Cẩm nang ôn luyện học sinh giỏi tiếng anh trung học sơ sở phần 5

* that is/ that is to say/ namely do chinh la * so on; so forth: nhieu nhieu nua, van van = etc et cetera * As a case in point: Trirang hgp cu the la Eg 1: In this school, you can bene

Dung as

a result of

see it/The way I see

aware/To (the best of)

t luan , to

o pu

t it

Eg 1 : I

f w

e conside

r everything , thi

y ra theo thi

r tu ciia ca

c y, cac han

h dong

la In brief short = ddu vai = In thuc vai la :De bat la De ket do la Thi'r hai ci'ing la In conclusion Thi'e ba +1 clause with, : Tiep theo Cuoi 1 clause: 1 clause: conclude = a start, of all, I clause: up = To start with/For the end/Last that, + To sum finish with/To conclude place/Second(ly), + place/Third(ly), + begin with/To end with/To the second the third summary = * To * To * In * In * In * Then/Next/After * Finaliy/Lastly/In

* that is/ that is to say/ namely (do chinh la)

* so on; so forth: nhieu nhieu nua, van van = etc (et cetera)

* As a case in point: Trirang hgp cu the la

Eg 1: In this school, you can benefit a lot of things such as good learning

condition, good teaching condition, good friendship, safety, etc (full form.- et cetera)

Eg 2: Working as a famous actor, he can get money, fame, troubles and so on

Eg 3: Some snakes in this region are poisonous For example/For instance,

cobras and vipers

Eg 4: Some snakes in this region are poisonous, such as/like (less formal) cobras

and vipers

Eg 5: Some snakes in this region are poisonous As a case in point, we can

mention cobras and vipers/We can mention cobras and vipers, as a case in point

Eg 6: Some snakes in this region are poisonous The cobra is a case in point/A case in point is the cobra

9 Tur noi de dien ta mot y ngoai trir hay mot dieu gi do hien nhien

* Apart from + NP: tdch ra khoi

* Except for + NP: ngoai trie

* Needless to say: khong can phai noi

* Nothing to say/to mention: Chang co gi cte noi, de cle cap den

* Let alone: de rieng, chi rieng

Eg 1: Apart from a couple of incidents, our trip was marvellous/Our trip was marvellous, apart frotn a couple of incidents/A couple of incidents apart, our trip was

= Needless to say, you will have to bring your own forks and spoons

Eg 5: goes without saying that you will have to bring your own forks and spoons

Eg 6: We don't have enough money to buy food; and as you can imagine, it is

impossible for us to pay the rent = We don't have enough money to buy food, lei alone pay the rent

Eg 7: Last night's hailstorm ruined our fruit crop But this is not all it also caused

a lot of damage to the trees = Last's night hailstorm ruined our fruit crop, to say nothing of/not to mention the damage caused to the trees

10 Restating (tir noi dien ta sir giai thich lai, dien dat lai y)

* In other words (noi mot each khdcj: that is (to say) (dieu do noi rang ) ; to put it simply (de noi mot each dcm giun rang ) : What we want to say is that

Inhiivg gi cluing ta can noi rang ) ; to put it in another way (dien dul aicli klu'ic rang ) : I mean (toiynoi rang )

Eg 1: Experience is a necessity to apply for this job Wliat we want to say is that

those who have no experience should not apply for it

Eg 2: Experienc

e i

s a necessity

to apply for thi

s j ob

To put it (mother \\ay\

e

who have no experience

should not appl

y fo

r it

Eg 3: Experienc

e i

s a necessity

to apply for this j ob , that

is (to say) thos

e wh

o

have no experience

should not appl

y fo

r it

Eg 4:

We ll , m

y lif

e ha

s change

d a lot sinc

e I met hi

Eg 5:

We ll , m

y lif

e ha

s change

d a lot sinc

e I met hi

m I mean, I

love h

im

deeply

14 Ti

* On the >vhole/By

and large (informal)/Broadly

speaking/Generally speaking/In

general (noi

chung)

* but , abov

vci

Irirac hel)

Eg 1: Everybod

t wa

s a great success Everybod

themselves very

much On the whdle/By

and large (informal)/

Broadly speaking/Generally speaking/In general,

it wa

s a great success

Eg 2:

My sister i

s ver

y intelligent

, hut her best

attribute is that sh

e i

s a

hard-wo rk in

g gir

l

Eg 3:

My sister i

s ver

y intelligent

: but, above all

(else)/first and foremost, sh

e i

s

a hard-workin

g g ir

l

15 Ti

r no

i d

e d

e dv

i g

i d

a

duo'c de cap t ra oc

do

* l,

n (actual ) fact/I

n poin

t o

f fact/A

s a matter

of fact/Actuall

y (spoken)

: thirc

sir la, sir that

la, vein c1e cua

sir that

la to

be precise (chinh xdc

la):

Eg 1: Th

e weathe

r wa

s bad I

e weathe

r wa

s bad //

( (actual) fact/In point

Eg 3: Sh

, ;/

; (actual) fact/in point

of

fact/as a matter of

fact/ actually,

he was ver

y retarded

13 Ti

* In connection with

(noi ket

vai)/ As regards/Regarding/In regard

to/With regard

to (xem

xet tai

)/As for/Apropos (of) (ve

van de lien quan t&i)

* In this regard/In

this connection/On

this score/In

this respect/

On

this

matter/On this subject/As

regards this, (v

e ma

t nay , v

e khi

a can

h nay , v

e die

m nay

,

ve chu diem nay)

Eg 1: Somethin

//; connection with th

e

drop in sales, somethin

Eg

2: As regards/Regarditig/In regard

to/With regard to/As for/

Apropos (oft

the drop in sales, somethin

Eg

3: As far as

the drop in sales

is concerned , somethin

to say about this ~ In this regard/In

this conneclion/On

this score/In

this respect/On

this matter/On

this subject/As

regards this etc

.

I

have something

to say

Mot so tir noi khac

* Or/ Else/ Otherwise (keo khong thi) + 1 clause

Eg: We have to w o r k hard, or/else/otherwise we w i l l fail the exam

* Whereas (Trong khi- chi sir tirong phan) + 1 clause

Eg: He learns hard whereas his friends don't

* While (trong khi- chi sir vice xay ra dong thoi) + 1 clause

Eg: Don't sing while you work / 1 was studying while he was listening to music

* Mot so lien tir chi thoi gian: After (sau k h i ) : as - when ( k h i ) : as soon as (ngay

khi); before (triroc khi): till/ until (cho den k h i )

Eg: The ship was checked carefully after she had been built

I w i l l phone you as soon as I come home

* Proved that/ providing that + 1 clause: mien la

Eg: I w i l l lend you my laptop provided (providing) that you use it-earefully •

B B A I T A P O N L U Y E N

Exercise 1: Choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) to complete the sentences below

1 1 can't ride my bicycle there isn't any air in one o f the tires

A despite B because C although D but

2 I got to class on time I had missed by bus

A even though B nevertheless C because D despite

3 Brian used to been active person, but now he has to limit his acli\i

problem w i t h his health

A nevertheless B because o f C although D in spite o f '

4 It should be easy for Bod to find more time to spend w i t h his children he

no longer has to work in the e\'enings and on weekends

A even though B now that C due to D but

5 Jake is a very good student o f languages His brother Michael has never been able to master another language

A therefore B even though C whereas D on the other hand

6 The ancient Aztecs o f Mexico had no technology for making tools from metal

, they had sharp knives and spears made from a stone called obsidian

A Whereas B Although C Nevertheless D Despite

7 Roberts missed the meeting without a good reason She had been told that it was

critical that she be there I couldn't want to be in her shoes at w o r k tomorrow

A despite B despite the fact that

C even D howe\er

8 I usually enjoy attending amateur productions in small community lliciilcrs Ihc

play we attended last night, was so bad that 1 wanted to lea\ after the

first act

A therefore B however C whereas D even though

9 Some snakes are poisonous, other are harmless

A but B so C for D despite

10 Most 15th century Europeans believed that the w o r l d was flat and that a ship

could conceivably sail o f f the end o f the earth many sailors o f the

time refused to venture forth w i t h explorers into unknown waters

s

C Therefor

e D Wherea

will accep

t th

e jo

b offer

A Du

e t

o B Eve

n i

f C Provid

e tha

t D Unles

d steam

A i

n additio

n t

o B a

s C an

d the

y us

e D suc

w ha

s a world-famous balle

n spit

e o

f C I

n cas

e o

f D I

skilled operator remain

spite

of C I

n cas

e o

f D I

A du

e t

o B beside

s C i

n spit

e o

f D i

e wil

l neve

r

advance in his ]o

A otherwis

e B i

f C onl

y i

f D unles

a candle

A Unles

s B Eve

n thoug

h C Eve

n D Onl

y i

f

18 A fire

must hav

e a readily

available supply

e C Otherwis

e D Howeve

r

19 I studied

Spanish for you

I wa

s travelin

g i

n Spain

A Therefor

e B O

n th

e othe

r han

d C Moreove

r D Nevertheles

t yo

u

change your mind, ther

A eve

n B nevertheles

y wife

,

prefers a warm bedroom

with all window

s tightl

y shut

A nevertheles

s B consequentl

y C o

n th

e othe

r han

d D moreove

r

22 Som

e fish can

survive only in salt water, othe

A wherea

s B unles

s C i

f D sinc

e

23 Jaso

n becam

e famous, h

B Eve

r sinc

e C Eve

n thoug

h D Du

B unles

s C althoug

h D wherea

s

25 My two children are cooking dinner for the family for the first time tonight _ _ _ _ _ the food is terrible, I'm going to enjoy this meal very much It will be fun to have them cook for me a change

A Only i f B i f C Even i f D Provided that

26 Jack insisted that he didn't need any help, I helped him anyway

A and B so C besides D but

27 Florida is famous for its tourist attractions Its coastline offers excellent white sand beaches it has warm, sunny weather

A Otherwise B Furthermore C Nevertheless D On the other hand

28 The flowers will soon start to bloom winter is gone and the weather is beginning to get warmer

A event i f B agree I C I agree D I will agree

29 Only i f you promise to study hard to tutor you

A will I agree B agree I C I agree D I will agree

30 Camels have either one hump or two humps, the Arabian camel has one hump

A nevertheless B however C furthermore D otherwise

Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences below with the connectors given in brackets

1 He is too short to be a basketball player, (because)

2 Although I approve of parties, I can't let you give one tonight, (much as)

3 As you have not performed your duties, you will be expelled from the club,

(consequently)

4 'However fast I ran, I was always in the same place,' she dreamt, (although)

5 His father has died, so he is crying his heart out (owing to)

6 These are the rules, but there are exceptions, (nevertheless)

7 I neither love you nor I want to see you again, (what's more)

8 Majorca is a paradise for tourists; this is the consequence of its popularity,

(hence)

9 The cause of his death was a heart attack, (due to)

10 As our business is going from bad to worse, we will have to close down, (as a result)

11 Many people are dying from lack of food everyday in the Third World, (on

account of)

12 We will have to work hard at it because time is pressing on (so)

e couldn'

t fix

it (cleve

r as )

19 Th

e padloc

k I bought wa

drowned, (thanli

s to )

e wasn't

, (i

n

spite of)

26 I

t wa

s snowin

g heavily, bu

e me

; but, eve

n so, I'll marry

you (eve

n though )

Exercise 3; Rewrite the sentences below with the connectors given in brackets

1 You will have to carry, for example, a hundred pounds, (let's say)

2 If we don't take into account the people next door, evetybody in the neighbourhood is

lovely, (except for)

3 You should attend to your guests Don't forget you're the hostess, (after all)

4, Consequently, we can reach the conclusion that something must be done to put an

end to violence on the streets and drug trafficking, (summning up)

5 As well as being a very good guitarist, he also sings beautifully, (apart from)

6 They lost all their money in a shady business But this is not all they took a loan

out of the bank and lost it as well (not to mention)

7 1 reckon you should put your cards on the table, (the way I see it)

8 She likes many romantic poets For instance, Coleridge, Wordsworth Byron and

keats (like)

9 You're the only person that can make me happy, (except)

10 They had little confidence in him so they abandoned him to his fate, (for)

11 They couldn't reach the peak because it had snowed heavily, (as a result of)

12 The country's economy is becoming better and better For example, inflation is

stabilising now (a case in point)

13 There is no necessity to mention that all applicants must identify themselves

before the interview, (needless to say)

14 For my part, 1 found his remarks unnecessary, (personally)

15 Time is short, so we'll have to hurry, (since)

16 We'll grant you a favour because your days are numbered, (which is why)

17 1 herefore, we can draw the following conclusion: we made a substantial profit last

year, (in conclusion)

18 I think you shouldn't argue with them about politics, (to my way of thinking)

19 If

I can'

t carr

y m

y belongings, ho

t I want t

t I want t

t I want t

23 If we consider militar

y servic

e i

n genera

l terms, i

t i

s a waste

24 I don't min

sound, (abov

e all )

t importantly, h

26 If we speak in general terms

27 I

f w

e tal

k generally, Eiviss

difficult, (a

s a matter

of fact )

e trut

h i

s tha

t I hate

nothing, (i

n poin

t o

f fact )

35 In connection with air pollution, the government should take stronger measures to

combat it (as for)

36 In connection to what he stated yesterday, we consider it the most appropriate

39 We want you to write to us regularly; but, most importantly, d o n i I'orgcl lo

telephone us (above all else)

40 Firstly, it rained heavily that weekend Secondly, I felt unwell most of the time,

(on the one hand, on the other)

PHAN 11: T I N H TlT ( A D J E C T I V E ) , T R A N G TlT ( A D V E R B )

VA C A C C A C H SO SANH

A KIEN T H i r C C O BAN V A NANG C A O

1 Tinh tir va vj tri cua tinh tir trong cau: ^

- Tinh tir la tir chi tinh ch4t, im'rc do, pham vi, cua mot nguai hoac vat No bo

nghTa cho danh tir, dai tir hoac lien tir (linking verb)

- Tinh tir luon dirng truoc danh tir dugc bo nghTa: That is her old brown hat

•Tinh tir dOrng sau cac dai tir phiem chi (something, anything, anybody )

That's someone strange to me/ I'd like to eat something spicy

•Tinh tir dirng sau linking verb nhu:

be remain stay feel look become

appear sound taste turn smell seem

Eg: Jack appears tired / This food tastes salty

Neu trong mot cum tir c6 nhieu tinh tir ciing bo nghTa cho mot danh tir thi thir tir

cac tinh tir se nhu sau: tinh tir so hiru hoac mao tir, opinion, size, shape, age, color,

origin, material, purpose

Eg: - a tall young blonde Italian lady

- a short fat old man

- a big square dining room Cliii y:

* Danh tit diing lam tinh tie

Trong tieng Anh c6 nhi€u trirong hop mot danh tir dirng truac mot danh tir khac

lam nhiem vu cua mot tinh tir (a wool coat, a gold watch, a history teacher) Cac lien

ket so dein - danh tir (number-noun) luon dirge ngan each boi dau gach noi: Hg:\Vc

had a five-week holiday / These are ten kilo bags

131

- Hie

n ta

i pha

n tu

(present participles) : V-in

g man

g y

chu dong, tic

h circ

EG: frightening

news (tm tuc dang

so, ti

n ga

y s

g hai ) # frightened

c dan

g soi ) # boiled

water (nuo

c d

a du

n soi )

polluted water (niro

g ti

r (Ph

o tir ) v

o ngliT

a ch

o don

g tir , ch

e i

s a careful dnvcr

1

Ic aluays dnscs carclully

good =

>w el l; har

a ca

c tin

h ti

r nay nguo

i t

a diing

: a + Adj + way/

manner

He IS

a friendl

y man H

e behave

d m

e i

n a friendly

g nghT

a kha

c han :

- Hardly = hardly

any time/

almost no time/ never.

e doesn'

t lov

e h im but sh

e love

s hi

s money

- Lately Eg

: Sh

e hasn'

t see

n h im lately # sh

- Nearl

y = almost Eg

- H ig hl

y = very Eg : I highly appreciate

your help # The ballon didn't g

as + {noun/ pronoun}

/ (

S + Auxiliary

He works

as fas

t a

s h is lalher docs

3 2 S

s + {adj/ adv } +

as + {noun/ pronoun}

/ (

S + AuxiUary

/ (

S + Auxiliary

verb)

Eg : Sh

She drives less carefully

- ad j/ adv } + er + tha

n + noun/ pronoun}

/ (

S + Auxiliary

verb)

S +

V + more {long- adj / adv } + than + noun / pronoun}

/ (

S + Auxiliary

more iluently

than

I (do)

Ch

u y : Shor

t adjective / adverb

w ' , )

: Lon

g adjectiv

e / ad\erbs

De nhan manh s u so sanh, chung ta them: far/ much/ a lot/ (nhieu); a bit/ a ittle/ slightly (mot it) tru-oc tinh tir va trang tir so sanh

EG: She is getting much fatter / It is becoming darker and darker

3.5 So sanh bac nhat (tir 3 doi tu-ona tro- len)

{of + N (plural count noun)}

S + V + the most { l o n g - adj/ adv

{in + N(singular count noun)}

{of + N (plural count noun)}

S + V + the least + adj/ adv} +

{in + N(singular count noun)}

{of + N (plural count noun)}

EG: John is the tallest boy in the family / These shoes are the least expensive o f alliSau cum tir One o f the + so sanh bac nhat + noun (so nhieu), va dong tir phai chia

a so it Eg: One o f the (jyeatest tennis players in the w o r l d is Johnson /

Liru y: - farther diing cho khoang each; further dung cho thong tm hoiic cac truimg

hop triru tuong khac

- Elder dung cho anh em trong gia/ older diing cho cac truong hop khac

3.6 Phep so sanh khong hop ly

• Sff hiru each: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor's ' (instnictor's =

instructor's drawings)

-Diing that of thay the cho danh tir so it:

The life o f a rich man is more comfortable than that o f a poor man / (that o f = the life of)

-Diing those of thay cho cac danh tir so nhieu:

The books o f M r Nam"s bookshop are cheaper than those o f Mrs Ean's ' (those o f

= the books of)

3.7 So sanh boi so la so sanh: bang nira (half), gap doi (twice), gap ba (three t i m e s )

S + V + number multiple + as + much/ many + (noun) + as + noun/ pronoun

Nam has half as many CDs now as 1 had last year / M i n h ate three tmies as much food as Lan

3.8 So sanh kep:La loai so sanh vol cau triic: Gang cang

T h e + comparative + S + V -f the + comparative + S + V

The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel / The bigger they are, the faster they fall

T h e more + S + V + the + comparative + S + V

The more you study, the smarter you w i l l become /(Cang hoc anh cang thong minh lion)

3.9 So sanh hoti kem khong diing than (giira 2 doi tirong): Trong cau thirong c6 cum

tir of the two + noun, no c6 the dimg dau hoac cuoi cau

133

f th

e tw

o shirts, thi

of the two cakes /O

f th

e tw

o books, thi

u r dun

g ca

u tru

e sau:

S +

V + the same + (noun ) +

as + {noun/ pronoun

}

j S + V

+ suc

h (a/an ) + (noun) +

as + {noun/ pronoun

}

EG: My house

I've never see

n suc

h a nice girl a

t fro

m {noun / pronoun}

o loo

k like / t

o soun

d like / t

o tast

e lik

e + noun/ .

* t

i o b

e alike : Eg

I T

AP ON L UY

EN

Exercise 1: Pu

1 a (rectangular, cream

, modem) bathroo

m

2 (silken, pretty

, long) hair , old (dreadful, pink 3 a)

4 a (processing, new

, central, tiny

)

5 a (tired, local

, camera)

6 (vast, green, beautiful)

chinawear unit

7 a (vegetable, large

, Greek)

8 a (middle-aged, good-looking

, black, pop)

9 a (traffic, two-hour

)

crew plains trailer star

jam

10 a (dangerous, Ne

w York, gloomy)

11 a(n) (brand-new, sports

, mustard, American

)

12 a (fantastic, delightful

)

alleyway car

)

14 a (toi-kt, horrible

, lilac) on

that dress

bag

15 a(n) (enormous, sky-blue

, round)

16 th

e (wonderful, colourful

) spaceship

17 a(n) (old, breakdown, red

, white)

18 a (leather, brown

, pretty, turquoise)

19 a(n) (long-distance, obstacle

)

20 a (country, magnificent

)

scenery truck handbag course house

21 a (tangerine, silk

, lime, dreadful)

22 a pair o

f (Catalan, expensive

)

23 a(n) (ice, peach, modem)

shirt mocassins bucket

24 a(n) (Chinese, blue

, dining, oval

)

25 a pair o

f (cheap, football, black

, yellow)

table hoots

Exercise 2: Choose the correct form of the participles used as adjectives in the

1 Compassionate friends tried to console the (crying / cried) victims o f the accident

2 When James noticed the (burning / burnt) building, he notified the fire

department immediately

3 The (exciting/ excited) passengers jumped into the lifeboats when <^otilicd that

the ship was sinking

4 The (smiling /smiled) Mona Lisa is on display in the Louvre in Paris

5 The'wind made such (frightening/frightened) noises that the children ran to their

parents' room

6 The (frightening /frightened) hostages only wanted to be left alone

7 We saw the (advancing / advanced) army from across the t o w n

8 Mrs Harris's (approving / approved) smile let us know that our speeches were

well done

9 Our representative presented the (approving / approved) plan to the public

10 The (blowing/ blown) w i n d o f the hurricane damaged the waterfront property

11 We were going to see the movie at the Theater, but our friends told us it was a

(boring/bored) movie

12 Mary's {cleaning / cleaned) service comes every Wednesday

13 The (cleaning / cleaned) shoes were placed in the sun to dry

14 We found it difficult to get through the (closing/closed) door without a key

15 As we entered the (crowding/ crowded) room I noticed m> cousin

16 Dr Jameson told my brother to elevate his (aching/ ached) foot

17 I was {disappointing/ disappointed) w i t h the f i l m 1 had expected it to be better

18 The {breaking / broken) dishes lay on the floor

19 The {trembling/trembled) children were given a blanket for warmth

20 The {interesting / interested) tennis match caused a great deal o f excitement

Exercise 3: Choose the right word, adjective or adverb

1 The floor looks c/efl«/c/ecrw/y

2 The plane landed safe/safrly on the runway

3 The man looked honest/ honestly, but he wasn't

4 Jane looked at her book thoughtful/ thoughtfully before she answered the teacher's

question

5 A rose smells good/ well

6 Beth spoke confident/confidently when she delivered her speech

7 Most o f the students did good/ well on their tests

8 He spoke

<://;^'n'/c//7^'/-/7v-9 He seemed very angry/ angrily

10 The teacher taught us very careful/ carefiilly

Exercise 4: Write the comparative/ superlative of a word from the box for each blank following sentences

beautifully

hard

early late

fast peacefully

fluently sensitively

3 Andy'

s th

e mos

t intelligent, bu

n write

s _

_

6 I would

sleep if

I weren'

t worrie

d abou

t Tom

7 Fo

r th

e 10 2

0 train, w

Exercise 5: Mak

e get

s nervous

~ Th

e faste

r h

e drives, th

cream )

2 H

e reads, h

e forgets

6 Ivsleep

; I'

m tired

think that apologizin

g i

s yo

u ca

n do

C th

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