YẾU tố dân GIAN và yếu tố bác học TRONG KỊCH bản CHÈO

Trong Lich su san khau Viet Nam Nha nghien cuu Cheo Tran Viet Ngu da trich dan y kien cua Giao su Tran Bang khi noi chuyen ve Cheo n h u sau : "Cheo la mot hinh thuc nghe thuat tong h

MUC LUC

Trang

PHAN MO DAU 5 Chucmg I

Yeu to dan gian va yeu to' bac hgc trong qua trinh

hinh t h a n h va phat trien cua kich ban Cheo 15

I Kich ban Cheo thuo so khai va su xuat hien

yeu to' dan gian 15

II S u x u a t hien yeu to' bac hpc 21

III Su x u a t hien cac tac gia doc lap trong viec

sang tac kich ban Cheo va xu huong "bac hpc hoa" 23

IV Yeu to dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong kich ban

Cheo n h u n g nam gan day 29

Chuomg I I

Su ket hop giua yeu to' dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc

trong kich ban Cheo 34

I Su ket hgp yeu to' dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc

trong to chixc ket cau kich ban Cheo 35

II S u ket hgp yeu to' dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc

trong xay dung nhan vat 40

III Su k e t hgp hai yeu to' trong van hpc Cheo 54

IV Su mau t h u a n trong moi quan he giua yeu to

dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo 71

Chuomg III

Van de ket hgp yeu to dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc

I Sir ket hgp ye'u to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong

kich ban Cheo eai luong 78

II S u ket hgp y e u to dan gian va yeu to' bac hgc

trong kich ban Cheo tu 1950 den nay 86

III S u hue thiet phai ket hgp yeu to dan gian va

yeu to bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo 112

IV Kich ban Cheo hien dai - Kich ban Cheo

chuyen nghiep mang phong each dan gian 127

3 Cdc tdi lieu tham khdo, trick dan duijc ghi trong phdn tdi lieu

tham khdo vai so thu tic tic 1 den 108 Khi trick ddn duoc gki

so tdi lieu vd so trang trong dau [ J Vi du [101: t r 7 0 ]

,^ «

PHAN MO DAU

1 Ly do chon de tai

Nghe t h u a t Cheo da tung trai qua nhung chang duong dai cua

qua trinh hinh t h a n h va phat trien, tung dat tod n h u n g dinh cao

nghe t h u a t vod nhung tac pham tieu bieu, trong do c6 n h u n g trich

doan ngoi len n h u nhung vien ngpc quy : Thi Mdu len chiia^ Siiy

Van gia dai, Tudn ty - Ddo Hue, Xd truang - Me Dop^ va

nhixng m a n h He Cheo doc dao

Trong qua trinh van dung hinh thuc san k h a u Cheo vao de tai hien dai, mang npi dung mod, nhung nguoi lam Cheo da dat dugc n h u n g thanh t u u dang ke ve mat npi dung p h a n a n h va

t u tuong tac pham, gop phan vao viec phuc vu cong cuoc each mang giai phong dan toe va xay dung xa hoi mod Nhung ve

m a t hpc thuat, nhung nguoi lam Cheo da phai vua lam vua tim toi nghien cuu va thuc nghiem da khong t r a n h khoi n h u n g sai lam mang tinh t a t yeu

Ngay nay, trong co che thi truang xoa bo bao cap, san k h a u Cheo chuyen nghiep va ke ca Cheo trong phong trao san k h a u khong chuyen cua quan chung ciing deu gap kho k h a n Ian ve nguon von dau t u cho xay dung va dien va su chuyen bien cua thi hieu k h a n gia Da t u n g co nhieu nguoi cho rang nghe t h u a t Cheo khong con thich hgp vod nguoi xem hom nay, chi nen xep vao bao tang Cac doan Cheo chuyen nghiep mat dan khan gia, dan tod trinh t r a n g

k h u n g hoang va c6 khi be tac ve phuong huong

De giai quyet nhung be tac cua Cheo truoc tinh hinh kho khan,

tan" Cheo bang nhung thu phap nghe t h u a t cua kich noi, eai luong

va kich h a t phuong Tay Co nguoi lai yeu cau nha nuac bao cap hoan toan cho cac doan Cheo Ba each lam tren deu khong p h a t trien dugc Cheo, chi dam chan tai cho hoae lam m a t di n h u n g dae trung CO ban cua nghe t h u a t Cheo

Cach giai quyet dung dan nhat la t u thuc tien cua san k h a u Cheo phai di sau nghien cuu khoa hpc co ban ve Cheo de tu do

n i t ra dugc nhung van de ly luan de roi lai t u ly luan van dung vao boat dpng thuc tien Muon tim dugc huong di dung dan cho Cheo hien dai, dieu quan trpng truoc het la phai hieu dugc mot

each t h a u dao nhung ddc trung co ban trong ngon ngu nghe thuat cua Cheo, nam vung phuong phdp sang tac truyen tkong vd viec su dung cdc thu phdp nghe thuat trong phuong phdp sang tac do n h u

the nao Hieu biet co ban va sau sac ve Cheo truyen thong la mot yeu cau t a t yeu doi vod nguoi thua ke di san san k h a u cua cha ong, va doi vod ca nhung nguoi thuong thuc Thuc tien cua dod song san khau hom nay cang thiic day yeu cau do, doi hoi n h u n g nguoi lam Cheo cang phai quan tarn De tiep noi vao qua t r i n h n h a n thuc

ve Cheo va gop phan giai quyet n h u n g be tac ve phuong huong nghe t h u a t trong qua trinh sang tao vo dien mod o cac Doan Cheo,

chung toi chpn de tai Yeu to ddn gian vd yeu to bdc hpc^ trong kich ban Cheo Van de ket hgp yeu to dan gian va bac hpc trong

cac tac pham cac loai hinh von nam trong ban chat cua van hpc

Cheo vod nhung kho khan liing tung, va sai lac da khien cho van

de tror nen buc xuc, cap nhat can phai di sau tim hieu de k h a n g dinh lai ve ly luan va gop phan xac dii;ih huong di cho Cheo hien dai Mong sao de tai nay vua dugc dong gop vao viec tim hieu nhung van de co ban cua san khau Cheo, vua c6 y nghia thuc tien gop dugc phan nao vao cong cuoc chan hung nen san khau dan toe

Do Cling la muc dich khoa hpc ma luan an nay huong toi

2 Lich s u van de

tinh p h a m chat cua san khau Cheo Trong Qua trinh hinh thanh

vd phat trien cua nghe thuat Cheo Pho giao su Ha Van Cau

giai cap phong kien vod t u tuong phat giao ciing da dat tay vao

Cheo va su dung Cheo n h u mot cong eu tinh t h a n cua giai cap do"

[11: tr.21] Ngoai y nghia chinh cua no, doan van tren ciing da gian

tiep noi den su hien dien cua tinh chat dan gian do nguoi nong dan dem vao Cheo va chung muc nhat dinh co tinh chat bac hpc

do t a n g lop nho si phong kien dem vao Cheo Trong Lich su san

khau Viet Nam Nha nghien cuu Cheo Tran Viet Ngu da trich dan

y kien cua Giao su Tran Bang khi noi chuyen ve Cheo n h u sau :

"Cheo la mot hinh thuc nghe thuat tong hgp, bat nguon t u kho

t a n g van nghe dan gian phong phii va r a t co xua cua dat nuoc, lay dan ca dan vu lam nen tang, the hien su hgp tac ly thu giua hai luong van hpc co dien va dan gian" [80: tr.355] Tuy mod chi

de cap tod "su hgp tac" giira "hai luong van hpc co dien va dan gian" (nghia la tren hinh dien van hpc), nhung giao su Tran Bang

ciing da cho rang do la mot "su hgp tac ly thii" ! Den Cheo - Mot

hien tuong sdn khau ddn toe [5], giao su T r a n Bang lai viet :

"Cheo ra dod sau, bang each tiep thu phuong phap nghe t h u a t cua Tuong, phong theo cau true eiia Tuong, lay kho tang van nghe dan gian cua luu vuc song Hong lam chat lieu, lam xuong thit ma tao thanh" [5: tr.25] Nhu vay, duong nhien trong Cheo da c6 su ket hgp giixa yeu to' bac hpc (the hien bang phuong phap nghe t h u a t cua Tuong, mot hinh thuc san khau co dien) va yeu to dan gian (the hien bang su tiep thu kho tang van nghe dan gian lam chat

t a t yeu cua Cheo la phai t u dan gian len chuyen nghiep (mang tinh bac hoc) "O Cheo, nghe t h u a t dan gian da p h a t trien, t r a t h a n h nghe t h u a t san khau a binh dien dan toe, co chuan muc vung vang

ve phuong phap nghe thuat, ve cac khau ky t h u a t hat, miia, va nghe t h u a t bieu diln Va chinh nhung nghe si chuyen nghiep co ban lanh cua nghe t h u a t san khau nay da truyen lai cho chiing ta

n h u n g di san quy bau, do la nghe t h u a t Cheo cua ngay hom nay" [5: tr.45] Hai nha nghien cuu Cheo Tran Viet Ngu va Hoang Kieu cho r a n g "Dae tinh irng dien nay sinh trong hoan canh ma nhixng nguoi sang tao ra Cheo eon chua lam chu cuoc dod, bieu 16 su khong thong n h a t ve each dat van de giua kich ban (co su thong qua sua ehiia ciia phong kien) vod nghe nhan (va nguod xem)" [80: tr.365]

va "Su quan he giua tinh tich dien va tinh u n g dien trong nghe

t h u a t Cheo (co), do tir nguyen nhan mau t h u a n giua nguoi viet kich ban (nho si) va nguod dien (nong dan lao dpng) lam noi len mot nguyen tac khong the bo qua, la su ket hgp giua eai hi va eai hai trong Cheo (ed)" [80: tr.364] O day, hai tac gia da de cap den moi quan he giua tinh ung dien cua mieng tro ngoai tich vod tinh on dinh cua t h a n tro do "bac tho" da viet va neu ra su m a u t h u a n gdira hai tinh chat ay, dong thod cho rang su ket hgp giiia eai bi

va eai hai o trong Cheo la he qua t a t yeu cua m a u t h u a n giua tinh tich dien va tinh ung dien (theo each noi ciia hai nha nghien cuu Cheo Tran Viet Ngu - Hoang Kieu) Nhixng n h a n dinh tren da god cho ta nghi den su bat cap o mot m a t nao do trong moi quan

he giua yeu to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo Trong mot bai tong ket Hoi thao ve Cheo, giao su Dinh Quang cho

gian Do do ma chat dan gian ciia Cheo van la net chu dao, la ban chat" [90: t r l 0 8 ] T r a n Due Tri cung cho rang: "Cheo ra doi khi ma nen van hpc nghe t h u a t dan gian cua dong bang Bac bp Viet Nam

da dugc p h a t trien manh me, toan dien No dan dan hoan thien trong qua trinh ra doi cua nen van hpc viet bang chu Nom va sau

do t r a t h a n h mot loai hinh san khau tong hop co kha nang dong hoa n h u a n nhuyen hai dong van hpc nghe t h u a t dan gian va bac hpc trong do yeu to' dan gian lam chinh the tao t h a n h dae dinh dan gian cho Cheo" [104: tr.24] De khang dinh ban chat van hpc ciia kich h a t truyen thong, Pho giao su Tat Thang da dan Tao Mat lam vi du tieu bieu cho tinh bac hpc va xu the bac hpc hoa trong sang tac kich ban Cheo: "Tinh chat Ipc, tinh hinh tugng va dae biet

la tinh tham thiiy (y tai ngon ngoai) cung vod sir hom hinh den sac sao va mot eai hon, eai than, eai ky dieu cua tarn hon nghe si pha vao nghe t h u a t ngon t u ay da lam nen gia tri van hpc va ban sac trpn ciing khong Ian cua ngon ngu Tao Mat" [94: tr.70] Tong hgp t u nhixng y kien rai rac va so bp ve yeu to dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc trong Cheo^ ta van c6 the di den mot n h a n thuc rang cac nha nghien cuu Cheo da gpd mo ra mot van de kha co ban va

ly thii cua san khau Cheo Do la trong Cheo co su ket hgp giua yeu to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc va six ket hgp nay co khi hai hoa "ly thii" (nhu y kien cua giao su Tran Bang), lai co khi "mau thuan", "khong tho'ng nhat" (nhu nhan dinh ciia hai nha nghien ciiu

n h u vay, luan an nay se di sau nghien cuu ve six hinh t h a n h cua yeu to dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo tim hieu

su ket hgp ciia hai yeu to' ay a ca hai chieu t h u a n va nghich de

di tod chung minh luan diem cho rang trong Cheo moi, muon giit duoc dae trung co ban cua Cheo truyen thong thi nhat thiet phai

CO su ket hop hai hoa giua yeu to dan gian vd yeu to bdc hoc

3 Phuong phap nghien ciru

Doi vod van hpc dan gian, tu truoc tod nay da co nhieu phuong phap nghien cuu dugc van dung Moi phuong phap deu co nhixng

uu diem va ban che nhat dinh truoc moi de tai eu the, doi vod cac loai hinh khac nhau trong van hpc dan gian, va a cac nuoc, cac

vung mien khac nhau trong mot nuoc Vod de tai Yeu to ddn gian

vd yeu to bdc hoc trong kich ban Cheo, nghien cuu sinh n h a n

thay khong the ap dung hoan toan mot phuong phap san co nao, cang khong the chi ap dung mot phuong phap duy nhat, n h u da thay trong cac cong trinh nghien cuu van hpc dan gian, bod vi : kich ban Cheo tuy nam trong the loai van hpc kich co yeu to' dan gian, nhung khong thuan tiiy la van hpc dan gian Them nua, kich ban van hpc tuy la mot tac pham van hpc o mot the loai dae biet nhung no luon luon dupe gan chat vod nghe t h u a t bieu dien va phai the hien minh qua nghe thuat bieu di§n Rieng kich hat, kich ban van hpc ngoai nghe t h u a t bieu dien, con phai dugc "the hien minh" qua nhixng Ian dieu hat va nhung khuon miia nua Do dae diem ciia doi tugng nghien cuu (kich ban Cheo) ma phuong phap nghien cuu phai dugc xac dinh cho thich hpp, dam bao tinh khoa hpc, giiip cho nguod nghien ciiu nhan thuc diing dugc doi tugng, tiep can dupe

Mac-xit, nghien cuu sinh xac dinh phuong phap luan khi nghien

cuu de tai ciia luan an nay la : Nghien ciiu de tdi mot each bien chiingy lich su, cu the Nhu vay, phai nghien cixu cac kich

ban Cheo trong qua trinh van dpng va p h a t trien ciia san khau Cheo, dat cac tac pham vao dung thai diem ra dod va ton tai ciia chiingj xem xet t u n g kich ban va he thong kich ban de riit ra

nhixng n h a n dinh chung nhat Day chinh la van dung phuong phdp lich su, coi do la phuong phap chii yeu va ket hgp vod mot so

phuong phap khac

Nghien cuu van de yeu to dan gian vd yeu to bdc hoc trong kich ban Cheo tue la nghien cuu hai yeu to tham gia cau tkdnk kick ban Cheo, tue la nghien cuu hai yeu to trong to chiic ket cau vat chat cuo kien tuong sdn khau Cheo, vd nhu vay, duong nkien phai dat de tdi nghien cuu vao trong pham tru hinh tkuc (ciia su vat,

hien tugng, theo quan diem triet hpc bien chung Mac-xit) Tuy vay, khi nghien cuu yeu to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong hinh thuc kich ban Cheo, khong tach rod khoi npi dung p h a n anh ciia san

k h a u Cheo, khong tach rod nghe thuat bieu dien, mot dae thii ciia van hpc kich

4 Gidi han pham vi de tai va khai niem thuat ngir

a) De tai Yeu to ddn gian vd yeu to bdc hgc trong kich ban Cheo CO the dugc nghien cuu a cac giac dp khac nhau, cap dp khac

nhau, pham vi khac nhau Trong luan an nay, nghien cuu sinh chi xin h a n che de tai trong pham vi nhu sau :

hgp cua hai yeu to nay trong kich ban Cheo, khong mo rpng ra

pham vi san khau Cheo, mot loai hinh nghe t h u a t tong hgp ma ngoai van hpc, con co cac ngon ngix nghe t h u a t t h a n h p h a n khac

n h u am nhae, my thuat, miia, va nhat la nghe t h u a t bieu dien

- Chi nghien cuu su hinh thanh yeu to dan gian va yeu to bac

hoc trong qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien ciia kich ban Cheo, chung minh tinh t a t yeu phai co su ket hgp giua hai yeu to' nay

trong kich ban Cheo mod Nghia la chi nghien cuu hai yeu to nay trong viec tham gia cau thanh kick ban (the hien a ca ba k h a u ciia

mot kich ban la ket cau, nhan vat, lod doi thoai) Luan an khong

de cap tod each thuc tao ra hai yeu to nay cho kich ban Cheo, cung khong di vao ban chat ciia tung yeu to ma trong do npi dung ciia yeu to' nay da ham chua mot phan nao tinh chat ciia yeu to' kia

b; Ddn gian va bdc hgc la hai danh tu da tham gia cau t h a n h

n h u n g t h u a t ngu khoa hpc nhu van hoa ddn gian, van hgc ddn gian, tinh chat ddn gian, van hgc bdc hgc, tinh chat bdc hgc.v.v ma moi t h u a t ngu lai dupe mang n h u n g npi dung khai

niem khac nhau do each hieu, each noi khac nhau ciia cac nha khoa hpc, cac t r u a n g phai nghien cuu ly luan trong van hpc nghe t h u a t

Trong luan an nay, danh t u ddn gian va danh t u bdc hgc dupe ghep vod danh t u yeu to de tao thanh hai t h u a t ngu yeu to ddn gian va yeu to bdc hgc vod npi dung khai niem xin dugc hieu

n h u sau :

- Tu dien Tieng Viet do Hoang Phe ehii bien, NXB Khoa hpc

xa hoi xuat ban nam 1988 da dinh nghia 'Yeu to'' la bp phan t h a m

gia cau t h a n h mot su vat, hien tugng" O day, bp p h a n t h a m gia

n h a n vat, lod van doi thoai Yeu to ddn gian gom nhixng six kien,

tinh tiet, m a u sac tinh each lod do'i thoai, ca tu dugc nhan thuc, danh gia, chpn lixa theo t u duy dan gian chat phae hon nhien va luon CO xu huong huyen thoai hoa, dong thod dugc trinh bay theo phong each dan gian binh di trong sang hon nhien va c6 xu huong

ky hoa (la hoa) Con yeu to bdc hgc gom nhung six kien, tinh tiet,

m a u sac tinh each, lod do'i thoai, ca tix dugc nhan thuc, danh gia, chpn lua theo t u duy bac hpc tong hgp khai quat t u kien thiic sach

vo va trai nghiem cuoc song, dong thai dugc trinh bay theo phong each bac hgc h a m siic, co dpng, mang tinh triet luan va y nghia giao huan

Vod gdod h a n npi dung khai niem tren day, khi noi c6 su xuat

hien yeu to bdc hgc trong kich ban Cheo nghia la c6 six xuat hien

mot bp phan tham gia cau thanh kich ban Cheo bao gom cac su kien, tinh tiet, mau sac tinh each, lod van dugc nhan thuc, danh gia,chpn lua theo t u duy bac hpc, dong thod dugc trinh bay theo each bac hpc ; Khi noi c6 six ket hgp giixa yeu to dan gian va yeu to^ bac hpc nghia la co six ket hpp cua mot bp phan six kien, tinh tie't, m a u sac tinh each, lod van dugc nhan thuc, danh gia, chpn lua theo t u duy dan gian, trinh bay theo phong each dan gian voi mot

bp ph'an six kien, tinh tiet, mau sac tinh each, lod van dugc n h a n thuc, d a n h gia chpn lua theo tu duy bac hoc, trinh bay theo phong each bac hpc

Xin dugc luu y rang, trong luan an nay, nghien cuu sinh khong

dong n h a t p h u o n g t h u c s a n g t a c dan gian vod yeu to ddn gian,

khong dong n h a t p h u o n g t h u c s a n g tac ca t h e t h a n h v a n con

sang tac dan gian chi la dieu kien nay sinh va phat trien yeu to dan gian, va phuong thuc sang tac ca the t h a n h van chi la dieu

IF kien nay sinh va gia tang yeu to bac hoc trong kich ban Cheo ma thoi Voi quan niem tren, c6 the co mot kich ban Cheo la tac pham van hpc kich thanh van ciia mot tac gia h u u danh nao do ma khong

CO yeu to dan gian, tham chi khong co ca yeu to' bac hpc, va chae chan no khong the dugc gpi la mot kich ban Cheo thuc thu

5 Bo' cue cua iuan an

- P h a n mo dau : Noi ve muc dich, y nghia, ly do chpn de tai, lich su van de, phuong phap nghien cuu gioi h a n de tai va khai niem t h u a t ngix, trinh bay bo cue luan an

- Chuong I : Trinh bay qua trinh hinh t h a n h va p h a t trien ciia yeu to dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong qua trinh hinh t h a n h va phat trien ciia kich ban Cheo

- Chuong II : Trinh bay six ket hpp ciia yeu to' dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo tu khau to chixc ket cau qua khau xay dung tinh each nhan vat den khau lod ca, lod thoai Thong qua nghien cuu ve su ket hgp ay ma khang dinh ve tarn quan trpng ciia no trong kich ban Cheo,

- Chuong III : Khao sat ve six ket hgp cua yeu to' dan gian

va yeu to' bac hpc trong kich ban Cheo Mod de chung minh rang trong kich ban Cheo hien dai, n h a t thiet phai co six ket hpp cua yeu to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc, va n h u vay mod dam bao giu dugc nhung dae trung ngon ngu nghe t h u a t mang phong each Cheo truyen tho'ng

- P h a n ket luan : Khai quat t o a n bp tinh t h a n luan an

Chuong I

YEU TO DAN GIAN VA YEU TO BAG HOC TRONG QUA TRINH HINH THANH VA PHAT TRIEN CUA KjCH BAN CHEO

I KjCH BAN CHEO THUO SO KHAI VA SLT XUAT HIEN YEU TO DAN GIAN

Trong Qua trinh hinh thdnh vd phat trien cua nghe thuat cheo [11], pho giao su Ha Van Cau da bang cu vao nhieu t u lieu

t h u tich CO de chung minh "Cheo la mot hinh thuc nghe t h u a t dan gian do nong dan sang tao ra de t u thuc hien minh va tra lai phuc

vu cho giai cap minh" [11: tr.21] "Cheo hinh t h a n h tren co so tro

n h a i va miia h a t dan gian Do la dae trung r a t ca ban cua Cheo

va dong thai dae t r u n g do r a t Viet Nam" [11: tr.21]

Co the phai dpi den thod Tran, vod six du nhap ciia tap kich doi Nguyen vao nuoc ta qua nguoi tu binh - thay tuong Ly Nguyen Cat, Cheo mod t h a t su co n h u n g vo dien hoan chinh N h u n g ciing

r a t CO the "ngay t u buoi dau, nghe t h u a t Cheo da mau chong mang

t i n h t u SIX ke chuyen tren co so tro jihai" [11: tr.21] Do chinh la nhixng tich Cheo t u thuo so khai

Vay t u tro nhai va miia h a t dan gian Cheo da dugc hinh t h a n h

n h u the nao ? Cung gan gui voi gia thuyet ciia pho giao su Ha Van Cau nha

nghien cuu Cheo, Vu Khac Khoan trong cuon 'Tim hieu sdn khau Cheo*' [46] cung cho rang "Cheo la ket qua ciia su phat t r i e n lien

tue ciia nen ca vu t h u a n tiiy dan toe t u hinh t h u c mot nghi le co

SO vuan tod mot hinh thuc san k h a u biet lap va dich thuc" [46: tr.65]

p h a n tich ky cang hinh thuc Cheo dua link trong nghi le an tang

nguod m a t theo phong tue co xua, nha nghien cuu Cheo Vu Khac Khoan da chi ro su xuat hien phan "bpi" (phan tich truyen dan

gian them vao) trong Cheo dua tinh Do la six manh nha ciia mot

h i n h t h u c san khau, cung la buoc phoi thai chuyen tiep t u dien xuong dan gian sang san k h a u dan gian, giong n h u t u nghi le te

t h a n rugu nho sang san k h a u co dai Hy Lap

Vod t h a n h t u u nghien cuu ciia hai tac gia tren, di sau nghien cuu qua t r i n h t u tro nhai va miia h a t dan gian san k h a u Cheo dugc hinh t h a n h qua nghi thuc cheo dua linh, cho thay six xuat hien n h a n vat "tong thuong" (mot nguod h a n h le) tach ra khoi dan

ba trao (nhung nguoi cheo thuyen b a t nha) de doc bach, ciing n h u SIX x u a t hien nhan vat dau tien tach ra khoi dan dong ca trong

nghi le te t h a n rugu nho Dionysos Cheo dua linh t u mot to khiic

cac bai van ca da bat dau mang tinh ke chuyen

Do nhu cau keo dai phan dien xuong trong nghi le tang ma de

t h a y cho ken tho va tieng khoc t h a u canh ciia tang quyen, n h u n g

nguod dien xuong cheo dua linh da tang them p h a n bpi toi muc

phai hinh t h a n h mot cau chuyen ke tach r a khoi to khiic van ca

d u a linh Co le liic dau cau chuyen ke nay chi dugc nhan vat tong thuong t h u c hien bang doc thoai, sau do chinh n h a n vat tong thuong

n a y da tie'p t h u loi dien tro nhai trong dan gian de vua ke chuyen

v u a bieu dien minh hoa Sau do, tien len mot buoc cao hon la them

n h u n g n h a n vat khac xuat hien va tich dien gian don n h a t da dugc

h i n h t h a n h N h u n g tich dien chae chan da dugc n h u n g nguod den chia buon ciing t a n g quyen huong ung, va ho da tro t h a n h n h u n g

k h a n gia nhiet tinh cd vu cho p h a n bpi nay p h a t trien m a n h hon

Nguod xem keo den cang dong theo da phat trien ciia cac tich dien ngoai nghi le Six dong diic cua cong dong a nha chu tang cang

t a n g them danh gia hoac niem an lii cho tang quyen Vi vay cac chii tang cang khuyen khich cac phuong cheo dua linh gia t a n g cac tich dien ngoai phan nghi le Den mot liic nao do, cac phuong ganh

chuyen dien xuong cheo dua linh ay dugc gpi la phuong cheo bgu

Trong p h a n "bpi", de trinh dien cac tich chuyen dii la con don

gian, cac phuong cheo bpi da phai van dung cac dieu dan ca de be

i a n n a n d i e u cho phu hop voi tinh huong va tarn t r a n g n h a n vat

n h u each noi ngay nay, bod vi a day khong the diing lai cac dieu

van ca trong Cheo dua linh dugc nua Miia ciing khong the chi

diing nhixng dpng tac minh hoa cheo thuyen b a t nha ma phai bd sung them n h u n g dpng tac minh hoa n h u n g h a n h vi sinh hoat va dpng tac lao dpng gian don cua nguoi trong chuyen ke The la miia

dan gian n h u xudn phd, miia bongv.v da dugc tiep thu va eai

bien cho phu hgp vod cac cix chi, h a n h vi ciia cac vai dien trong tich tro

Khi nhieu tich tro da dugc trinh dien doc lap tach khoi nghi thuc cheo dua linh, thi phan "bpi" da t u nghe t h u a t dien xuong dan gian

t r a t h a n h mot hinh thuc san k h a u va doi hoi can ban doi voi no

la phai trinh dien (bat chuac) dugc hanh dong ciia nguoi trong

chuyen Nguod dien tro khong the dung lai o muc su dung nhiirng dpng tac dua day phu hoa cho lod h a t van ca ciia cheo d u a linh

ma n h a t thiet phai dien ta (bat chuoc) n h u n g cu chi, h a n h vi cua cac n h a n vat, nghia la phai trinh bay tich chuyen bang nghe t h u a t bieu dien san k h a u The la mot m a t cac nghe n h a n cheo bpi b a t

chuoc cac nguyen mau a ngoai dod, mot mat khac tiep thu ngay

n h u n g t h a n h qua ciia tro nhai dan gian ca ve khuon mau va kinh

nghiem Co the noi : P h a n "bpi" ciia cheo dua linh chinh la nod gap go k e t hgp dau tien giixa nghe t h u a t bieu dien kieu tro nhai

va miia hdt ddn gian dugc be Ian nan dieu de tro t h a n h mot

h i n h t h u c kich h a t tach khoi nghi le tang ma, bieu dien doc lap trong cac dip hoi he, trong cac le k h a n h ha, trong cac cuoc khao vpng, h a y trong cac cuoc sinh hoat van hoa a lang que

Tren day la dai luge qua trinh hinh t h a n h san k h a u Cheo a t h u o

so k h a i S u hinh t h a n h cac tich dien cung dong thoi keo theo six hinh t h a n h kich ban trong eai thuo ban dau Ciing vod tich dien, kich b a n da dugc hinh thanh mot each t u phat, bod vi nguod nghe

si dan gian xua chua he co khai niem kich ban Do nhu cau ke chuyen b a n g nghe t h u a t bieu dien, nguod nghe si dan gian da phai tao d u n g mot cot truyen vod mot s6^ nhan vat ma nguod xua quen gpi la vai dien, vai tro, cung vod n h u n g lod do'i dap, lod h a t cua cac vai ay, trong qua trinh dien bien ciia cau chuyen

Mot khi cac phuong Cheo bpi da gia tang p h a n bpi t h a n h cac tich dien, da tiep thu nghe t h u a t bieu dien t u tro nhai thi r a t co

t h e n h u n g nghe si dan gian chuyen lam tro nhai ciing da t a p hgp

n h a u lai t h a n h phuong ganh de phoi hgp ciing "nhai" lai n h u n g six tich CO nhieu vai dien hon, va moi nghe si nhai mot vai chu khong

p h a i v u a ke chuyen vua nhai nhieu vai n h u da tixng lam Nghia

la CO mot dong t h u hai t u tro nhai tiep t h u miia h a t dan gian qua

be Ian dieu de tro t h a n h mot hinh thuc san k h a u ma khong qua

nghi le Cheo dua linh

Trai qua six thang tram ciia h a n g nghin nam lich su, n h u n g tich dien t h u o so khai ciia Cheo khong con luu truyen lai Rieng ban

Cheo dua linh va ban Huyet ho co le vi gan lien vod nghi thuc

t a n g 11 cho nen con truyen lai den ngay nay, mac dii da bi them

t h a t , s u a doi nhieu khong con giu dugc nguyen dang cd xua Cho dii thie'u t u lieu n h u vay, nhung can cu vao cac quy luat chung ciia cac qua trinh hinh thanh cac loai hinh van hpc nghe t h u a t , chiing t a van co the hinh dung va suy doan ve qua trinh sang tao

ra n ^ e t h u a t Cheo ciia cac nghe nhan xua

Theo hai giao su Dinh Gia Khanh va Chu Xuan Dien thi "Viec sang tac mot vo Cheo thuong dugc tien h a n h n h u sau : D u a vao mot tich nao do (co tich, than thoai, truyen lich su, truyen nom), nguoi t r u a n g tro ban bac vod cac dien vien de sap xep lop lang cua va dien, dung len eai cot ciia va Loi h a t thuong la n h u n g bai

ca dao dugc be theo cac Ian dieu Cheo Loi h a t cua moi vai thuong

la do dien vien thii vai do sang tac [44: tr.399]

Trong viec sang tao ra ca mot tich dien thi kho k h a n dau tien, cung la kho k h a n n h a t la viec tim ra, sang tao ra co't truyen Mot khi cong chiing da co nhu cau doi hoi cac tich dien tach r a khoi nghi t h u c t a n g le, bieu dien doc lap de gop vui trong n h u n g ngay

hoi he thi duong nhien khong the dien tich Huyet ho, va cung

khong the t h u a t lai nhixng cau chuyen ciia nguod t h a t viec t h a t n h u tro n h a i van lam, ma nhat thiet cac nghe si phai di tim cot truyen mod thich hgp voi nhu cau thuong thuc chung cho moi nguod va thich hgp vod viec bieu dien a nhieu noi N h u ta da biet, truoc khi

x u a t hien Huyet ho tro thi da co Huyet ho phd Chinh Huyet

ho phd da gpi y va cung cap co't truyen cho cac nghe nhan chuyen

t h a n h Huyet ho tro Va t u tich dien nay, cac nghe si Cheo xua

da tiep tue khai thac de tai mugn co't truyen t u cac tac pham van hpc dan gian nhu truyen co tich dan gian, truyen nom khuyet danh

Do la nguon de tai phong phii va h a u n h u khong bao gia voi can Cac vo Cheo con luu truyen lai den hom nay h a u het deu dugc chuyen t h a n h va dien t u n h u n g truyen dan gian hoac truyen nom

khuyet danh n h u cac va Luu Binh Duong Le, Quan dm Thi Kinh, Tu Thuc, Phan Tran, Nhi do Mai, Nii tii tdi, Hodng Tricu v.v Chi rieng va Kim Nham la chua ai p h a t hien ra goe

truyen nom hay truyen dan gian ciia no va nguod ta t a m coi la mot

va dugc sang tac hoan toan chi c6 a san k h a u Cheo N h u vay ro rang, dai bp phan cac va Cheo truyen thong la su sang tao cac

m a n h tro dien de san khau hoa cac cau chuyen ke trong dan gian bang nghe t h u a t bieu dien ke thixa tro nhai va miia h a t dan gian

de tao nen mot hinh thuc san k h a u dan gian

T u n h u n g dieu da trinh bay ve qua trinh hinh t h a n h ciia Idch

b a n Cheo trong qua trinh hinh t h a n h san k h a u Cheo, co the riit

ra ke^t l u a n : Trong giai doan so khai ciia san k h a u Cheo noi chung

va kich ban Cheo noi rieng, cac nghe si dan gian da sang tac theo phuong t h u c dan gian tong hgp t u van hpc dan gian, nghe t h u a t dien xuong dan gian, tro nhai dan gian va miia h a t dan gian de tao nen mot hinh thuc san k h a u dan gian Viet Nam, do la Cheo Trong eai t h u o ban dau nay, san k h a u Cheo trong do c6 p h a n cot loi ciia no la kich ban da dugc cau t h a n h bod mot yeu to' dan gian

va chi mot ma thoi ! Bod vi toan bp cac six kien, tinh tiet, n h a n

vat, lod van trong kich ban deu dugc n h a n thuc, d a n h gia, chpn lua theo t u duy dan gian ciia cac nghe nhan xua, va dugc trinh bay

b a n g phong each dan gian tiep thu t u tro nhai, miia h a t dan gian

va van hoc dan gian

II Sy* XUAT HIEN YEU TO BAC HOC

Vod phuong thuc sang tac dan gian ngau hung, tap the va truyen mieng, viec sang tao dugc mot cot truyen, dat bay dugc mot so raanh tro la mot viec vo ciing kho khan doi hoi cong phu ciia cac nghe n h a n gop lai qua sang Ipc t u nhieu dem dien, t h a m chi dugc sang Ipc qua nhieu the he nghe si Vi vay tich dien khong chi luu truyen trong tri nho va qua truyen mieng cua cac ban nghe Tich dien can phai dugc ghi lai du chi la p h a n cot loi de c6 the de dang tim hoi khi can thiet, nhat la khi phai thay the nguod dong vai

N h u cau van ban hoa kich ban Cheo da xuat hien doi hoi phai c6 nguod ghi che p

Mat khac, viec soan tich tro da tro t h a n h mot cong viec quan trpng CO n h u n g doi hoi sang tao nghe t h u a t khac vod nghe t h u a t bieu dien Do la viec sang tac Idch ban van hpc cho va dien Khong phai nghe si bieu dien nao cung co kha nang lam them

va lam tot cong viec nay, cang khong the de dang ixng tac ngay mot tich dien dugc Cong viec soan tich tro doi hoi mot nang

lixc mod khac vod nang lixc lam tro nhai (bieu dien) von co ciia

nguoi dien tro Phai co nguoi dii kha nang dap u n g yeu cau

mod, g a n h vac cong viec soan tich tro cho cac phuong cheo bgi

T u hai yeu cau tren ciia six phat trien Cheo ma x u a t hien nguoi soan tro (cac phuong Cheo xua gpi la "bac tho") "Bac tho" vua la

nguod chep lai, tu chinh cac tich tro ma nhieu nghe si bieu dien

da Cling nhau u n g tac qua cac dem dien, dong thod soan them n h u n g

tich tro mod (chii yen la dua vao cac truyen co tich dan gian)

Nhixng tich tro nay ban dau chi la nhung mang cot yeu ma nguod

x u a gpi la than tro Trong qua trinh bieu dien cac nghe si tiep tue

u n g tac them de boi dap vao cho day dan, phong phii va h a p dan nguod xem, thich u n g vod tung doi tugng k h a n gia

De lara dugc va lam tot cong viec tu chinh n h u n g mieng tro ixng tac ciia cac nghe si bieu dien va soan phan t h a n tro cho tich dien mod, roi lai phai doc lai van ban de day truyen mieng cho da so' dien vien khong biet chu, "bac tho" nhat thiet phai la nguod thong hieu H a n Nom va c6 kha nang sang tac van hpc Khong the la ai khac trong xa hoi thai xua, "bac tho" chae h a n la cac nho sinh,

t h a y khoa a noi lang xa Do la n h u n g nguod dugc hpc h a n h , it nhieu co tri thuc van hoa va co von hieu biet doi chiit ve Nho giao,

P h a t giao va co chiit von lieng ve lich six va van hpc eo, van hpc dan gian cua Trung Hoa, Dai Viet (Kinh thi, ca dao, tue ngu)

Trong qua trinh chinh ly va sang tac tich tro cac nho si lam cong

viec cua "bac tho" da dua vao kich ban Cheo (chii yeu la a p h a n

t h a n tro n h u n g t u tuong triet hpc, t u tuong chinh tri va quan niem

ve dao due theo Khdng giao, Dao giao va p h a n nao cua P h a t giao Dong thoi ve mat nghe thuat, hp da dua vao kich b a n Cheo phong each van chuong bac hpc trong cac lod doi thoai bien ngau va trong

ca t u theo cac the tho (Luan an se phan tich ky n h u n g bieu hien

n a y a chuong sau) The la trong kich ban Cheo yeu to bac hpc da

b a t d a u x u a t hien

Tu khi xuat hien yeu to' bac hpc, yeu to dan gian tuy van con

chii dao, song da mat dia vi doc ton Tu day, trong Cheo, su dan xen giua hai yeu to dan gian va bac hpc tao nen mot dae diem quan trpng dong thai tao nen mot thupc tinh pham chat ciia kich

ban Cheo

III SU* XUAT HIEN CAC TAC GIA DOC LAP TRONG VIEC SANG TAC

KjCH BAN CHEO VA XU HU'ONG "BAC HOC HOA"

1 C u o c each tan Cheo cua phong trao Cheo van minh, Cheo eai

luong va sir xuat hien cac tac gia kjeh ban viet eho San khau Cheo

Khoang cuoi nam 1913, mot so nguod keu gpi hiin von lap Hoi Xan-Nhien (lam cho tuoi sang, rue ro) vod muc dich "Chan h u n g nen hy kich nuac nha cho tien kip vod van minh the gioi"*^^' [79: tr.34]

"Hoi t h a n h lap vod 100 co phan, bau ra Ban quan tri gom cac ong Nguyen Van Ngpc nha giao, nha suu t a m tue ngu phong dao co tieng, Nguyen Quang Oanh, Do Than" [79: tr.34] "Ban quan tri trao cho Hoi t r u a n g vod ba bon ong co nho hpc, thich nghe h a t ciing

n h a u b a n bac va soat lai cac ban tro dang dien sap xep on dinh cac lop lang cho mach lac, uo'n nan chinh ly n h u n g cau cii van luat

ma nguoi nghe nho nham, hieu sai dong thai bo sung n h u n g doan van t h o duong dai cho them y nghia, cot npi dung va hinh thixc tro dien t a n g them y nghia" [79: tr.35] Cac vo cii dugc chinh ly,

m a n g ten mod n h u : Phuc thuy nan thu (Chu Mai Than) Hgp pho hodn chdu (Truong Vien) Trung khoi nguyen tam si dong danh (Nu tii tai) Trinh phu hdm oan (Truong Sinh) cung dien

Co sach viet nham la "San nhien" Chu San co nghTa la con san

voi cac vo Ton Manh Ton Trgng, Kim Nham, Td Thuc, Luu Binh - Duong Le Song so' lugng do khong du dap ixng yeu cau

nguod xem khi ban h a t dien co dinh a mot vai rap vod khach xem

la thi dan Ha Thanh, cho nen hang loat vo mod da dugc sang tac

nhu cac vo dua vao tich truyen trong kho t a n g truyen cd, truyen

Nom : Ly Cong, Chu Dong Tu, Luc Van Tien, Nhi do Mai, Phuong Hoa "Khong it va di vao the hien cac t h a n tich, t h a n h tich de dien vao dip ky niem hoi he n h u Huang Son phat tich, Tam vi Thdnh mdu, Tran trieu hien thdnh, Le trieu cong chua" [79: tr35]

Trong khoang 10 nam, Cheo van minh da tao nen cho minh mot so n h a soan tro (viet kich ban) n h u P h a m Si Chu, Nguyen Ngpc Chau, Nguyen Van Tam ben canh n h u n g nguod chinh ly hieu dinh kich ban c6 tieng n h u Nguyen Van Ngpc, Do Than, Nguyen Quang Ganh

T u nam 1929 voi six ra dod ciia vo kich noi Chen thuoc doc ciia

Vu Dinh Long, kich noi da phat trien them mot buoc va ti*anh gianh k h a c h xem vod Cheo van minh Mat khac, san k h a u Cai luong

r a dod vod ten gpi liic dau la "Ca r a bp" tix Nam bp ra Ha T h a n h cung CO sue cuon hiit nguoi xem Cheo van minh phai dan them mot buoc t r e n con duong doi mod Cheo de thich ixng vod nhu cau nguod xem duong thai Cheo van minh dugc cai tien bang each tiep

t h u it n h i e u loi viet kich Thai tay dua loi dien ta thuc vao san

k h a u Cheo, s u dung them ca cac Ian dieu dan ca Bac Trung Nam

va phong c a n h ta t h u c n h u kich noi thod bay gia De quang cao cung la de noi ro muc dich ciia minh, cac nha lam Cheo o Hoi Xan

Nhien da m e n h danh cho 16'i Cheo do ciia minh la Cheo Cai luong, nghia la Cheo da dugc cai bien cho tot hon hay hon Nguyen Dinh Nghi da t u nguoi nhae va tro thanh mot tac gia tieu bieu n h a t ciia Cheo cai luong Ong con de lai cho dod sau tren 60 kich ban, trong

do CO mot so" vo da dugc xuat ban ngay thoi bay gia n h u Mot tran cuoi (1924) Tran cuoi thu hai, Tran cuoi thii ba (1925)

Co the noi, den thai ky Cheo van minh va Cheo cai luong, song song vod n h u n g kich ban dugc sang tac theo phuong thixc dan gian ciia cac p h u o n g ganh bieu dien a nong thon thi a Ha Npi da xuat hien cac tac gia doc lap (ca the) ciia san k h a u Cheo va nhixng kich

b a n ciia hp da dugc van ban hoa hoan toan va dugc xuat b a n n h u mot tac p h a m van hpc

2) Xu h u o n g bac hoe hoa ttr Cheo van minh va Cheo cai luong

Cac tac gia Cheo van minh va Cheo cai luong ma tieu bieu

n h a t la Nguyen Dinh Nghi da cam mot cai moc quan trpng tren tien t r i n h lich six ciia Cheo noi chung va kich b a n Cheo noi rieng T u day, kich ban Cheo co them mot bp p h a n la n h u n g tac p h a m van hpc kich t h a n h van ciia n h u n g tac gia doc lap voi phong each rieng mang ca tinh sang tao ro ret n h u cac tac

p h a m ciia N g u y i n Dinh Nghi

Cac tac gia tien phong cua Cheo van minh n h u Nguyen Van Ngpc,

Do T h a n , Nguyen Quang Oanh deu la n h u n g hpc gia co tieng t a m thoi bay gio do yeu san khau, say Cheo ma cung n h a u lap Hoi Xan Nhien de roi n h u a n sac, bien soan cac kich ban Cheo Nguyen Dinh Nghi dii chua phai mot bac tiic nho n h u n g cung la mot nguoi dupe hpc h a n h den noi den chon Qua tac pham ciia ong, nguoi dpc bay

• V;

gio r a t de dang n h a n thay von kien thixc ciia ong ve van hoa dan toe, va van hpc dan gian, co dien, von hieu biet ve ngon ngu, am nhae Qua tac pham, ta thay trinh dp hpc van va k h a nang sang tac van hpc ciia ong co the sanh ngang vod cac vi tii tai thoi ong Tii Vi Xuyen Cac tac gia Cheo van minh, Cheo cai luong khi chinh

ly cai bien, n h u a n sac cho cac kich ban cu (dupe sang tac theo phuong p h a p dan gian co nhieu yeu to^ dan gian) da m a n g vao kich

b a n von tri thuc van hoa ciia minh va van dung biit phap cd dien vao trong kich ban Cheo lam cho kich ban chat che hon ve ket cau

va lod thoai loi ca dugc trau chuot, h a m siic

3) S u xuat hien doi ngu tac gia Cheo sau khang chien c h o n g Phap va kjch ban Cheo thoi ky 1954-1975

Cheo cai luong vod ngon ca tieu bieu la Nguyen Dinh nghi ciing mot so' nghe si bieu dien nhu Nguyen Dinh Hy, Nguyen Van Thinh, Trinh Thi Lan, Minh Ly Cung voi dong Cheo san dinh a cac viing que van tiep tue ton tai cho den each m a n g t h a n g tam nam 1945 Nuoc Viet Nam dan chii cong hoa ra doi phai duong dau ngay vod cuoc tai xam lupc cua thuc dan P h a p Ca dan toe lao vao cuoc

k h a n g chien t r u a n g ky day gian kho hy sinh Viing dong bang Bac

bp, nod CO n h u n g noi Cheo la noi t r a n h chap gianh giat giua quan dpi P h a p va Viet Minh Thii do Ha Noi noi co n h u n g r a p h a t Cheo cai luong ciing t u n g la chien dia Trong buoi loan ly, cac nghe si Cheo eai luong nguod theo khang chien, nguoi ve que q u a n lam an Cuoc song ciia nguoi dan que cung khong on dinh con noi chi dinh dam hoi he Cac ban h a t ganh Cheo deu t a n r a ca Trong viing t u

do T h a n h Hoa, a chien khu Viet Bac, mot so doan van cong k h a n g

chien dugc t h a n h lap nhung chii yeu la diSn kich noi va cai luong (nhu Lien doan ca kich khu bon) Cho den nam 1950, sau hoi nghi

t r a n h l u a n ve san khau tai chien khu Viet Bac mod dat ra van de

n h a n thixc diing dan va c6 chii truang khoi phuc Cheo, van dung Cheo vao cong tac van nghe.:

The roi vao "nhixng nam cuoi ciing cua cuoc k h a n g chien cho'ng

P h a p (1952-1954) duod anh sang cua chi thi nghi quyet cua Dang

ve cong tac phuc hoi von cd van hoa dan toe, ciing vod bai phat

bieu noi tieng ciia dong chi Truong Chinh : Chu nghia Mac vd

van hoa Viet Nam, mot thoi ky phuc hoi va phat trien r a m rp

da den vod kich h a t dan toe Dai hoi van cong toan quoc nam 1954

va tiep do 10 nam (1955-1965) la n h u n g thai diem d a n h dau "thoi

ky hoang kim" cua kich h a t dan toe duod anh sang duong loi van nghe cua Dang Ben canh n h u n g va Tuong co, Cheo co dugc phuc

hoi va chinh ly n h u San hau, Tam ntt do vuong, Ngheu so 6c hen, Kim Nham, Chu Mdi Than, Quan dm Thi Kinh nhieu

vo Tuong, Cheo ve de tai lich six, de tai hien dai da ra dod va gay

ra n h u n g cuoc t r a n h luan soi noi trong doi song san khau* [94:

t r l 5 ] Tiep do du buoc vao cong cuoc chong My cixu nuoc va xay dung chu nghia xa hoi, o mien Bac, phong trao sang tac va bieu dien Cheo cang p h a t trien sau rpng, co toi 18 Doan Cheo chuyen nghiep va h a n g nghin dpi Cheo khong chuyen o cac co quan xi nghiep don vi quan dpi va cac viing nong thon Khong ai c6 the thong ke h e t so' lugng vo Cheo da dugc sang tac va dan d u n g trong thod ky nay N h u n g uoc tinh con so' co the toi h a n g t r a m vo Cheo dai (dien trong 150 phiit) va h a n g nghin vo Cheo ngan Ca mot so

lugng kich b a n do so lam nen cac vo dien ay deu do cac ca n h a n tac gia s a n g tac vod van ban chinh thuc dugc dpc duyet ky cang truoc khi d u a vao dan dung tren san khau Co the noi: C h o d e n

n h u n g n a m 60 ciia t h e ky XX s a n k h a u C h e o d a h o a n t h a n h

c a t h e h o a v i e c s a n g t a c v a v a n b a n h o a k i c h b a n C h e o

P h u o n g t h u c sang tac mod (ca the, t h a n h van) khong con la phuong

t h u c dan gian (tap the ngau h u n g va truyen mieng) Cac tac gia deu viet kich ban Cheo bang tri thuc ciia m.inh ve cuoc song vod von hieu biet ve van hoa nghe t h u a t noi chung va Cheo noi rieng Dii a m u c dp nao thi do ciing la phuong thuc chuyen nghiep Duong nhien yeu to bac hpc gia tang neu nhin tong quat cac kich ban va

CO muc dp khac nhau neu nhin n h a n t u n g kich ban cu the

Trong xu huong bac hpc hoa nay, mot so nha soan Cheo tieu bieu ciing da co n h u n g dong gop dang ke bang cac kich ban chinh ly, cai bien, sang tac mod n h u H a n The' Du voi viec chinh

ly LuM Binh - Duong Le, cai bien vo Kim Nham t h a n h vo

Sdy Vdn chap biit theo chii truong chung ciia Ban nghien cuu

Cheo t r u n g uong), T r a n Huyen Tran voi viec chinh ly vo Kim

Nham t h a n h Sdy Vdn gid dai, chinh ly Quan dm Thi Kinh

t h a n h Oan Thi Kinh, Luu Quang T h u a n voi Tdm Cdm va Moi

tinh Dien bien Moi tac gia, va cac tac pham ke tren deu co

SIX khac n h a u ve de tai, each khai thac va tiep t h u von co,

n h u n g deu dat tod six t r a u chuot ve van hpc ma trong do da gia t a n g yeu to bac hpc ma van giu dugc, hoa quyen vao dugc phong vi ciia van hpc dan gian O n h u n g kich b a n nay, cac n h a soan Cheo vod phuong thuc chuyen nghiep, mot m i n h chinh ly,

cai bien hay viet mod, nhung da phoi hpp, ket hpp dupe ca yeu to' bac hpc va yeu to' dan gian trong mot kich ban, da dem con

m a t bac hpc de d a n h gia, chpn lua va tiep t h u n h u n g gi tinh tiiy n h a t trong di san ciia san k h a u dan gian (Cheo san dinh)

Co the noi, sau khi da dugc tiep thu co chpn Ipc n h u n g tinh hoa t r u y e n thong, n h u n g kich ban noi tren c6 six hai hoa n h u a n nhi cua six ket hpp hai yeu to bac hpc va dan gian, khac phuc dugc tinh t r a n g m a u thuan, do'i lap nhu o mot so vo Cheo san dinh con l u u truyen lai

Tuy nhien, nhin chung, xu huong bac hpc hoa kich ban Cheo da chiu a n h huong ciia 16'i viet kich Au Tay ma chu yeu la theo he thong ly luan kich Aritstot va khai thac tam ly n h a n vat, tao tien

de cho nghe t h u a t bieu dien theo the he Xtani Slapxki Vi vay o nhieu kich ban co bieu hien xu the loai t r u yeu to dan gian de bac hpc hoa hoan toan cho dii dai bp phan so kich ban nay chua dat tod n h u n g chuan muc cua van chuong bac hpc ,

IV- YEU TO DAN GIAN VA YEU TO BAC HOC TRONG KICH BAN CHEO NHLTNG NAM GAN DAY

Sau khi giai phong Mien Nam, thong n h a t dat nuoc, su giao thoa giua hai nen van hoa ciia hai Mien t u n g bi chia cat, von co hai chinh the khac n h a u da tao nen tinh t r a n g "nuoc Ig" trong van hpc nghe t h u a t , dae biet la am nhae va san k h a u Nguod xem phia Bac theo thoi thuong h a m thanh chuong la r a t ho hod don chao n h u n g doan nghe t h u a t tix viing My Nguy truoc day ra bieu dien N h u n g gipng ca miii m a n va loi dien liy mi da d a n h triing cho mem yeu ciia long nguoi bay lau cang t h a n g vi cuoc chien dau, dang can t h u

gian San k h a u each mang khong con giu dugc vi tri dpc ton N h u n g tac p h a m tuy lanh m a n h trong sang ve t u tuong, nghiem tiic ve nghe t h u a t n h u n g nang ve muc dich giao h u a n kieu van nghe cd dpng khong con sue thuyet phuc doi vod nguod xem Truoc tinh hinh

do, dang le san k h a u phia Bac phai chuyen minh theo huong van giu tinh nghiem tiic trong hinh thuc nghe t h u a t nhung di sau vao tinh n h a n b a n trong npi dung, quan tam thich dang den nhu cau giai tri lanh m a n h , thi lai voi vang chay theo muc dich doanh thu, kie'm song, chieu theo thi hieu n h a t thoi ciia mot bp p h a n k h a n gia, bien t h a n h mot mon h a n g hoa n h u vat dung khac Cum danh

t u "san k h a u thuong mai" xuat hien de gpi ten cho thix san k h a u

do Nhieu vo dien trong chuong trinh kich muc cua cac doan Cheo Cling chay theo xu huong thuong mai hoa

Tinh hinh tren cho thay khi nghien cuu thoi ky nay can phai

p h a n biet kich b a n Cheo voi kich ban dugc cac doan Cheo tiep thu

d a n dung Co n h u vay mod de dang n h a n dinh ve six doi thay hay

p h a t t r i e n cua kich ban Cheo Chiing toi nghi r a n g n h u n g kich ban kich noi dugc cac doan Cheo dan dung t h a n h vo dien van khong phai la kich b a n Cheo n h u n g khong the loai bo ra ngoai doi tugng nghien cuu ciia luan an nay Chiing toi phai trinh bay k h a ky ve tinh t r a n g chao dao cua cac doan Cheo de p h a n biet "Cheo thuong mai" voi Cheo truyen tho'ng dang tren duong doi mod phat trien va

p h a n biet kich ban kich noi (dugc doan nghe t h u a t mang ten la

"Doan Cheo" dan dung) voi cac kich ban Cheo thuc thu Vach ro

r a n h giod ay, san k h a u Cheo trong thoi ky 1980 den nay van ngod

len n h u n g gia tri dich thuc ciia cac tac pham tieu bieu n h u Co

gdi Idng Cheo ciia Doan Cheo Thai Binh va bp ba Bdi ca gid nuoc ciia Doan Cheo Tdng cue H a u can ,^^

Vo Y Lan nhiep chinh trong bp ba Cheo Bdi ca gid nuoc cua

Tao Mat dugc nhiet het hoan nghenh a Hoi dien toan quoc nam

1980 Vo Co gdi Idng Cheo va Ly Nhdn Tong ke nghiep (trong

bp ba Bdi ca gid nuoc, con gpi la Ly Nhdn Tong hgc Idm vua)

dugc hoan nghenh nhiet liet tai Hoi dien toan quoc nam 1985 Ngoai

r a con phai ke den mot so' va khac trong muc dp t h a n h cong co

t h a p hon n h u n g ve mat phong each nghe t h u a t can dugc luu y n h u

Chiec non bdi tho cua Doan Cheo Hai Phong (Huy chuong vang hoi dien n a m 1980) Cdu chuyen Idng Nhdn ciia Doan Cheo Hai

H u n g (Huy chuong vang hoi dien nam 1980) Nhung nguoi noi that cua Doan Cheo Ha Nam Ninh (Huy chuong vang hoi dien nam 1985) Nhung tieng ddn bdu cua Doan Cheo Hai Phong, Giong

to cuoc doi cua Doan Cheo Thai Binh, Cua hoi mon ciia Ban van

nghe Dai truyen hinh Viet Nam la n h u n g vo Cheo de tai hien dai da co n h u n g t h a n h cong n h a t dinh trong viec van dung n h u n g nguyen tac cua dae trung ngon ngu nghe t h u a t trong Cheo truyen thong ma it nhieu co sue hap dan voi nguod xem duong thod

Lien hoan Cheo tai Thai Binh nam 1990 khong c6 mot vo dien nao noi bat Khi ay, cac doan vua mod chpt tinh con say "Cheo cai tien" de t r o lai voi Cheo truyen thong n h u n g con hod chang vang

chong chenh Cho den Hoi dien todn quoc nam 1995 cdc dodn Cheo mdi that su tro ve voi cdi ten nhd nuoc dat cho Id Dodn nghe thuat Cheo H a u het cac vo t h a m gia hoi dien cua cac doan

Cheo deu co the gpi do la Cheo tuy muc dp t h u a n thuc, chat Cheo

CO khac nhau Mot so' vo Cheo dugc t a n g thuong Huy chuong vang

hoac dugc hoi dien hoan nghenh va khich le nhu Duyen no ba sinh, (Doan Cheo Bac Thai) Vua Chom (Nha h a t Cheo), Nu Tu Tdi (Doan Cheo Tdng cue H a u Can), Nuoc mat Vua Dinh (Doan Cheo Ninh Binh), Loi sdm truyen tu qudn Trung Tan (Doan

Cheo Hai Phong)

Nhin chung cac kich ban Cheo thai ky 1980-1995 vSn tren duong bac hpc hoa n h u n g trong kich ban ciia minh, mot so tac gia da

q u a n tam tod yeu to dan gian da chii y tod six ket hgp hai hoa giua yeu to dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc Thuc t i l n sang tac nay da gpi

mo ra mot van de ly luan kha ly thii va bd ich la co the giu dugc tinh chat dan gian cho san k h a u Cheo mac du da ca the hoa viec sang tac kich ban va chuyen nghiep hoa Doan nghe t h u a t dien Cheo hay khong ?

Nhin lai qua trinh lich six, kich ban Cheo ra dod va hoan chinh sau nghe t h u a t bieu dien ciia loai hinh nay N h u n g kich ban Cheo

da t u dp so khai tod buoc hoan thien, tiir sang tac hoan toan theo phuong thuc dan gian den cho hinh t h a n h n h u n g tac gia tieu bieu

n h u Nguyen Dinh nghi, Tao Mat ; tii cho hoan toan la san k h a u dan gian den cho chuyen nghiep hoa nghe t h u a t bieu dien va gia

t a n g yeu to' bac hpc trong kich ban van hpc, ben canh six t r u a n g ton cua yeu to dan gian Qua trinh p h a t trien ciia kich b a n Cheo

da gpd mo cho viec nghien cixu phat trien Cheo trong thod dai mod

va mai sau Dong thoi cuoc song mod vod six chuyen hoa khong

n g u n g cua dat nuoc va xa hoi Viet Nam ciing doi hoi phai nghien cuu p h a t trien Cheo ma truoc het phai b a t dau tii k h a u kich ban

P h a t trien Cheo tren co so thixa ke va phat huy n h u n g tinh hoa truyen tho'ng khong the khong quan tam den van de dae t r u n g ngon ngu nghe t h u a t ciia loai hinh Cheo Nhung dae t r u n g ngon ngu nghe t h u a t ay da t u n g tao nen n h u n g tinh hoa dpc dao mang ban sac Cheo Muon co n h u n g thanh t u u nghe t h u a t mod dat tod muc

la nhixng tinh hoa mod mang ban sac Cheo thi n h a t thiet phai giu dupe n h u n g nguyen tac sang tao cua Cheo truyen tho'ng, truoc h e t

la o k h a u kich ban, trong do co van de ket hpp giua yeu to dan gian va yeu to' bac hpc

Muo'n t h u c hien six ket hgp giua yeu to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc trong qua trinh sang tac kich ban Cheo hien dai, truoc h e t phai tim hieu six ket hgp giua hai yeu to ay trong Cheo truyen thong da dugc the hien nhu the nao, va su ket hgp ay da tao nen

n h u n g hieu qua nghe t h u a t ra sao Do cung la noi dung trinh bay

o chuong II cua luan an nay

gap, Truyen Kieu la mot tac pham mau muc ciia van chuong

cd dien, n h u n g da t h u a ke bao nhieu tinh tiiy ciia kho t a n g tue ngii, ca dao Tho To H u u each mang va hien dai, van p h a n g

p h a t phong vi ciia ca dao tue ngu dan ca o kha nhieu bai Tuong

do von n a m trong mot loai hinh san k h a u dugc coi la cd dien

ma chixa dung kha nhieu tinh chat dan gian Nhung o n h u n g

tac p h a m ay, h n h u n g loai hinh san k h a u dan tpc khac, chi co

six hien dien ciia tinh chat dan gian, phong vi dan gian, khong

CO yeu to dan gian tham gia vao to chixc ket cau tao t h a n h mot net dae t r u n g ciia mot loai hinh n h u o kich ban Cheo noi rieng

va san k h a u Cheo noi chung

Sir ket hgp giua yeu to dan gian (bp phan n h u n g su kien, tinh tie't, n h a n vat, lod van dugc n h a n thuc, chpn lua, d a n h gia theo t u duy dan gian va trinh bay theo phong each dan gian) voi yeu to bac hpc (bp p h a n n h u n g sif kien, tinh tiet n h a n vat, lod van dugc

n h a n t h u c theo d u duy bac hpc va trinh bay bang phong each bac hpc) h i n h t h a n h va phat trien trong qua trinh hinh t h a n h va p h a t

t r i e n ciia s a n k h a u Cheo, tro t h a n h mot moi quan he h u u co ma

n e u p h a va s u k e t hgp nay la pha vo to chixc ket cau vat chat cua

h i e n t u g n g san k h a u Cheo vod t u each la mot loai hinh nghe t h u a t

Six k e t hpp giixa hai yeu to (dan gian va bac hpc) trong kich ban Cheo the hien a ca ba khau ciia mot kich ban van hpc Do la cac

k h a u : td chixc ket cau, xay dung tinh each, va lod van do'i thoai,

ca t u

-*' «'

I S I / KET HQP GIUA YEU TO DAN GIAN VA YEU TO BAC HOC TRONG

TO CHIJC KET CAU KICH BAN CHEO

Kich ban Cheo truyen thong bao gom phan t h a n tro do "bac tho" sog^ ra va p h a n n h u n g mieng tro ngoai tich do cac nghe si bieu dien sang tac ngau h u n g them vao trong qua trinJi bieu dien Six ket hgp hai yeu to o day la su sap xep cac su kien, tinh tie't, m a n h tro trong mot tich dien

1 - Phan than tro

- P h a n t h a n tro bao gom nhung su kien quan trpng n h a t ciia cot truyen ma qua do tinh each nhan vat dupe bpc Ip qua cac h a n h vi

u n g xu, va so' p h a n ciia nhan vat dugc dinh doat sau k e t cue cua toan bp tich chuyen

- Ve tinh chat ciia cac su kien thi o p h a n t h a n tro thuong chua dung n h u n g su kien mang tinh ky dpc dao khong gio'ng cac tac pham van hpc nghe t h u a t khac, khong giong vod mot vo dien nao khac Do

la n h u n g m a n h chuyen dod ma o day n h a n vat dugc dat vao tinh huo'ng eo le gay gat va da co n h u n g h a n h vi u n g xu khac thuong

n h u su kien Thi Kinh cat rau chong o Quan dm Thi Kinh, Thi

P h u o n g cat thit canh tay nuoi me chong roi khoet m a t dang t h a n

linh lam thuo'c cuu me chong a vo Truong Vien, Duong L i nho cay

vg m i n h di nuoi ban va Chau Long da o chung mot nha vod Luu

Binh ba niJm ma van giu trpn long trong t r a n g t h d y c h u n g v.v

- Ve phuong phap nghe thuat^ phan than tro thuong mang dae diem ciia t u duy bac hpc la ham siic co dpng, khai quat hoa cao m a n g tinh triet luan va su dung biit phap ta t h a n n h u lop

Cheo Thien Si dpc sach Thi Kinh kheu den trong vo Quan dm Thi Kinhjlap Cheo Duong Le nho cay Chau Long di thay chong

nuoi ban, lop tiee rupu tien h a n h truoc khi chang Luu lai vao

kinh ixng thi (Luu Binh - Duong Le), lop Siiy Van gia dai (Kim Nham), Lop Tuan ty - Dao Hue (Chu Mdi Than)

Trong t h a n tro, s u ket hgp giua yeu to dan gian va yeu to bac npc the hien o six ket hgp giii^tu duy tong hpp khai quat hoa cao ciia nguoi co hpc i dua tren kien thixc sach vo va n h u n g quan

niem- ve van chuong nghe t h u a t mang tinh kinh dien vod t u duy

h u y e n thoai hon nhien phong khoang ciia nguod binh dan t h u a ke mot each t u phat nep t u duy cua con nguoi t u thod nguyen thiiy von hoa dong voi thien nhien va luon luon k h a t khao mo uoc Six

k e t hgp nay the hien a tinh ky ciia cac six kien chinh

Nhin vao six kien Thi Kinh eat r a u chong trong Quan dm Thi Kinh t a thay a day la six khai quat kha cao ve noi oan

khien ciia nguoi phu n u duod xa hoi cii No k h a i quat cao o cho noi oan k h u a t ap den chang n h u n g vi mot nguyen n h a n rat to't dep la long yeu thuong kinh trpng chong theo diing le giao phong kien ma con vi cai co het sue vo ly khong dau ma ciing gay nen noi oan k h u a t den tan va ca h a n h phiic l u a doi roi

p h a i lia bo cuoc doi t r a n tue de gui minh vao cua tix bi Six kien k h a i q u a t cao den muc y nghia ciia no toat len mot khia

canh trong b a n chat cua hien thuc la : Trong xa hoi phong kien nguod phu nii sinh ra la de chiu six cha dap Noi oan k h u a t den voi hp n h u la chuyen duong nhien khong can phai eo mot nguyen co nao

N h u n g ciing b six kien nay tinh huyen thoai the hien kha ro Cai

r a u mpc nguge la mot chuyen ky Chang phai la no ky quai o cho mpc nguoCj m a thuc ra, no mpc nguge n h u the nao ? Hinh n h u nguoi x u a cung khong can giai thich khong can co ly cho lam, cot bia r a no de gui gam cai dieu can noi ma thoi O day t u duy bac hpc k h a i quat da ket hgp voi t u duy huyen thoai dan gian de tao nen mot m a n h hien thuc gia dinh, "khong chi chiem linh hien thuc

b a n g hinh thuc vo'n co ciia hien thuc ma con tim each kich thich tuong tuong va t u duy ciia k h a n gia de k h a n gia t u phan tich, lien

he va d a n h gia lay cuoc so'ng" [15: tr.l90] Ro rang cai rau mpc

nguge ciing la mot hien tugng la k.^ quai go kho tin S u kien Thi

Kinh cat r a u qua la khong the xay ra trong dod thuc dugc Song cai y nghia ban chat ciia s u kien lai hoan toan diing vod b a n chat ciia hien thuc "Trong xa hoi ma six bat cong da la ban chat, su

p h a n chia giau ngheo, sang hen, quan niem hon n h a n phai mon dang hp doi da tro t h a n h nep nghi tap quan da h a n sau trong y

t h u c con nguoi thi six t a n vo ciia tinh chong vg giua Thien Si va Thi Kinh cung n h u noi oan k h u a t cua nang Thi Kinh la dieu t a t nhien phai xay ra chi can mot nguyen co khong dau vao dau, hoan toan phi ty ; bod vi su chia ly, noi oan k h u a t ay da n a m trong b a n chat xa hoi roi ; no co the xay ra bat ky liic nao, t h a m chi khong can den ca nguyen co" [77: tr.661

2 - Nhung mieng tro ngoai ti'ch

- Ben canh n h u n g su kien chinh ciia than tro, khi ixng dien nguoi nghe si da ngau h u n g them vao nhung mieng tro ngoui tich N h u n g mieng tro nay ve npi dung su viec khong lien quan hoac lien quan

r a t it tod so' phan ciia nhan vat

N h u n g mieng tro ngoai tich tuy khong gan bo chat che voi cac sir kien chinh toi muc khong the thie'u dugc nhung chiing van khong thiia vi bo sung them cho su kien chinh ve mat dan chuyen va lam cho nguod xem t h u gian sau nhung phiit cang thang hay xiic dpng

m a n h truoc tinh huong kich, tiixac noi bi thuong ciia n h a n vat, hoac

la n h u n g mieng hai xen giixa nhung mieng t r u tinh Cac mieng tro

ngoai tich n h u He gay hau cau, He moi hau cau, he moi hau chuyen quan, co dong^phu thuy, Mu qudn - Thang Khoeo, Vg chong Xdm, thdy boi v.v.v deu co the lap ghep vao nhieu vo

moi khi mach chuyen cho phep xen vao dugc

- Nhixng mieng tro ngoai tich thuong mang dae diem ciia phong each dan gian la phong khoang, hon nhien, hai huoc, m a n g tinh chat hoi he Vi vay, "mac dii trong hoan canh bi t h a m nao ciia tich chuyen, Cheo van dua vao do mot nu cuoi cham biem lam nhe h a n cai khong khi bi kich" [80 : tr,357]

Trong cac mieng tro ngo^i tich, co nhixng mieng tro t h u o n g dugc

"lap ghep" vao t h a n tro ciia nhieu vo ma nguod ta con gpi la "da dung" (de phan biet vod mieng tro chi diing trong mot vo gpi la

"chuyen dung") N h u n g mieng tro ngoai tich thuong la k e t qua ciia sang tac ngau h u n g ciia cac nghe si bieu dien qua nhieu dem dien nhieu vo dien roi dinh hinh dan cho nen cac mieng tro diing trong

nhieu vo n h u n g thuong la "dai dong tieu di" co n h u n g cho khac

n h a u ve chi tiet, loi tro va lan hat N h u tren da noi nhin chung cac m a n h tro nay thuong dam yeu to dan gian Do la su phong

k h o a n g hon nhien mang tinh chat hoi he, vui thi them ra ma nguoi xem khong huong u n g khong doi hoi n u a thi n i t ngan lai Tren

m a n h dat ma "bac tho" da danh cho "He r a pha tro tiiy y" thi cac nghe si bieu dien mac siic tung hoanh Chi co k h a n gia mod dieu tie't dugc hp

- Xet ve m a t ket cau noi tai ciia cac mieng tro ngo^i tich, su co

m a t cua yeu to bac hpc la khong dang ke Trong cac mieng tro ngo^i tich sy: dan xen hoa quyen hai yeu to dan gian va bac hpc chii yeu n a m trong phan ngon ngu do'i thoai va lod h a t (Dieu nay

se t r i n h bay ky o phan van hpc)

Tom lai, ve m a t ket cau kich ban, su ket hgp chu yeu giua yeu to' dan gian va yeu to bac hpc dugc the hien bang su dan xen giua

n h u n g tinh tie't su kien chinh ciia cot truyen dugc soan t h a n h n h u n g mieng tro chinh vod n h u n g tinh tiet su kien phu do nghe si bieu dien ngau- h u n g them vao trong qua trinh bieu diln, roi dugc s a n g Ipc qua nhieu dem dien N h u n g tinh tiet su kien chinh dugc "bac

tho" (nho si) soan t h a n h n h u n g mieng tro chinh gpi la p h a n than

trOy con n h u n g tinh tiet, su kien do nghe si bieu dien n g a u h u n g

t h e m vao dugc coi la nhung mieng tro ngog.i tich

Six ket hgp giixa phan t h a n tro voi cac mieng tro ngo^i tich

la six ke't hgp v u a chat che viia phong khoang Chat che o cho lay so p h a n va tinh each nhan vat lam c h u a n de chpn l u a dung

n a p cac mieng tro, lay h a n h tung n h a n vat de bay tro, dien tro

Phong khoang o cho trong cac mieng tro ngoai tich, t u tuong toat len qua ngon ngu nghe t h u a t khong n h a t thiet phai quy tu theo t u tuong chii dao ciia toan va vod muc dich giao h u a n , va

t h a m chi co khi con ton tai song h a n h nhixng t u tuong do'i lap trong ciing mot vo Cheo

II - SLT KET HQP YEU TO DAN GIAN VA YEU TO BAC HOC TRONG XAY

DUNG NHAN VAT

• •

San k h a u la nghe t h u a t tong hpp, n h u n g phai lay nghe t h u a t bieu dien lam t r u n g tam cho cac nghe t h u a t phii trg khac Tren san k h a u n h u n g nguod dien trinh bay cuoc song hay ke chuyen ciing phai b a n g h a n h dpng ciia cac nhan vat trong cac moi xung dot kich

Ngay xua vo dien it 6i Vi vay k h a n gia thuong xem lai vo dien qua nhieu lan, thupc long tich diln, thupc ca lod ca, cau thoai Vay ma nguod ta van di xem mot each hao hung Nguod ta khong con to mo muon bie't dien bien ciia cau chuyen niia Nguoi ta di xem de nghe lai n h u n g lan h a t hay, n h u n g cau "pha tro" rom ra ciia a n h He va n h a t la xem nguod dien tro tai the hien n h u n g vai Cheo dpc dao n h u Thi Kinh, Thi Mau, Chau Long, Siiy Van^*), Me Dop, Duong Le, Luu Binh, Tran Phuong, hay Lao Say, Lao Moc, Truong Mau, Mu Sung de xem ciing mot vai Cheo ay co dao cau

Co nguoi viet la Xuy Van [96] nhu mot so nghe nhan Cheo thuong goi

kep nao r a vai t h a t diing, t h a t hay, nghia la the hien diing tinh

each n h a n vat ma cong chiing k h a n gia da t h u a nhan Cho nen trong Cheo viec xay dung tinh each nhan vat vo cung quan trpng

Co xay d u n g t h a n h cong cac tinh each thi mod c6 co so de tao ra cac m a n h tro hay Duong nhien cac tinh each a san k h a u Cheo dugc tao r a theo kieu Cheo va xung dot vod nhau theo kieu Cheo trong cac m a n h tro dien

O san k h a u Cheo, tinh each ciia cac n h a n vat nay n a m trong

h o a n canh ciia n h a n vat kia gop phan tao nen hoan canh de t h u

t h a c h n h a n vat chinh, Vi vay nhieu tinh each chi xuat hien trong mot s u kien (mot hoan canh) roi "mat hiit" khong can phai phat

t r i e n theo n h a n vat chinh a cac su kien sau Boi vi chiing khong dugc dem ra de t r a n h gianh hon thua vod n h a n vat chinh ma chi dugc dem r a de t h u nhan vat chinh ma thoi Thu xong i"6i thi chiing

bi "cat di" ngay

O kich, nguod ta truy cau t u tuong, coi "nhiem vu toi cao'* la cai dich cuoi ciing cua vo kich Khi da dat dupe nhiem vu toi cao roi thi duong nhien so phan nhan vat ciing da dugc dinh doat N e u so p h a n nhan vat chinh van chua dugc dinh doat thi

vo kich treo van de lai de nguod xem ve nha suy ngam, t u ly giai Cho nen trong kich, so' phan nhan vat khong n h a t thiet liic nao cung phai quan tam Trong san k h a u Cheo, n h a t la o cac

vo Cheo t r u y e n tho'ng, mang nang tinh chat giao h u a n thi lai khac Vo dien luon luon lay su va dap giua tinh each, voi hoan

c a n h lam duong day va ket cue thong qua so p h a n n h a n v a t de

t o a t r a y nghia giao huan Do la n h u n g loi khuyen day ve dao