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Grammaires de graphes et leurs applications en théorie des langages formels

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؄Ơ|̽9Ị Õ ¹­Ĩʻҽ9½¿Ă½Đ»Ò̧»ÒӋÙNìỉỊˆÔ¹&¾§ºÖỈÊĐ»Ò̹£Âº§»ÒÌÒ»¼¾ÔƠ|½‘ºÖ̼¹&¾›Ơ|ÌỊ&¾›Đ¿Ơ|½¿¾Â½9¾¹­½¿¾ÝÂ9Đ¿Ơ|½¿¾Ì=ÔƠ|º§Ì¹#í±Ú„ß›½

¾ÝĨÊĨ͹­ºĐ(Ô½HӈÌÔƠ|Ø Õ ¹N¹&¾§ºƠ|ØØ¹­Ì¼ÙQ©~¬»¸=´V¦ ¾VÔ»Ò̉¹±ị»¼¾§º¹Ê½HỊ Õ ¹­ĨʻҽCĐ¹­ØÂ»¼¾Ị&¹N¾ÝĨÊĨ͹­º׋¹­Ì¾ ºÝº

Ơ|º§Ì¹ ¾ÝĨÊĨ͹­º›Đ…ӈÌÔƠ|Ø Õ ¹ˆÚ¿ß›½âӈÌÔƠ|Ø Õ ¹ Б»ØȾ¾ư&Đ¹,½¿¹,ÌÔƠỊ­»Ò½¿¹ ¹&¾§º›Đ»Òºw¦v´<©~¬»¸=´V¼­Ú

ߛ½¿¹–Б¿¹&¾§º§»¼Ă½C»ÒĨỂĂÌ§ºÔƠ|½‘º¹…Б„Ơ|½‘ºÍƠ|ÂịHº§ÌÔƠỊ&¹&¾ÍĐ(Ô½CӈÌÔƠ|Ø Õ ¹âÝÂAĐ(Ô½¿¹ Ñ=Ơ|ĨÊ»ÒÌÒ̼¹–Đ¹ ӈÌÔƠ|Ø Õ ¹&¾

¹&¾§º Đ¹9Ư»¼¹­½ ¾§ØÙ&Ị­»ìõ„¹­Ì Б¿¹­Ì›º”δØ¹Đ(Ô¹­½¿¾¹­Ĩ!Ư̼¹&¾âĐ¹9¾ÝĨÊĨ͹­º¾ »Ò½»Òº§»íƠ|Âị™¹­ºÍõ¿½„Ơ|Âị™¹&¾§º–Ơ|ÂºĂÌ§»¼¾وÚ

Trang 18

L(G, I, F ) = L(H, I 0 , F 0 )ڝăJỖ­º§Â¿Đ¹*Đ¹&¾bº§ÌÔƠỊ&¹&¾bĐ¹Ñ=Ơ|ĨÊ»ÒÌÒ̼¹&¾qĐ¹ӈÌÔƠ|Ø Õ ¹&¾b»Ò½õ¿½»¼¾q¹&¾§ºÌíƠ›ĨÍݺ§»Ò׈Ơ|º§»¼Ă½Ø̧»Ò½¿Ị­»Ò؄Ơ|̼¹!Đ¹,ØÌÒ¿¾§»¼¹­Â̾º§ÌÔƠ&׈Ơ|Âị…ĐÂ9ĐÝĨNƠ|»Ò½¿¹ Đ¹&¾ӈÌÔƠ|Ø Õ ¹&¾»Ò½õ¿½»¼¾VÚ

G؄Ơ|̉»¼¾ÝĨÍĂÌ§Ø Õ »¼¾§Ĩ͹,¹&¾§ºÌ=Ô¹­½¿¾¹­Ĩ!Ư̼¹,Đ¹›ºĂÂ¿¾̼¹&¾‰ÓˆÌÔƠ|Ø Õ ¹&¾‰»¼¾ÝĨÍĂÌ§Ø Õ ¹&¾Ỉ

GÚñ›½–Đ»Òº*Б¿¹

G ¹&¾§º,½U©ª¦’­©ª¼n«*¦v´§’¬R´§JĐ¹¾ÔƠ Ị­ÌíƠ¾¾¹Đ(Ỗ&Б»Ò׈Ơ|̼¹­½¿Ị&¹ˆÚ’ñ›½0Ị&ݽÑ$ݽ¿ĐLº§Ìư&¾£¾ÝÂ׋¹­½‘º

G ¹­º£¾ÔƠ Ị­ÌíƠ¾¾¹Đ(Ỗ&Б»Ò׈Ơ|̼¹­½¿Ị&¹ˆÏ„¹­ºݽ…̼¹&¾½¿Ăº¹£ºĂÂ¿¾̼¹&¾Đ¹­Âị…¾§»ÒĨỂ̼¹­Ĩ͹­½‘º

GÚđ”½‘º§Â»Òº§»Ò׋¹­Ĩ͹­½‘ºVÏĐ¹­Âị–ÓˆÌÔƠ|Ø Õ ¹&¾›¾ݽ‘º›»¼¾ÝĨÍĂÌ§Ø Õ ¹&¾›¾§»Ă½…ع­Âºº§ÌÔƠ|½¿¾ Ñ$ĂÌ§Ĩ͹­ÌÌ=Ô½9¹­½…Ì=ÔƠ|º§Ì¹!¹­½

Б„ƠĐ̧ÂØ̼¹­º

R = (Σ T , Σ N , V, P ) ĂRă

Trang 19

H ⊆ Σ N V ∗ ∪ Σ T V V ¹&¾§ºÍ½ Õ Î´Ø¹­Ì§ÓˆÌÔƠ|Ø Õ ¹âõ¿½»›Đ(ÔÕ Î´Ø¹­ÌÔƠ|ÌỊ&¾

(1)

(2) c A

A (2)

(1) B

G¾¹­Ì¼Ă½ÌíƠ›ÓˆÌÔƠ|ĨÊĨNƠ|»ÒÌ¹Đ¹‰ÓˆÌÔƠ|Ø Õ

R Đ¹‰ÌíƠõ¿ÓˆÂ̹qÚ1 Ị&ÝĨÊĨ͹*»Ò½¿Đ»¼Ð‘¿ÙĐ¿Ơ|½¿¾ÌíƠõ¿ÓˆÂ̹]Ú2Ú

޷؄Ơ|̧º§»ÒÌ9Đ(Ô½ôƠ#ị»¼ĂĨ͹

A ∈ Σ N V ∗ Đ(Ô½¿¹XӈÌÔƠ|ĨÊĨNƠ|»Ò̹0ĐÙ­º¹­Ì§Ĩʻҽ»¼¾§º¹0Đ¹LӈÌÔƠ|Ø Õ ¹&¾

R = (Σ T , Σ N , V, P )ÏÖݽô̹­ĨỂÌíƠỊ&¹H؄Ơ|ÌÔƠ|ÌÒ̼ư­Ì¼¹­Ĩ͹­½‘ºLºĂÂ¿¾9̼¹&¾ Õ Î´Ø¹­ÌÔƠ|ÌỊ&¾½¿Ă½ơ=º¹­Ì§Ĩʻҽ„Ơ|Âịô؄Ơ|̼́¹­Â̾

Trang 20

b

d B (1)

ửÓỨđớÉấữồỎ„ẫ|Áẽ?Âựẫ|Ỏự¾ẳỉÒÓấốˆđÔẫ|ừ ỏ ÓNầỚậửÓỨỎ‘Á

T rỹ(ầỚÁ0ậữÒÓỨỎ0ỉắẫ–đứỨừứỨửớữồửớữÒầỚỎ?Ó&¾ớử ữồỎõựỎữÒӈỹẮÂựẫ|Ỏự¾!ẹ&ÓÊÂÓỨÁẽữÒăỨÉÊÓẹVẫỚ¾VỹỉÒÓẳốˆđÔẫ|ừ ỏ Ó ÓỨỎố‹ÓỨỎựÂđứ

T r Ó&¾ớửữồỎõựỎữ=ÚЛỎÊÂữồửJƯ‘ÁựÓ

R ẻơừ„ẫ|đớửớữồđÂÓ

Trang 21

c

a b

d c

d

c d

a

a a

a a

Trang 23

PÚb݉¹­º§º¹

Trang 24

T r i (G)¾ầỚỎ‘ửẮỉÒÓ&¾Ắ¾ầỚÉấÉÊÓỨử¾ẮÂ(ẩÓỨỎ‘ửớđứ&ÓÂÓ

T r i+1 (G) ầỚỎẢỉÒÓ&¾,ẫ|ừừÓỨỉồỉÒÓỉÒÓ&¾zỡ0ỲRổổ)Ỡớ=ỡ Âvờ~ỲRÍớ&Ĩ’ðvờởỠnỡỦ$ầỚđớÉNẫ|Ỏ‘ửơỉ=ẩÓỨỎự¾ÓỨÉ!ậỉÒÓấÓỨửơữồỉÒ¾ơ¾ầỚỎ‘ửơỎựầỚửứ&¾

F i (G)ڏ3qỎLừỉồÁự¾VỹửầỚÁử ẹ ỏ ÓỨÉấữồỎ

r ỉÒÓ,ỎựầỚÉ!ậđÓ!ÂÓẳđăỨốˆỉÒÓ&¾Âựẫ|Ỏự¾

P 

P = {A 1 → g 1 , A 2 → g 2 , , A r → g r }ÚảÍầỚữồử

q ỉắẫửÔẫ|ữồỉồỉÒÓẳÉNẫ#ẽữồÉNẫ|ỉÒÓ!ÂÓ&¾ ỏ ịÍừÓỨđớốˆđÔẫ|ừ ỏ Ó&¾ÉÊÓỨÉ!ậđÓ&¾ơÂđầỚữồửÓ&¾]

|g i | ≤ q, ∀i ∈ [1, r]ÚảÍầỚữồử

k ỉÒÓẳỎựầỚÉ!ậđÓ ÉNẫ#ẽữồÉNẫ|ỉ’ÂÓẳ¾ầỚÉấÉÊÓỨử¾›Â(ẩÁỎ ỏ ịÍừÓỨđÔẫ|đẹI

|A i | ≤ k, ∀i ∈ [1, r]ÚòơầỚÁự¾ơẫ&ȋầỚỎự¾ơỉắẫấửÔẫ|ữồỉồỉÒÓ!ÂÁ9ốˆđÔẫ|ừ ỏ

Trang 25

C z ∈ [

i≤l

T r i (G)

Trang 26

k ¹&¾§ºJ½ÊĨNƠ#ͧÝÌÔƠ|½‘º‰ĐÂͽ¿ĂĨ!Ư̹ÖĐ¹¾ÝĨÊĨ͹­º¾Đ(Ô½ Õ Î´Ø¹­ÌÔƠ|ÌỊ&¾Đ¹ÌíƠÖӈÌÔƠ|ĨÊĨNƠ|»Ò̹ÖĐ¹ÓˆÌÔƠ|Ø Õ ¹&¾

vwx ¹&¾§º,Ì=Ỗ­º§»¼Ð‘¿¹­º§º¹NĐÂ0Ị Õ ¹­Ĩʻҽ?Đ¹

f i Ỉ

f i 0 Ỉ ½¿¹ Õ Ơ|º¹­ÂÌ)

l 0 − i ≤ r ∗ k 2 + 1ÚÜ,ݽ¿ỊˆÏ½¿ĂÂ¿¾›Ơ&׋ݽ¿¾

|vwx| ≤ q r∗k 2 +1 = n

Trang 27

f i ≡ f j

ÓỨử

f i 0 ≡ f 0 j

f i ẻ

f i 0 çèẹ&ầỚđớđÓ&¾ớừầỚỎựÂựẫ|Ỏ‘ửÓNẻ

vwxê›ừầỚÁđẳầỚậửÓỨỎữồđẳÁỎ?ẫ|ÁửớđÓẹ ỏ ÓỨÉấữồỎÂựẫ|Ỏự¾mẮđ#ç=ð êỬÚ

Trang 28

ÌÒ»Ò½¿ÙVƠ|»Ò̹ Đ¹

N m ¹­ºÑ$¹­Ì§ĨÍÙ&¹£Ø„Ơ|̽»¼Ă½Ï¿»Ò½‘º¹­Ì¾¹&Ị­º§»¼Ă½¹­ºỊ&ÝĨỂ̼٭Ĩ͹­½‘ºÔƠ|º§»¼Ă½Ú

Trang 29

X 0

ψ(w)¹&¾§ºÌ=Ô»ÒĨNƠ|Ӌ¹ Đ¹ öbƠ|̧»Ò÷ Õ Đ¹

wÚöbƠ|̛¹±ị¹­ĨỂ̼¹ˆÏƠ&׋¹&Ị

Σ T = {a, b, c}Ï„Ă½ƠƠ

ψ(abacac) = (3, 1, 2)Úô´Ă»¼¹­½‘º

LÚöbƠ|ÌÖ¹±ị¹­ĨỂ̼¹ˆÏ̼¹,ÌíƠ|½ӑƠ|Ӌ¹

L = {a n b 2n+1 |n ≥ 0} ¾§ÂÌ

{a, b} ƠÌ=Ô»ÒĨNƠ|Ӌ¹ Đ¹ öbƠ|̧»Ò÷ Õ

ψ(L) = {(0, 1) + k.(1, 2)|k ≥ 0}

Trang 30

X 0

Trang 31

α Ó&¾ớửJỉ=ẩầỚừứỨđÔẫ|ửớữÒầỚỎ–ÂầỚỎ‘ử‰ầỚỎ ÓỨỎỉÒăỨȋÓÁỎựÓừ„ẫ|đớửớữÒÓ

β B ừầỚÁđ‰ầỚậửÓỨỎữồđÁỎẢẫ|ÁửớđÓ ẹ ỏ ÓỨÉấữồỎ

α 0ỹựẹ&ầỚÉấÉÊÓẳữồỎựÂữÒƯ‘Áựứ!ẻỉắẫõựốˆÁđӀ5ựÚ5ựÚЛỎHÂữồử!Ư‘ÁựÓ

α Ó&¾ớửÁỎ9ẹ ỏ ÓỨÉấữồỎ;ờởÒ~ÓRựLữ0ớ&Ĩ’ỪvặƒỠ›¾Vẩữồỉ(ừÓỨÁử›¾Ó,đứ&ÂÁữồửVÚả‘ữồỎựầỚỎẮỹ

α Ó&¾ớử€Ĩ=ờvờởÒ~ÓRựLữ0ớ&Ĩ’ỪvặƒỠỨÚả‘ữẮửầỚÁự¾

F ÂÓ*ẹ ỏ ÓỨÉấữồỎự¾Ó&¾ớửqÂữồửảờởÒ~ÓRựLữ0ớ&Ĩ’ỪvặƒỠJ¾Vẩữồỉẹ&ầỚỎ‘ửớữÒÓỨỎ‘ử‰ẫ|ÁÉÊầỚữồỎự¾bÁỎÊẹ ỏ ÓỨÉấữồỎấđứ&ÂÁựẹỨửớữồậỉÒÓ

Trang 33

L B i ÓỨử

L A ¾ầỚỎ‘ử›ÂÓ&¾ỉắẫ|Ỏố‘ẫ|ố‹Ó&¾õựỎữÒ¾VÚòơầỚÁự¾›ẫ|ỉồỉÒầỚỎự¾ÉÊầỚỎ‘ửớđÓỨđơƯ‘ÁựÓ:

ψ(L N ) = ψ(L A L ∗ B 1 L ∗ B 2 L ∗ B

Trang 36

(α 2 , β 2 )ÚöbÅ|ÇË&¹ÖБÁ¿¹̼¹ÉÊÀº

β kÏ

v := I(β k )ÚòÖÀÁ¿¾›Å&׋À½¿¾]

u = u 1,1 u 2,1 u k−1,1 v.u k−1,2 u 1,2

Trang 37

ψ(u p,1 u p,2 ) ∈ ψ(L B ip ) ψ(u k ) ∈ ψ(L A ).

Trang 38

݉¹ĨÍÙ­ĨÍÝ»ÒÌ¹Đ¹!õ¿½XĐ(Ỗ­º§Â¿Đ¹&¾,ØÌÙ&¾¹­½‘º¹ÊБ¿¹­Ì¼Ð‘¿¹&¾,Ị&ݽ‘º§Ì§»ÒƯº§»¼Ă½¿¾!Ơ|ÂXĐÝĨNƠ|»Ò½¿¹ÊĐ¹!ÌíƠNº Õ Ù&ĂÌ§»¼¹

Trang 39

A*sòÚ¿Ü,¹­Ì¾ Õ Ă* »Òº\‹Ï¸¿ÚöÚ¸‹ĂÂ„Ơ|½½„Ơ|¿Đ(ÏTđm¦0V©v¸&§ ¦z«vơ«§ ¦v°w«­Ï)X,Ơ|½¿ĐƯôÝ÷âĂ|Ñ  Õ ¹&Ý̹­º§»¼ỊVƠ|ÌJ݉ÝĨỂº¹­Ì

ô´Ị­»¼¹­½¿Ị&¹ˆÏL‹JÝÌJ,ÏØ؍Ú52#ơ|2D C Ϲ&Đ»Òº¹&ĐâƯ‘Ζ¸¿Ú‹Ơ|½Ú„ă¹&¹­Â ‰¹­½Ï3q̼¾¹­×´»¼¹­ÌVÏ 1 BD^DBÚ

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