach 283

MIRR or IRR: Which Is Better? 284

9.6 The Profi tability Index 284

9.7 The Practice of Capital Budgeting 285

9.8 Summary and Conclusions 288

CHAPTER 10

MAKING CAPITAL INVESTMENT DECISIONS 298

10.1 Project Cash Flows: A First Look 299

Relevant Cash Flows 299

The Stand-Alone Principle 299

10.2 Incremental Cash Flows 299

Getting Started: Pro Forma Financial Statements 302

Project Cash Flows 303

Project Operating Cash Flow 303

Project Net Working Capital and Capital Spending 304

Projected Total Cash Flow and Value 304

10.4 More about Project Cash Flow 305

A Closer Look at Net Working Capital 305 Depreciation 308

Modifi ed ACRS Depreciation (MACRS) 308 Book Value versus Market Value 309

An Example: The Majestic Mulch and Compost

Company (MMCC) 311 Operating Cash Flows 311 Change in NWC 311 Capital Spending 314 Total Cash Flow and Value 314 Conclusion 314

10.5 Alternative Defi nitions of Operating Cash Flow 315

The Bottom-Up Approach 316 The Top-Down Approach 316 The Tax Shield Approach 316 Conclusion 317

10.6 Some Special Cases of Discounted Cash

Flow Analysis 317

Evaluating Cost-Cutting Proposals 317 Setting the Bid Price 319

Evaluating Equipment Options with Different Lives 321

10.7 Summary and Conclusions 323

Sources of Value 337

11.2 Scenario and Other What-If Analyses 338

Getting Started 338 Scenario Analysis 339 Sensitivity Analysis 341 Simulation Analysis 342

11.3 Break-Even Analysis 342

Fixed and Variable Costs 343 Variable Costs 343 Fixed Costs 344 Total Costs 344 Accounting Break-Even 346 Accounting Break-Even: A Closer Look 346 Uses for the Accounting Break-Even 348

11.4 Operating Cash Flow, Sales Volume, and

Calculating the Break-Even Level 349 Payback and Break-Even 350 Sales Volume and Operating Cash Flow 350

Cash Flow, Accounting, and Financial

Break-Even Points 350 Accounting Break-Even Revisited 351 Cash Break-Even 351

Financial Break-Even 352 Conclusion 352

11.5 Operating Leverage 353

The Basic Idea 353 Implications of Operating Leverage 354 Measuring Operating Leverage 354 Operating Leverage and Break-Even 355

11.6 Capital Rationing 356

Soft Rationing 356 Hard Rationing 357

11.7 Summary and Conclusions 357

PART 5 Risk and Return CHAPTER 12

SOME LESSONS FROM CAPITAL MARKET HISTORY 365

12.1 Returns 366

Dollar Returns 366 Percentage Returns 368

12.2 The Historical Record 370

A First Look 370

A Closer Look 372

12.3 Average Returns: The First Lesson 376

Calculating Average Returns 376 Average Returns: The Historical Record 376 Risk Premiums 377

The First Lesson 377

12.4 The Variability of Returns: The Second Lesson 378

Frequency Distributions and Variability 378 The Historical Variance and Standard Deviation 379 The Historical Record 381

Normal Distribution 381 The Second Lesson 383 Using Capital Market History 383 More on the Stock Market Risk Premium 384

12.5 More about Average Returns 385

Arithmetic versus Geometric Averages 386 Calculating Geometric Average Returns 386

Arithmetic Average Return or Geometric

Average Return? 388

12.6 Capital Market Effi ciency 389

Price Behavior in an Effi cient Market 389 The Effi cient Markets Hypothesis 391 Some Common Misconceptions about the EMH 391 The Forms of Market Effi ciency 393

12.7 Summary and Conclusions 394

CHAPTER 13

RETURN, RISK, AND THE SECURITY MARKET LINE 401

13.1 Expected Returns and Variances 402

Expected Return 402 Calculating the Variance 404

13.2 Portfolios 405

Portfolio Weights 406 Portfolio Expected Returns 406 Portfolio Variance 407

13.3 Announcements, Surprises, and

Expected Returns 409

Expected and Unexpected Returns 409 Announcements and News 409

13.4 Risk: Systematic and Unsystematic 411

Systematic and Unsystematic Risk 411

Systematic and Unsystematic Components

of Return 411

13.5 Diversifi cation and Portfolio Risk 412

The Effect of Diversifi cation: Another Lesson

from Market History 412 The Principle of Diversifi cation 413 Diversifi cation and Unsystematic Risk 414 Diversifi cation and Systematic Risk 415

13.6 Systematic Risk and Beta 415

The Systematic Risk Principle 416 Measuring Systematic Risk 416 Portfolio Betas 417

13.7 The Security Market Line 419

Beta and the Risk Premium 419 The Reward-to-Risk Ratio 420 The Basic Argument 421 The Fundamental Result 423 The Security Market Line 424 Market Portfolios 424 The Capital Asset Pricing Model 424

13.8 The SML and the Cost of Capital:

CHAPTER 14

COST OF CAPITAL 437

14.1 The Cost of Capital: Some Preliminaries 438

Required Return versus Cost of Capital 438

Financial Policy and Cost of Capital 439

14.2 The Cost of Equity 439

The Dividend Growth Model Approach 439

Implementing the Approach 439

Estimating g 440

Advantages and Disadvantages of the

Approach 441

The SML Approach 441

Implementing the Approach 442

Advantages and Disadvantages of the

Approach 442

14.3 The Costs of Debt and Preferred Stock 443

The Cost of Debt 443

The Cost of Preferred Stock 444

14.4 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital 445

The Capital Structure Weights 445

Taxes and the Weighted Average Cost of Capital 446

Calculating the WACC for Eastman Chemical 447

Eastman’s Cost of Equity 447

Eastman’s Cost of Debt 449

14.5 Divisional and Project Costs of Capital 454

The SML and the WACC 455

Divisional Cost of Capital 456

The Pure Play Approach 456

The Subjective Approach 457

14.6 Flotation Costs and the Weighted Average Cost

of Capital 458

The Basic Approach 459

Flotation Costs and NPV 460

Internal Equity and Flotation Costs 462

14.7 Summary and Conclusions 462

CHAPTER 15

RAISING CAPITAL 471

15.1 The Financing Life Cycle of a Firm: Early-Stage

Financing and Venture Capital 472

Venture Capital 472

Some Venture Capital Realities 473 Choosing a Venture Capitalist 473 Conclusion 474

15.2 Selling Securities to the Public: The Basic

Procedure 474 15.3 Alternative Issue Methods 475 15.4 Underwriters 477

Choosing an Underwriter 478 Types of Underwriting 478 Firm Commitment Underwriting 478 Best Efforts Underwriting 478 Dutch Auction Underwriting 479 The Aftermarket 479

The Green Shoe Provision 480 Lockup Agreements 480 The Quiet Period 480

15.5 IPOs and Underpricing 481

IPO Underpricing: The 1999–2000 Experience 481 Evidence on Underpricing 481

Why Does Underpricing Exist? 484

15.6 New Equity Sales and the Value of the Firm 487 15.7 The Costs of Issuing Securities 488

The Costs of Selling Stock to the Public 488 The Costs of Going Public: The Case of Symbion 490

15.8 Rights 492

The Mechanics of a Rights Offering 492 Number of Rights Needed to Purchase a Share 493 The Value of a Right 494

Ex Rights 496 The Underwriting Arrangements 497 Effects on Shareholders 497

15.9 Dilution 498

Dilution of Proportionate Ownership 498 Dilution of Value: Book versus Market Values 498

A Misconception 499 The Correct Arguments 500

15.10 Issuing Long-Term Debt 500 15.11 Shelf Registration 501 15.12 Summary and Conclusions 502

CHAPTER 16

FINANCIAL LEVERAGE AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE POLICY 508

16.1 The Capital Structure Question 509

Firm Value and Stock Value: An Example 509 Capital Structure and the Cost of Capital 510

PART 6 Cost of Capital and Long-Term Financial Policy

16.2 The Effect of Financial Leverage 510

The Basics of Financial Leverage 511 Financial Leverage, EPS, and ROE: An Example 511 EPS versus EBIT 512

Corporate Borrowing and Homemade Leverage 514

16.3 Capital Structure and the Cost of Equity

Capital 515

M&M Proposition I: The Pie Model 515

The Cost of Equity and Financial Leverage: M&M

Proposition II 516 Business and Financial Risk 518

16.4 M&M Propositions I and II with Corporate

Taxes 519

The Interest Tax Shield 520 Taxes and M&M Proposition I 520 Taxes, the WACC, and Proposition II 521 Conclusion 522

16.5 Bankruptcy Costs 524

Direct Bankruptcy Costs 525 Indirect Bankruptcy Costs 525

16.6 Optimal Capital Structure 526

The Static Theory of Capital Structure 526

Optimal Capital Structure and the Cost

of Capital 527 Optimal Capital Structure: A Recap 528

Capital Structure: Some Managerial

Recommendations 530 Taxes 530

Financial Distress 530

16.7 The Pie Again 530

The Extended Pie Model 531 Marketed Claims versus Nonmarketed Claims 532

16.8 The Pecking-Order Theory 532

Internal Financing and the Pecking Order 532 Implications of the Pecking Order 533

16.9 Observed Capital Structures 534

16.10 A Quick Look at the Bankruptcy Process 536

Liquidation and Reorganization 536 Bankruptcy Liquidation 536 Bankruptcy Reorganization 537

Financial Management and the Bankruptcy

Process 538 Agreements to Avoid Bankruptcy 539

16.11 Summary and Conclusions 539

CHAPTER 17

DIVIDENDS AND PAYOUT POLICY 546

17.1 Cash Dividends and Dividend Payment 547

Cash Dividends 547

Standard Method of Cash Dividend

Payment 547 Dividend Payment: A Chronology 547 More about the Ex-Dividend Date 548

17.2 Does Dividend Policy Matter? 550

An Illustration of the Irrelevance of Dividend

Policy 550 Current Policy: Dividends Set Equal to Cash Flow 551

Alternative Policy: Initial Dividend Greater Than Cash Flow 551

17.4 Real-World Factors Favoring a High

Dividend Payout 554

Desire for Current Income 554 Tax and Other Benefi ts from High Dividends 555 Corporate Investors 555

Tax-Exempt Investors 555 Conclusion 555

17.5 A Resolution of Real-World Factors? 555

Information Content of Dividends 556 The Clientele Effect 557

17.6 Stock Repurchases: An Alternative to Cash

Dividends 558

Cash Dividends versus Repurchase 559

Real-World Considerations in a

Repurchase 560 Share Repurchase and EPS 561

17.7 What We Know and Do Not Know about

Dividend and Payout Policies 561

Dividends and Dividend Payers 561 Corporations Smooth Dividends 564 Putting It All Together 564

Some Survey Evidence on Dividends 566

17.8 Stock Dividends and Stock Splits 568

Some Details about Stock Splits and Stock

Dividends 568 Example of a Small Stock Dividend 568 Example of a Stock Split 569

Example of a Large Stock Dividend 569 Value of Stock Splits and Stock Dividends 569 The Benchmark Case 570

Popular Trading Range 570 Reverse Splits 570

17.9 Summary and Conclusions 571

CHAPTER 18

SHORT-TERM FINANCE AND PLANNING 579

18.1 Tracing Cash and Net Working Capital 580

18.2 The Operating Cycle and the Cash Cycle 581

Defi ning the Operating and Cash Cycles 582

The Operating Cycle 582

The Cash Cycle 582

The Operating Cycle and the Firm’s Organizational

Chart 583

Calculating the Operating and Cash Cycles 584

The Operating Cycle 585

The Cash Cycle 586

Interpreting the Cash Cycle 587

18.3 Some Aspects of Short-Term Financial Policy 587

The Size of the Firm’s Investment in Current

Assets 588

Alternative Financing Policies for Current

Assets 589

An Ideal Case 589

Different Policies for Financing Current Assets 589

Which Financing Policy Is Best? 592

Current Assets and Liabilities in Practice 593

18.4 The Cash Budget 594

Sales and Cash Collections 594

Cash Outfl ows 595

The Cash Balance 595

18.6 A Short-Term Financial Plan 600

18.7 Summary and Conclusions 601

CHAPTER 19

CASH AND LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT 612

19.1 Reasons for Holding Cash 613

The Speculative and Precautionary Motives 613

The Transaction Motive 613

Compensating Balances 613

Costs of Holding Cash 613

Cash Management versus Liquidity

Management 614

19.2 Understanding Float 614

Disbursement Float 614 Collection Float and Net Float 615 Float Management 616

Measuring Float 616 Some Details 617 Cost of the Float 617 Ethical and Legal Questions 619

Electronic Data Interchange and Check 21: The End of

Float? 620

19.3 Cash Collection and Concentration 621

Components of Collection Time 621 Cash Collection 621

Lockboxes 621 Cash Concentration 623 Accelerating Collections: An Example 624

19.4 Managing Cash Disbursements 625

Increasing Disbursement Float 625 Controlling Disbursements 626 Zero-Balance Accounts 626 Controlled Disbursement Accounts 627

19.5 Investing Idle Cash 627

Temporary Cash Surpluses 627 Seasonal or Cyclical Activities 627 Planned or Possible Expenditures 627 Characteristics of Short-Term Securities 628 Maturity 628

Default Risk 628 Marketability 628 Taxes 628

Some Different Types of Money Market

Securities 629

19.6 Summary and Conclusions 630

19A Determining the Target Cash Balance 634

The Basic Idea 634 The BAT Model 635 The Opportunity Costs 636 The Trading Costs 637 The Total Cost 637 The Solution 638 Conclusion 639

The Miller–Orr Model: A More General

Approach 639 The Basic Idea 639 Using the Model 639

Implications of the BAT and Miller–Orr

CHAPTER 20

CREDIT AND INVENTORY MANAGEMENT 644

20.1 Credit and Receivables 645

Components of Credit Policy 645 The Cash Flows from Granting Credit 645 The Investment in Receivables 646

20.2 Terms of the Sale 646

The Basic Form 647 The Credit Period 647 The Invoice Date 647 Length of the Credit Period 647 Cash Discounts 648

Cost of the Credit 649 Trade Discounts 649 The Cash Discount and the ACP 649 Credit Instruments 650

20.3 Analyzing Credit Policy 650

Credit Policy Effects 650 Evaluating a Proposed Credit Policy 651 NPV of Switching Policies 651

A Break-Even Application 653

20.4 Optimal Credit Policy 653

The Total Credit Cost Curve 653 Organizing the Credit Function 654

20.5 Credit Analysis 655

When Should Credit Be Granted? 655

A One-Time Sale 655 Repeat Business 656 Credit Information 657 Credit Evaluation and Scoring 657

20.6 Collection Policy 658

Monitoring Receivables 658 Collection Effort 659

20.7 Inventory Management 659

The Financial Manager and Inventory

Policy 660 Inventory Types 660 Inventory Costs 660

20.8 Inventory Management

Techniques 661

The ABC Approach 661 The Economic Order Quantity Model 662 Inventory Depletion 662

The Carrying Costs 664 The Shortage Costs 664 The Total Costs 664 Extensions to the EOQ Model 666 Safety Stocks 666

Reorder Points 666 Managing Derived-Demand Inventories 666 Materials Requirements Planning 668 Just-in-Time Inventory 668

20.9 Summary and Conclusions 668

20A More about Credit Policy Analysis 674

Two Alternative Approaches 674 The One-Shot Approach 675 The Accounts Receivable Approach 675 Discounts and Default Risk 676

NPV of the Credit Decision 677

21.3 Purchasing Power Parity 688

Absolute Purchasing Power Parity 688 Relative Purchasing Power Parity 690 The Basic Idea 690

The Result 690 Currency Appreciation and Depreciation 691

21.4 Interest Rate Parity, Unbiased Forward Rates, and

the International Fisher Effect 692

Covered Interest Arbitrage 692 Interest Rate Parity 693 Forward Rates and Future Spot Rates 694 Putting It All Together 694

Uncovered Interest Parity 695 The International Fisher Effect 695

21.5 International Capital Budgeting 696

Method 1: The Home Currency Approach 696

Method 2: The Foreign Currency

Approach 697 Unremitted Cash Flows 698

21.6 Exchange Rate Risk 698

Short-Run Exposure 698 Long-Run Exposure 699