Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question: INDIAN MARRIAGES Marriage is one of the oldest human institutions and this is as true in Indian culture as anywher
Trang 1UNIT 2 CULTURAL DIVERSITY
1 Ngữ âm:
Cách phát âm đuôi ‘ed’:
a) Phát âm là /ɪd/ khi đồng từ tận cùng bằng hai phụ âm /t/, /d/
Supported /səˈpɔːrtID/ Ủng hộ, đồng tình
b) Phát âm là /d/ khi động từ tận cùng bằng các phụ âm hữu thanh /b/, /g/, /v/, /z/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/, /ð/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ, /l/, /r/ và các nguyên âm
c) Phát âm là /t/ khi động từ tận cùng bằng các phụ âm vô thanh /p/, k/, /f/, /s/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/
d) Cách đọc tính từ có hậu tố là -ED:
Naked /ˈneɪkɪd/ Khỏa thân They found him half
naked and bleeding to death
Learned /ˈlɜːrnɪd/ Học thức cao Mr.John is a learned
professor at my university Beloved /bɪˈlʌvɪd/ Yêu thương I have read the novel
"Beloved Oxford" so
Trang 2many times
Blessed /ˈblesɪd/ May mắn He is really a blessed
man Dogged /ˈdɔːɡɪd/ kiên trì, bền bỉ It's dogged that does it Crooked /ˈkrʊkɪd/ quanh co, khúc khuỷu This road is very
crooked Ragged /ˈræɡɪd/ xơ xác, tả tơi There is a man sitting
over there in a ragged jacket
Rugged /ˈrʌɡɪd/ xù xì, gồ ghề The countryside around
here is very rugged Cursed /ˈkɜːrsɪd/ tức giận, khó chịu She seemed to be cursed
because of waiting for
me too long Sacred /ˈseɪkrɪd/ thiên liêng, trân trọng Human life must always
be sacred Wicked /ˈwɪkɪd/ xấu xa, độc ác That was very wicked of
you Wretched /ˈretʃɪd/ khốn khổ, bất hạnh She doesn't want to lead
a wretched existence in the slums
One/two/four-legged / -ˈleɡɪd/ 1/2/4 chân Cats are four-legged
animals
2 Ngữ pháp và cấu trúc:
Review of tenses :
Verb Tense Revision Chart (Revision of all tenses of English verbs with a brief explanation and an example.)
S + V_O/E/ES /
am/is/are
Present Simple *Regular activities /
routine
1 We play tennis on Sunday
S + am/is/are + V_ing Present Continuous *Continuous present
action
1 The children are playing at the moment
S + have/has + V_3/ed Present Perfect Simple *Finished part of
continuous action
*Completed actions in unfinished time period
*Recent events (unspecified time)
*Past action with a result in the present
*Experiences up to now
1 They have played two sets
2 They have played several other matches this year
3 Their parents have just arrived
4 Sue has broken her bike so she can’t continue
5 They have played in many tournaments
S + have/has + been +
V_ing Present Perfect Continuous *Actions begun in the past which continue
today
1 They have been playing badminton since
3 o’clock this afternoon
S + V_2/ed / was / were Past Simple *Finished actions at a
specific time in the past
1 Last Saturday we went fishing
S + was/were + V_ing Past Continuous *Past continuous 1 At 3.30 pm they were
Trang 3actions watching their favorite
film
S + had + V_3/ed Past Perfect Simple *Completed actions
before a specific time or event in the past
1 Two other people had played a match before
we arrived
S + had + been + V_ing Past Perfect Continuous *Continuous actions
before a specific time
or event in the past
1 At 4pm we had been playing for 2 hours
S + will + V_O Future Simple *Predictions
*Spontaneous decisions/
offers
1 They will win the match today
2 I’ll lend you my money!
S + will + be + V_ing Future Continuous *Continuous future
action
1 Tomorrow they will
be playing in another club
S + will + have +
V_3/ed Future Perfect *Completed future action 1 By September they will have finished three
courses
S + will have been +
V_ing Future Perfect Continuous *Continuous future action estimated at a
time in the future
1 At 5pm we will have been playing for 3 hours
BÀI TẬP
I Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences.
1 Since I young, I have always known that the conical leaf hat or the “nón lá” is a symbol of Vietnamese culture
2 If you’d written earlier, I’d have known when you to go on holiday
A would want B would intend C wanted D will want
3 As soon as he _, tell him to call me back, please
A will arrive B arrives C would arrive D is arriving
4 This house is often empty because the owners _ abroad 5 times a year
A are going B were going C used to go D go
5 Which sentence is correct?
A I’ve been to Japan in 2010 B He’s been to Japan once.
C I’ve been in Japan once D He was in Japn since 2010
6 You _ a beautiful cake It tastes delicious
A had done B had made C have made D did
7 My aunt _ in the park when I met her
A walked B was walking C had walked D had a walking
8 “ _ that letter yet?” – “No, I’m just typing it.”
A Have you written B Are you writing C Did you write D Were you writing
9 As she went out, she sight of herself in the mirror
10 “When did you last saw or heard from Alan?” – “I _ him since last month.”
A didn’t met B haven’t met C don’t meet D wasn’t meeting
11 “How long _ her?” – “Oh, only for a couple of months.”
C are you knowing D have you been knowing
12 I very much hope it’ll rain soon We _ a drop for over a month
A didn’t have B haven’t had C hadn’t had D haven’t
13 “Ouch! I _ my finger!” suddenly said Tom
Trang 4A had cut B have cut C was cutting D cut
14 You _ a university degree for this job You’ll only have to write letters and answer the phone
A haven’t got B mustn’t have C needn’t D don’t need
15 The captain of the ocean liner has just asked a sailor if _ seen a white whale near the African coast
A had he ever B he had ever C he always had D he has ever
16 “Excuse me, is anybody sitting here?” – “ ”
A No, thanks B Yes, I am so glad
C Sorry, the seat is taken. D You are welcome
17 The fox tries to reach the fruit high up the tree
A in fail B in vain C in loss D in hope
18 We have bought extra food our friends stay to dinner
A if only B whether C in case D only when
19 If you want to get better, do exactly your doctor tells you
20 Lomonosov was not _ a great scientist but also a very talented poet
A fairly B merely C hardly D scarcely
21 When the results of the fraud investigation were announced last week, the staff came up smelling of
22 The attitude of experts the execution of endomyocardial biopsy at ARVD is contradictory
23 Lisa walked into the room and struck a/an , hoping she would be noticed
24 It is important to have someone you can _ in
25 Millions of people say Coke tastes best from a bottle, and whether this is scientifically provable or not, these millions know what they like: the look of the bottle and the way it fits so into the hand
26 Once I could see light at the end of the , writing the last part of the book wasn’t so hard
27 The growing use of air conditioning and refrigeration risks international efforts to cut
emissions to avoid dangerous heatwaves, extreme weather and sea level rise
A undermine B undermining C to undermine D undermined
28 In its rich , culture has intrinsic value for development as well as social cohesion and peace
A diverse B diversity C diversify D diversification
29 In Viet Nam, the Ao Dai is the dress for women, and it is now standard for weddings, for celebrating Tet and for other formal occasions
A splendid B pulchritude C deliverable D traditional
30 One of the biggest temptations for someone new to the travel game is to look at everything from behind rose-tinted , and this typically comes out in their writing
A mirrors B glasses C patterns D prospects
31 She really went out on a when she criticised the professor in front of the whole class
32 Studies show that children who are exposed to a more diverse community are more creative and of differences These students learn how to resolve conflict more easily
A tolerate B tolerant C tolerance D tolerated
33 In love marriages, people prefer to choose their partners on their own, while in case of marriage or arranged marriages others prefer partners chosen by their family or parents
34 Vietnamese spend a lot of time in preparing The Western people, especially, don’t spend too much time for cooking
A grocery B beverage C drink D food
Trang 535 For a long time, the images of young ladies with a conical leaf hat known as “Non la” has made a strong impression on _ coming to Viet Nam
36 They got married without their parents’ _
37 The show starts with a welcome of the _ who introduces guests or entertainers at a formal occasion
A bridesmaid B bridegroom C master chief D master of ceremony
38 We haven’t all the details yet, but we’ll certainly be going to the USA in July
A concluded B terminated C ceased D finalised
39 In her speech the Prime Minister tribute to the valuable contributions to society made by voluntary organisations
40 The weather is going to change soon – I can feel it in my
41 There is a very strong movement now against sports like hunting or shooting
42 Maria and Jean had a romance – they met and married within two months
A cyclone B hurricane C whirlwind D typhoon
43 If you say you’d like of cream on your strawberries then you don’t want very much cream
A a dollop B a dash C oodles D lashings
44 I’m afraid we got our crossed – I thought my husband would be picking up the children and
he thought I was doing it
A fingers B minds C purposes D wires
45 After the football match the crowds _ out of the stadium into the nearest bars and cafes
A leaked B poured C trickled D dripped
46 Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was born to a family known for fine craftwork of wood and of coal
A manicurists B merchants C mechanics D miners
47 His breaking the rules set a dangerous
A custom B precedent C practice D tradition
48 In recent years there has been a increase in the cost of living
A powerful B ponderous C wide D significant
49 When a Vietnamese wants to work part-time in Australia, he needs to get a work
50 The river was to help the local children go to school easily
II Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question:
INDIAN MARRIAGES Marriage is one of the oldest human institutions and this is as true in Indian culture as anywhere else In India marriage, called “Kanyadana" or “donating a virgin”, is thought of as the greatest sacrifice that a father can make and for the groom as an obligation to perpetuate his bloodline Many people believe that a marriage is still binding after death
In early times girls were thought to be ready for marriage after puberty and later even children could be married Divorce and remarriage were not always possible By Medieval times Marriage was compulsory for girls, who very often married between the ages of eight and nine Among those able to afford it, polygamy was common and rulers would often have one wife from their own region and other minor wives from other areas Now, divorce and remarriage is possible and non-Muslim Indian men can only have one wife
Although are many regional variations, some features of the Indian wedding ceremony are similar throughout the country In general weddings are very complicated events and involve long negotiations about dowry payments prior to the event After this has been decided a day is chosen by asking an
astrologer to find a lucky day Preparations begin early because a marriage is not only one of the
highlights a person’s life, but a large and complex social gathering to organize.
Trang 6The night before, the bride, her friends and female relatives gather together for a party called a
“mehendi”, where they paint each other’s hands and feet with Henna and dance and listen to music Her guests often give the bride advice about married life and tease her about her future husband Weddings are traditionally held at the bride’s home or in a temple, but parks, hotels and marriage halls are becoming increasingly popular On the day a wedding altar or “mandapa” is built and covered in flowers All of the wedding ceremony will be held in the altar
The clothing a couple wear on their wedding day varies between regions and ethnic groups Women most commonly wear a sari The bride wears a lot of jewelry as this symbolizes the prosperity she will bring to her new family In the South wearing flowers is common The groom wears traditional costume
or a suit Turbans are also popular headgear
The ceremony begins with a mixture of tumeric, sandlewood paste and oils being applied to the couples face and arms In the past this was done to the whole body, but now it is only symbolic, with only
a little being rubbed on Then they are showered in flowers After this they perform the rituals that will make them man and wife First they garland each other and then take seven symbolic steps together representing seven gifts and seven promises
Finally they say the vows and then they are legally married The bride’s father or guardian takes her hands and puts them in her husband’s giving her to him Now she is no longer a member of her father’s family, but a member of her husband’s They then touch the feet of their elders for luck
After the wedding ceremony, the couple go to the groom’s house The bride should be careful to enter the house right foot first for luck In the evening and late into the night the families and their guests celebrate with dancing, music and food
1 In India weddings are _
A a duty for the man to continue his family B thought to end at death
C a duty for the father D seen asa benefit for the father
2 Divorce and remarriage
A are only possible for non-Muslims B were sometimes not possible in the past
C have always been possible D have only become possible in modern times
3 Indian weddings
A are straightforward and brief B are thought to be lucky
C are intricate and time consuming D involve only the immediate family
4 The evening prior to the wedding, the wife-to-be is given recommendations about
A married life B her future husband C a “mehendi” party D wedding gifts
5 The wedding ceremony is conducted in a special _
A temple B hotels and marriage halls
C park or pagoda D wedding altar or “mandapa”
6 The gold and jewels the bride wears represent _
A tradition B popularity C prosperity C poverty
7 These days the materials applied prior to the ceremony are only
A invaluable B specific C particular D symbolic
8 After the wedding, the bride has left _
C his father’s family D his husband’s family
9 It is important that the new bride goes into the new house with _
A her first lucky B her right foot first
C her first talk D her left foot first
10 The word “complex” in paragraph 3 means .
III Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question:
Many people think that we can learn a lot about the culture of a foreign country simply by living in that country However, this is not necessarily true Often, the longer we stay in a foreign country, the more we realize how little we actually know about the culture of that country
Books and talks about other people’s culture can even be dangerous because they concentrate on cultural differences and exaggerate national character, and sometimes a lot of information they contain is untrue
Trang 7In a study recently carried out in Britain, people were asked to make a list of anything that they thought was typical ofBritainand would interest a foreign visitor there Most mentioned Shakespeare, the Queen, village inns, English folk dancing, English castles, and fish chips wrapped in newspaper
Although all of these characters can be found in British culture, they do not show the real interests of ordinary British people: (they are, in fact, simply stereotype - that is, general character which people wrongly think are typical) What is surprising is that they were suggested by British people themselves as representing their culture If people have such a wrong impression of their own culture, how much false would their impression of their culture be!
1 If we stay a long time in a foreign country, _
A we will usually realize that we know very little about its culture
B we will sometimes forget about culture of our own country
C we can often learn a lot about the culture of the foreign country
D we can seldom find out anything at all about its culture
2 It is hard to learn about a country’s cultural from books because such books _
A concentrate on the dangers of the foreign culture B exaggerate national character
C take no notice of culture different D contain little information about culture
3 When asked about their own culture, many British people _
A gave incorrect answers
B were surprised by the question asked
C argued they know little about British culture
D said they themselves were not typical of British people
4 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that it’s easy to _
A give exact information about your own country B describe stereotypes of your country
C know a lot about your own country’s culture D know the culture of other countries
5 Which of the following is true?
A It’s easy to assimilate the culture of a foreign country
B Visitors to a country are soon assimilated into it culture
C British people understand their own culture more than other culture
D The culture of a foreign culture can not be learned by reading books.
IV Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question:
Culture is a strong part of people’s lives It influences their views, their values, their humor, their hopes, their loyalties, and their worries and fears If you are from New Mexico or Montana, if your parents are Cambodian, French Canadian, or Native American, if you are German Catholic or African-American, if you are Jewish or Mormon, if you are a boy or a girl, if you are a mixture of cultures your culture has affected you So when you are working with people and building relationships with them, it helps to have some perspective and understanding of their cultures
But as we explore culture, it’s also important to remember how much we have in common A person who grew up in Tibet, will probably see the world very differently than someone who grew up in Manhattan - but both people know what it is like to wake up in the morning and look forward to the adventures that of the day We are all human beings We all love deeply, want to learn, have hopes and dreams, and have experienced pain and fear
At the same time, we can’t pretend that our cultures and differences don’t matter We can’t gloss over differences and pretend they don’t exist, wishing that we could be alike And we can’t pretend that people that discrimination doesn’t exist
People have very different views of what a multicultural society or community should be like or could be like In the past few decades there has been a lot of discussion about what it means to live and work together in a society that is diverse as ours People struggle with different visions of a fair,
equitable, moral, and harmonious society.
1 Culture has effect on the followings EXCEPT _
A anxieties B desires C opinions D gestures
2 If we learn about the differences among many cultures, _
A we are always afraid and react to everything with fear
B we will look on the bright side of life and think that the future can be positive
C we want to love someone who experience foreign cultures with unprecedented ease
Trang 8D we should know that the similarities between us and others who have different cultures
3 Why do we all expect something interesting when a new day come although having different cultures?
A We know who we are B We need love, money and health
C We are all human beings D We share many things in common
4 According to the passage, which of the following statements is not true?
A Culture has become an important part of our daily lives
B When we get acquaintance with someone, we shouldn’t know about their cultures.
C Discrimination is still a problem in modern society
D People have very different attitudes towards cultural diversity
5 The word “equitable” in the passage is opposite in meaning to _.
A one-sided B even-handed C touch-oriented D impartial
V Read the passage below and choose one correct answer for each question:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA - CULTURAL ISSUES
PERSONAL APPEARANCE
Clothing habits are a matter of personal preference in the United States Although fashion trends affect general clothing patterns, a person usually feels free to wear whatever he or she pleases Americans emphasize cleanliness, but they may purposely wear tattered clothing or casual attire in public Clothing
is often used to make a social or personal statement Nonetheless, formal clothing is popular and is worn for certain social occasions Appearance, in general, is important to the individual American
GREETINGS
Both men and women usually smile and shake hands when greeting The American handshake is often firm Good friends and family members may embrace when they meet, especially after a long absence In causal situations, a wave may be used instead of a handshake Friends also often wave to each other at a distance, and Americans may greet strangers on the street saying Hello or Good morning, although they may pass by without any greeting Among the youth, verbal greetings or various hand-slapping gestures (such as the “high five”) are common Except in formal situations, people address one another by their given names once acquainted Combining a title (Mrs., Dr., Miss, for example) with a family name shows respect When greeting someone for the first time, Americans commonly say Nice to meet you or How do you do? A simple Hello or Hi is also common There are regional variations, such as Aloha in Hawaii or Howdy in parts of the West Friends often greet each other with How are you? and respond Fine, thanks Americans do not really expect any further answer to the question
GESTURES
Americans do not stand close when conversing, maintaining about two feet between individuals However, they may spontaneously touch one another on the arm or shoulder during conversation It is common for members of the opposite sex to hold hands or show affection in public To point, a person extends the index finger Beckoning is done by waving all fingers (or the index finger) with the palm facing up Direct eye contact is not necessary for the duration of conversation, but moments of eye contact are essential to ensure one’s sincerity When sitting, Americans are casual, and my prop their feet
up on chairs or place the ankle of one leg on the knee of the other Crossing legs at the knee is just as common as sitting with legs spread apart Poor posture is not appropriate, but is not uncommon
1 It is mentioned in the passage that Americans _
A may wear casual clothes when going out.
B tend to choose informal clothes for social occasions
C take no notice of what they wear in public
D feel uncomfortable to decide what they wear everyday
2 In America, if you see your friends or your family members after a long time, what do you do?
A You just can smile at them B You should shake hands with them
C You may give them a hug D You might wave to them
3 When Americans have a conversation with each other, _
A they often hold hands B they do not stand close.
C they needn’t catch their partner’s eye D they smile as much as they can
4 When greeting someone for the first time, Americans don’t say “ _”
Trang 9C Long time no see. D How do you do?
5 When Americans sit, crossing legs at the knee is
A thoroughly polite B a manner of a rude person
VI Fill in each numbered blank of the following passage with a suitable word.
By the midnineteenth century, the term “icebox” had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States The ice trade grew with the growth of cities Ice was used in places like hotels and hospitals, and by some forwardlooking city
businessmen in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter After the Civil War (1861-1865 ), it also came into household use Even before 1880, half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, early form of the modern refrigerator, had been invented
Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose In the early nineteenth century, people only had some simple and basic knowledge of the physics of heat The common idea that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting
of the ice that performed the cooling Early efforts to save ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance needed for an efficient icebox
But as early as 1803, a Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been in the correct direction He owned a farm and used an icebox of his own design for the transportation of his butter to a market in the village of Georgetown And there he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting goods of his competitors to pay a higher price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, onepound bricks One
advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool As a result, Moore managed to earn a large sum of money
The Origin of Refrigerators
History of the icebox
*By the mid19th century the 1. _ that ice had on American citizens’ life was limited mainly to the diet
*When cities grew, the ice 2. increased
*Forwardlooking businessmen used ice to keep meat, fish and butter 3. _
*After the Civil War, due to the 4. _ of the modern refrigerator, household use of ice became possible
Incorrect 5. about the icebox
*The icebox 6. best when the ice was prevented from melting
*Ice should be 7. up in blankets to help do its jobs
Thomas Moore’s story
*As early as 1803, Thomas Moore knew how to use an icebox 8.
*An icebox was designed by Thomas Moore to 9. his butter to the market
*Thomas Moore was very 10. in his business
*KEY:
1 effect/influence/impact
2 trade/business/deal
3 fresh
4 invention/appearance
5 ideas/views/opinions
Trang 106 worked/functioned
7 wrapped/packed/parceled
8 correctly/properly/efficiently
9 transport/deliver
10 successful
VII Read the following passage and choose the best answer for each blank.
Is Multiculturalism Positive Or Negative?
Different people have different views to things, like or dislike, agree or disagree Multiculturalism
is a controversial issue in America Some people think that multiculturalism is (1) _, whereas some others think that multiculturalism is positive In my opinion, I agree (2) _ the second view, that multiculturalism is positive
Multiculturalism is diversity of two or more culture in some region or country America is an immigrant country; most people in America are immigrants They come (3) _ different countries and different ethnic groups; they have different languages, educational backgrounds, customs, values and religions When they arrive America, they must communicate with other people in English They learn English and the culture from American people or earlier immigrants who are around them In their public activity, they must (4) _ American cultural traditions, but in their private lives, they inevitably use their own customs, values, religions, traditional festivals and experiences to influence their behaviors They are still (5) their own cultures
Since the 1960s, The America government (6) , encouraged and supported cultural
diversity Fair policies allowed all citizens to have the right to preserve their cultural inheritance Public school has (7) _ education programs for new immigrant children Under the laws, racism,
discrimination and prejudice are significantly decreased The relationships of people in the country are friendly and harmonious, and people’s lives have become rich and colorful We are understanding and learning from each other more easily than before We can eat different cultural style foods We can watch different country’s performances We can enjoy the celebration events of different country’s festivals Kids (8) up in this multicultural background are easy to accept different views, values and behaviors of foreign countries Especially, following the development of the Internet and wireless
communication technology, the distance from country to country and people to people has becomes closer, and the economies between regions and countries are connected more (9) _ The whole world became a global village Multiculturalism is becoming more important than at any other time in history
In conclusion, multiculturalism is a good thing for society and people, (10) _ it is positive
We need to enhance and develop multiculturalism in our lives
1 A innovative B negative C affirmative D conclusive
4 A reject B accept C refuse D adapt
5 A eliminating B throwing C retaining D disqualifying
6 A has admitted B has been admitted C had admitted D was admitted
7 A multilingual B trilingual C bilingual D monolingual
8 A are grown B grow C grown D growing
9 A closed B closely C close D closer
VIII Read the following passage and choose the best answer for each blank.
Humanity has inhabited every corner of the world, except Antarctica, (1) _ centuries As groups of people worked and lived together, they developed (2) cultures Together the cultures
of the world create a rich and (3) tapestry The resulting cultural diversity expands choices, nurtures a variety of skills, human values and worldviews and provides wisdom from the past to inform the future Cultural diversity is a mainspring for sustainable development for individuals, communities and countries Thus, building an effective global approach to sustainable development and ESD needs (4) respecting, protecting and maintaining the cultural diversity of the world now and in the future