Lecture Medical assisting: Administrative and clinical procedures with anatomy and physiology (4e) – Chapter 19

19.2 List the body organ systems, their general functions, and the major organs contained in each.. Body Organs and Systems– Structure formed by organization of two or more different t

Organization of the

Body

Learning Outcomes

19.1 Describe body organization from simple to

more complex levels.

19.2 List the body organ systems, their general

functions, and the major organs contained in each.

19.3 Define the anatomical position and explain its

importance.

19.4 Use medical and anatomical terminology

correctly.

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

19.5 Name the body cavities and the organs

contained in each.

19.6 Explain the abdominal regions and

quadrants.

19.7 Explain why a basic understanding of

chemistry is important in studying the body.

19.8 Describe important molecules and

compounds of the human body

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

19.9 Label the parts of a cell and list their

functions.

19.10 List and describe the ways substances

move across a cell membrane.

19.11 Describe the stages of cell division.

19.12 Explain how mutations occur and what

effects they may produce

Learning Outcomes (cont.)

19.13 Describe the uses of the genetic techniques,

DNA fingerprinting, and the polymerase chain reaction.

19.14 Describe the different patterns of

inheritance.

19.15 Describe the locations and characteristics of

the four main tissue types.

19.16 Describe the signs and symptoms of various

genetic conditions

You will also learn important terminology used

in the clinical setting to describe body positions

and parts.

Study of the Body

– Study of body structure

– Normal position of body structures

– Study of function

• Anatomy of the body allows it to

function

Study of the Body (cont.)

• Homeostasis

– Relative consistency of the

body’s internal environment – Body conditions must remain

stable

Apply Your Knowledge

True or False:

_ Anatomy is the study of structure.

_ Physiology is the study of function and

structure.

_ Homeostasis is the relative consistency of the

body’s internal environment.

Organization of the Body

Body Organs and Systems

– Structure formed by organization of two

or more different tissue types that work together to carry out specific functions

– Organs join together to carry out vital

functions

Body Organs and Systems (cont.)

• For example

– The respiratory system

consists of the following organs:

Apply Your Knowledge

1 Match the following:

has weight

together

Apply Your Knowledge

2 What is the difference between organs and organ

The heart and blood vessels

Right!

Understanding Medical Terminology

• Word root – contains base meaning

• Suffix

– At end of term

– Alters the meaning of the word root

• Prefix

– At the beginning of the term

– Alters the meaning of the term

Understanding Medical Terminology (cont.)

• Combining vowel

– Often an “o”

– Added between word root and suffix when

suffix begins with a consonant to ease pronunciation

– Does not alter meaning

Anatomical Terminology

• Terms used to describe the location of body parts and

various body regions

• Anatomical position – body is standing upright, facing

forward, with the arms at the sides and palms of hands

facing forward

• Used to identify the position of body structures

compared to other body surfaces

Apply Your Knowledge

1 Combine terms to answer definition.

heart specialist rapid heart beat specialty of the heart

Apply Your Knowledge

2 What is the anatomical position?

ANSWER: Anatomical position is the body

standing upright, facing forward, with the arms

at the sides and palms of hands facing forward.

Good Answer!

Body Cavities and Abdominal Regions

• Dorsal cavity

– Cranial – brain

– Spinal – spinal cord

Body Cavities and Abdominal Regions

(cont.)

• Ventral cavity

– Thoracic – lungs, heart,

esophagus, and trachea

Apply Your Knowledge

What are the two largest body cavities?

ANSWER: Dorsal and ventral cavities

YES!

Chemistry of Life

• Chemistry

– The study of what

matter is composed of and how matter

changes

• Body structures and

functions result from

chemical changes that

occur within body cells or

fluids

Chemistry of Life (cont.)

– Two or more atoms of

more than one element combine

Chemistry of Life (cont.)

• Metabolism – overall chemical functioning of the body

• Substances that release ions when put into

water

– Ions – positively or negatively charged particles

– Movement of ions into and out of body structures

regulate or trigger physiologic states

Electrolytes (cont.)

• Acids and bases

– Acids – electrolytes that release hydrogen

• Study of matter and chemical

reactions in the body

– Proteins– Nucleic acids

Apply Your Knowledge

Designate an A or a B to indicate whether the item

is an acid or a base.

Lemon juice Gastric fluid

Sodium bicarbonate Egg white

Household ammonia Vinegar

A

B

B

B A

A

ANSWER:

Super!

Cell Characteristics

• Basic unit of life

• Body has millions of cells

• Three main parts

– Cell membrane

– Cytoplasm

– Nucleus

Cell Characteristics (cont.)

• Cilia  Endoplasmic reticulum  Lysosomes

• Flagellum  Mitochondria  Centrioles

• Ribosomes  Golgi apparatus

Cell Characteristics (cont.)

• Nucleus

– Round structure near the

center – Contains chromosomes

• Threadlike structures made

up of DNA

Apply Your Knowledge

What are the three main parts of a cell, and in

which one is DNA found?

ANSWER: The three main parts of a cell are:

 Cell membrane

 Cytoplasm

 Nucleus – this is where DNA is found

Movement Through Cell Membranes

• Selectively permeable membrane controls movement in

and out of cells

– Passive mechanisms – no energy required to

move substances – Active mechanisms – require the cell to use

energy to move substances

• Diffusion – movement from area of high

concentration to area of low concentration

• Osmosis – diffusion or movement of water

across a semipermeable membrane

• Filtration –substances are forced under

pressure across a membrane that acts like a

filter

• Active Transport – substances move across

the cell membrane with the help of a carrier

molecule

Cell Division

• Reproduction through cell division

– Mitosis , meiosis , cytokinesis (splitting the

cytoplasm)

– Interphase

• Cell carries out normal function and is not dividing

• Prepares for cell division by duplicating its DNA

• Mutations – errors in duplication of DNA that are passed on

to daughter cells

Cell Division (cont.)

• Mitosis – follows interphase

– Cell enters mitosis – a part of cell division in

which the nucleus divides – Cell membrane constriction divides the

cytoplasm of the cell – Stages

– Replicates all 23 chromosome pairs so cells

are identical

Cell Division (cont.)

• Meiosis

– Reproductive cell division

– Must have female and male sex cells

– Nucleus copies all 23 chromosome pairs

• 2 divisions  4 cells with only 1 of each chromosome pair

• When combined during fertilization, resulting cell contains 46 chromosomes

Apply Your Knowledge

What are mitosis, meiosis, and interphase?

ANSWER:

Mitosis is a part of cell division in which the nucleus

divides.

Meiosis is reproductive cell division requiring both female

and male sex cells.

During interphase, the cell carries out normal function and

is not dividing.

Genetic Techniques

• DNA

– Primary component of genes

– Found in nucleus of cells

• Gene – a segment of DNA that determines a body trait

• Genetic techniques involve using or manipulating genes

Genetic Techniques (cont.)

• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

– Quick, easy method of making millions of copies of any fragment of DNA

– Used in the study of genetics

– Necessary tool for improving human health

– Leading to new kinds of

Genetic Techniques (cont.)

• DNA fingerprinting

– Unique sequences of nucleotides

in a person’s DNA

– Same for every cell, tissue, or

organ of that person

– Reliable method for identifying

and distinguishing among humans– Used in

• Criminal cases

• Paternity cases for custody and child support issues

Apply Your Knowledge

Designate whether the following is related to PCR

(polymerase chain reaction ) or F (DNA fingerprinting).

Unique sequences of nucleotides in a person’s DNA

Reliable method for identifying and distinguishing

among humans

Used in the study of genetics

Used in criminal and paternity cases

Necessary tool for improving human health

• Sex Chromosomes – the 23rd pair

determine the gender of the child

Heredity (cont.)

• Homologous chromosomes ( autosomes )

– First 22 pairs are the same size and shape

– Carry same genes that code a trait, but genes may be

of different forms called alleles

• Traits are determined by multiple alleles

– Complex inheritance – inherited traits determined by

multiple genes

– Sex-linked traits – carried on the sex chromosomes,

X and Y

Common Genetic Disorders

affects the lungs and pancreas

retardation and physical abnormalities

cause of learning disability

factor

Common Genetic Disorders (cont.)

affects males

systems

• Phenylketonuria (PKU) – cannot synthesize the

enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine

or partially missing

Apply Your Knowledge

ANSWER: Cystic fibrosis is a life-threatening

genetic disorder that affects the lungs and

pancreas.

What is cystic fibrosis?

Correct!

Major Tissue Types

• Epithelial tissue

– Covering, lining, or gland

– Tissue that covers the body and most organs

• Glandular epithelium is composed of cells that make and secrete substances

– Exocrine gland – secretes product into duct

– Endocrine gland – secretes product directly into tissue fluid or blood

– Lacks blood vessels, has a nerve supply,

divides constantly – Function based on location

Major Tissue Types (cont.)

– Most abundant

• Matter between cells of connective tissue

• Components vary

• Generally has a rich blood supply, except for cartilage

Connective Tissue

• Blood

– Plasma is matrix

– Transports substances throughout the body

• Osseous tissue (bone)

– Matrix of mineral salts

– Metabolically active

• Cartilage

– Matrix rigid

– Gives shape to structures, protects ends of

long bones, and forms discs between the vertebrae

Connective Tissue (cont.)

• Dense connective tissue

– Ligaments, tendons, and joint capsules

Muscle Tissue

• Shortens and elongates

• Contracts and relaxes

• Includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

Major Tissue Types (cont.)

• Nervous tissue

– Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

– Specializes to send impulses to neurons, muscles,

and glands

– Neurons – largest cells, transmit impulses

– Neuroglial cells – smaller, more abundant, and act

as support for neurons

Apply Your Knowledge

What are the major tissue types?

ANSWER:

 Epithelial tissue  Connective tissue

 Muscle tissue  Nerve tissue

Impressive!

In Summary

19.1 The body organization levels, simplest to most

complex, are chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism

19.2 The body organ systems include integumentary,

skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, and

reproductive systems, each with their particular set of organs and vessels to function in the capacities

outlined within the chapter

19.3 In anatomic position, the body is erect, facing forward

with arms at the sides and palms facing forward

In Summary (cont.)

19.4 Knowledge and use of anatomic and medical

terminology is important for medical personnel to communicate with each other in a consistent manner

19.5 The dorsal cavity consists of the cranial cavity, which

contains the brain and spinal cavity containing the spinal cord The ventral cavity is composed of the thoracic and abdominal cavities, and below the abdominal cavity is the pelvic cavity The body’s organs are contained within these cavities

In Summary (cont.)

19.6 The abdominal area may be divided into nine regions:

right and left hypochondriac, epigastric, right and left lumbar, umbilical, right and left iliac (inguinal), and hypogastric regions The abdomen may also be divided into right and left upper quadrants and right and left lower quadrants

19.7 It is important to have a basic understanding of

chemistry when studying anatomy and physiology because body structures and functions result from chemical processes that occur within body cells or fluids

In Summary (cont.)

19.8 Proteins and carbohydrates are examples of two

important molecules that make up the human body

Water is an example of a compound that is important

to the human body

19.9 The main components of a cell are as follows: Cell

membrane, cilia, flagella may be present, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi

apparatus, lysosomes, and centrioles Each has its own specialized function in the life of a cell

In Summary (cont.)

19.10 Substances use both active and passive

mechanisms to transport substances across the cell membrane Passive mechanisms include diffusion, osmosis, and filtration Active transport uses carrier molecules

19.11 A cell at rest is said to be in interphase Prophase,

metaphase, anaphase, and telophase occur during mitosis Reproductive cell division is known as

meiosis and takes place only in the reproductive cells

19.12 Errors in DNA duplication during cell division are

known as mutations

In Summary (cont.)

19.13 Genetic techniques allow the identification of

individuals through the unique sequences of nucleotides found within DNA Polymerase chain reactions allow millions of copies from just a fragment

of DNA DNA fingerprinting is used in paternity testing and in identifying suspects in criminal cases.

19.14 Dominant traits occur through alleles If a dominant

allele is received from a parent, the trait will appear in the child Complex inheritance is more common and is determined by multiple genes given by both parents

Sex-linked traits are carried on the sex chromosomes.

In Summary (cont.)

19.15 Epithelial tissues cover the body and most organs in

the body Epithelial tissue lines body cavities, hollow organs, and tubes of the body Glandular tissue is classified as epithelial tissue Connective tissue contains a matrix between its cells Muscle tissue is specialized tissue that contracts and relaxes; there are three types of muscle tissue

19.16 Various types of genetic disorders affect humans

Some of them include albinism, cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy and

PKU

Our history begins

before we are born We

represent the

hereditary influences of

our race, and our

ancestors virtually live

in us.

~ James Nasmyth

End of Chapter 19