Giáo trình giảng dạy anh văn dùng trong ngành thú y

The list below gives their names Animal Anatomy Histology and Embryology Biochemistry Microbiology Genetics Animal Physiology Bio-statistics Animal Nutrition Experimental Design Animal B

NÔNG LÂM UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE

LÊ THANH HIỀN MSc., DVM

ENGLISH

FOR

2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Unit 1: VETERINARY MEDICINE 3

Unit 2: ANIMAL BODY 7

Unit 3: BIOLOGY OF THE CELL 15

Unit 4: DISEASE - GENERAL PRINCIPLES .26

Unit 5: INFLAMMATION 33

Unit 6: FEVER 38

Unit 7: DRUDS AND ADMINISTRATION 41

Unit 8: VACCINATION 46

Unit 9: PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 52

Appendix 1: Prefix And Suffix In Veterinary Terminology 58

Appendix 2: GRAMMATICAL REVIEW 65

Appendix 3: SPECIAL ABBRIVIATIONS 72

Appendix 4: Laboratory equipment 73

Appendix 5: Vietnamese – English Animal Disease 77

Appendix 6: TRIAL TEST 81

Unit 1: VETERINARY MEDICINE _GENERAL INFORMATION_

1 Reading

Veterinary medicine is the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife, and production animals It is also known that the medical science is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases in animals Aside from diagnosing and treating sick and injured animals, veterinarians prevent the transmission of animal diseases to people, and advise owners on the proper care of animals Veterinarians work to ensure a safe food supply by maintaining the health of agricultural animals and by inspecting food processing industries Veterinarians are also involved in the preservation of wildlife Veterinary scientists are very important in chemical, biological, and pharmacological research In American and Canadian English, a veterinarian (from Latin veterinae, "draught animals")

is an animal doctor, a practitioner of veterinary medicine The equivalent term in British English is veterinary surgeon, and both terms are often shortened to vet The word veterinarian was first used in English by the doctor Sir Thomas Browne (1605–1682)

Education in veterinary medicine

Many universities worldwide confer undergraduate and postgraduate degrees

in veterinary medicine In most countries, veterinary practitioners are regulated and registered on a national or state level While the duration and exact content of undergraduate degrees in veterinary medicine varies, they are typically from 4 to 7 years

in duration They consist of several introductory years which may include some "pre-vet"

or general scientific training These pre-clinical years provide a basis in veterinary anatomy, biochemistry, pharmacology, pathology, parasitology, animal breeding, botany, animal feeding and nutrition, radiology, virology, microbiology, zoology, animal

physiology, physics, chemistry and other important subject areas The final years of most veterinary medicine degrees consist of a greater proportion of practical clinical work (e.g internal medicine, dentistry, surgery, obstetrics) in which students are guided to apply the theory they have learned in a supervised environment When students complete their education, they are normally granted a diploma as Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM)

As in the human medical field, veterinary medicine (in practice) requires a diverse group of individuals to meet the need of patients In addition to veterinarians, many veterinary hospitals utilize a team of veterinary nurses and veterinary assistants to completely care for healing, critical and well animals Veterinary nurses are generally registered as "veterinary technicians" in most states and are legally qualified to assist veterinarians in many medical procedures Veterinary assistants, who are not licensed by most states, but can well-trained at facilities such as The School for Veterinary Assistants, are also becoming increasingly in-demand in the veterinary industry due to a wide range of treatments and services being offered to meet the higher expectations of pet owners in the United States

Question

1 What is veterinary medicine ?

2 Who is a veterinarian ?

3 Make ticks in front of these statements if they mean what a veterinarian work on

□ prevention of diseases in animal

□ diagnose, treat sick and injured animals

□ prevent transmission of animal diseaseas to people

□ dealing with animal

□ advise farmers how to take care animals appropriately

□ ensure foodsafety for human

□ preservation of wifelife

4 How to classify animals which are subjects of veterinarians ?

5 What is the abbreviation of the word “veterinarian” ?

6 How many years does a student have to spend in a university to earn a diploma of veterinary medicine ?

7 In the veterinary program, there are 2 stages: Pre-vet or pre-clinical years, and pratical clinical work What do veterinary students have to do in these stages ?

8 Nowadays, there is an emerging field related to veterinary medicine called

coservation medicine What is it ?

9 In addition to veterinarians, which other team of people are utilized by many veterinary hospitals ? How are they different ?

2 Vocabulary

There are many courses taught in DVM program The list below gives their names

Animal Anatomy Histology and Embryology

Biochemistry Microbiology Genetics Animal Physiology

Bio-statistics Animal Nutrition Experimental Design

Animal Breeding Environment and animal’s health

Immunology Veterinary Pharmacology

Artificial Insemination

Veterinary Obstetrics

Veterinary Epidemiology

Pathology Agricultural Economics

Veterinary Parasitology Veterinary Diagnostics Animal Husbandry (Poultry) Non-infectious Diseases Animal Product Technology Animal Husbandry (cattle) Veterinary Surgery Animal Husbandry (pig) Toxicology Infectious Diseases English in Veterinary Science Wild animal diseases

X - Ray Meat and Milk Inspection Veterinary legislation Undergraduate Thesis

3 Other information

(*) Some useful website in veterinary medicine

APHIS: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

(**) System of Veterinary Services in Vietnam

The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

• Dept Animal Health;

• Dept Agro-Forestry Extension

City/ provincial service of agriculture:

Sub-Department of Veterinary (city/provinal level);

Center of Agro-Forestry Extension (city/provincial level)

• Veterinary station (district level);

• Agro-Forestry Extension station (district level)

• Commune animal health team

• National institutes of veterinary research

• Livestock and veterinary material companies

• Professional centres : National Diagnistic of Animal Health Centre; National Drugs & Bio-Products Control Centre No I (in Ha Noi); National Drugs & Bio-Products Control Centre No II (in Ho Chi Minh); National Veterinary Hygiene Inspection Centre No I (in Ha Noi); National VeterinaryHygiene Inspection Centre No II (in Ho Chi Minh)

• Regional animal health centres: Ha noi ; Hai phong ; Vinh ; Da nang ;

Tp Ho chi minh; Can tho

• Airport & Border Inspection Stations

(***) Education in veterinary medicine in Nong Lam University

- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine

Dept of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry

Dept of Non-Infectious Diseases and Diagnosis (Internal Medicine and

Pharmacology) Dept of Infectious Diseases

Dept of Pathology and Parasitology

Dept of Animal Nutrition

Dept of Animal Breeding and Genetics

Dept of Animal Husbandry

Dept of Anatomy and Surgery

Veterinary Clinic

Unit 2: ANIMAL BODY

1 Reading

The animal body is made up of millions of cells which have all developed from one cell by a process of division during which they gradually become more specialized The specialized cells group together to form the various tissues of the body There are four basic types of tissue in the animal body: epithelium, connective tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue From these tissues different organs or viscera are formed

The organs are the well defined parts of the animal which perform particular functions Groups of organs having a particular common function are referred to as organs systems

In general, the body can be divided into the following regions: the head; the neck; the trunk, which is further subdivided into two parts: the thorax and the abdomen (The two parts are separated from each other by an arched partition called diaphragm);

the four limbs

The viscera of the body include:

- The digestive organs are concerned with the nutrition of the animal This function includes the prehension of food, its mastication, digestion, and absorption, and the initial storage of the nutrients released during digestion The digestive organs also provide for the expulsion of the unabsorbed portion of the food, and those substances that are added

to the digestive tract by its large accessory glands

- The respiratory organs provide for the exchange of gases between the blood and the atmosphere, and produce the voice

- The urinary organs, notably the kidneys, eliminate fluid wasted and foreign substances from the blood, and regulate the water and salt metabolism of the body

- The genital organs are concerned with reproduction Except for the production of the germ cells, the male and female organs have different functions to perform and consequently differ markedly in their morphology

These four organ systems are closely related functionally to the blood vascular and lymphatic systems, to the nervous system which controls their functioning, and to the system

of endocrine glands

Most of the viscera are contained in the large body cavities of the trunk

Some of them, however, are embedded in the tissues of the head, neck, and in the caudal part of the pelvis, where special cavities for them do not develop The viscera occupying the body cavities are covered with the same serous membrane that lines the cavities, and are separated from one another and from the walls of the cavities, which allows them a certain amount of mobility

All viscera have either a lumen or an internal duct system with which they communicate either directly or indirectly with the outside, through the mouth, nose, anus, or the urogenital openings, as the case maybe

2 Vocabulary and pictures

Farm Animals

Bull Boar Cock Ram

Weaner, yearling Weaner Started pullet

Fattener (Finishing pig)

Avian: pertaining to or emanating from members of the class Aves (a class

comprising all of the birds) Bovine: pertaining to, characteristic of, or derived from the ox or cattle,

members of the family Bovidae (a family of ruminants including cattle, buffalo, and bison)

Canine: pertaining to, characteristic of, or derived from dogs

Feline: of, or pertaining to members of the family Felidae (the family of cats) Equine: pertaining to, characteristic of, or derived from the horse

Porcine: pertaining to pigs

Organs Body Head Trunk Limbs

Trunk = Thorax (thoracic) + Abdomen (abdominal)

Epithelium, connective tissue, muscular tissue (muscle), nervous tissue

Myology: 3 types of muscle tissues

Smooth muscle (non-striated involuntary)

Cardiac muscle (striated involuntary)

Skeleton muscle (striated voluntary)

Viscera

Digestive tract, alimentary canal

Mouth, tongue, teeth (tooth), salivary glands

Esophagus (oesophagus), stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum; large intestine: caecum, colon, rectum

Pancreas, liver, bile duct, gall bladder

Masticate, mastication; digest, digestion; absorb, absorption

Respiratory system, respiratory tract

Nose, nostril, nasal cavity, nasal glands

Larynx, trachea, bronchus(i), lungs, pleura(e), alveolus (alveoli)

Exchange gases, produce voice

Inhale, inhalation; exhale, exhalation

Urogenital system

- Urinary tract: kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra, urine

- Male genital/reproductive tract: testicles, prostate, sperm, penis

- Female genital/reproductive tract: ovum (ova), ovary (ovaries), uterine

(Fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva; mammary glands

Cardiovascular system

Heart, blood, serum, plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, vascular system White blood cells = leukocytes: colorless blood corpuscles capable of amoeboid, movement, whose chief function is to protect the body against microorganisms causing disease and which comprise: granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils), non-granulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes), and thrombocytes (platelets)

Vascular system: including aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules,

sinusoids, sinuses, veins, lymphatics, spleen

Lymphatics, lymphatic system: : Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s patches, immune system, lymphocytes

Nervous system

Brain, cortex, cerebrum, hemispheres, cerebellum, gray substance, white

substance, spinal cord/nerve, neuron

Endocrine glands

Hormone, hypophysis (pituitary gland), thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal (suprarenal) gland, pancreas (pancreatic islets), gonads (testis and ovary), pineal gland

Urinary tract Kidneys urinary bladder testicles leukocytes granulocytes thrombocytes (platelets) Aorta

Arteries Capillaries spleen

4 Exercise

(*) Look at the picture below and give the name of the organ asked

(**) Match these 2 columns with the correct definitions

to make food wet and some enzyme to digest food

D one of thousands of tiny sacs on the terminal parts of the bronchial tree

E a musculomembranous tube extending from the mouth to the stomach

F the thick-walled, muscular stomach in poultry which has a tough keratin internal layers

G a large lymphoid organ usually situated in the cranial part

of the abdominal cavity on the left of the stomach It contains the largest collection of reticuloendothelial cells

Unit 3: BIOLOGY OF THE CELL

1 Reading

All organisms are made up of cells The cell is one of the most basic concepts in biology Organisms can be made from only one cell or many cells No matter how complex a tissue, organ, or organism may become, the basic unit to all living things is the cell, and that’s why it’s important to study it Organisms are classified in two ways They are either prokaryotes or eukaryotes

The prokaryotes in which have no true nucleus and some organelles are absent They are mainly bacteria and the cyanobacteria (also called the blue-green algae) The eukaryotes are represented by the protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals Let’s look now at the different parts of the cell and each of the different functions as they correspond to those parts Please refer back to the diagram for help and remember that this diagram is

an “ideal” eukaryote animal cell and all cells do not look exactly like this

The prokaryotic cell

A typical prokaryotic cell of either Bacteria or Archaea generally has the following major structures: cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, ribosomes, inclusions, and nucleoid The cell wall is a rigid structure outside the cytoplasmic membrane, which provides support and protection from osmotic lysis The cytoplasmic membrane is the critical permeability barrier, separating the inside from the outside of the cell Ribosomes are small particles composed of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) Ribosomes are part of translation apparatus, and syntheses of cell proteins take place upon these structures Prokaryotes occasionally contain inclusions consisting of storage material made up of compounds of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus Such inclusions can be formed when these nutrients are in excess in the environment and serve the cell as repositories of these nutrients when limitations occur

Prokaryotic cells do not possess a true nucleus, the function of the nucleus being carried out by a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) DNA is present in a more or less free state within the prokaryotic cell, but in an aggregated form referred to

as the nucleoid In analogy to the eukaryote, the DNA molecule of the prokaryote is called a chromosome

Many, but not all, bacteria are able to move Movement of a prokaryotic cell is usually by means of a structure called a flagellum (plural, flagella)

Morphology of prokaryotes

A bacterium that is spherical or ovoid in morphology is called a coccoid or coccus (plural, cocci) A bacterium with a cylindrical shape is called a rod or bacillus (plural, bacilli) Some rods are curved, frequently forming spiral-shaped patterns and are then called spirilla

The cell wall of bacteria

Bacteria can be divided into major groups, called positive and negative The original distinction between Gram-positive and Gram-negative was based

Gram-on a special staining procedure, the Gram stain, but differences in cell wall structure are

at the base of these differences in the Gram stain reaction The Gram-negative cell wall

is a multilayered structure and quite complex, while the Gram-positive cell wall consists

of primarily a single type of molecule and is often much thicker Gram-negative bacteria contain an outer wall layer made of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Fimbriae and pili

Fimbriae and pili are structurally similar to flagella but are not involved in mobility Fimbriae are considerably shorter than flagella and are more numerous Pili are similar structurally to fimbriae but are generally longer and only one or a few pili are present on the surface Pili are involved in attachment to human and animal tissues by some pathogenic bacteria

Capsules

Many prokaryotic organisms secrete on their surfaces slimy or gummy materials

A variety of structures consist of polysaccharide and a few consist of protein The terms

capsule and slime layer are sometimes used to describe polysaccharide layers but a more general term glycocalyx is also applied Outer polysaccharide layers play an important role in the attachment of certain pathogenic microorganisms to their hosts

Spores

Certain bacteria produce special structures called spores within their cell Spores are very resistant to heat, harmful agents such as drying, radiation, acids, and chemical disinfectants and can not be destroyed easily, even by harsh chemicals

The eukaryotic cell

Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells, and a key difference is that eukaryotes contain true nuclei The nucleus is a special membrane-enclosed structure within which DNA is located The DNA in the nucleus is organized into chromosomes Eukaryotic cells also contain distinct structures called organelles, within which important cellular functions occur

Plasma membrane

The plasma membrane (also called the cell membrane) forms the outer limits of the cell As with other membranes, the plasma membrane is made up of proteins and

lipids, especially phospholipids These lipids occur in two layers, often called the layer The bi-layer has globular proteins that seem to float in the lipid layer

bi-Nucleus

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus (prokaryote literally means “primitive nucleus”), but eukaryotic (eukaryote literally means “true nucleus”) cells have a distinct nucleus The nucleus is mainly made up of DNA in the form of linear units called chromosomes If observed under a microscope, the chromosomes appear in their linear units at the time of mitosis, or cell division When the DNA is not found in linear units, it is known as chromatin The nucleus in eukaryotic cells is surrounded by the nuclear envelope This envelope is a double membrane that is similar to the plasma membrane and consists of lipid layers The pores in the nuclear membrane allow the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm and direct the activities of the cell

Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum (commonly referred to as ER) is a series of membranes that is continuous with the nuclear membrane and can extend throughout the cytoplasm There are two different types of ER In some places, the ER has tiny bodies known as ribosomes attached to it, when this occurs we call it rough ER When the ER has no ribosomes attached, it is called smooth ER

Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus (or Golgi body, as it is sometimes called) is a series of sacs that appear to be flattened and curled at the edges The proteins and lipids of the cell processed and “packaged” in the Golgi apparatus In order to “send” these proteins and lipids to the correct “addresses”, the outside-edge sacs frequently bulge and break away and form drop-like sacs that are called secretory vesicles In the diagram you can see some of these vesicles as they have broken away from the Golgi apparatus

Lysosome

The lysosome comes from the Golgi apparatus The lysosome is also called a drop-like sac full of enzymes that move about in the cytoplasm The enzymes contained

in the lysosome are used by the cell digestion They break down particles of food taken

in and make the end products available for use by the cell

Mitochrondria

The word mitochrondria is the plural form of the organelle mitochrondrion This organelle is commonly known as the “powerhouse of the cell” because it is the place where energy is stored and released The energy released by mitochrondria is used to form ATP

Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton is an organelle that provides the structure for a cell Just like our bodies have a skeleton made of bone material to provide us with support and form, the cell has the same type of this system The cytoskeleton is made of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments – all composed of proteins

chromosome

flagellum flagella Morphology coccoid coccus cocci bacillus bacilli spirillum spirilla

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Fimbriae Pilus Pili Pathogenic Capsules

polysaccharide glycocalyx microorganism spores

disinfectant Plasma membrane Microscope mitosis chromatin Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus

Lysosome Digestion Mitochrondrion Mitochrondria Centriole Cytoskeleton Microtubules Microfilament Intermediate filaments

3 Exercise

2.1 Match these 2 columns with the correct characteristics

digestion

2.2 Join 2 sentences into a complex sentence

a The nucleolus is a dense organelle within the nucleus In this place, organelles called ribosomes are formed before leaving the nucleus into the cytoplasm

b The Golgi apparatus is a series of sacs These sacs appear to be flattened and curled at the edges

c The lysosome is also called a drop-like sac full of enzymes These sacs move about in the cytoplasm

d The cytoplasm (or cytosol as it is sometimes called) is a gel-like substance This substance is contained by the plasma membrane

e Inside the cytoplasm are tiny microscopic organelles These organelles carry out specific function of the cell

f Mitochondria are organelles The energy-generating functions of the cell occur within these organelles

2.3 Reading and answer the questions

Reading 1

The term "virus" is derived from the Latin word for poison or slime It was originally applied to the noxious stench emanating from swamps that was thought to cause a variety of diseases in the centuries before microbes were discovered and

specifically linked to illness But it was not until almost the end of the nineteenth

century that a true virus was proven to be the cause of a disease

The nature of viruses made them impossible to detect for many years even after bacteria had been discovered and studied Not only are viruses too small to be seen with a light microscope but they also cannot be detected through their biological activity except as it occurs in conjunction with other organisms In fact, viruses show no traces

of biological activity by themselves Unlike bacteria, they are not living agents in the strictest sense Viruses are very simple pieces of organic material composed only of nucleic acid either DNA or RNA enclosed in a coat of protein made up of simple

structural units (some viruses also contain carbohydrates and lipids.) They are parasites requiring human, animal, or plant cells to live The virus replicates by attaching to a cell and injecting its nucleic acid Once inside the cell, the DNA or RNA that contains the virus' genetic information takes over the cell's biological machinery and the cell begins to manufacture viral proteins rather than its own

1 Which of the following is the best title

for the passage?

(A) New Developments in Viral

Research

(B) Exploring the Causes of Disease

(C) DNA of virus

(D) Understanding Viruses

2 Before microbes were discovered it

was believed that some diseases were

caused by

(A) germ - carrying insects

(B) Certain strains of bacteria

(C) Foul odors released from swamps

(D) Slimy creatures living near swamps

3 The word "proven" is closest meaning

to which of the following

(B) Shapes (C) Characteristics (D) Speed

5 The author implies that bacteria were investigated earlier than viruses because (A) Bacteria are easier to detect

(B) Bacteria are harder to eradicate (C) Viruses are extremely poisonous (D) Viruses are found only in hot climates

6 All of the following may be components of a virus EXCEPT (A) RNA

(B) Plant cells (C) Carbohydrates (D) A coat of protein

From the bacterial point of view, the world is a very different place from what

it is to humans To a bacterium, water is as thick as molasses is to us Bacteria are so small that they are influenced by the movements of the chemical molecules around them Bacteria under the microscope, even those with no flagella, often bounce about in the water This is because they collide with the water molecules and are pushed this way and that Molecules move so rapidly that within a tenth of a second the molecules

around a bacterium have all been replaced by new ones even bacteria without flagella are thus constantly exposed to a changing environment

7 Which of the following is the main

topic of the passage?

(A) The characteristics of bacteria

(B) How bacteria reproduce

(C) The various functions of bacteria

(D) How bacteria contribute to disease

8 Bacteria are measured in

(D) A rod - shaped bacterium

10 According to the passage, someone

who examines bacteria using only a

microscope that magnifies 100 times

would see

(A) Tiny dots (B) Small "hairs"

(C) Large rods (D) Detailed structures

11 The relationship between a bacterium and its flagella is most nearly analogous

to which of the following?

(A) A rider jumping on a horse's back (B) A ball being hit by a bat

(C) A boat powered by a motor (D) A door closed by a gust of wind

12 In line 14, the author compares water

to molasses, in order to introduce which

of the following topics?

(A) The bacterial content of different liquids

(B) What happens when bacteria are added to molasses

(C) The molecular structures of different chemicals

(D) How difficult it is for bacteria to move through water

Reading 3

Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and other single-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom However, in reality, they are very different from plants and today they are placed in a separate group altogether The principal reason for this is that none of them possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates, they obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugar-like polymer called chitin, the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made

The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi and those of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphae, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls

of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself It is these cellulose- destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material

The destructive power of fungi is impressive They are a major cause of structural damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one

of the greatest causes of agricultural losses Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting Some fungi can grow at + 50OC, while others can grow at -5C, so even food in cold storage may not be completely safe from them On the other hand, fungi bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, thus enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms In addition, fungi are the source of many of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including penicillin

13 What does paragraph 1 mainly

discuss?

(A) Differences between simply and

complex fungi

(B) Functions of chlorophyll in plants

(C) Functions of sugar in the walls of

fungal cells

(D) Differences between fungi and

plants

14 Which of the following is mentioned

as a major change in how scientists

approach the study of fungi?

(A) Fungi are no longer classified as

plants

(B) Some single-cell organisms are no

longer classified as fungi

(C) New methods of species identification have been introduced (D) Theories about the chemical composition of fungi have been revised

15 The word "principal" is closest in meaning to

(A) True (B) Main (C) Logical (D) Obvious

16 According to the passage, how do fungi obtain carbohydrates?

(A) The absorb carbohydrates from their own cell walls

(B) They synthesize chlorophyll to produce carbohydrates

(C) They produce carbohydrates by

breaking down chitin

(D) They acquire carbohydrates from

other organic matter, both living and

dead

17 The passage mentions shrimps,

spiders, and insects in line 9 because

their skeletons

(A) Can be destroyed by fungi

(B) Have unusual chemical

compositions

(C) Contain a material found in the

walls of fungal cells

(D) Secrete the same enzymes as the

walls of fungal cells do

18 Which of the following terms is

defined in the passage?

(A) "Chlorophyll" (line 5)

(A) They grow hyphae

(B) They secrete enzymes

(C) They synthesize cellulose

(D) They destroy crops

21 The word "Entire" in line 19 is closest

in meaning to (A) certain (B) Whole (C) Mature (D) Diseased

22 The passage describes the negative effects of fungi on all the following EXCEPT

(A) Buildings (B) Animals (C) Food (D) Soil

23 The phrase "bring about" in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) Cause (B) Join (C) Take (D) Include

24 The passage mentions "penicillin" in line 22 as an example of

(A) A medicine derived from plants (B) A beneficial use of fungi

(C) A product of the relationship between plants and fungi

(D) A type of fungi that grows at extreme temperatures

Unit 4: DISEASE - GENERAL PRINCIPLES

1 Reading

What it is and its causes

Disease, in a general sense, can be said to be a deviation from the normal conditions of an animal It can also be said to mean a change in the normal condition of

an animal caused by a living organism and this is the meaning more generally given to it

Diseases caused by living organisms are called infectious and all of them can be spread from animal to animal Those transmitted by direct or indirect contact are sometimes called contagious Diseases spread by insects or other vectors are called non-contagious

Living organisms which may infect the body and cause disease include:

(i) Bacteria

These are small organisms generally visible under the ordinary microscope and termed cocci (round or oval in shape); bacilli (rod shaped); or spirilla (long cells twisted into spirals) Bacteria also include organisms called rickettsia which (like viruses) can multiply only in living cells

(ii) Viruses

These are so small that they can only be seen under a special, very high-powered microscope Examples of the diseases they cause are rinderpest, African swine fever, and foot and mouth disease Viruses can be transmitted by small flying insects, examples of the diseases caused in this way are blue tongue and three day sickness

Some diseases caused by protozoa have no intermediate host such as the ticks or tsetse flies mentioned above but are passed directly or indirectly (by mechanical carriers)

to a final host

(iv) Parasites

This is a very important group of organisms from the animal kingdom which live (or are parasitic) in or on other organisms or animals which are referred to as the "hosts" These parasitic organisms are referred to as ecto-parasites when they live on the outside

of animals (ticks, mites, fleas and lice) and endo-parasites when they live inside the animal (flukes, flat-worms and round-worms)

an insufficient or excessive production of hormones; tumors and certain disease conditions such as milk fever in dairy cattle

Predisposing causes

These are causes of disease which open up or prepare the way for specific diseases Such causes include: the age of the animals; climate and weather conditions, which may result in animals being exposed to heavy rain or severe cold, or tropical conditions of sun and heat and which may reduce the natural resistance of the animals to disease; pollution

of water and air; poor feed such as moldy hay and green crops causing "bloat"; excessive work; hereditary conditions handed down through parents and certain disease conditions

Morbidity and mortality

These terms are frequently used in describing the results of disease in a herd or flock Morbidity is the number of animals in a herd or flock which are affected by the disease but which do not die If a large percentage of the animals become affected the morbidity is said to be high Mortality is the number of animals dying from disease

Both mortality and morbidity are generally expressed as a percentage, e.g 10 animals affected out of 100 would be 10 percent

Epizootic, enzootic and sporadic diseases

Epizootic is the term used to denote a disease of animals (such as rinderpest) which spreads rapidly over a large area It corresponds to the word epidemic which is used to describe a disease which rapidly spreads amongst human beings

Enzootic is the term used to describe a disease which is continuously present in a population of animals but does not spread rapidly like an epizootic

Sporadic is used to refer to a disease not normally present in an animal population but which appears suddenly from time to time and, equally suddenly disappears

Immunity, tolerance and susceptibility

When an infectious disease invades an animals body the animal may develop the ability to resist it, in which case it is said to have immunity to the disease The substances produced in the body which help the animal to resist disease are called antibodies

Immunity of an animal to disease varies greatly from one disease to another If the animal can resist the disease without having been vaccinated against it, the immunity is termed "natural immunity" If, however, the animal has been given vaccine against the disease, its immunity is termed "artificial immunity"

Tolerance is a form of resistance against disease acquired by animals of an animal population which have been in contact with a disease for many generations The N'Dama cattle breed of West Africa is the prime example of this The animals of this breed have a much higher degree of resistance to trypanosomiasis than breeds of cattle having had no contact with the disease

An animal is said to be susceptible to disease when it has no immunity, tolerance

or resistance to the disease and goes down with the disease on exposure to it

Sanitation

An important means of preventing and controlling disease is the maintenance of good animal hygiene The severity of some diseases is dependent on the number and virulence of microorganisms entering the animal's body Many microorganisms live and multiply outside the animal, so the number of microorganisms can be reduced by

implementing sanitation practices These practices, in turn, reduce the incidence of disease outbreaks

Manure and other organic waste materials are ideal environments for the proliferation of microorganisms A good sanitation program includes cleaning of organic materials from buildings, pens, and lots This allows the effective destruction of microorganisms from high temperatures and drying Buildings, pens, and pastures should be well drained, preventing prolonged wet areas or mud, holes These sanitation practices help both in disease prevention and controlling parasites

Antiseptics and disinfectants are carefully selected and effectively utilized in a good sanitation program Antiseptics are substances, usually applied to animal tissue, that kill or prevent the growth of microorganisms Disinfectants are products that destroy pathogenic microorganisms They are usually agents used on inanimate, objects

In the absence of disinfectants, sanitizing with clean water is helpful

If a herd or flock becomes infected with disease it is very important to remove the infected animals to a place where they are isolated from other stock In some cases it may be better to isolate all the healthy animals Animals isolated in this way should be herded and looked after by herdsmen who have nothing to do with other stock or the herdsmen of other stock

In outbreaks of disease the veterinary services of a country will often declare an area to be "in quarantine" This means that the movement of animals is restricted to a certain designated area laid down by the veterinary authorities

The A.H.A can play an important part in this not only in supervising the animals and herdsmen involved but in convincing the local stock-owners of the necessity for such a measure

Other measures which should be taken in preventing the spread of infection include the destruction of carcasses by fire and their disposal by burial; the disinfection

of buildings and pens where practical, and, where grazing lands are heavily infested by parasites These measures are generally best planned by the veterinary officer

Antiseptics disinfectants Acetonemia Actinomycosis Anthrax Atrophic rhinitis:

Botulism

Brucellosis Colibacillosis Leptospirosis Parakeratosis Paratuberculosis Pasteurellosis Rabies Salmonellosis Scrapie dysentery Tetanus gastroenteritis Tuberculosis

SOME MAJOR DISEASES OF FARM ANIMALS

Acetonemia An abnormal increase of ketone bodies in the body in

conditions of reduced or disturbed carbohydrate metabolism (as in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus) Actinomycosis Infection with or disease caused by actinomycetes ;

especially : a chronic disease of cattle, swine, and humans characterized by hard granulomatous masses usually in the mouth and jaws

Anthrax An infectious disease of warm-blooded animals (as cattle

and sheep) caused by a spore-forming bacterium (Bacillus anthracis), transmissible to humans especially by the handling of infected products (as hair), and characterized

by external ulcerating nodules or by lesions in the lungs Atrophic rhinitis: A chronic disease of swine that is characterized by

purulent inflammation of the nasal mucosa, atrophy of the nasal conchae, and abnormal swelling and distortion of the face

Aujeszky’s disease A disease primarily of pig but can occur in other secondary

host species; caused by herpesvirus and characterized by respiratory, reproductive, and nervous signs

Avian influenza Any of several highly variable diseases of domestic and

wild birds that are caused by orthomyxoviruses and characterized usually by respiratory symptoms but sometimes by gastrointestinal, integumentary, and urogenital symptoms — called also fowl plague Babesiasis Infection with or disease caused by babesias — called also

babesiasis Botulism Acute food poisoning caused by botulinum toxin

produced in food by a bacterium of the genus Clostridium (C botulinum) and characterized by muscle weakness and paralysis, disturbances of vision, swallowing, and speech, and a high mortality rate

Bovine spongiform

encephalopathy

A progressive fatal disease of the central nervous system of adult domestic cattle that resembles scrapie of sheep and goats and is prob Caused by a prion transmitted by infected tissue in food — abbreviation bse; called also mad cow disease

Brucellosis A disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella —

called also Malta fever Classical swine fever Also hog cholerae, a highly infectious disease of pigs

caused by a togavirus and characterized in its classical form by high fever, lassitude, purple discoloration of abdominal skin, conjunctivitis and nervous signs including circling, incoordination, tremor, and convulsions

Coccodiosis Infestation with or disease caused by coccidia

Colibacillosis Infection with E Coli; takes many forms, some of them

septicaemia, some toxigenic due to absorption of the enterotoxin and some locally toxigenic due to the effects of the bacteria’s endotoxin

Enzootic pneumoniae A group of pneumonic diseases which affect young

animals They are principally viral origin, although mycoplasmas also play a part, and are only mild pathogenic unless secondary bacterial invasion intervenes

Erysipelas Infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae occur rarely in

cattle and sheep, mainly in pigs which are marked by diamond-shaped skin lesions

Foot and mouth disease An acute contagious febrile disease especially of

cloven-hoofed animals that is caused by any of several picornaviruses (genus Aphthovirus) and is marked by ulcerating vesicles in the mouth, about the hooves, and on the udder and teats

Infectious bursal disease

(Gumboro disease)

A disease of 3-6 week chickens caused by Binavirus which primarily and selective destroys B lymphocytes in the bursa of Fabricius resulting in a secondary

immunodeficiency Japanese encephalitis An encephalitis that occurs epidemically in Japan and

other Asian countries in the summer, is caused by a flavivirus (genus Flavivirus) transmitted by mosquitoes (especially Culex tritaeniorhyncus), and usually produces

a subclinical infection but may cause acute meningoencephalomyelitis

Leptospirosis Any of several diseases of humans and domestic animals

(as cattle and dogs) that are caused by infection with spirochetes of the genus Leptospira — called also lepto Milk fever A disease of newly lactating cows, sheep, or goats that is

caused by excessive drain on the body mineral reserves during the establishment of the milk flow

Neoplasms A new growth of tissue serving no physiological function :

TUMOR Newcastle disease A disease of domestic fowl and other birds caused by a

paramyxovirus (genus Rubulavirus) and resembling bronchitis or coryza but in later stages distinguished by nervous invasion leading to incoordination, tremors, and twitching of the head and being especially destructive of young birds although all ages may be attacked

Parakeratosis An abnormality of the horny layer of the skin resulting in a

disturbance in the process of keratinization Pasteurellosis Infection with or disease caused by bacteria of the genus

Pasteurella

Rabies An acute virus disease of the nervous system of

warm-blooded animals that is caused by a rhabdovirus (genus Lyssavirus) transmitted with infected saliva usually through the bite of a rabid animal and that is typically characterized by increased salivation, abnormal behavior, and eventual paralysis and death when untreated

Rinderpest An acute infectious febrile disease of ruminant animals (as

cattle) that is caused by a morbillivirus and is marked by diarrhea and inflammation of mucous membranes

Salmonellosis Infection with or disease caused by bacteria of the genus

Salmonella typically marked by gastroenteritis but often complicated by septicemia, meningitis, endocarditis, and various focal lesions (as in the kidneys)

Swine dysentery A disease characterized by severe diarrhea with passage of

mucus and blood and usually caused by infection Trichinellosis Infestation with or disease caused by trichinae contracted

by eating raw or insufficiently cooked infested food and especially pork and marked initially by colicky pains, nausea, and diarrhea and later by muscular pain, dyspnea, fever, and edema

White muscle disease A disease of young domestic animals (as lambs and calves)

that is characterized by muscular degeneration and is associated especially with inadequate intake of vitamin E

See the index # 5 to have more animal diseases in Vietnamese – English

Unit 5: INFLAMMATION

1 Reading

What is inflammation? Inflammation has long been considered simply as the reaction of tissues to injury, infection, or irritation More properly, it is the reaction of vascularized living tissues to local injury, which comprises a series of changes in the terminal vascular bed, in the blood, in the connective tissues, which are designed to eliminate the offending irritant and to repair the damaged tissues

Inflammation can be mild, as in the reaction to a wood splinter in one's finger, or

it can be severe and life threatening, as in a severe bronchopneumonia In between lies a gray zone in which moderate inflammation occurs All inflammatory reactions have a beginning, and most have an end Peracute inflammation is manifest very soon after its initiation, perhaps only a few hours Acute inflammation usually begins within 4-6 hours and can remain for several days Chronic inflammation often follows an acute inflammatory phase or it may develop as an insidious, low-grade, subclinical process Acute inflammation may produce clinical signs localized to the site of injury characterized as heat, redness, swelling and pain In some cases they may be accompanied by profound systemic changes such as leukocytosis and fever

In inflammatory process, fluid and leukocytes often escape from the blood to the perivascular tissues to form transudate or exudate

There are four stages of inflammation

(1) Damaged tissue release histamines, increasing blood flow to the area

(2) Histamine cause capillaries to leak, releasing phagocytes and clotting factors into the wound

(3) Phagocyte engulf bacteria, dead cells, cellular debris

(4) Platelets move out of the capillaries to seal the wounded area

Inflammatory lesions can be classified according to different factors as follows:

2 Vocabulary

Inflammation /inflə
meiʆn/ (n): pain and swelling in a part of your body(swelling, heat,

redness and pain)

Irritation /iri
teiʆn/ (n): the act of irritating, something that irritates, the state of being

irritated, a condition of irritability, soreness, roughness, or inflammation of a bodily part

Terminal /
təminl/ (n): a part that forms an end

Bed /bed/ (n): a layer of something that is a base for something else

Eliminate /i
limineit/ (v): to excrete

Offending /ə
fendiη/ (adj): causing you feel annoyed or upset

Bronchopneumonia /
broηkounju:mounjia/ (n): pneumonia involving many relatively

small areas of lung tissue

Peracute /pera
kyu:t/ (adj): very acute and violent

Anthrax occurs in four forms: peracute, acute, subacute and chronic

Leukocytosis /lu:k əsi
tosis/ (n): an increase in the number of leukocytes in the

circulating blood that occurs normally (as after meals) or abnormally (as in some infections)

Perivascular /peri
vaskjulər/ (adj): of, relating to, occurring in, or being the tissues

surrounding a blood vessel

Capillary /kə
piləri / (n)(plural capillaries): a very small narrow tube that carries blood

around your body [ artery, vein]

Phagocyte /
fəegasit/ (n): a cell (as a white blood cell) that engulfs and consumes foreign

material (as microorganisms) and debris

Platelet /
pleitlit/ (n): a minute colorless anucleate disklike body of mammalian blood

that is derived from fragments of megakaryocyte cytoplasm, that is released from the bone marrow into the blood, and that assists in blood clotting by adhering to other platelets and to damaged epithelium — called also blood platelet, thrombocyte

Extent /ik
stent/ (n): how big, important, or serious something is

Duration /djʊ
reiʆan / (n): the length of time that something continues

Distribution /distri
bju:ʆan/ (n): the pattern of branching and termination of a ramifying

anatomical structure

Nomenclature of common types of inflammation

Body part inflammation (-'itis')

Blood vessels or lymph vessels vasculitis

Fibrous connective tissue fibrositis

Small intestine and large intestine enterocolitis

Unit 6: FEVER

1 Reading

Fever (also known as pyrexia, or a febrile response, and archaically known as ague) is a medical symptom that describes an increase in internal body temperature to levels that are above normal (37°C, 98.6°F) Fever should not be confused with hyperthermia, which is an increase in body temperature over the body’s thermoregulatory set-point (normally approximately 37°C, but increased during a fever)

A fever is most accurately characterized as a temporary elevation in the body’s thermoregulatory set-point, which is usually by about 1-2°C This elevation in thermoregulatory set-point means that the previous "normal body temperature" would

be considered hypothermic Effective mechanisms, such as increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, activation of brown adipose tissue, and muscular shivering attempt

to counteract the perceived hypothermia, thereby reaching the new thermoregulatory set-point It is the most common symptom of many diseases

Mechanism

Fever is a positive feedback mechanism that acts toward the direction of change (as opposed to negative feedback, which acts opposite to change to maintain homeostasis) Therefore, fever is the opposite of thermoregulation Substances that induce fever are called pyrogens Although external pathogens may be the ultimate reason for a fever, it is the internal or endogenous pyrogens that directly cause the increase in the thermoregulatory set-point An adaptive mechanism, fever is the body's reaction to pathogens; it attempts to raise core body temperature to levels that will speed up the actions of the immune system, and may also directly denature, debilitate, or kill the pathogen Most fevers are caused by infections, and almost all infectious diseases can cause fever When a patient has or is suspected of having a fever, that person's body temperature is measured using a thermometer If successful in ridding the body of an

invasive pathogen, fever is an important protective immune mechanism and should generally not be suppressed However, there are instances when fever escalates to temperatures where the body is at risk of destroying its own cells and must be brought under control with suppressive medication

By using a reliable thermometer, you can tell if a fever is present if temperature is

at or higher than one of the following levels:

- 38 degrees Celsius measured rectally (in the anus)

- 37.5 degrees Celsius measured orally (in the mouth)

- 37.2 degrees Celsius measured in an axillary position (under the arm) Types

Pyrexia can be classed as low-grade (38 to 39°C), moderate (39 to 40°C), or grade (more than 40°C) depending on how much the body temperature has deviated from normal

high-Fever may be of benefit and is part of the body's response to a disease; however, if the fever goes above 42°C, then it may cause significant tissue damage This is termed hyperpyrexia 43.3oC is considered the upper limit compatible with life

2 Vocabulary

Fever /
fi:və/ (n): an illness in which you have a very high temperature

Pyrexia /pai
reksiə/ (n): abnormal elevation of body temperature : FEVER

Archaically /ɑke-
kəli/ (adj): very old-fashioned or no longer used

Ague /
eigju:/ (n): a fever (as malaria) marked by paroxysms of chills, fever, and sweating

that recur at regular intervals

Symptom /
smptəm/ (n): something that shows you have an illness

Medical /
medkəl/ (adj): relating to medicine and the treatment of diseases or injuries Hyperthermia /
haipə
θs:mia/ (n): exceptionally high fever

Thermoregulatory /θəmo:rigju
lətori/(adj): tending to maintain a body at a particular

temperature whatever its environmental temperature

Hypothermic /hapəʊ
θmic/ (n): person's body becomes too cold, subnormal

temperature of the body

Adipose /
ədepos/ : of or relating to fat; fat

Shivering /
ʆivərin/ (n), (ajd): your body shakes slightly because you are cold or

frightened A constant abnormal twitching of various muscles in the horse that is prob due to sensory nerve derangement

Counteract /kaʊntə
rəekt/ verb [transitive] to reduce or prevent the bad effect of

something, by doing something that has the opposite effect: • Try relaxation exercises to counteract the effects of stress

Homeostasis /homeo
stat-ik/ (n): the maintenance of relatively stable internal

physiological conditions (as body temperature or the pH of blood) in higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions

Pyrogens /
pirəjen/ (n): a fever-producing substance (as various thermostable products

of bacterial metabolism)

Ultimate /
Λlti məet/ (adj): final or coming at the end

Debilitate /di
biliteit / (v) : to impair the strength of…

Rid /rid/: (verb past tense and past participle rid, present participle ridding; rid

somebody/something of something phrasal verb): to remove something bad Escalate /
eskəleit/ (v): to increase, or make something increase