Quản lý vận hành hệ thống xử lý rác thải

Con f landfi Conveyor ụ Oversize material Size cut 1 Screening | Screen Trommel | | Shredding | Magnetic Magnetic separation | separation —- Ferrous metals Air classification | Cyclone

MON HOC:

Quan Ly Cac Céng Trinh

Hạ Tâng Môi trường

Nguyễn Như Sang, PhD

QUAN LY VAN HANH

HE THONG XL RAC THAI

Nguyén Nhu Sang, PhD

CAC DAY CHUYEN CONG NGHE PHAN

LOAI VA THIET BI PHAN LOAI CHINH

manual presorting Cardboard

[759.4]

1 - Kiể a Second-stage 19.9)

sơ đô dây chuyên

materials [430.0}

Disc screen ond-stage

manual sorting Recovers

(441,2]

Magnetic separation

MSW

Xe thu gom |

| Diém tap trung |

- ———— Thuy tinh, Giấy,

| Phân TT thu công | > Carton, PCV, chai lo

<—] Cắt |

Tách bằng khí Tách tư tính

) KLnhe

Tách bằng cyclon | Chôn lắp Bui Chat thai HC

Hình: Sơ đồ tách rác thông thường bao gồm máy cắt

Mixed paper and cardboard Collection vehicle

inclined conveyor

[109] Manual

(20) Cardboard} _ Cardboard storage

Contaminants Baler

Disposal Forklift

ae storage Material balance

of baled paper quantities in {ton/d]

Forklift Shipping FIGURE 8.17 Materials flow diagram for a mixed paper and cardboard sorting system (see also Fig 8.18) (Note: boldface numbers represent typical material recovery rates)

Con f landfi Conveyor

ụ Oversize material Size cut 1

Screening

| Screen (Trommel) | | Shredding |

Magnetic Magnetic separation | separation —- Ferrous metals

Air classification

| Cyclone 4 Dust collection [= ous

Mainly Air to organic fraction atmosphere (b)

FIGURE 819 (Continued) Materials flow diagram for mixed MSW process-

Manual removal Bulky items

ganic fr a Materials balance

or {669.5] tc ir | ee antities in [ton/d :

FIGURE 8.20 Materials flow diagram from Fig 8.19a, with corresponding mass balance results

for material loading and recovery shown in boldface type

Size reduction/all types of wastes Size reduction, also used as bag breaker/all types of wastes Size reduction, also used as a bag breaker/all types of wastes Size reduction/all types of glass Size reduction/yard trimmings/all types of wood wastes

Separation of over- and undersized material; tromme! also used as bag breaker/all types of waste Separation of light combustible materials from airstream/prepared waste

Removal of large bulky items, removal

of stringy materials

Removal of large bulky items, removal

of contaminants Removal of large bulky items, removal

of contaminants Removal of large bulky items, removal

of contaminants Removal of all nonglass materials Removal of large bulky items, removal

of contaminants Removal of large bulky items, large pieces of cardboard

Material is removed from airstream

containing light combustible

plastic) Separation of ferrous metal from

commingled wastes Separation of plastic by resin type, color, etc; also separation of glass by color, contaminants

Separation of glass and aluminum

Compaction into bales/paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, aluminum

Holds baled material together Compaction and flattening/aluminum and

Removal of ferrous materials, bulky

items, and overburden

Removal of large bulky items, large pieces of cardboard, shredding of

waste

Separated feed stream (¢.g., mixed

plastic containers)

Removal of large bulky items

Balers are used to bale separated componcnts

Material compressed into bales; binding

system may be automatic or manual

Removal of large bulky items

Separated feed stream

FIGURE 8.23 Conveyor systems for the transport of materials at MRFs: (a) trough-type belt conveyor; (b} belt conveyor with

belt supported by continuous flat support plate; (c) belt conveyor with crossbars; (d) vibratory-type conveyor; (e) vacuum-lype

pneumatic conveyor; and (f) positive-pressure-type vacuum conveyor

Hammers of fialls Rotor End plate

FIGURE 8.26 ‘Types of high-speed impacting equipment used for size reduction of solid waste: (a) horizontal-shaft hammermill,

(b) vertical-shaft hammermill with ballistic ejection, (c) horizontal-shaft flail mill, and (d) size distribution of various waste com-

ponents after p ing in ah iit (From Tchobanoglous et al., 1993.)

RY located inside

Ferrous a “s belt material Conveyor Ferrous %

- ‡ » Wdih conveyor

Caliecton batte baad ome Heavy matorial beg “ Ag i (hawvy fracton)

CAC LOAI THIET BI LO DOT CHINH

Types of Solid Wasto Incinerators

Waste incineration includes the followimg techniques:

1 Open burning

2 Single-chamber incinerators 3% Tepee burners

4 Open-pet incinerators 5S Multigie-<chember incimerntors

6 Controlled air incinerators

DOORS

SLIDING GRA `

GAS INCINERATOR NOMENCLATURE

mercial Gas Section, American Gas Association, New York.)

AIR PORT CURTAIN WALL

CLEANOUT DOORS WITH UNDERGRATE AIR PORTS

ECONODARY MIKE CURTAIN BURNER CHAMBER Cleanour WALL PORT

WITM {8ý t#† ark poat

FIGURE 13A.9 Multiple-chamber incinerator with a pathological waste retort

OXIDATION CHAMBER TEMP SECONDARY

WASTE en) SOLER

EXHAUST FAN

OaTe STEAM

$cntw

SCRUBBER

on HOT WATER LIQUID FEED

Z7 NÝN6ẽ ZZự SHES ở ` SP SNe

13

Days and hours of operation

Telephone for emergencies

Usual practice is 5 to 6 days/week and 8 to 10 h/day

Rest rooms and drinking water should be provided

A covered shed should be provided for field maintenance of equipment

Use movable fences at unloading areas: crews should pick up litter at least once per month or as required

With or without the codisposal of treatment plant sludges and the recovery of gas

Tonnage, transactions, and billing if a disposal fee is charged

No scavenging; salvage should occur away from the unloading area; no salvage storage on site

Essential for record keeping if collection trucks deliver wastes; capacity

to 100,000 tb

Provide locked gates and fencing, lighting of sensitive areas

Spread and compact waste in layers less than 2 ft thick

Keep small, generally under 100 ft on a side: operate separate

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- Compost storage area

e Secured landfill for the disposal of rejects

e Canteen

e Quarters

e Wash and change area

Fig 6 : Final Product — ‘MANURE’ Fig 7 : Ready to Sell: Manure in 50kg bags

16

FIGURE 14.41 Typical examples of solid waste filling plans: (a) filling pian for single-lift landfill; (b)

filling plan for a multilift landfill

17

" Leachate Sand drainage

Linear system system

Final cover (sloped)

and Hazardaus Waste Education Center, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 2000.)

19

FIGURE 14.6 Generalized phases in the generation of landfill gases (I—Initial Adjustment, 1—Transition

Phase, If!—Acid Phase, 1V—Methane Fermentation, and V—-Maturation Phase) (Adapted from Farquhar and

Rovers, 1973; Parker, 1983; Pohland, 1987; and Pohland, 1991 )

20

\

10 Gas production from a landfil

with adequate molsture fo support

L the complete anaerobic digestion

L of the organic fraction of tha MSW

Ụ 5 10 18 20 25

Year FIGURE 14.8 Effect of reduced moisture content on the production of landfill gas

TABLE 14.3 Typical Constituents Found in and Characteristics

of Landfill Gas

Component Percent (dry volume basis}

Carbon dioxide 40-40

Oxygen g1-L0 Ammonia O.1-1,0 Sulfides, disulfides, mercaptars, etc, 0-10 Hydrogen O42 Carbon monoxide 0.2 Trace constituents a 1-06 _ Characteristic Value Moisture content Saturated Specific gravity 1.02-1.06 Temperature, °F 1-160 High heating value, Bruystd it* 473-550

Source: Adapted in part front Ham et al (1979), Lang et al (1987),

and Parker (1983)

impermeabie landfill cover oo ss orca unt

{not present in older landfills) | -~ _

`

` `

` ~

a Blower

Ss Electricity to power , SA grid or other usage

CBA

Gas cleanup equipment and Transformer generator seis substation

FIGURE 14.9 Landfill gas recovery system using vertical wells

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* © © © Odor contro! walls

—=~ — Horizontal gas tranches

—~*—-— Umit of completed ail

0 100 200 300 Meters -* Limit

of active fit FIGURE 14.11 Plan view

of gas collection facilities at Puente Hills landfill (Courtesy County Sanitation

Districts of Los Angeles County.)

0 500 1000 Feet

22

Hinh: Sang rung

Electricity

generation

facitity Gas Horizontal

flow gas collection trenches

Odor control wells

FIGURE 14.12 Sectional view th Irough Puent : : —

(Courtesy County Sanitation Districts oF Los Angeles Com showing horizontal gas collection trenches

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Plastic Backilil Cell

‘er

Sand with gectextile above

gravel Varies

(a) (b)

vent for landfill with a cover that does not contain a geomembrane liner; (6) gas vent for a landfill with a cover

24

FIGURE 14.16 Typical candlestick-type waste gas burner used to flare landfil} gas from a well vent or sev-

eral interconnected well vents: (a) without pilot flame; (5) with pilot flame

TABLE 14.8 Typical Data on the Composition of Leachate from New and Mature Landfills

BOD, (5-day biochemical oxygen demand)

TOC (total organic carbon)

COD (chemical oxygen demand)

Total suspended solids

200-1,000 300 50-400 200-2,500 500 100-200

200-3,0, 500 100-400

* Except pH, which is unitless

* Representative range of values Higher maximum valucs have been reported in the literature for some of the con-

stituents

* Typical values for new landfills will vary with the metabolic state of the landfill

Source: Developed from Bagchi (1990), County of Los Angeles and Engineering Science, Inc (1969), Ehrig (1989),

from leachate separate clarifier needed ing batch Removal of organics Similar to activated sludge, but no

= ` separate clarifier needed; applicable only

Aerated stabilization basins

Fixed film processes

(trickling filters, rotating

Lower power requirements and sludge production than aerobic systems; requires heating; greater potential for process instability; slower than acrobic systems Nitrification/denitrification can be accomplished simultaneously with the removal of organics

26

Physical/chemical

volatile organics

Removal of volatile organics

Dilute solutions of inorganics

pH control

Removal of metals and some anions Removal of organics;

detoxification of some

inorganic species

Where leachate discharge

is not permissible Removal of organics

Of limited applicability alone; may be

used in conjunction with other treatment processes Useful only as a polishing step

May require air pollution control equipment High cnergy costs; condensate steam requires further treatment Proven technology; variable costs depending on leachate Useful only as a polishing step Subject to fouling; of limited applicability

to leachate

Costly; extensive pretreatment necessary

Of limited applicability to most leachates

Produces a sludge, possibly requiring disposal as a hazardous waste Works best on dilute waste streams; use

of chlorine can result in formation of chlorinated hydrocarbons

be costly except in arid regions

Costly; works well on refractory organics Source: Adapted from SCS Engineers, Inc ( 1989a) and Tchobanaglous et al (2003)

UASB inco coperee sane Batfied anaerobic reactor Aneerobic contact coupled

with aerobic polishing

Activated sludge or tickling filter

FIGURE 14.27 Typical processes used f,

To dralnage course

All-weather access road {temporary}

Active filing area L~ (wel weather}

Hokfing area

for special wastes 1 Plants for screening —

Paved access road

recyoling area FIGURE 1435 Typical layout of a landfill site showing all of the elements involved in the implementation of

a new landfill (see Figure 14.51 for completed landfill)

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