DETERMINATION OF THE CONCENTRATION OF FLUORESCENT POLYMERS USING THE LASER – µTAS

In this report, we use the Laser - Micro total analysis system Laser-µTAS to determine the concentration of the fluorescent polymer such as AlQ3 conducting polymer and R6G fluorescent po

ABSTRACT

Microfluidic analysis systems, also known as Micro total analysis systems (µTAS) or “Lab-on a-Chip” are a rapidly developing field There are many kinds of µTAS due to the purpose of the experiment we needed In this report, we use the Laser - Micro total analysis system (Laser-µTAS) to determine the concentration of the fluorescent polymer such as AlQ3 conducting polymer and R6G fluorescent polymer The modulation signal with frequency 5Hz was applied to µTAS system for modulating the excitation light and referencing to Lock-in Amplifier This way resulted in the limit of detection (LOD) of the Laser – µTAS for AlQ3 down to 10nM and R6G down to 1nM based on the calculation of the received “Lock-in amplifier SR510” data

Keywords: µTAS, Microfluidic chip

INTRODUCTION

Microfluidic analysis systems, also known as Micro total analysis systems (µTAS) or “Lab-on a-Chip” are

a rapidly developing field A lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a device that integrates one or several laboratory functions

on a single chip of only millimeters to a few square centimeters in size LOCs deal with the handling of extremely small fluid volumes down to less than picoliters Lab-on-a-chip devices are a subset of MEMS devices and often indicated by "Micro Total Analysis Systems" (µTAS) as well

Fluorescence is the most commonly used form of detection in microscale biological and chemical analysis, primarily due to high sensitivity, and is becoming increasingly important as many assays are being miniaturized into credit card size microfluidic lab-on-a-chip (LOC) systems A number of investigators have attempted to integrate fluorescence detection with microfluidic chips Edel et al [1] have recently demonstrated the use of a polyfluorene based pLED (polymer LED) as light source, avalanche photodiode as detector with limit of detection (LOD) of 1mM for fluorescein dye Yao et al [2] fabricated a microfluidic device with an integrated OLED excitation source and a PMT as detector for on-chip fluorescence detection using a pinhole and interference filter for masking the excitation light In this report, we use the homemade Micro Total Analysis System (µTAS) and the homemade microfluidic chip to determine the the concentration of fluorescent polymers such as AlQ3 and R6G

EXPERIMENT

The Laser - Micro total analysis system (Laser-µTAS):

a The Laser-µTAS structure

The Laser – Micro Total Analysis System (Laser-µTAS) had four parts including of the excitation source, the excitation light filter, the solution tank and the optical detector The excitation source was violet laser diode (𝑆𝐴𝑁𝑌𝑂, 𝜆 = 405𝑛𝑚) and the Pulse Generator at frequency 5Hz was used to control the excitation light in pulse Two cross-polarized glasses (Edmundoptics) which the transmission of crossed polarizers was 0.15%used for the excitation light filter Quartz cuvette or microfluidic chip was used for solution tank placed in the middle

of two cross-polarized glasses and finally the Silicon photodiode was used for optical detector The whole system was placed in black box to prevent the noise from the outside light For signal treatment, we used the

“Lock-in amplifier SR510” connecting simultaneous the signal of detector and reference pulse from pulse generator For getting data, the “lock-in amplifier” connected to computer via RS232 port The homemade program was built up from Labview software to control the system operation and calculated the concentration of fluorescent dye in solution The setup of the Laser-µTAS was shown on Figure 1

Fig.1 The setup of Laser – Micro Total Analysis System (Laser-µTAS)

b The Laser-µTAS operation

A square pulse with the frequency 5Hz created by the Pulse Generator was fed into the violet laser diode The excitation light in pulse went through the first polarizer glass Because the laser light was the cross-polarized light, the plane polarization of first cross-polarizer glass was adjusted to parallel position with the plane polarization of laser light for getting the highest intensity of incident excitation light to sample Then the plane polarization of second cross-polarized glass was adjusted to perpendicular position with the plane polarization of the first cross-polarized glass for blocking the excitation light After that, the AlQ3 solution was pumped into quartz cuvette or microfluidic chip The AlQ3 fluorescent dye was stimulated by the excitation light and emitted the yellow characterized light (λ = 520 nm) Because of the emission light was unpolarized, it went easily through the polarization plane of second cross-polarized glass The second cross-polarized glass blocked the excitation light because its polarization plane is perpendicular with the polarization plane of the second cross-polarized glass As a result, the fluorescence light came to the photodiode without the excitation light

The “lock-in amplifier” will eliminate the noise when it compares the signal from photodiode and reference signal from pulse generator and sends data to computer via RS232 interface The “Lock-in amplifier SR510” with minimum scale down to nV is convenient for determining the small signal The received data from “lock-in amplifier” will be analyzed by homemade program for determining the concentration of fluorescent dye in solution

Fabrication of microfluidic chip:

Microfluidic chip was fabricated by using soft-lithography method [3] The microfluidic mold was created

by using photolithography processes The rectangle mold had 3 cm width and 8 cm height The micro-channel width was 200 µm and its height was 20µm Microfluidic chip had two input ports, one output port, and the circle tank The diameter of the input/output port was 2 mm and the diameter of circle tank was 3 mm Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) (Sylgard 184, Dow Corning), was mixed at a 10:1 (m/m) ratio of base to curing agent, degassed and then poured over the microfluidic mold to achieve 4mm thickness The PDMS was cured at 80°C for 2.5 hours on a leveled hotplate, cut and peeled from the mold with a sharp razor blade or scalpel, and input/output ports were carefully pierced using a 2 mm (OD) punch PDMS mold and 4cmx10cm glass microscope slide were cleaned in a 1:5 ratio (v/v) of Hydrochloric acid and water for about 15 minutes and then dried using nitrogen gas to remove all moisture from it The PDMS mold was bonded to the glass slide using microwave oxygen plasma [4]

Preparation AlQ 3 solutions and R6G solutions:

The Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminium (AlQ3) fluorescent dye was prepared in ethanol with 6 different concentrations: 1000 µM, 100 µM, 10 µM, 1 µM, 100 nM and 10 nM We did the same progress with the R6G fluorescent polymer which have the concentrations ranged from 1000 µM to 1 nM Figure 3a showed the fluorescence of AlQ3 concentration varying from 1000 µM to 1 µM and Figure 3b showed the fluorescence of R6G concentration ranged from 1000 µM to 1 µM

data from Laser-µTAS for determining the signal to background ratio Both conducting polymer AlQ3 and

flourescent polymer R6G are solubed in Ethanol Firstly, Ethanol was pumped into microfluidic chip and then

the second polarized-glass was fine adjusted so that the signal received from “lock-in amplifier” was smallest

These data, which we got was called the background data After that, we removed the quartz cuvette or

microfluidic chip containing the ethanol solution out from Laser-µTAS tank and pumped 1000 µM AlQ3

solution into microfluidic chip Those data, which we got was called the signal data of 1000 µM AlQ3 solution

Steps by steps, we got the background data of ethanol solutions and the signal data of AlQ3 dye solution with

different concentrations varying from 1000 µM to 10 nM We did the same process with the fluorescent polymer

R6G concentrations ranged from 1000 µM to 1 nM Figure 4 shows the fluorescent of R6G polymer in the

microchannel of the microfluidic chip under UV-light

Fig.4 The fluorescent of R6G polymer in the microchannel of the microfluidic chip under UV-light

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The background data is the collected signal from photodiode (voltage) when quartz cuvette or microfluidic

chip contains ethanol solution This signal could be the combination of dark current of photodiode and noise

signal of system due to the excitation light leaking though polarizers and excitation light leaking through due to

device assembly and alignment The signal data is sum of background signal and photo-luminescent signal of

fluorescent dye when quartz cuvette or microfluidic chip contains AlQ3 concentration varying from 1000 µM to

10 nM The time measurement is 30 seconds and the sampling rate is 50 points per second from “lock-in

amplifier” Thus, the background data and signal data have the same 1500 data points After that, we calculate

the average value of background data and the signal data with different concentration of dye solution Figure 5a

shows the background data and signal data of AlQ3 concentration varying from 1000 µM to 100 nM and the

inset picture shows the distinction of the signal of AlQ3 concentration varying from 10 µM to 100 nM The same

process was done with the fluorescent polymer R6G Figure 5b shows the background data and signal data of

R6G concentration varying from 10 µM to 10 nM and the inset picture shows the distinction of the signal of

R6G concentration varying from 1 µM to 10 nM

(a) (b)

Fig.5 (a) The background data and signal data of AlQ3 concentration varying from 1000µ to 100nM (b) The

background data and signal data of R6G concentration ranged from 10 µM to 10 nM

The ratio of average signal data and the average background data is defined S/B When the ratio S/B=1, the average signal data is as same as the average background data It is called the limit of detection of Laser-µTAS Table 1 shows the calculation of signal and background for 100µM AlQ3 solution with “lock-in amplifier” with time average of readings for 30 seconds Table 2 shows the calculation of S/B ratio for all different concentration

of AlQ3 solutions As the result of the S/B ratio of 10 nM AlQ3 solution is equal to one, the limit of detection of Laser-µTAS is 10 nM AlQ3

Table 1 Calculation of signal and background for 100 µM AlQ3 solution with “lock-in amplifier” with time

average of readings for 30 seconds

We continued to calculate the signal data and the background data of the R6G fluorescent polymer Table 3 shows the calculation of S/B ratio for all different concentration of R6G solutions Since the S/B ratio of 1 nM R6G solution is equal to one, the limit of detection of Laser-µTAS is 1 nM R6G Due to the higher quantum

yield[5][6], the limit of detection of R6G is higher than that ones of AlQ3

Base on the S/B ratio from Table 2 and Table 3, we plot the S/B ratio of AlQ3 and the S/B ratio of R6G Figure 6a demonstrated the S/B ratio of AlQ3 concentrations varying from 1000 µM to 10 nM and the inset picture illustrated the others ranged from 100 µM to 10 nM Figure 6b demonstrated the S/B ratio of R6G concentrations varying from 1000 µM to 1 nM and the inset picture illustrated the others ranged from 10 µM to

1 nM

Table 2 The S/B ratio of AlQ3 concentrations varying from 1000 µM to 10 nM

(a) (b)

Fig.6 a The S/B ratio of different AlQ3 concentrations and the inset picture illustrated the others ranged from

100 µM to 10 nM b The S/B ratio of different R6G concentrations and the inset picture illustrated the others

ranged from 10 µM to 1 nM

CONCLUSION

By using the Laser-µTAS, we determined the concentration of conducting polymer AlQ3 down to 10 nM and the concentration of fluorescent polymer R6G down to 1 nM For getting the lower LOD, the detector with higher response coefficient is necessary and applying this system to determine the antibody by using nanoparticles will be done in next step

Acknowledgments: This research is funded by Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh

City(VNU-HCM) under grant number B2012-18-12TĐ

XÁC ĐỊNH NỒNG ĐỘ CỦA POLYMER PHÁT QUANG BẰNG HỆ ĐO LASER-ΜTAS

Trần Hồng Nhân (1) , Trần Quang Nguyên (1,2) , Nguyễn Năng Định (3) , Trần Quang Trung (1)

(1) Khoa Vật lý - Vật lý Kỹ thuật, Trường ĐH KHTN, ĐHQG-HCM (2) Trường ĐH Công nghệ Thông tin, ĐHQG-HCM (3) Trường ĐH Công nghệ, ĐHQG-Hà Nội

TÓM TẮT

Hệ thống phân tích vi lưu, hay còn được gọi là µTAS hoặc “Lab-on-chip”, là một lĩnh vực đang được quan tâm nghiên cứu rất nhiều Tùy vào mục đích của thí nghiệm mà hệ µTAS sẽ có những kiểu thiết kế khác nhau Trong bài báo này, chúng tôi sử dụng hệ Laser - Micro total analysis system (Laser-µTAS) nhằm xác định nồng độ của các polymer phát quang như polymer dẫn AlQ3 và polymer phát quang R6G Tín hiệu điều biến với tần số 5Hz được đưa vào hệ µTAS nhằm điểu biến ánh sáng kích thích và dùng làm xung tham chiếu cho khuếch đại Lock-in Dựa trên những dữ liệu thu được từ

bộ khuếch đại Lock-in, chúng tôi đã xác định được giới hạn của hệ đo Laser – µTAS với AlQ3 là 10nM

và với R6G là 1 nM

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