Medical terminology

benign non-malignant, non-recurrent, favorable carcinoma in situ early stage cancer before invading surrounding tissue chemotherapy chemo treatment of cancer with drugs encapsulated

pertaining to

sarc/o flesh, connective tissue -ous

-logist one who studies/treats

iatr/o physician, medicine, treatment -oma tumor, swelling

lei/o smooth -osis abnormal condition, increase (blood

cell)

development, growth

rhabd/o rod-shaped, striated -plasm growth, substance, formation

cyan/o blue

erythr/o red

leuk/o white

benign non-malignant, non-recurrent, favorable

carcinoma in situ early stage cancer before invading surrounding tissue

chemotherapy (chemo) treatment of cancer with drugs

encapsulated enclosed in a capsule (ex: benign tumor)

exacerbation increase in severity or symptoms of a disease

idiopathic pertaining to disease of unknown origin

inflammation response to tissue injury/destruction: redness, swelling, heat, pain

in vitro within a glass, observable within a test tube

in vivo within the living body

malignant tending to become progressively worse and cause death

radiation therapy (XRT) treatment of cancer with radioactivity

remission improvement or absence of signs of disease

Chapter 3

caud/o tail, downward ventr/o belly, front

dist/o away from point of attachment uni- one

poster/o back, behind RLQ right lower quadrant

proxim/o near the point of attachment LLQ left lower quadrant

frontal, coronal vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior portions

midsagittal vertical plane that divides body into equal right and left portions

parasagittal vertical plane that divides body into unequal right and left portions

sagittal vertical plane that divides body into left and right portions

transverse horizontal plane that divides body into superior and inferior portions

Fowler position semi-sitting with slight knee elevation

lithotomy position lying on back with legs raised and feet in stirrups

orthopnea position sitting upright with pillows supporting head and chest

prone position lying on abdomen facing downward

recumbent position lying down in any position

Sims position lying on left side with right knee drawn up and left arm behind and parallel

to back

supine position lying on back facing upward

Trendelenburg position lying on back so head is lower than feet

umbilical region around the navel

lumbar regions to the right and left of navel near waist

epigastric region superior to navel above the stomach

hypochondriac regions to the right and left of epigastric region

hypogastric region inferior to navel

iliac/inguinal regions to the right and left of hypogastric region near groin

Chapter 4

cutane/o

skin

strept/o twisted chains

kerat/o horny tissue, hard para- beside, beyond, around, abnormal

onych/o

coni/o

of

staphyl/o grape-like clusters -tome instrument used to cut

abrasion scraping of skin by mechanical injury

abscess localized collection of pus

acne inflammatory skin disease involving sebaceous glands and hair follicles

actinic keratosis precancerous skin condition of horny tissue from excess sunlight exposure

albinism congenital hereditary condition characterized by lack of pigmentation

basal cell carcinoma

(BCC)

epithelial tumor arising from epidermis due to sun exposure, rarely metastasizes

candidasis/thrush fungus infection of mouth, skin, or vagina caused by Candida albicans

carbuncle skin infection composed of clusters of boils caused by staphylococcal

bacteria

cellulitis inflammation of skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by infection

contusion injury with no break in the skin characterized by pain, swelling, and

discoloration

eczema noninfectious inflammatory skin disease characterized by redness, scabs,

itching

fissure slit or crack-like sore in the skin

furuncle, boil painful skin node caused by staphylococcal bacteria in a hair follicle

gangrene death of tissue caused by loss of blood supply and bacterial invasion

herpes inflammatory skin disease of small, clustered blisters caused by herpes virus

impetigo superficial skin infection caused by staphylo-, streptococci characterized by

pustules

infection invasion of pathogens in tissues

Kaposi sarcoma cancer that starts as purple-brown papules on lower body and spreads to

lymph nodes and internal organs, seen with AIDS

laceration torn, ragged-edge wound

lesion any visible change in tissue resulting from injury or disease

MRSA infection infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

pediculosis invasion into skin and hair by lice

psoriasis chronic skin condition producing red lesions with silvery scales

rosacea chronic skin disorder that produces erythema, pustules, broken blood vessels

scabies skin infection caused by the itch mite characterized by papule eruptions

scleroderma skin disease characterized by chronic hardening of connective tissue of skin

squamous cell carcinoma

fungal infection of skin, hair, and nails

urticaria itching skin eruption composed of wheals caused by allergies, disease, and

genetics

vitiligo autoimmune disease of white patches of skin caused by destruction of

melanocytes

cauterization destruction of tissue with heat, cold, electricity, or caustic chemicals

cryosurgery destruction of tissue by extreme cold, often liquid nitrogen

debridement removal of contaminated or dead tissue and foreign matter from wounds

dermabrasion procedure to remove skin scars with abrasive material

excision removal by cutting

incision surgical cut or wound

incision and drainage

(I&D)

surgical cut to allow free flow or withdrawal of fluids

laser surgery procedure using a high-powered light beam to cut, burn, vaporize, or

destroy tissue

Mohs surgery technique of microscopically-controlled excision of skin cancers

suturing to stitch together edges of a wound

alopecia loss of hair

cyst closed sac containing fluid or semisolid material

cytomegalovirus (CMV) herpes-type virus that usually causes disease when immune system is

compromised

diaphoresis profuse sweating

ecchymosis escape of blood into the skin causing a small, flat blue-purple discoloration

edema puffy swelling of tissue from accumulation of fluid

induration abnormal hard spot(s)

jaundice, xanthoderma yellowing of the skin

keloid white spots or patches on mucous membranes, possibly precancerous

macule flat, colored spot on the skin

nevus, mole, birthmark circumscribed malformation of the skin colored brown, black, or

flesh-colored

nodule small, knotlike mass on the skin

papule small, solid skin elevation

petechia pinpoint skin hemorrhage

pressure ulcer, bed sore erosion of the skin from prolonged pressure, often seen in bedridden

patients

pruritis severe itching

purpura small purple-red hemorrhages in the skin associated with blood disorders

pustule elevation of skin containing pus

ulcer erosion of skin or mucous membrane

verruca, wart circumscribed cutaneous elevation caused by a virus

vesicle small elevation of skin containing pus

wheal round, itchy skin elevation

Chapter 5: Respiratory System

bronchi/o

diaphragmat/o

oxygen

nas/o

sept/o septum (wall off, fence) poly- many, much

thorac/o thorax, chest

-cele hernia, protrusion

-centesis surgical puncture to aspirate fluid with a sterile needle

-ectasis stretching out, dilation, expansion

-emia blood condition

-graphy process of recording, radiographic imaging

-meter instrument used to measure

-metry measurement

-pexy surgical fixation, suspension

-pnea breathing

-rrhagia rapid flow of blood

-scope instrument used for visual examination

-scopy visual examination

-spasm sudden, involuntary muscle spasm (spasmodic contraction)

-stenosis constriction, narrowing

-stomy creation of an artificial opening

-thorax chest

-tomy cut into, incision

acute respiratory distress

symdrome (ARDS)

respiratory failure from disease or injury characterized by dyspnea, tachypnea, and cyanosis

asthma respiratory disease characterized by paroxysms of coughing, wheezing, and

shortness of breath caused by reversible airway constriction

croup condition of acute larynx obstruction characterized by cough and hoarseness

due to pathogens, allergies, or foreign bodies in children

cystic fibrosis (CF) hereditary disorder of exocrine glands characterized by excess mucus

production in the respiratory tract, pancreatic deficiency, and other symptoms

deviated septum one part of the nasal cavity is smaller due to malformed/injured nasal

septum

emphysema stretching of lung tissue caused by distended and less-elastic alveoli

epitaxis, rhinorrhagia nosebleed

influenza highly infectious respiratory disease caused by a virus

Legionnaire disease lobar pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophilia

obstructive sleep apnea

(OSA)

repetitive pharyngeal collapse during sleep leading to absence of breathing which can produce daytime drowsiness and high blood pressure

pertussis highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract characterized

by an acute crowing inspiration, or whooping cough

pleural effusion fluid in pleural space caused by a disease or trauma

pulmonary edema fluid accumulation in the alveoli and bronchioles

pulmonary embolism

(PE)

foreign matter in the circulation carried to the pulmonary artery and its branches where it blocks circulation to the lungs, often carried from the legs; may be fatal

tuberculosis (TB) infectious lung disease caused by an acid-fast bacillus bacteria, spread by

nuclear medicine procedure to diagnose a pulmonary embolism and other

conditions (aka lung scan) acid-fast bacilli (AFB)

test performed on arterial blood to determine levels of O 2 , CO 2 , and others

peak flow meter (PFM) portable instrument to measure how fast air can be pushed out of the lung,

used to monitor asthma and adjust medication

pulmonary function tests

auscultation act of listening for sounds within the body using a stethoscope

percussion act of tapping a body surface to determine the density of the part (dull =

fluid)

PPD (purified protein

derivative) skin test

test performed by injecting PPD of tuberculin bacillus intradermally; positive test result = previous exposure, not necessarily an active infection

stethoscope instrument used to hear internal body sounds

airway passageway by which air enters and leaves the lungs, also a mechanical

device used to keep passageway unobstructed

asphyxia deprivation of oxygen for tissue use, suffocation

aspirate to withdraw or suction fluid, also to draw fluid into respiratory tract

bronchoconstrictor agent that causes narrowing of the bronchi

bronchodilator agent that causes widening of the bronchi

cough sudden, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs

hiccup

sudden catching of breath with a spasmodic diaphragm contraction

hiccough

singultus

hyperventilation ventilation of the lungs beyond normal body needs

hypoventilation ventilation of the lungs that does not fulfill body needs

mucopurulent containing both mucus and pus

mucus slimy fluid secreted by mucous membranes

nebulizer device that creates a mist for respiratory treatment

nosocomial infection infection acquired during hospitalization

paroxysm periodic, sudden attack

patent open, the opposite of closed or compromised, as in patent trachea or

LTB laryngotracheobronchitis

SOB shortness of breath

RUL right upper lobe

LUL left upper lobe

RLL right lower lobe

LLL left lower lobe

Chapter 6: Urinary System

cyst/o

meat/o meatus (opening) tom/o cut, section

nephr/o

pyel/o renal pelvis -gram record, radiographic image

condition

albumin/o albumin -lysis loosening, dissolution, separating

blast/o developing cell, germ cell -ptosis drooping, sagging, prolapsed

glyc/o

lith/o stone, calculus -uria urine, urination

epispadias congenital defect where the urinary meatus is on the upper surface of the

penis

hypospadias congenital defect where the urinary meatus is on the lower surface of the

penis

polycystic kidney disease condition where the kidney is enlarged and contains many cysts

renal calculus kidney stone

renal failure loss of kidney function

renal hypertension elevated blood pressure resulting from kidney disease

urinary suppression sudden stoppage of urine formation

urinary tract infection

(UTI)

infection of one or more organs of the urinary tract

extracorporeal shock

wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

noninvasive treatment for the removal of kidney or urethral stones using ultrasonic and fluoroscopic imaging and repeated firing of shock waves

fulguration destruction of living tissue with an electric spark

renal transplant surgical implantation of a donor kidney to replace a non-functioning kidney

KUB (kidney, ureter,

bladder) simple radiographic image of the abdomen used to visualize the urinary

system, identify calculi, and diagnose intestinal obstruction

flat plate of the

creatinine blood test that measures creatinine level in blood

specific gravity (SG) urine test that measures concentrating/diluting ability of kidneys

urinalysis multiple routine urine tests

catheter (cath) flexible tube-like device for withdrawing or instilling fluids

distended stretched out

enuresis involuntary urination

hemodialysis (HD) procedure for removing impurities from the blood when kidneys are unable

incontinence inability to control bladder and/or bowels

micturate to urinate or void

peritoneal dialysis procedure for removing toxic wastes when kidneys are unable using

peritoneal cavity for fluid receptacle

stricture abnormal narrowing

urinal receptacle for urine

urinary catheterization passage of catheter into urinary bladder to withdraw urine

urodynamics pertaining to force and flow of urine

void to empty or evacuate waste

ARF acute renal failure

CRF chronic renal failure

ESRD end-stage renal disease

IVP intravenous pyelogram

IVU intravenous urogram

OAB overactive bladder

VCUG voiding cystourethrogram

Chapter 7: Male Reproductive System

balan/o glans penis

vas/o vessel, duct

vesicul/o seminal vesicle

andr/o male

sperm/o

spermatozoon

spermat/o

erectile dysfunction (ED) inability of the male to attain or maintain an erection (aka impotence) hydrocele scrotal swelling caused by a collection of fluid

phimosis tightness of the foreskin that prevents retraction over the glans penis

priapism persistent abnormal erection of the penis with pain and tenderness

testicular torsion twisting of the spermatic cord causing decreased blood flow to the testis;

occurs most often during puberty and causes severe pain; a surgical emergency

varicocele enlarged veins of the spermatic cord

circumcision surgical removal of the prepuce (foreskin)

hydrocelectomy surgical removal of a hydrocele

transurethral incision of

the prostate gland (TUIP)

surgical procedure that widens the urethra by making a few small incisions

in the bladder and prostate

artificial insemination introduction of semen into the vagina by artificial means

azoospermia lack of live sperm in the semen

Chlamydia an STD caused by C trachomatis; symptoms of severe cases include

discharge and painful urination in men, and vaginal bleeding, itching, and discharge in women

coitus, copulation sex between a man and a woman

condom cover for the penis worn during sex to prevent conception and STD spread

ejaculation ejection of semen from the male urethra

genital herpes STD caused by Herpesvirus hominus type2 (aka herpes simplex virus) gonads male and female sex glands

gonorrhea contagious, inflammatory STD caused by a bacteria that affects

genitourinary mucous membranes

heterosexual person who is attracted to people of the opposite sex

homosexual person who is attracted to people of the opposite sex

human type of retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting T-helper cells of the immune

STD that causes benign or cancerous growths in male and female genitals

(aka venereal warts) infertility reduced or absent ability to produce offspring

orgasm climax of sexual simulation

puberty period where secondary sex characteristics and ability to reproduce develop

sexually transmitted

disease (STD)

diseases transmitted during sex (aka venereal disease, sexually transmitted infection, STI)

sterilization process that renders a person unable to produce offspring

syphilis STD caused by Treponema pallidum; has 3 clinical stages and spreads

systemically if untreated

trichomoniasis STD caused by single-celled Trichomonas that infects genitourinary tract;

males may be asymptomatic or develop urethritis, enlarged prostate, epididymitis, and females develop itching, dysuria, and discharge

Chapter 8: Female Reproductive System

arche/o first, beginning

salping/o uterine (Fallopian) tube

peri- surrounding, outer

-atresia absence of normal, body

opening, closure, occlusion

-salpinx uterine (Fallopian) tube

adenomyosis growth of endometrium into muscular portion of uterus

breast cancer malignant tumor of the breast

cervical cancer malignant tumor of the cervix, progresses from cellular dysplasia, linked to

HPV

endometrial cancer malignant tumor of the endometrium (aka uterine cancer)

endometriosis abnormal condition in which endometrial tissue grows in various areas of

the pelvic cavity including ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, and intestines

fibrocystic breast disease disorder characterized by one or more benign cysts in the breast

fibroid tumor benign tumor of the uterine muscle (aka myoma of the uterus, leiomyoma) ovarian cancer malignant tumor of the ovary

vesicovaginal fistula abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina

anterior and posterior

colporrhaphy (A&P

repair)

surgical repair of a weakened vaginal wall to correct a cystocele (bladder protrusion against anterior vaginal wall) and a rectocele (rectal protrusion against posterior vaginal wall)

conization surgical removal of a cone-shaped area of the cervix; treatment for

noninvasive cervical cancer (aka cone biopsy) dilation and curettage

(D&C)

dilation of the cervix and scraping of the endometrium with a curette to diagnose disease, correct bleeding, or empty uterine contents (such as post- miscarriage)

endometrial ablation procedure to destroy or remove endometrium using laser or thermal energy;

used to treat abnormal uterine bleeding

laparoscopy,

laparoscopic surgery

visual exam of the abdominal cavity using a laparoscope inserted near the navel; used during surgical procedures involving the female reproductive organs

myomectomy excision of a fibroid tumor (myoma) from the uterus

sentinel lymph node

biopsy

injection of blue dye and/or radioactive isotope to identify, remove, and microscopically examine the sentinel lymph nodes (first in axillary chain and most likely to contain metastasis of breast cancer)

blood test used to detect ovarian cancer and monitor treatment

Pap smear cytological study of cervical and vaginal secretions to determine presence of

abnormal cells, such as cervical cancer

dyspareunia difficult or painful intercourse

fistula abnormal passageway between two organs or an organ and a body surface

premenstrual syndrome

(PMS)

syndrome involving physical and emotional symptoms in the 10 days before menstruation; symptoms include nervous tension, irritability, mastalgia, edema, and headache; cause is not fully understood

speculum instrument for opening a body cavity for visual inspection

SHG sonohysterography

TAH/BSO total abdominal

hysterectomy/bilateral oophorectomy

salpingo-TVH total vaginal hysterectomy

Gamete: Mature germ sell, either sperm (male) or ovum (female)

Ovulation: Expulsion of a mature ovum from an ovary

Conception or fertilization: when the sperm enters the ovum to form zygote; in the fallopian tubes

Embryo: unborn offspring in the stage between implantation and to the end of the 2nd month of pregnancy Fetus: unborn offspring from the beginning of the 3rd month of pregnancy until birth

Gestation: development of a new individual from conception to birth

Implantation: embedding of the zygote in the uterine lining; 7 days after fertilization

Placenta: allows for nourishment of the unborn child

Amniotic sac: membranous bag that surround the fetus before delivery

Chorion: outermost layer of the fetal membrane

Amnion: innermost layer of the fetal membrane

Amniotic fluid: fluid within the amniotic sac, which surrounds the fetus

Abortion: termination of pregnancy; usually before 20 weeks of gestation

Abruption placentae: premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall

Cleft lip and palate: congenital split of the lip and roof of the mouth (cleft indicates a fissure)

Ectopic pregnancy: pregnancy occurring outside the uterus; fallopian tubes

Placenta previa: abornally low implantation of the placenta of the uterine wall; cesarean section may be necessary Preeclampsia: during pregnancy or after characterized by high blood pressure/edma but with no convulsions Eclampsia: Characterized by convulsion and coma; life-threatening disorder

Gastroschisis: fissue of the abdominal wall, Enterocele; protrusion of the intestine

Down syndrome: characterized by mental retardation and multiple defects

Erythroblastosis fetalis: occurring when the mom's blood is Ph negative and the infants blood is Ph positive Esophageal atresia: congenital absence of part of the esophagus

Respiratory distress syndrome: caused by immaturity of the respiratory system>compromised respiration

Spina bifida (divided spine): defect in the vertebral column caused by the failure of the vertebral arch to close Breech presenttation: parturition (act of giving birth) in which the buttocks, feet or knees emerge 1st

congenital anomaly: abnormality present at birth

Lochia: vaginal discharge after birth

Cesarean section: the birth of a baby thru an incision of the mom's abdomen and uterus

meconium: 1st stool of the newborn (greenish black)

obstetrician: physicians who specifalizes in obstetrics

obstetrics (OB): medical specialty dealing with pregnancy, birth, and puerperium

parturition: act of giving birth

premature infant: infant born before completing 37 weeks of gestation

puerperium: period from delivery until the reproductive organs return to normal\

Hemi-: half -crit: to separate -penia: abnormal reduction in number

Heart - circulates blood through upper(atriums) and lower(ventricles)

Tricuspid valve: located b/w the right atrium and right ventricle (mitral valve)

Bicuspid valve: located b/w the left atrium and left ventricle

Semilunar Valves: b/w the right ventricle/pulmonary artery and b/w the left ventricle/aorta

Pericardium: 2 layer sac covering the heart; serrous fluid

Myocardium: middle, thick, muscular layer

Endocardium: inner lining of the heart

Arteries: carry blood away from the heart The pulmonary artery carries CO2 from the heart to the lungs

Arterioles: smallest arteries

Aorta: largest artery in the body, originating at the left ventricle and descending through the thorax & abdomen Veins: carry blood back to the heart The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lunges to the heart Venules: smallest veins

Venae cavae: largest veins in the body

Capillaries: microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules

Blood: composed of plasma + formed elements (erythrocytes/ leukocytes/thrombocytes)

Plasma: liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended Serum: liquid portion w/o clotting factors

Platelets: formed element that aids in clotting process

Lymph: transparent, colorless issue fluid

Lymph nodes: small, spherical bodies made of lymphoid tissue that acts as filters to keep bacteria from blood Spleen: in left side of abdominal cavity b/w stomach + diaphragm In adults largest lymphatic organ

Thymus gland: role in development of body’s immune system (infancy>puberty>atrophies)

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS): sudden symptoms indicating unstable angina or MI

Anemia: Reduction in the amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cells

Aneurysm: ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

Angina pectoris: chest pain, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle

Cardiac arrest: sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation which CPR

Cardiac tamponade: acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity

Coarctation of the aorta: congenical cardiac condition characterized by a narrowing of the aorta

Congenital heart disease: heart abnormality present at birth

Congestive heart failure (CHF): inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body

Coronary occlusion: obstruction of an artery of the heart, usually form atherosclerosis

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): condition of thrombus in a deep vein of the body(legs)

Dysrhythmia :any disturbance of abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic patter (arrhythmia)

Embolus: blood clot of foreign material, such as air or fat

Fibrillation: rapid, quivering, noncoordinated contraction of the atria or ventricles

Hemochromatosis: an iron metabolism disorder that can cause congestive heart failure and diabetes

Hemophilia: inherited bleeding disease most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII Hemorrhoid: varicose vein in the rectal area, which may be internal or external

Hodgkin disease: malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue characterized enlargement of nodes

Hypertensive heart disease (HHD): Disorder of the heart brought about by persistent high pressure

Intermittent claudication: pain and discomfort in calf muscles while walking

Leukemia: malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal WBC formed in the bone marrow Mitral Valve Stenosis: a narrowing of the mitral (bicuspid) valve from scarring caused by rheumatic fever

Myocardial Infaction (MI): death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of oxygen

Peripheral arterial Disease (PAD): disease of the arteries; symptom = intermittent claudication

Rheumatic fever: an inflammatory strep disease in children affecting upper respiratory tract

Rheumatic Heart Disease: damage to the heart muscle of heart valves caused by rheumatic fever

Varicose veins: distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities

Sickle cell anemia: a hereditary, chronic hemolytic disease, crescent or sickle shaped red blood cells

Aeurysmectomy: Surgical excision of an aneurysm

Bone Marrow Transplant: infusion of normal bone marrow cells

Cardiac Pacemaker: battery-powered on nuclear-powered apparatus that regulates the heart rate

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG): surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to the heart muscle

Coronary stent: a supportive scaffold device implanted in the coronary artery that is used to prevent closure Defibrillation: application of an electric shock to the myocardium

Embolectomy: excision of an embolus or clot

Femoropopliteal bypass: surgery to establish route from femoral artery to popliteal artery

Hemorrhoidectomy: excision of hemorrhoids, the varicosed veins in the rectal region

Implantable cardiac defibrillator: monitors heart rhythm>dysrhythmias occur>shock>normal

Intracoronary thrombolytic therapy: intravenous medication to dissolve blood clots in coronary vessels

Laser angioplasty: the use to light amplications to open blocked arteries, especially in lower extremities

Mitral Commissurotomy: surgical procedure to repair a stenosed mitral valve by breaking apart the leaves

Percutaneous Tranluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA): Inflation of the balloon in plaqued vessel

DSA: digital x-ray of blood vessels that subtracts parts not studied

Doppler ultrasound: uses sound for detection of blood flow

SPECT: views heart from different angles and used to assess damage to cardiac tissue

Thallium test: nuclear medicine test used to diagnose coronary heart disease (not taken up by abnormal cells)

IPG: measures venous flow of extremities

Diastole: phase where ventricles relax b/w contractions Systole: phase where ventricles contract

Prefix: hemi- half, Suffix: pepsia- digestion

antr/: antrum duoden/: duodenum Jejun/: jejunum Sigmoid/: sigmoid colon cec/: cecum enter/: intestine lapar/: abdomen rect/: rectum

Mouth: mastication: breaks food into small particles

Tongue: Provides movement of food for mastication, directs food to the pharynx for swallowing

Palate: separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

Soft Palate: posterior portion, not supported by bone

Hard Palate: anterior portion, supported by bone

Uvula: soft V-shaped mass that extends from the soft palate Directs food into the throat

Pharynx, throat: performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus

Esophagus: 10-inch tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach

Stomach: J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food It secretes chemicals for digestion

Cardia: area around the opening of the esophagus

Fundus: uppermost domed portion of the stomach

Body: Central portion of the stomach

Pylorus: lower part of the stomach that connects to the body of the stomach

Antrum: portion of the pylorus that connects to the body of the stomach

pyloric sphincter: ring of muscle that guards the opening b/w the stomach to the large intestine

Small intestine: 20-ft canal extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine

Duodenum: first 10-12 inches of the small intestine

Jejunum: 2nd portion, approx 8 ft

Ileum: 3rd portion, approx 11ft

Large intestine: canal that is approx 5 ft long and extends from ileum to the anus

Cecum: blind U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine

Colon: 2nd portion of the large intestine, divided into 4 parts

Rectum: remaining portion of the large intestine; extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus

Anus: sphincter muscle at the end of the digestive tract

salivary glands: produce saliva, which flows into the mouth

Liver: produces bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats

Bile ducts: the hepatic duct is a passage way for bile from the liver

Gallbladder: small, saclike structure that stores bile

Pancreas: pancreatic juice; which helps digest all food and secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism

Appendix: small pouch, which has no function in digestion, attached to the cecum

Abdomen: portion of the body b/w the thorax and the pelvis

Adhesion: abnormal growing together of 2 surfaces that normal are separated

Anorexia Nervosa: psychoneurotic disorder, prolonged refusal to eat

Bulimia Nervosa: eating disorder involving gorging with food

Cirrhosis: chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells; alcoholism

Crohn disease: chronic inflammation usually affecting the ileum; characterized by cobblestone ulcerations

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus

Ileus: Obstruction of the intestine, often caused by failure of peristalsis

Intrussusception: telescoping of a segment of the intestine

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): periodic disturbance of bowel function

Polyp: tumor like growth extending outward from a mucous membrane; usually benign

Ulcerative colitis: inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers; diarrhea

Volvulus: twisting of kinking of the intestine> intestinal obstruction

Abdominoperineal resection (A&P resection): removal of the colon and rectum thru both abdominal

Anastomosis: surgical connection b/w two normally distinct structures

Vagotomy: cutting of performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid

Barium enema (BE): series of x-ray images taken of the large intestine after a barium enema has be given

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): x-ray exam of the bile/pancreatic ducts

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): an endoscope fitted with an ultrasound provides images of intestinal wall

Fecal occult blood test: to detect occult blood in feces It is used to screen for colon cancer orpolyps

Helicobacter pylori antibodies test (H Pylori): a blood test to determine the presence of H pylori bacteria \

Upper GI series: series of x-ray images taken of the stomach and duodenum after barium and been swallowed Ascites: abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Diarrhea: frequency discharge of liquid stool

Dysentery: disorder that involves inflammation of the intestine associated with diarrhea and abdominal pain

Feces: waste from digestive tract expelled from anus

Gastric lavage: washing out the stomach

Hematemesis: vomiting of blood

Melena: black, tarry stool that contains digested blood, from bleeding of upper GI tract

Nausea: urge to vomit

Peristalsis: involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along the digestive tract

Reflux: abnormal backward flow Esophageal reflux, the stomach contents flow back into the esophagus

Vomit: matter expelled from stomach through the mouth

Chapter 12

Blephar/: eyelid Lacrim/, Dacry/: tear Ophthalm/, Ocul/: eye Scler/: sclera

Cor/, Core/, Pupil/: Dipl/: two Phot/: light

Cry/: cold Iri/, Irid/: iris Retin/: retina

Sclera: outer protective layer of the eye(white)

Cornea: transparent anterior part of the sclera; lies over the iris

Choroid: middle layer of the eye; many blood vessels

Iris: pigmented muscular structure that allows light to pass thru

Pupil: opening in the centre of the eye

Lens: behind the pupil; focus and bend light

Retina: innermost layer of the eye, which contains the vision receptors

Aqueous humor: watery liquid found in the anterior cavity of the eye

Vitreous humor: substance found behind the lens that maintains it’s shape

Meibomian glands: oil glands found in eye that lubricate it

Lacrimal glands and ducts: produce and drain tears

Optic nerve: carries visual impulses from the retina to the brain

Conjunctiva: mucous membrane lining the eyelids

Astigmatium (Ast): defective curvature of the refractive surface of the eye

Cataract: clouding of the lens of the eye

Chalazion: obstruction of the oil gland of the eyelid

Detached retina: separation of the retina from the choroid in back of the eye

Emmetropia (Em): normal refractive conditions

Glaucoma: optic nerve damage usually caused by the abnormal increase of intraocular pressure>blindness

Hyperopia: farsightedness

Macular degeneration: deterioration macula lutea>resulting in loss of central vision

Myopia: nearsightedness

Nyctalopia: poor vision at night or in faint light

Nystagmus: involuntary, jerking movements of the eyes

Presbyopia: impaired vision as a result of aging

Perygium: thin tissue growing into the cornea from the conjunctiva; caused from sun exposure

Retinitis pigmentosa: hereditary disease marked by night blindness with atrophy and retinal pigment changes Strabismus: condition of crossing eyes caused by the visual axes not meeting at the same point

Stye (hordeolum): infection of an oil gland of the eyelid

Enucleation: surgical removal of the eyeball

LASIK: laser procedure that reshapes the corneal tissue beneath the surface of the cornea to correct sight

Phacomulsification : method to remove cataracts via an ultrasonic needle probe

Photorefractive keratectomy: treatment of nearsightedness used to reshape the corneal surface

Retinal photocoagulation: procedure to repair tears in the retina by use of an intense, focused light

Scleral buckling: a procedure to repair a detached retina A strip of sclera is resected

Trabeculectomy: surgical creation of a drain to reduce intraocular pressure (used to treat glaucoma)

Vitrectomy: vitreous removal of all or part of the vitreous humor (used to treat diabetic retinopathy)

Miotic: agent that constricts the pupil

Mydriatic: agent that dilates the pupil

Oculus dexter (OD): medical term for right eye

Oculus sinister (OS): medical term for left eye

Oculus uterque (OU): medical term for each eye

Optician: a specialist who fills prescription for lenses (cannot prescribe lenses)

Optometrist: a health professional who prescribes corrective lenses or eye exercises

Visual acuity (VA): sharpness of vision for either distance or nearness

Chapter 5 Terminology

membrane and fine hairs; it acts as a filter to moisten and warm the entering air

Trachea Passageway for air to the

bronchi; (also called the

windpipe)

Nasal septum Partition separating the right

and left nasal cavities

Bronchus (pl

bronchi)

One of two branches from the trachea that conducts air into the lungs, where it divides and subdivides The branchings resemble a tree; therefore, they are referred

to as a bronchial tree

Paranasal sinuses Air cavities within the cranial

bones that open into the nasal cavities

Bronchioles Smallest subdivision of the

bronchial tree

Pharynx Serves as a food and air

passageway Air enters form the nasal cavities and passes through the pharynx to the larynx Food enters the pharynx from the mouth and passes into the esophagus;

(also called the throat)

Alveolus (pl

alveoli)

Air sacs at the end of the bronchioles Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through the alveolar walls and the capillaries

Adenoids Lymphoid tissue located

behind the nasal cavity

Lungs Two spongelike organs in the

thoracic cavity The right lung consists of three lobes, and the left lung has two lobes Tonsils Lymphoid tissue located

behind the mouth

Pleura Double-folded serous

membrane covering each lung and lining the thoracic cavity with a small space between, called the pleural cavity, which contains serous fluid

Larynx Location of the vocal cords

Air enters from the pharynx

(also called the voice box)

Diaphragm Muscular partition that

separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity It aids in the breathing process

by contracting and pulling air

in, then relaxing and pushing air out

Epiglottis Flap of cartilage that

automatically covers the opening of and keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing

Mediastinum Space between the lungs It

contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, great blood vessels, and other structures

Alveol/o Alveolus Pneum/o,

Pneumat/o, Pneumon/o

-ar, -ary, -eal Pertaining to -rrhagia Rapid flow of blood

-cele Hernia or protrusion -scope Instrument used for visual

examination -centesis Surgical puncture to aspirate

fluid (with a sterile needle)

-scopic Pertaining to visual

examination -ectasis Stretching out, dilation,

expansion

-scopy Visual examnation

contraction (spasmodic contraction)

-graphy Process of recording,

radiographic imaging

-stenosis Constriction or narrowing

-meter Instrument used to measure -stomy Creation of an artificial

opening

-pexy Surgical fixation, suspension -tomy Cut into or incision

adenoids

Alveolitis Inflammation of the alveolus Pleuritis Infammation of the pleura

(also called pleurisy)

Atelectasis Incomplete expansion (of the

lung or portion of the lung)

Pneumatocele Hernia of the lung (lung tissue

protrudes through an opening in the chest)

Bronchiectasis Dilation of the bronchi Pneumoconiosis Abnormal condition of dust in

the lungs

Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi Pneumonia Diseased state of the lung

(the infection and

inflammation are caused by bacteria such as

Pneumococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Haemophilus; viruses; and fungi)

Pneumothorax Air in the chest (pleural

space), which causes collapse

of the lung (often a result of

an open chest wound) Diaphragmatocele Hernia of the diaphragm Pulmonary

Pyothorax Pus in the chest (pleural

space)(also called empyema)

Hemothorax Blood in the chest (pleural

acute form is called croup)

Rhinorrhagia Rapid flow of blood from the

nose (also called epistaxis)

Lobar pneumonia Pertaining to the lobe(s);

diseased state of the lung (infection of one or more lobes of the lung)

Thoracalgia Pain in the chest

Nasopharyngitis Inflammation of the nose and

pharynx

Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils Pansinusitis Inflammation of all sinuses Tracheitis Inflammation of the trachea Pharyngitis Inflammation of the pharynx Tracheostenosis Narrowing of the trachea Acute Respiratory

Influenza Highly infectious respiratory

disease caused by a virus

(also called flu)

Asthma Respiratory disease

characterized by paroxysms

of coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, which is caused by constriction of airways that is reversible between attacks

Legionnaire disease

A lobar pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila

Repetitive pharyngeal collapse during sleep, which

pulmonary disease

(COPD)

makes breathing difficult

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are the two main components of COPD, but it may also be caused by chonic asthmatic bronchitis Most COPD is a result of cigarette smoking

leads to absence of breathing; can produce daytime drowsiness and elevated blood pressure

Coccidioidomycosi

s

Fungul disease affecting the lungs and sometimes other organs of the body (also

called valley fever or cocci)

Pertussis Highly contagious bacterial

infection of the respiratory tract characterized by an acute crowing inspiration, or

whoop (also called whooping cough)

Cor pulmonale Serious cardiac disease

associated with chronic lung disorders, such as

emphysema

Pleural effusion Fluid in the pleural space

caused by a disease process

or trauma

Croup Condition resulting from

acute obstruction of the larynx, characterized by a barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor It may be caused

by viral or bacterial infection, allergy, or foreign body

Occurs mainly in children

Pulmonary edema Fluid accumulation in the

alveoli and bronchioles

Cystic fibrosis (CF) Hereditary disorder of the

exocrine glands characterized

by excess mucus production

in the respiratory tract, pancreatic deficiency, and other symptoms

Pulmonary embolism (PE)(pl

emboli)

Matter foreign to the circulation, carried to the pulmonary artery and its branches, where it blocks circulation to the lungs and can be fatal if of sufficient size or number Blood clots broken loose from the deep veins of the lower extremities are the most common source

of emboli

Deviated septum One part of the nasal cavity is

smaller because of malformation or injury of the nasal septum

Tuberculosis (TB) An infectious disease, caused

by an acid-fast bacillus, most commonly spread by

inhalation of small particles and usually affecting the lungs

Emphysema Stretching of lung tissue

caused by the alveoli becoming distended and losing elasticity

Upper respiratory infection (URI)

Infection of the nasal cavity, pharynx, or larynx (commonly

called a cold)