Soft Law in European Community Law Modern Studies in European Law

It isalso critical of developments taking place within the framework of theEuropean Convention and the proposed European Constitution, andgoes beyond the immediate problems of soft law t

This book offers the first systematic investigation of the phenomenon ofsoft law within the framework of the EC (the first pillar of the EU), and itsuse by the European Commission and Council of Ministers It focusesupon how soft law fits into the Community legal system, and how it isused and, in particular, how it relates to Community legislation.

Differentiation of the Community instruments, including the ments of soft law, is often thought to enhance the effectiveness, legitimacyand transparency of the Community This book asks whether soft lawindeed provides a satisfactory alternative to legislation from this perspec-tive and, if so, in what cases and under what conditions Furthermore, theauthor asks to what extent the use of soft law implies good governance,and throws fresh light on this very heterogenous phenomenon, by look-ing at frequently used instruments in many different areas of Communitylaw, such as competition law, state aid, environment, social policy etc —

instru-in the process identifyinstru-ing their different characteristics, aims, functionsand legal effects What emerges is that the conditions under which softlaw is used may be problematic in relation to increasing the legitimacy,effectiveness and transparency of Community action

This is a work which will interest legal practitioners confronted withthe use of soft law in an increasing number of sectors and academicsinterested in the vexing question of how the increased use of soft law can

be justified in a Community legal order built upon the rule of law It isalso critical of developments taking place within the framework of theEuropean Convention and the proposed European Constitution, andgoes beyond the immediate problems of soft law to touch upon issuessuch as competence, legal protection, division of powers between the ECand the Member States, institutional balance, lawmaking by theCommunity Courts, the scope of Community legal principles and theinfluence of soft law on the progressive development of bothCommunity and national law

Volume 1 in the series, Modern Studies in European Law

Volume 1: Soft Law in European Community Law

Soft Law in European Community Law

Linda Senden

Department of European and International Public Law, University of Tilburg

OXFORD AND PORTLAND OREGON

2004

c/o International Specialized Book Services

5804 NE Hassalo Street Portland, Oregon 97213-3644 USA

© Linda Senden 2004 Linda Senden has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, to be identified as the author of this work Hart Publishing is a specialist legal publisher based in Oxford, England.

To order further copies of this book or to request a list of other

publications please write to:

Hart Publishing, Salters Boatyard, Folly Bridge,

Abingdon Rd, Oxford, OX1 4LB Telephone: +44 (0)1865 245533 Fax: +44 (0) 1865 794882

email: mail@hartpub.co.uk WEBSITE: http//:www.hartpub.co.uk

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Data Available ISBN 1-84113-432-5 (hardback) Typeset by Olympus Infotech Pvt Ltd, India

Printed and bound in Great Britain by

TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall

This book is based on the doctoral research I conducted on soft law inEuropean Community law and its relationship to legislation, defended atTilburg University, the Netherlands in May 2003 It is a slightly adaptedversion of the thesis edition (published by Wolf Legal Publishers, May2003) I have approached the issue of soft law from the angle of its use as

an alternative to legislation Such a use was proposed in the 1992Edinburgh European Council Conclusions, based on the premise that thiswould contribute to enhancing the legitimacy, effectiveness and trans-parency of Community action, the biggest challenge faced by theEuropean Union today At the same time, I have also tried to providemore insight into the different manifestations of Community soft law andits legal effect

In performing this research, I am greatly indebted to many people.First and foremost, I wish to thank my supervisor, Sacha Prechal, for herexcellent supervision and continuous encouragement and for giving methe necessary elbow-room to complete it Without her I would never haveventured upon this challenging project I am also very grateful toProfessors P Kapteyn, L Hancher, EMH Hirsch Ballin, A de Moor-vanVugt and K Mortelmans, for being members of my thesis-examining com-mittee and for their comments and suggestions

I also owe much gratitude to all the student-assistants of theDepartment of European and International Public Law who over the pastyears have helped me to gather and list all the material, which in the case

of soft law Acts has not always proven to be an easy task I mention inparticular Christophe Paulussen, who has been of great assistance to me

at highly critical moments by being very flexible as to time and place ofwork, even delivering papers to me at home I also appreciate very muchthe help I have had from Janneke Kohlen and Marleen Janssens in prepar-ing the manuscript for the sales edition of my book

I have been very fortunate to find myself at the Department ofEuropean and International Public Law among colleagues who have beenvery supportive and helpful during the whole research process and com-pletion of this book Over the years, many of them have become morethan simply colleagues I wish to mention in particular ElisabettaManunza, who also has a particular talent for ensuring that working fromhome is a less solitary affair But also thanks to Laura, Willem, Pierre,Conny, Helen, Saskia, Petra, Leigh, Mieke and all the others: theDepartment is an inspiring, warm and fun place to work

done by Janet Taylor, who had a very difficult job correcting my English Ihave very much appreciated her ceaseless efforts to improve the manu-script Needless to say, any remaining obscurities and mistakes are to beblamed on myself.

I thank my family and friends for their supportive and understandingfriendship It seems that now this project has truly come to an end

I wish to dedicate this book to my parents, for their constant and erous support in all ways; to Marcel, without whose support and patience

gen-it would not have been possible for me to complete this book; and to Julia,for being such a welcome and pleasant distraction to my academic workand for putting everything in the right perspective

Linda SendenTilburg, May 2004

Table of Contents

Part I Lawmaking in EC Law

1 Setting the Scene

1.3 Core Characteristics of the EC Legislative Process 7

1.5 The Challenge: Enhancing the Effectiveness,

Legitimacy and Transparency of Community

1.6 Meeting the Challenge: A New Legislative Policy 161.6.1 EC Legislation: No Longer ‘Terra Incognita’ 16

1.7 Community Soft Law: An Alternative to Legislation? 23

1.7.2 The Central Question and its Dual Purpose 25

2 Sources of EC Law and EC Legislation

2.2 Classification into Primary, Secondary and

2.3.1 The EC, ECSC, EAEC Treaties and

2.3.2 Intermezzo: The Necessity of

2.3.4 International Treaties Concluded by

2.6.1 Agreements Concluded between

3 Guiding Principles for Legislation

3.2 A Broad Conception of Legitimacy:

3.3.1 Formal Democratic Legitimation of

3.3.2 Questions Arising in Relation to Soft Law 683.4 Rule of Law Requirement: The Principle of

3.4.1 Principle of Legality and Instrumental

3.4.2 Principle of Legal Protection and Guarantee

3.4.3 External Division of Powers:

3.4.4 Internal Division of Powers:

Institutional Balance and Loyal Cooperation 74

3.5 Rule of Law Requirement: The Principle of Subsidiarity 793.5.1 External Exercise of Powers:

3.6 Rule of Law Requirement: Good Governance 86

3.6.1.1 Proportionality as a Judicial

3.6.1.2 Form and Intensity of

3.6.1.3 Questions Arising in Relation to Soft Law 92

3.6.2.1 Implications at Community and

3.6.3.5 Questions Arising in Relation to Soft Law 102

Part II Community Soft Law Instruments

4 Introduction to the Concept of Soft Law in EC Law

4.4.2 Problems Connected with this Heterogeneity 1154.5 Prerequisites for Soft Law to Function as

4.6 A Functional Classification of Soft Law Instruments 118

5 Categories and Functions of Soft Law

5.3.2 Interpretative Communications and Notices 143

5.3.4 Decisional Guidelines, Codes and Frameworks 153

5.4.1 The Term and Concept of Steering Instruments 1555.4.2 Points of Departure: Article 249 EC and

5.4.3.3 Adoption, Legal Basis,

5.4.4.3 Adoption, Legal Basis,

5.5.1 Introduction: Acts of the

5.5.3 Council Declarations and

5.5.4 Joint Declarations and

5.6.1 Do the Instruments Examined Indeed

5.6.2 Alternatives to Legislation? 2215.6.3 Possible Contributions to the

Effectiveness, Legitimacy and Transparency of

Part III Legal Issues of Community Soft Law

6 Legally Binding Force

6.2.1 A Dual Concept of Legally Binding Force

6.2.2 Indirect Legal Effects Recognised

6.3 A General Precondition: No Derogation from Hard Law 243

6.4.2 The Conditions for ‘Inherent’

6.5 ‘Incidental’ Legally Binding Force on

6.5.4 Legal Basis and Exercise of

6.5.5.2 Can Binding Measures

Be Laid Down in

6.5.7.1 Implications of Lawful Hard Law in

the Clothing of Soft Law: Scope of

6.5.7.2 Implications of Unlawful Hard Law in

the Clothing of Soft Law:

6.6 ‘Incidental’ Legally Binding Force on

6.6.2 Explicit Provision for ‘Agreed Acts’ in

6.6.3 Existence of a Specific Duty of Cooperation 273

6.7.1 Prospects for Legally Binding

‘Soft Law’ on the Basis of the Court’s Test (I) 2826.7.2 Prospects for Legally Binding Agreements (II):

The Case of Inter-Institutional Agreements 284

7 The Competence to Adopt Soft Law

7.3 The Applicability of the Principle of Conferred Powers 295

7.3.1.1 The Competence of the Commission 296

7.3.2.1 The Competence of the Commission 304

7.3.4 Interpretative and Decisional Instruments 312

8.3.2 An Obligation on the Basis of

8.3.3 An Obligation on the Basis of

8.3.3.1 Conflicting Principles 3318.3.3.2 An Example: The Re-Regulation of

8.3.3.3 The Principle of Institutional Balance 3348.3.3.4 The Principles of Community Loyalty,

8.3.3.5 The Principles of Transparency and

8.5 Transposition of and Compliance with Soft Law by

8.5.3 What Obligation on the Basis of Article 10 EC? 348

8.5.3.2 No General Obligation on

8.5.3.3 An Obligation on the Basis of

a Specific Duty of Cooperation: The

‘Hague Fisheries Resolution Cases’ 352

9 Indirect Legal Effects for the Judiciary

9.2 The Power and Task of Interpretation of

9.4 The Role of Soft Law in the Interpretation of

9.4.1 The Role Assigned to Interpretative

9.4.2 Intermezzo: The Role Assigned to

9.5 The Role of Community Soft Law in National Courts:

Interpretation Aid or Duty of Consistent Interpretation? 384

9.5.2 A Shift in the Case Law: The Grimaldi Case 386

9.5.3.2 Arguments for a Restrictive Reading 3899.5.3.3 Conclusion: A Mandatory

10.3.2 The Notion or Principles of Good

10.3.3 Effectiveness and Legitimacy:

10.4 Application and Enforcement of Soft Law by the

10.4.1 On the Basis of the Equality Principle:

10.4.2 On the Basis of the Principles of

Patere Legem Quam Ipse Fecisti and

10.4.3 On the Basis of Essential

10.4.4 Limitations and Implications of

10.5 Application and Enforcement of Soft Law by

10.5.3 On the Basis of the Principle of

10.5.5 Limitations and Implications of

10.6 Application and Enforcement of Soft Law by

10.6.2 On the Basis of the Principles of Legitimate

Expectations, Equality and Effectiveness? 44010.6.3 On the Basis of a Specific

Part IV Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

11 The Use of Community Soft Law Evaluated

11.2 Soft Law Only a Limited Alternative to Legislation 45511.2.1 A Hybrid System of Community

11.3.1 ‘Inherent’ and ‘Incidental’ Legally Binding Force 46211.3.2 Indirect Legal Effects of True Community Soft Law 467

11.4 Implications of Soft Law for Democracy and

11.4.1 The Legality of Community Soft Law:

11.4.2.1 Democratic Influence on

11.4.2.2 Democratic Influence in

the Adoption Process of Soft Law Acts 486

11.4.5 Uniformising or Differentiating Effects? 49411.4.6 Obscuring or Contributing to Transparency? 495

Table of Cases

European Court of Justice

Case 8/55 Fédération charbonnière de

Belgique v ECSC High Authority [1954–56] ECR 245 71–72, 313

Case 8/55 Fédération charbonnière de Belgique v

ECSC High Authority [1954–56] ECR 292 86

Case 9/56 Meroni v ECSC High Authority [1958] ECR 133 99 Joined cases 1 and 14/57 Usines à tubes de la

Sarre v ECSC High Authority [1957] ECR 105 236, 249, 262

Joined cases 7/56 and 3–7/57 Algera & Others v Common

Assembly [1957 and 1958] ECR 39 268

Joined cases 42 and 49/59 SNUPAT v ECSC High Authority

[1961] ECR 53 238

Joined cases 16–17/62 Confédération nationale des

producteurs de fruits et légumes v Council EEC [1962] ECR 487 46

Case 24/62 Germany v Commission EEC [1963] ECR 131 99, 100 Case 25/62 Plaumann v Commission [1963] ECR 95 52 Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos v

Administratie der Belastingen [1963] ECR 1 26, 33, 110, 364

Joined cases 53 and 54/63 Lemmerz-Werke & Others v

ECSC High Authority [1963] ECR 239 269

Joined cases 90–91/63 Commission v

Luxemburg and Belgium [1964] ECR 243, 250

Jointed cases 90–91/63 Commission v

Luxemburg and Belgium [1964] ECR 1217 256

Case 6/64 Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585 74, 110, 243, 364 Joined cases 8–11/66 Noordwijks Cement Accoord v

Commission [1967] ECR 75 238, 262, 264, 266, 329

Case 5/67 Beus GmbH v

Hauptzollamt München [1968] ECR 83 100

Case 6/68 Zuckerfabrik Watenstedt GmbH v

Council [1968] ECR 409 46

Case 14/68 Walf Wilhelm [1969] ECR 1 72 Case 5/69 Völk v Vervaecke [1969] ECR 295 148, 151 Case 29/69 Stauder v City of Ulm [1969] ECR 419 40 Case 38/69 Commission v Italy [1970] ECR 47 378 Case 74/69 Hauptzollamt Bremen Freihafen v

Krohn [1970] ECR 451 338, 368

Case 11/70 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft GmbH v

Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für Getreide und Futtermittel

[1970] ECR 1125 40, 86

Case 22/70 Commission v Council (ERTA)

[1971] ECR 263 56, 82, 236, 250, 262,

267, 270, 282, 353, 354

Case 25/70 Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für

Getreide und Futtermittel v Köster [1970] ECR 1161 10

Case 78/70 Deutsche Grammophon v Metro SB [1971] ECR 487 352 Case 1/71 Cadillon v Höss [1971] ECR 351 367, 421 Case 22/71 Béguelin Import v

GL Import Export [1971] ECR 949 367, 421

Case 46/71 Brandau v Council [1972] ECR 373 411 Joined cases 21–24/72 International Fruit Company v

Produktschap voor Groenten en Fruit [1972] ECR 1219 41

Hauptzollamt Berlin Packhof [1973] ECR 1091 266, 329

Case 8/73 Hauptzollamt Bremerhaven v Massey Ferguson

[1973] ECR 897 330

Case 9/73 Schlüter v Hauptzollamt

Lörrach [1973] ECR 1135 252, 271

Case 34/73 Fratelli Variola v Amministrazione

delle finanze dello Stato [1973] ECR 981 47

Joined cases 40–48, 50, 54–56, 111, 113 and 114/73

Coöperatieve Vereniging ‘Suiker Unie’ UA v

Commission (Sugar Cases) [1975] ECR 1663 429

Case 148/73 Louwage v Commission

Benoît and Gustave Dassonville [1974] ECR 837 11

Case 32/74 Haaga (1974) ECR 1201 385, 388 Case 70/74 Commission v Council [1975] ECR 795 412, 415–16 Case 43/75 Defrenne v Société Anonyme Belge

de Navigation Aérienne (Defrenne II) [1976] ECR 455 244, 245

Case 59/75 Pubblico Ministero v

Flavia Manghera & Others [1976] ECR 91 244, 252, 394

Case 105/75 Giuffrida v Council [1976] ECR 1395 325, 411 Case 111/75 Mazzalai v Ferrovia del

Renon [1976] ECR 657 386, 388

Case 113/75 Frecassetti v

Amministrazione delle finanze dello

Stato [1976] ECR 983 385–86

Case 118/75 Watson and Belmann [1976] ECR 1185 87

Case 11/76 Netherlands v Commission [1979] ECR 245 377

Case 26/76 Metro v Commission [1977] ECR 1875 252

Case 33/76 Rewe-Zentralfinanz [1976] ECR 1989 94

Case 71/76 Thieffry v Conseil de l’Ordre des Avocats à la cour de Paris [1977] ECR 765 381, 395 Case 90/76 Van Ameyde v UCI [1977] ECR 1091 245, 394 Case 101/76 Koninklijke Scholten Honig v Council and Commission [1977] ECR 797 46

Case 19/77 Miller International Schallplatten GmbH v Commission [1978] ECR 131 367–68, 421, 429 Case 38/77 Enka v Inspecteur der invoerrechten en accijnzen [1977] ECR 2203 50

Case 61/77 Commission v Ireland [1978] ECR 417 353, 355, 443, 470 Case 120/78 Cassis de Dijon [1979] ECR 649 144, 145, 493 Case 136/78 Ministère Public v Auer [1979] ECR 437 374, 380–81 Case 141/78 France v UK [1979] ECR 2923 353–54, 443, 470 Case 230/78 Eridania v Minister for Agriculture and Forestry [1979] ECR 2749 40

Joined cases 253/78 and 1–3/79 Procureur de la République v Giry and Guerlain [1980] ECR 2327 385

Case 32/79 Commission v United Kingdom [1980] ECR 2403 190, 353–54, 470 Case 44/79 Hauer v Land Rheinland-Pfalz [1979] ECR 3727 40, 381 Case 133/79 Sucrimex SA and Westzucker GmbH v Commission [1980] ECR 1299 252

Case 782/79 Geeraerd v Commission [1980] ECR 3651 417

Case 804/79 Commission v United Kingdom [1981] ECR 1045 353, 355, 470 Case 1252/79 Acciaierie e Ferriere Lucchini v Commission [1980] ECR 3753 418

Case 31/80 L’Oréal v De Nieuwe AMCK [1980] ECR 3775 385

Joined cases 100–3/80 Musique Diffusion Française SA v Commission [1983] ECR 1825 423

Case 158/80 REWE [1981] ECR 1805 99 Case 169/80 Administration des douanes v

Société anonyme Gondrand Frères and

Société anonyme Garancini [1981] ECR 1931 101, 339

[1982] ECR 3887 12

Joined cases 129 and 274/82 Luxemburg v

Court of Auditors [1984] ECR 4127 412

Case 165/82 Commission v the

United Kingdom (Male Midwives) [1983] ECR 3431 339

Sigarettenindustrie v Commission [1985] ECR 3831 100

Joined cases 286/82 and 26/83 Luisi and Carbone v

Ministero dello Tesoro [1984] ECR 377 381

Joined cases 316/82 and 40/83 Kohler v

Court of Auditors [1984] ECR 641 101

Case 324/82, Commission v Belgium [1984] ECR 1861 375 Case 343/82 Michael v

Commission [1983] ECR 4023 413, 418–19

Case 13/83 European Parliament v

Council [1985] ECR 1513 326, 329

Case 14/83 Von Colson and Kamann v

Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1984] ECR 1891 50, 386, 389

Case 15/83 Denkavit Nederland BV v Hoofdproduktschap

voor Akkerbouwprodukten [1984] ECR 2171 87, 387–88

Case 25/83 Buick v Commission [1984] ECR 1773 412

Case 70/83 Gerda Kloppenburg v Finanzamt Leer [1984] ECR 1075 42, 101 Case 143/83 Commission v Denmark [1985] ECR 427 339, 378 Case 147/83 Binderer v Commission [1985] ECR 257 247

Case 182/83 Fearon v Irish land Commission [1984] ECR 3677 145

Case 263/83 Turner v Commission [1985] ECR 893 417

Case 293/83 Gravier v City of Liège [1985] ECR 593 395–96, 493 Case 294/83 Parti Ecologiste ‘Les Verts’ v European Parliament [1986] ECR 1339 33–34, 237, 242 Case 29/84 Commission v Germany [1985] ECR 1661 51

Case 44/84 Hurd v Jones [1986] ECR 29 77

Case 59/84 Tezi Textiel BV v Commission of the European Communities [1986] ECR 887 101

Case 146/84 De Santis v Court of Auditors [1985] ECR 1723 314

Case 152/84 Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Marshall I) [1986] ECR 723 50

Case 162/84 Vlachou v Court of Auditors [1986] ECR 481 418–19 Case 237/84 Commission v Belgium [1986] ECR 1247 378

Case 15/85 Consorzio Cooperative d’Abruzzo v Commission [1987] ECR 1005 270, 425 Case 53/85 AKZO Chemie BV v Commission [1986] ECR 1965 238

Case 186/85 Commission v Belgium [1987] ECR 2029 352

Case 239/85 Commission v Belgium [1986] ECR 3657 51

Case 247/85 Commission v Belgium [1987] ECR 3060 50

Joined cases 281, 283–85 and 287/85 Germany & Others v Commission (non-Community workers) [1987] ECR 3203 72, 307, 381, 396 Case 310/85 Deufil v Commission [1987] ECR 901 244, 274, 434 Case 325/85 Ireland v Commission [1987] ECR 5041 101

Case 344/85 Ferriere San Carlo v Commission [1987] ECR 4435 427

Case 429/85 Commission v Italy [1988] ECR 849 51

Case 34/86 Council v European Parliament (Budget) [1986] ECR 2155 286

Case 114/86 UK v Commission [1988] ECR 5289 252

Case 131/86 UK v Council [1988] ECR 905 381 Joined cases 181–84/86 Sergio del Plato & Others v

Commission [1987] ECR 4991 413, 427

Case 204/86 Greece v Council [1988] ECR 5323 77 Case 222/86 UNECTEF v Heylens [1987] ECR 4097 263 Case 229/86 Brother Industries v Commission

[1987] ECR 3757 351, 443

Case 94/87 Commission v Germany [1989] ECR 175 357 Case 165/87 Commission v Council [1988] ECR 5545 71 Case 226/87 Commission v Greece [1988] ECR 3611 269 Case 242/87 Commission v Council (Erasmus)

[1989] ECR 1425 130, 311, 326, 395

Case 301/87 France v Commission [1990] ECR 307 424 Case 2/88 Imm Zwartveld [1990] ECR 3365 34, 77 Case 70/88 European Parliament v Council of the

European Communities [1990] ECR 2041 67, 76

Case 109/88 Handels- og Kontorfunktionærernes

Forbund I Danmark v Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening,

acting on behalf of Danfoss [1989] ECR 3199 97

Case 151/88 Italy v Commission [1989] ECR 1255 252 Case 160/88 R Fédération européenne de la santé animale v

Case 331/88 The Queen v Ministry of Agriculture,

Fisheries and Food, ex parte FEDESA & Others

[1990] ECR 4023 88–89

Case 361/88 Commission v Germany [1991] ECR 2567 50 Case 366/88 France v Commission

[1990] ECR 3571 255, 257–58, 260, 287–88

Case 5/89 Commission v Germany

(Bug-Alutechnik) [1990] ECR I–3437 431

Case 106/89 Marleasing v Comercial Internacional

de Alimentación [1990] ECR I–4135 388

Case 288/89 Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda v

Commissariaat voor de Media [1991] ECR I–4007 147

Case 292/89 The Queen v Immigration Appeal Tribunal,

ex parte Antonissen [1991] ECR I–745 374, 375, 377

Case 298/89 Gibraltar v Council [1993] ECR I–3605 42, 51, 52 Case 300/89 Commission v Council [1991] ECR I–2867 73 Case 255/90 P Burban v Parliament [1992] ECR I–2253 409 Case 266/90 Soba v Hauptzollamt Augsburg

[1992] ECR I–287 245, 368, 373

Case 269/90 Technische Universität München v

Hauptzollamt München-Mitte [1991] ECR I–5469 408

Case 303/90 France v

Commission [1991] ECR I–5315 239, 257, 260, 272, 283, 297–98, 351

Case 310/90 Nationale Raad van de Orde

der Architecten v Egle [1992] ECR I–177 375

Case 313/90 CIRFS & Others v Commission

Case 165/91 Van Munster v

Rijksdienst voor Pensioenen [1994] ECR I–4661 388

Case 188/91 Deutsche Shell v Hauptzollamt

Hamburg-Harburg [1993] ECR I–363 239, 386, 388–92, 439, 473

Case 198/91 Cook v Commission [1993] ECR I–2487 434 Joined cases 267/91 and 268/91 Keck and

Mithouard [1993] ECR I–6097 59

Case 325/91 France v Commission

[1993] ECR I–3283 239, 257, 272–73, 279, 283, 338, 339

Case 327/91 France v Commission [1994] ECR I–3641 251 Joined cases 13–16/92 Driessen & Others v

Minister van Verkeer en Waterstaat [1993] ECR I–4751 102, 344

Case 91/92 Faccini Dori v Recreb [1994] ECR I–3325 50, 248 Case 137/92 P Commission v

BASF & Others [1994] ECR I–2555 265, 270

Case 188/92 Textilwerke Deggendorf v

Bundesrepublik Deutschland [1994] ECR I–833 269

Case 200/92 P ICI v Commission [1999] ECR I–4399 265 Case 359/92 Germany v Council [1994] ECR I–3681 88 Case 435/92 APAS v Préfet de Maine-et-Loire and

Préfet de la Loire-Atlantique [1994] ECR I–67 51

Case 56/93 Belgium v Commission (Gasunie)

Council [1996] ECR I–1469 284, 375

Case 58/94, Netherlands v Council

[1996] ECR I–2169 253, 258, 285, 426

Case 61/94 Commission v Germany

[1996] ECR I–3989 41, 389–90

Joined cases 68/94 and 30/95 France & Others v

Commission [1998] ECR I–1375 238, 377

Case 84/94 UK v Council [1996] ECR I–5755 73, 83, 88–89, 100 Case 122/94 Commission v Council [1996] ECR I–881 100 Case 173/94 Commission v Belgium

[1996] ECR I–3265 372

Case 194/94 CIA Security International v

Signalson and Securitel [1996] ECR I–2201 145, 345, 372

Case 205/94 Binder v

Hauptzollamt Stuttgart-West [1996] ECR I–2871 100

Case 226/94 Grand Garage Albigeois &

Others v Garage Massol SARL [1996] ECR I–651 245

Case 233/94 Germany v EP and

Council [1997] ECR I–2405 83, 88

Joined cases 283/94 and 291, 292/94

Denkavit International & Others v

Bundesamt für Finanzen [1996] ECR I–5063 378

Case 290/94 Commission v Greece

Case 24/95 Land Rheinland-Pfalz v

Alcan [1997] ECR I–1591 431

Case 29/95 Pastoors and Trans-Cap v

Belgische Staat [1997] ECR I–285 394

Case 57/95 France v Commission

[1997] ECR I–1627 28, 132, 139, 142, 143–44, 253, 254–55,

259, 260, 262, 264, 463, 492

Case 120/95 Decker v Caisse de maladie

des employés privés [1998] ECR I–1831 6

Case 130/95 Giloy v Hauptzollamt Frankfurt

am Main-Ost [1997] ECR I–4291 377

Case 169/95 Spain v Commission

[1997] ECR I–135 314, 434

Case 236/95 Commission v Greece [1996] ECR I–4459 101 Case 284/95 Safety Hi-Tech v S & T [1998] ECR I–4301 41 Case 292/95 Spain v Commission [1997] ECR I–1931 279 Case 329/95 VAG Sverige [1997] ECR I–2675 375 Case 341/95 Bettati v Safety Hi-Tech Srl

[1998] ECR I–4355 41

Case 392/95 EP v Council [1997] ECR I–3213 77 Case 409/95 Marschall v

Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1997] ECR I–6363 383, 471

Case 1/96 The Queen v Minister of Agriculture,

Fisheries and Food, ex parte Compassion in

World Farming [1998] ECR I–1251 122

Case 4/96 NIFPO and Northern Ireland

Fishermen’s Federation v Department of

Agriculture for Northern Ireland,

[1998] ECR I–681 271, 322, 340, 343, 356, 361, 469, 501

Case 53/96 Hermès International v

FHT Marketing Choice [1998] ECR I–3603 388, 391

Case 104/96 Coöperatieve Rabobank

“Vecht en Plassengebied” v

Minderhout [1997] ECR I–7211 377–78

Case 106/96 UK v Commission [1998] ECR I–2729 308 Case 154/96 Wolfs v

Office national des pensions [1998] ECR I–6173 383, 471

Case 158/96 Kohll v

Union des caisses de maladie [1998] ECR I–1931 6

Case 180/96 UK v

Commission [1998] ECR I–2265 252

Case 203/96 Chemische Afvalstoffen

Dusseldorp & Others v Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting,

Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer

[1998] ECR I–4075 381, 471

Joined cases 239/96 R and 240/96 R UK v

Commission of the European Communities

[1996] ECR I–4475 236, 253, 257

Case 321/96 Mecklenburg v

Kreis Pinneberg [1998] ECR I–3809 378

Case 368/96 Queen v Licensing Authority

established by the Medicines Act 1968,

ex parte Generics (UK) Ltd &

Others [1998] ECR I–7967 369, 376, 379

Case 75/97 Belgium v

Commission [1999] ECR I–3671 315, 433

Case 76/97 Tögel v Niederösterreichische

Gebietskrankenkasse [1998] ECR I–5357 361, 377, 382, 386, 399

Case 119/97 P SFEI & Others v

Commission [1999] ECR I–1341 325

Case 158/97 Badeck & Others [2000] ECR I–1875 383, 471 Case 404/97 Commission v

Portugal [2000] ECR I–4897 403

Case 443/97 Spain v

Commission [2000] ECR I–2415 236, 259, 289, 315

Case 83/98 P France v

Ladbroke Racing and Commission [2000] ECR I–3271 369

Case 99/98 Austrian Republic v

Commission [2001] ECR I–1101 333, 427, 430

Case 156/98 Germany v Commission, [2000] ECR I–6857 435 Case 206/98 Commission v Belgium [2000] ECR I–3509 375 Case 275/98 Unitras Scandinavia [1999] ECR I–8291 97 Case 367/98 Commission v

Portugal [2002] ECR I–4731 345, 370, 472

Case 376/98 Germany v

Parliament and Council [2000] ECR I–8419 294

Case 407/98 Abrahamsson and Anderson v

Fogelqvist [2000] ECR I–5539 383, 471

Case 163/99 Portugal v Commission

[2001] ECR I–2613 49, 53

Case 353/99 Council v Hautala [2001] ECR I–9565 98 Case 382/99 The Netherlands v

Commission [2002] ECR I–5163 315, 431, 433, 435, 475–76

Case 400/99 Italy v Commission [2001] ECR I–7303 240, 258 Case 483/99 Commission v

France [2002] ECR I–4781 345, 370, 472

Case 503/99 Commission v

Belgium [2002] ECR I–4809 345–46, 370, 472

Case 241/01 National Farmers’ Union v

Secrétariat général du gouvernement [2002] ECR I–9079 269

Case 491/01 British American Tobacco Investments and

Imperial Tobacco [2002] ECR I–11453 73

Case 345/02 Pearle & others v

Hoofdbedrijfsschap Ambachten, OJ 2002, C 289/13 139

Court of First Instance

Case T–9/89 Hüls v Commission [1992] ECR II–499 427 Case T–13/89 Imperial Chemical Industries v

Commission [1992] ECR II–1021 423

Joined cases T–18 and 24/89 Tagaras v

Court of Justice [1991] ECR II–53 101

Case T–63/89 Latham v Commission [1991] ECR II–19 415, 427

Joined cases T–79/89, T–84–86/89, T–89/89, T–91–92/89,

T–94/89, T–96/89, T–98/89, T–102/89 and T–104/89

BASF & Others v Commission [1992] ECR II–315 265, 269

Case T–113/89 Nefarma & Others v

Commission [1990] ECR II–797 242, 297, 348

Case T–156/89 Valverde Mordt v

Court of Justice [1991] ECR II–407 270

Case T–2/90 Ferreira de Freitas v

Commission [1991] ECR II–103 314, 413–14

Commission [1993] ECR II–493 245

Case T–5/93 Tremblay & Others v

Commission [1995] ECR II–185 100

Case T–7/93 Langnese-Iglo v

Commission [1995] ECR II–1533 430

Case T–9/93 Schöller v Commission [1995] ECR II–1611 55, 430 Case T–10/93, A v

Commission, [1994] ECR II–179, IA–119, II–387 402, 413

Case T–549/93 D v

Commission [1995] ECR FP–IA–13, II–43 414

Case T–115/94 Opel Austria v

Council [1997] ECR II–2739 101, 265

Case T–194/94 Carvel and Guardian Newspapers v

Council [1995] ECR II–2765 98

Case T–229/94 Deutsche Bahn v

Commission [1997] ECR II–1689 382

Case T–310/94 Gruber + Weber v

Commission [1998] ECR II–1043 370–71

Case T–334/94 Sarrió v

Commission [1998] ECR II–1439 370

Case T–336/94 Efisol v

Commission [1996] ECR II–1343 434

Case T–347/94 Mayr-Melnhof Kartongesellschaft v

Commission [1998] ECR II–1751 370

Case T–354/94 Stora Kopparbergs Bergslags AB v

Commission [1998] ECR II–2111 370

Joined cases T–374/94, T–375/94, T–384/94 and T–388/94

European Night Services & Others v Commission

[1998] ECR II–3141 371, 430

Case T–380/94 AIUFASS and AKT v

Commission [1996] ECR II–2169 317–18, 423, 425, 431

Commission [1997] ECR II–2031 155, 316, 431

Case T–174/95 Svenska Journalistförbundet v

Council [1998] ECR II–2289 98

Case T–214/95 Vlaams Gewest v

Commission [1998] ECR II–717 316, 343, 422, 428

Case T–16/96 Cityflyer Express v

Commission [1998] ECR II–757 316

Case T–83/96 Van der Wal v

Commission [1998] ECR II–545 98

Case T–124/96 Interporc Im- und Export v

Commission [1998] ECR II–231 98

Joined cases T–126/96 and T–127/96 BFM and

EFIM v Commission [1998] ECR II–3437 435

Joined cases T–132/96 and T–143/96

Freistaat Sachsen & Others v

Commission [1999] ECR II–3663 279–80, 317, 422

Case T–81/97 Region of Tuscany v

Commission [1998] ECR II–2889 252

Case T–126/97 Sonasa v

Commission [1999] ECR II–2793 408

Case T–188/97 Rothmans International v

Commission [1999] ECR II–2463 98

Joined cases T–204/97 and T–270/97 EPAC v

Commission [2000] ECR II–2267 432

Case T–231/97 New Europe Consulting and

Brown v Commission [1999] ECR II–2403 409

Case T–309/97 The Bavarian Lager Company Ltd v

Commission [1999] ECR II–3217 98

Case T–14/98 Hautala v

Council [1999] ECR II–2489 98

Joined cases T–45/98 and T–47/98

Krupp Thyssen v Commission [2001] ECR II–3757 432

Case T–136/98 Campogrande v

Commission [2000] ECR FP–IA–267, II–1225 414

Joined cases T–172, 175 and 177/98

Salamander & Others v

EP and Council [2000] ECR II–2487 242

Joined cases T–202/98, T–204/98 and

T–207/98 Tate & Lyle & Others v

Commission [2001] ECR II–2035 432–33, 435–36

1 This Table of Soft Law Acts represents the main Acts on the basis of which the examination

in Part II has been conducted.

Table of Soft Law Acts

Inconsistency in spelling (eg, standardisation/standardization) in titles of

EU documents reflects the varying translation practices of the EU

Green Papers

Green Paper on the development of the common market for

telecommunications services and equipment: Towards a dynamic European economy, COM(87)290 final 126Green Paper on the urban environment Communication from

the Commission to the Council and Parliament, COM(90)218 final 126Green Paper on the development of European standardization:

action for faster technological integration in Europe,

COM(90)456 final 126Green Paper on a common approach in the field of satellite

communications in the European Community: Towards Europe-wide systems and services, COM(90)490 final 125Green Paper on the development of a single market for

postal services, COM(91)476 final 107, 456, 458Green Paper on pluralism and media concentration in the internal market: An assessment of the need for Community action,

COM(92)480 final 125Green Paper on European social policy Options for the Union,

COM(93)551 final 125, 127Green Paper on access to justice of consumers and the settlement

of consumer disputes in the single market, COM(93)576 final 125Green Paper on community energy policy, COM(94)659 final 125Green Paper on vertical restraints in EC competition policy,

COM(96)721 final 125Green Paper on partnership for a new organisation of work,

COM(97)128 final 126

Green Paper on the convergence of telecommunications,

COM(97)623 final 125

White Papers

White Paper on the completion of the internal market,

COM(85)310 final 10, 12, 46, 126, 493White Paper on European social policy: A way

forward for the Union, COM(94)333 final 10, 127–28White Paper on education and training, COM(95)590 final 127White Paper on energy policy for the European Union,

COM(95)682 final 127White Paper on sectors and activities excluded from

the working time directive, COM(97)334 final 127–28White Paper on energy for the future: Renewable

sources of energy, COM(97)599 final 128White Paper on fair payment for infrastructure use: A phased

approach to a common transport infrastructure charging

framework in the EU, COM(98)466 final 127White Paper on European governance, COM(2001)428

of establishment, OJ 1962, 2/36 128, 395Programmes for the elimination of technical barriers to trade

in industrial products, OJ 1969, C 76/1 and OJ 1973, C 117/1 8First Environmental Action Programme, OJ 1973, C 112/1 128Action Programme for the forestry sector, COM(88)255 129Medium-term Community Action Programme concerning the

economic and social integration of the economically and socially

less privileged groups in society, Council Decision 89/457/EEC

of 18 July 1989, OJ 1989, L 224/10 130

Action Programme relating to transport infrastructure and the

completion of an integrated transport market and its successor,

established respectively in Council Regulation 3359/90, OJ

1990, L 326/1 and Council Regulation 1738/93,

OJ 1993, L 161/4 129, 130Medium-term Community Action Programme on equal

opportunities for men and women (1996 to 2000, Fourth action

programme), Council Decision 95/593/EC of 22 December

1995, OJ 1995, L 335/37 24, 131Medium-term Social Action Programme, Communication from

the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the

Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the

Regions, COM(95)134 final 129Action Programme for customs in the Community (Customs 2000), Decision 210/97/EC of the EP and the Council of 19 December

1996, OJ 1997, L 33/24 130, 311Communication from the Commission concerning a Community

Action Programme on injury prevention in the context of the

framework for action in the field of public health,

COM(97)178 final 129Community Action Programme in the field of cultural heritage

(Raphael Programme), Decision 2228/97/EC of the EP and

the Council of 13 October 1997, OJ 1997, L 305/31 130, 311Community Action Programme promoting non-governmental

organizations primarily active in the field of environmental

protection, Council Decision 97/872/EC, OJ 1997, L 354/25 130Action Programme to promote milk consumption in the

Community and expand the markets for milk and milk products,

Communication from the Commission to the Council,

COM (97)377 final 129Action Programme to improve the awareness of Community

law within the legal professions, OJ 1998, L 196/24 129Social Action Programme, COM(98)259 final 129

Informative Communications

Communication on giving notice of open competitions,

OJ 1983, C 355/16 138

Communication on the decisions of the ECJ of 5 May 1982

and 21 May 1985 (the Gaston Schul cases) relating to the

importation by an individual of used goods purchased

in another Member State from an individual, OJ 1986, C 13/2 133Communication to the Council A global approach to

certification and testing quality measures for industrial

products, COM(89)209 final and OJ 1989, C 267/3 134Communication concerning normalisation,

COM(90)456 and OJ 1991, C 20/1 135Communication of the Commission on the Action Programme

on equal opportunities for women and men, COM(90) 499 final 24Communication from the Commission on the follow-up to the

Green Paper on standardization in the European economy,

COM(91) 521 final 521Communication from the Commission on the application

of the subsidiarity principle, Bull EC, 10–1992, p 116–26 80, 82, 83, 90Notice on the common position adopted by the Council in

accordance with the cooperation procedure laid down in

Article 149 (2) of the EEC treaty Proposal for a council directive

widening the scope of directives 65/65/EEC and 75/319/EEC

on the approximation of provisions laid down by law, regulation

or administrative action relating to proprietary medicinal products and laying down additional provisions on homeopathic

medicinal products, OJ 1992, C 92/1 137Notice concerning the entry into force of the framework Agreement for cooperation between the European Economic Community

and the Eastern Republic of Uruguay, OJ 1994, L 286/40 137Notice of initiation of a review of Council Regulation 2271/94

imposing a definitive countervailing duty on imports of ball

bearings with a greatest external diameter not exceeding 30 mm

originating in Thailand but exported to the Community from

another country, OJ 1994, C 348/5 137Communication concerning the implications of the information

society for European Union policies Preparing the next steps,

COM(96)395 final 134Communication on the public consultation on the draft Notice

on the application of the competition rules to the postal sector,

COM(96)480 final 108, 139, 148–49, 152, 228, 456

Communication on the progress report on the

Euromediterranean partnership, COM(97)68 final 134Communication on a Community strategy to combat

acidification, COM(97)88 final 134Communication on the EU action plan Satellite

communications in the information society, COM(97)91 final 134Communication regarding the consultation on the Green

Paper on a numbering policy for telecommunications

services in Europe, COM(97)203 final 134Communication on financial services: enhancing consumer

confidence Follow-up to the Green Paper on ‘Financial

Services: Meeting Consumers’ Expectations’, COM(97)309 final 134Communication on the evaluation of the trade electronic data

interchange systems (Tedis) programme, COM(97)335 final 134Communications on the impact of the introduction of the

Euro on capital markets, COM(97)337 final 135Communication on the practical aspects of the use of the

Euro and the use of the Euro symbol, COM(97) 491 final

and 418 final 135Communication on the impact of the changeover to the

Euro on Community policies, institutions and legislation,

COM(97)560 final 135Notice inviting exporting producers to submit evidence warranting the initiation of an interim review of the anti-dumping

measures applicable to imports of leather handbags originating

in the People’s Republic of China, OJ 1997, C 278/4 134Notice to importers in the European Community of

controlled substances that deplete the ozone layer regarding

Council Regulation 3093/94, OJ 1997, C 285/2 137Notice to users in the European Community of controlled

substances allowed for essential uses in the Community in 1998

pursuant to Council Regulation 3093/94 on substances that

deplete the ozone layer, OJ 1997, C 285/7 137Communication from the Commission pursuant to Article 93(2)

of the EC Treaty to the Member States and interested parties

regarding aid to the Crédit Agricole, OJ 1998, C 144/6 137–38

Commission Notice pursuant to Article 93(2) of the EC Treaty

to other Member States and other parties concerning aid granted

by the German Government to Brockhansen Holze GmbH,

OJ 1998, C 144/15 137–38Notice of open competition, OJ 1998, C 146/19 138Communication in accordance with article 3(1) of Commission

Decision of 1 July 1994 concerning the setting up of a conciliation procedure in the context of the clearance of the accounts of the

EAGGF, Guarantee Section, OJ 1998, C 150/2 136Notice of initiation of an anti-dumping proceeding concerning

imports of certain stainless steel heavy plates originating in

Slovenia and South Africa, OJ 1998, C 289/12 137Notice of initiation of a review of the anti-dumping measures

applicable to imports of certain electronic weighing scales

originating in Singapore, OJ 1998, C 324/4 137Commission Notice concerning the alliance agreements between

Air France and Continental Airlines and Air France and Delta

Airlines, OJ 1998, C 325/2 137Notice of the expiry of certain anti-dumping measures,

OJ 1998, C 326/3 137Communication from the Commission to the Council and the

European Parliament on the Code of Conduct for business

taxation and fiscal state aid, COM(1998)595 213

Interpretative Communications and Notices

Communication from the Commission concerning the consequences

of the judgment given by the Court of Justice on February 20, 1979,

in Case 120/78 (Cassis de Dijon), OJ 1980, C 256/2 142

Communication on the compatibility with Article 30 of the

measures taken by Member States relating to price controls and

reimbursement of medicinal products, OJ 1986, C 310/7 147Commission communication concerning the non-respect of

certain provisions of Council Directive 83/189/EEC of 28 March 1983 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the

field of technical standards and regulations (the ‘Securitel

Communication’), OJ 1986, C 245/4 144–45

Communication concerning the free movement of workers and

the access to the public service, OJ 1988, C 72/2 144Commission Interpretative Communication concerning the free

movement of services across frontiers, OJ 1993, C 334/3 147Communication on the internal market for pension funds,

OJ 1994, C 360/8 462Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the interpretation of the judgment of the

Court of Justice on 17 October 1995 in Case 450/93, Kalanke v

Freie Hansestadt Bremen, COM(96)88 final 144

Interpretative Communication on the freedom to provide

services and the concept of ‘general good’ in the second Banking

Directive, SEC(97)1193 final, 26 June 1997 147Commission Interpretative Communication concerning the

application of the Single Market rules to the sectors of fairs

and exhibitions, OJ 1998, C 143/2 147

Decisional Communications and Notices

Notice on exclusive dealing constructs with commercial agents,

OJ 1962, 139/2921 4Notice on patent licensing agreements, OJ 1962, 139/2922 4Commission Notice of 27 May 1970 concerning agreements, decisions and concerted practices of minor importance which do not

fall under Article 85(1) of the Treaty establishing the European

Economic Community (De Minimis Notice), OJ 1970, C 64/1

The amendments which were adopted in respectively 1977,

1986 and 1997 were all published as notices: OJ 1977, C313/3;

OJ 1986 C 231/2; OJ 1997, C 372/13 148, 150, 153Commission Notice of 23 June 1971 on General Regional

Aids Systems, OJ 1971, C 111/7 154Commission Notice concerning Commission Regulations

(EEC) No 1983/83 and (EEC) No 1984/83 of 22 June 1983

on the application of Article 85(3) of the Treaty to categories

of exclusive distribution and exclusive purchasing agreements,

OJ 1984, C 101/2 150Commission Notice on the rules applicable to cumulation of

aid for different purposes, OJ 1985, C 3/2 142

Draft Notice for the guidelines for operational programmes,

OJ 1990, C 324/129 and OJ 1991, C 19/607 150Commission Communication to the Member States — Application

of Articles 92 and 93 of the EEC Treaty and of Article 5 of

Commission Directive 80/723/EEC to public undertakings

in the manufacturing sector, OJ 1991, C 273/2 260Commission Notice on cooperation between national courts

and the Commission in applying Articles 85 and 86 of the

EC Treaty, OJ 1993, C 39/6 149, 444Draft Notice on the application of the EC competition rules to

cross-border transfer systems, COM(94)436 final 151Notice from the Commission to the Member States laying

down guidelines for the operational programmes which Member States are invited to establish in the framework of a Community

initiative concerning the outermost regions (REGIS II),

OJ 1994, C 205/97 150Commission Notice on cooperation between national courts and

the Commission in the state aid field, OJ 1995, C 312/8 444Commission Notice on the non-imposition or reduction of

fines in cartel cases, OJ 1996, C 207/4 150Draft Notice on cooperation between national competition

authorities and the Commission in handling cases falling within

the scope of Articles 85 or 86 of the EC Treaty, OJ 1996, C 262/7 149Commission Notice on cooperation between national competition authorities and the Commission in handling cases falling

within the scope of Articles 85 or 86 of the EC Treaty,

OJ 1997, C313/3 444–45Notice on the definition of relevant market for the purposes of

Community competition law, OJ 1997, C 372/5 .150Notice from the Commission on the application of the competition rules to the postal sector and on the assessment of certain

State measures relating to postal services, OJ 1998, C 39/2 457–59Notice on the notion of a concentration, OJ 1998, C 66/5 150–51Notice on the notion of undertakings concerned, OJ 1998,

C 66/14 150–51Notice on the calculation of turnover, OJ 1998, C 66/25 150–51

Notice concerning alignment of procedures for processing

mergers under the ECSC and EC Treaties, OJ 1998, C 66/36 150–51

Decisional Guidelines, Frameworks and Codes

Commission Guidelines for the examination of state aids

in the fisheries and aquaculture sector, OJ 1992, C 152/2

See also OJ 1986, C 83/2 466Community Framework for national aids for the advertising

of agricultural products and certain products not listed in Annex

II [now Annex I] to the EC Treaty, excluding fishery products,

OJ 1987, C 302/3 154Guidelines on the application of EEC competition rules in the

telecommunications sector, OJ 1991, C 233/2 155Community Guidelines for state aid to small and medium-sized

enterprises, OJ 1992, C 213/2 153–55Guidelines for the Community postal services, COM(93)247

final of 2 June 1993 107Code on aid to the synthetic fibres industry, adopted on

30 March 1996, OJ 1996, C 94/7 154Community Guidelines on state aid for rescuing and

restructuring firms in difficulties, OJ 1997, C 283/2 432Guidelines on the applicability of Article 81 of the EC

Treaty to horizontal cooperation agreements, OJ 2001, C 3/2 143Guidelines concerning Title III ‘Customs procedures with

economic impact’ of Commission Regulation (EEC) No

2454/93 of 2 July 1993 laying down provisions for the

implementation of Council Regulation (EEC) No 2913/92

establishing the Community Customs Code, OJ 2001, C 269/1 377

Recommendations

Commission Recommendation to Member States concerning

the adoption of a European List of occupational diseases,

OJ 1962, L 80/2188 16965/379/EEC: Commission Recommendation of 7 July 1965

to the Member States on the housing of workers and their

families moving within the Community, OJ 1965, L 137/2293 172

67/125/EEC: Commission Recommendation of 31 January 1967

to the Member States on the protection of young workers,

OJ 1967, 25/405 166

68/41/CEE: Recommandation de la Commission, du 20 décembre 1967,

adressée au Royaume des Pays-Bas au sujet du project d’un arrêté

royal base sur l’article ler alinéas 1 et 3 du project de loi nº 9323,

OJ 1968, L 018/12 [not available in English] 16268/147/EEC: Council Recommendation of 9 March 1968

addressed to Member States on the subject of conjunctural

policy for 1968, OJ 1968, L 63/5 17668/335/EEC: Commission Recommendation of 31 July 1968

to the Member States on the structural improvement of

the market in the carriage of goods by inland waterway,

OJ 1968, L 218/10 157

69/14/CEE: Recommendation de la Commission, du 11 décembre 1968,

en ce qui concerne le projet de loi viticole allemand,

OJ 1969, L 18/3 [not found in English] 16273/185/EEC: Commission Recommendation of 15 May 1973

relating to the implementation by the original Member States

of the Council Directive of 24 April 1972 on the approximation

of the laws of the Member States relating to insurance against

civil liability in respect of the use of motor vehicles and to the

enforcement of the obligation to insure against such liability,

OJ 1973, L 194/13 15774/184/EEC: Commission Recommendation of 7 March 1974

addressed to the French Government on measures taken

by the latter to implement Council Regulation (EEC) Nos

516/72 and 517/72 of 28 February 1972 (Road passenger

transport between Member States), OJ 1974, L 94/20 16275/436/Euratom, ECSC, EEC: Council Recommendation of

3 March 1975 regarding cost allocation and action by public

authorities on environmental matters, OJ 1975, L 194/1 17676/493/EEC: Council Recommendation of 4 May 1976 on the

rational use of energy in the heating systems of existing

buildings, OJ 1976, L 140/12 17577/534/EEC: Commission Recommendation of 25 July 1977

concerning a European code of conduct relating to transactions

in transferable securities, OJ 1977, L 212/37 162, 163, 167, 171, 172