ciia giao tie'p truyen tin khong ehi doi hoi xac dinh vat cu the, ma con can khai qual tri thirc ve vat do va eiia truyen dat kinh nghiem tri thire trong lir khong chi ve mot vat cu the'
Trang 1DAY HOC TD N G O A I N G Q
THEO TIER CAN T A M LY HOC
•
GSTS Tran Hffu Luy^n
Trudng Dai hoc Ngoai ngil Ihii hoc QIU'H gia lid Ndi
l o M r \ i
l)ii\ hoc u'( ui^oai ngif cd nhieu binh dirn ti^'p < dn trong dd tie'p can tU binh dien tarn iv hoe Id i at < dn ban song nhieu khi trong dux hoc tif ngoai ngilkhon^ duac
de cdp dcii h('d< de nip mm cd(h klimig ddv die l I'l tie'p can tarn ly lux hogi dong, ddc biet tif quan <licm Idm Iv hot ctia L.S I vgoi.skw A.N Leimchiv va A.R Luria vi itgdn ngif vd tif diiy y ihi'fc hai vie't tap iiung Idm id nhiing noi dung tarn ly ca ban
I lid lif ngoai ngil < an difcfc quan tarn Ircmg day hoc nhu chifc ndnu idm ly ciia tu ban chat lam Iv cua tif, din tnic tdm ly vd cau true ngif nghia ciia tU Mf hinh thanh va phdt irien nghJa (iui tif, quan he ciia ngliTa vifi y irtmg tif vd qua ninh ndm vifng tif d
cd the: u'f ddx dtfa ra cdc yeu cau inm ly nhu mot ca sd khoa IUK < dn ihie't de gap phdii Idm sdng id vd \dy difng < dc ni^uveii id( gtdo hoe phdp noi dung vd phttcmg pitdp day hoe lif ngoai ngif
Tir khoa: Chifc ndng tdm ly; can tnic tdm ly diu trite ngif nghia: nghia;
nghia rteng nglua ihiidn thuy: nghia pham tiu y ndm vifng tu
Ngay nhdn hdf 16/4/2012: Ni;dv diiyei dang bdi- 10/6/2012
1 \I() d a u
Ngdn ngLf, trudc hci la tir ciia ngdn ngO la cdng cu ciia giao tie'p, cdng cu ciia tu duy, cong cu cua y thirc cong cu ciia su phat tri^n cac chiic nang lam ly cap
cao ciia con ngudi Nhd ngon ngtr, irudc bet l.i nhd tir con ngudi khac han va hon
han con vat; con ngirdi cd the gidi nhan ddi, khdng chi phan anh cam linh va true tiep the gidi vat the \'ai chat xung quanh ma con phan anh gian tiep the gidi do,
nhd vay c6 the' den duoc nhung noi khong \U6 true tiO'p den duoc dac biet co the
hanh dong gian licp trong ihc gidi lam ludng ma \.in dat duoc muc di'ch mong
mudn Chang han, la ndi \'di ai do cac tir •"Ku 6A\" sau khi nghe, ngudi dd da di
den chd ngudi noi Ro rang, ngudi nghe da hanh dong theo hanh dong cua cac tir
"lai day" d Irong lam ludng thay cho hanh ddng true licp ciia ngudi ndi di den tan
cho ngucfi nghe, cam !a\' ngirdi 66 dat deii chd minh \'a dc gan minh \.v
TLT la mdi don \'i quan trong ciia ng5n ngii Tir va su ket hop ciia tir tao nen
Trang 2tiir, thi ngdn ng& khdng cdn gi ca Lich sii hinh thanh ngfin ngfr khAng tach rdi lich sii hinh thanh tCr; tii dai diSn cho ng6n ngfr; xem xet su hinh thanh ngdn ngiJ, cd the xem xet Irong sir hinh thanh tir V^ mai phat sinh loai, tir cung nhu ng6n ngi?, dupe hinh ihanh trong lao ddng, nhimg ve mat phat sinh ca ihe, tir hinh thanh lai khac, khong gan vdi lao ddng ma gdn vdi linh hdi kinh nghiem xa hdi va giao tie'p vdi ngudi Idn (L.S Vygotsky, 1997) [I] Tuy nhien con dudng hinh thanh tir, d ca hai trudng hop, phat sinh loai va phat sinh ca the vSn la con dudng giai phong dSn khdi ngO canh gdn lien vdi thuc licii con dudng di tir ca'u tnic tinh hudng de'n ca'u triie ddng nghTa ciia tir roi chiiycn sang ngi^ nghia va tiep luc phat tri^n ngiJ nghTa nay Day cung chinh l.i con dudng chung ciia hinh thanh ngdn ngfr (A.R Luria, 1998)[2]
De nam virng ngon ngCr phai ndm vGng duoc tCr Khdng the nam virng dupe ngon ngtr khi chua nam vihig dupe tir Nam vung tir khong chi la hieu tir, ma con la
nam virng each sir dung tir Cach sir dung lii khong tach rdi viec hiCu tir Ngay tir
khi hinh thanh nen tir da bao ham ca each sir dung lir Chang han, lir "me" dira tre dupe nghe chi trong khi co ngudi me, ngutfi ta noi lir do cho lie nghe va chi vao ngudi me \di mdt each ph.ii am dac bici, mot gipng dieu tran day cam xiic, trong
nhimg tinh hudng hoan canh thuc lien cu thi Chi'nh trong nhiiTig tinh hudng, hoan
canh nhu vay lir "me" duoc hinh thanh d dira irc va dira tre chi noi lir "me" nay
trong nhOtig tinh hudng Idi noi co ngudi me ciia minh, lire la d&d tre khdng chi don
gian hoc dupe, hicu duoc tir "me" la gi, ma con hoc dupe, hie'u dupe each sir dung tiJ"me" ehi trong nhimg tinh hudng, hoan canh cu the ed ngudi me ciia minh Phai
mai sau nay, khi ITnh hdi dupe cac kien thiie sau rong hon v6 tir vung, tire khi thay
dupe nhieu ngudi me khac va nhirng dira tre la con ciia nhirng ngudi me khac, diia tre nay mdi hi^u dupe va diing duoc tir "me" de ehi mpi ngudi phu nir da ed con chir khdng ehi mot minh me nd, tire la tir "me" dung la ti!r "mc" ciia ngon ngtr da dupe giai phdng khot tinh hudng hoan canh thuc lifin cu the gan vdi dira tre do va ngudi me ciia nd
Tir cd vai tro dac bict nhu ihe, nen day hoe nam vifng ngon ngfr d mot goc
dp nao do chinh la day hpc nam vung tir va each sir dung tir, ma ngan gon la day hoc nam virng tir Phai cd tri thirc ve tir thi mdi nam virng dupe ngdn ngir Dieu nay
cdn dupe khAng dinh trong phuong thiic nam yCsng nha trudng la phuong thuc linh
hoi nen van hoa xa hdi theo con dudng cd y thirc trong do noi dung duoc day hpc phai dupe hieu ro rang va trong chinh su ihdng nha't giua ky nang Idi ndi vdi tri thiJc ngdn ngir duoc day hpc nhu mot quy lual khong gi co the xoa bo (Tran Hfai Luyen 2008)[31
Nhung phai day hoe tir ngoai ngir nhu the nao de dam bao linh khoa hoe va
CO ke't qua tin cay? Dieu nay luy thiioe vao each licp can de day hpc tir
Day hoc tir ngoai ngfr noi rieng va day hpc tir ciia ngdn ngfr ndi chung co nhieu binh dien tiep can, nhu tiep can tir binh dien ngon ngfr hoc tie'p can tir binh dien xa hoi hoc tie'p can lir binh dicn ngir dung hoc tiep can iCr binh dien ly iuan
Trang 3CO sd khoa hoc c^n thict gdp phan vao tra li*i cflu hdi da duoc nfiu ra, trong dd, tie'p can tCr binh difin tarn ly hpc lii mot each tifi'p can rfl't cpian trong ddi vdi day hoc lir ngoai ngii ndi riling va day hoc ngoai ngii ndi chung
Mdi each tie'p can day hoc tir ngo.ii ngtt lai cd kha nhidu quan diem khac nhau Trong licp clin tam ly hoc cii the tir quan didm tam ly hoc I,icn tudng, tam
ly hoc Phat iiicn tam 1^ hpc Nh.ln thi'rc, tam ly hoe I hinh vi, tam ly hot Nhan van, lam ly hpc Xa hfti, lAm ly hpc lloat dOng v,v, lioiig bai vici nay, ndi den day hpc tir ngoai ngu theo lidp can tain ly hpc lii tam ly hot lloat dOng iheo quan die'm kho.t hoe vC' ngOn ngO vii tirduy, ^ thi're cti,i l.,S, Vygotsks [ I], A N Leonehiev [4] vii A,l^ Luria 12],
Cu the tlin hoc tir ngoai ngu theo tie'p can tam ly hpc duoc ndi de'n, can
lam ro cSc nfti dung tam ly ciia tir, nhu: Tir ed chuc nang tam ly nao? Ban chat tam
ly ciia tir la gi? Tir eti ca'u tnic tarn ly va c'ni tnic ngif nghTa the nao? NghTa ciia tir hinh thanh vii phat men the iiiio? NghTa va y ciia lir co quan he vdi nhau the' nao? Qua trinh nam Mrng tirdci the dien ra the nao? Co ihc dua ra nhung yeu cSu tam
ly gi dc gdp phan viio lam sang td va \ay dung cac nguycn tac giao hoe phap, nOi dung v.i phuong ph.i|i day hpc tir ngoai ngii? Lam n~) nhiing di^u nay la lam ro quan diem tiep can tam ly htx; Hoat dong mOt co sd khoa hpc tam ly quan trong ciia day hoc lir ngoai ngii Dutri day sc lam ro nbCmg dicin nay
2 Chiitc nang tam ly ciia tir
Ndi den chirc nang tam ly ciia tir thudng th.iy ngay chiic nang bie'u vat, Nhirng neu vay, rai de chi tha'y tir nhu nhan hieu hay e.ii ih.iy the', se khong thay ro duge nOi dung tam ly ciia chiic nang nay Chinh ntii dung tam ly ciia chuc nang nay va cCing vol nhung nOi dung tam ly khac ciia tir mdi lam cho tir co duoc nhung vai tro to Idn nhu dii ndi ti tren
Trong tam ly hpc Hoat dong bat dau lir L.S V'ygolsky [1], ticpdd la A.N Leonehiev |4], dac bict la A.R Luria [2] va nhung ngudi kh.ie sau nay, tir cd chiic nang CO ban la xac djnh \,ii Chinh xiic hon tir co chuc nang xac dinh \.it tinh chat, hanh dong hoac quan he Chuc nang iiiiy cii.i tir the' hien d tinh gan lien vdi
vat the trong the gidi xung quanh Vi mat tam h tir luon hirong ra ben ngoai den
vat the nhai dinh va ,\.ie dinh hoac \ at the (nhu "e.ii ban", "eon chim"), hoac pham chat (nhu "cai ban Idn", "con chim nhd") hoac hanh dong ("nam", "bav") hoac quan he ("quyen saeh niim giira ban", "eon chim bay tren tii'i"), Khi \ae dinh \at, tir ci) hinh thirc danh tir, khi \.ie dinh tinh eh.ii, tir'la tinh tir khi xac dinh hanh dong, tir hi di)ng lir \a khi xiic dinh quan he, tir la gidi tir, lien tir Nhu vay tir xac dinh dirtjc tlay dii nhi'mg il.Ui hicu ciia \at diOn dat \:i thay the tl.iy dd cac da'u hieu cua v.lt diK'ti hinh ihi'rc bleu tuong, tao nen nghia bicu \at true liep hay he thdng nghTa bien \'at irirc tiep ciia tir ii're tir khong chi true tiep thay the mot \at ma thudng true iicp thay the nhieu \at kh.ie nhau (cdn gpi la tir cd nhieu nghTa hay cac tir dong nghTa), dai dien cho nhiing dau hicu ciia vai Nhu x ay, cSn nhan manh tinh dong trong chi're nang thay Ihe hay dai then eiia tir va chinh dieu nay da gdp phSn
Trang 4ngudi Tuy nhien day chi la chij-c nang tam ly ciia tir ra't c^n nhung chua dii d^ lam phat trien nhihig chirc nang lam ly ca'p cao cua con ngudi va xir ly thdng tin trong giao tie'p ngdn ngO
NghTa bieu vat cua tir hay ehiie nang thay the dai dien ciia tir dudi hinh thij-c bicu tupng ciia vat la hinh anh ben ngoai ciia vat, tire mdi dirng lai d phan anh
va xir ly thdng tin v6 nhihig thuoc ti'nh bCn ngoai ciia vat Tir cdn phan anh va xir 1^
thong tin vl nhimg thudc ti'nh ben trong ban chat ciia vat va quan he c6 ti'nh quy luat ciia \'ai Day mdi la didm quan trong de phat trie'n nhiing chirc nang tam ly ca'p cao ciia con ngudi \';i \ir ly thdng tin trong lir khi tham gia vao giao licp ngdn ngu- Cho nen ngoai chiic nang nghia bic-u \ai true licp xac dinh vat, tinh chat, hanh ddng quan he tir cdn cd chiic nang kh.ii cd vai tro co ban nha't trong phan anh hien thuc xir ly thOng tin va lam phai (iicn tam ly eon nguin; dd la chii-c nang
"nghia thuSn thuy" nhu each goi ciia L.S Vygoisky [i] hay "nghia pham trii"
"ngMa khai niem" nhu each gpi ciia A.R Luria [2] va nhOng ngudi khac Theo cac tac gia nay day la nghia vupt ra khoi gidi han g.in li^n vdi vat, thay the hay dai dien cho vat ki'ch Ihich nhung lien tudng gSn gfii ma la nghTa co chirc nang phan tich vat di sau vao dac die'm eiia nhirng \ in trim tupng boa \'a khai quat hoa nhirng dau hieu cua chiing tim ra nhiing dac diem ban chat chung eiia nhimg vat va dua chiing vao nhung he thdng nhirng lien he, quan he phire tap, vao nhung Idp, nhung loai xac dinh
Chang han, tir "eai ban", thi khong don ihuan chi mot cai ban cu the d phong khach thay the va dai dien cho cai ban cu the nay ed nghia bieu vat true tie'p CLia eai ban dang ndi tdi ma tir "cai ban" cdn phan tich cac dau hieu ciia cai ban na\ va moi cai ban khac trim tupng hoa ta't ca cac da'u hieu ben ngoai ciia eae cai ban khac nhau (nhu kich thudc, mau sac, hinh dang), khai quat hoa dau hieu ban chat nha't eiia mpi cai ban (loai cong cu sinh hoat co mat phang, de tren nhimg cai chan, diing bay dal tren do nhimg eai khac phuc vu cho vie't laeh, an uong, thd Cling, hpp ban .), he thdng hoa ta't ca cac cai ban cu the theo da'u hicu ban cha't do
va dua chiJng, xep chiing vao thanh mdt Idp, mot loai, mot pham trii nhat dinh; d day la Idp, la loai la pham Irii cai ban hay la khai niem "cai ban" Mpi tir deu co nghia pham trii nghTa khai niem, Vdi chirc nang tam ly nay, tir mdi dich thuc la cdng cu ciia luduy (phan tfch, trim tupng hoa khai quat hoa va he thdng hoa), ciia
y thuc (phan anh the gidi xung quanh khong chi vdi nhOng dau hieu, nhirng mdi lien he quan he ben ngoai, mii con vdi nhu'ng ihupc tinh ban chat va nhiTng mdi hen he quan he co tinh quy luat ben trong) ciia giao tie'p (truyen tin khong ehi doi hoi xac dinh vat cu the, ma con can khai qual tri thirc ve vat do) va eiia truyen dat kinh nghiem (tri thire trong lir khong chi ve mot vat cu the', ma con la su phan ti'ch, tong hpp ciia eon ngudi ve nhung lien he, quan he, pham trii ma trong do co vat nay) Nhd ehdc nang nay tir ciia ng6n ngfr mdi hi cong cu day dii ciia tu duy, ciia y thirc, ciia giao tiep ciia truyen dat kinh nghiem vii mdi phat trien duoc cac chiic nang tam ly ca'p cao ciia con ngudi, lam eho con ngudi khac xa va hon him con vat
Trang 5vao nhihig nhdm quan he ngO nghTa tao ra co die cdn ihiC'l, liem ^n cua mdi liSn
he giaa ttr niiy vdi nhffng lir khac Co che nSy rai quan trong ddi vdi hi^u tir va sii dung lir ciia con ngudi
Nhfrng chirc nang tam ly ciia tir da nCu dupe the hiSn ro hcfn trong ban cha'l tarn 1^ cua tir
3 Ban chal t^m ly ciiu tir
Diem rill cut loi trong ndi dung tflm ly ctia tir la ban dial tam ly ciia tir Khftng lo dicm n.iy thi khnng ihe hidu thuc sir ve tir d cic chii th^ dang tham gia gia<i iiep ngdn ngiJ
Ban thai tam ly ciia tir v.i ban ch.ii ciia tir kh6ng phai la mdt Ban chail cua lir la ti'nh xa hdi Chfnh phSn nghTa cd linh khach quan ciia tir duoc moi ngudi ihdng nha't thira nhan cho (hay tir cd ban chat xa hoi, 6 day chi ndi vc ban dial tam
ly ciia tir tire la vc tinh chal ciia mpi noi dung tam ly cd trong lir; chfnh xac hem,
b.in chai tam Ij^ ciia c.ic qua trinh tam ly dirng diing ,sau tir, dang s.ui nghTa ciia Iir Khi thuc hien chirc nang \ac dinh vat, lir van dong trong hoat dnng tri giac cac liiiuK tinh ben ngoai ciia vai, tir phai "chup anh" duoc vat lam dong nha't hinh anh nay eiia vat vdi hinh anh am thanh eiia tir Dang sau ndi dung nghTa cu Ih^ nay ciia ttr la thao uic, ia hanh ddng, la hoat dong tri giac hoai ddng nhd hoat dong tu duy true quan am thanh vat, tinh hudng ho.ui canh xuai hicn ttr \a cac qua Irinh
cam xiic, thai 66, hanh vi ciia chii the dang thuc hien chirc nang X.IL dinh vat eiia
tir Nhu vay, dang sau ttr, dang sau nghTa eiia tir khong iTnh tai ma la cac hoal dong tam ly Chinh vi dieu na\ nen d giai doan dau dt'r.i trc ITnh hdi ngon ngtr
Trong nghTa ciia tir khong chi co cac da'u hieu ciia vat do ttr vAi dinh ma Lon ben ca
eae da'u hieu tam ly va tinh hudng niJa
Khi thuc hien chiic nang nghTa pham trti, ttr phan tfch vat trim tucmg hoa eae dau hieu rieng re eiia w'lt khai quat hoa thudc linh b.in chat ciia \.it he thdng hoa cac vat theo thupc tinh ban chat ciia \at dua \at win iiioi pham trii \ae dinh ttr diln ra trong cac boat dong nhan thuc, dac biet la hoal ddng tu duy, dudi trudng sang ciia y thirc va irong cac qua Irinh ciim xiie ih.ii do hanh vi rieng ciia ngudi mang ttr Nhu vay dang sau tir sau ndi dung nghia pham irii ciia ttr ndi rd cac thao lae, hanh dong, hoat ddng nhan thuc, dae biei hoal ddng lu du\ trim lucmg dO xac dmh cac mdi hen he quan he l.ing hae lao nen nghTa pham trii cua tir Ro rang dang sau lir sau nghia pham liii ciia lir khOng iTnh tai ma boat dong
Khi thuc hicn chirc nang ngu nghia tir phai tim mdi lien tudng gan nha't hop ly nhal vdi nhiing lir khac kci hop lai voi chiing phuc vu cho vice the hien muc dich Idi noi xac dinh Nhi> chirc nang nay lir khong dirng mdt minh rieng re
ma kcl h(Tp \'6[ nhau irong he ihoiig ngon ngir van hanh iHmg boat ddng Idi ndi Nhir \a\ dang sau tir, sau ngir nghia cua lir la cac \hdo tac eae hanh ddng boat dong nhan ihiie MIC cam thai 66 v,i hanh vi xac dinh Rd uing, dang sau tir .sau
nghia ciia lir khong iTnh tai ma la hcial ddniz
Trang 6nhau Dang sau ttr, sau nghTa ciia tir, d lii'a tu6i nho, hanh dfing true quan ehie'm uu
the' tuyet ddi Thi du ta hdi tre rang "con chd la gi?" "cdi ban la gi?", tre nho
trudc va diu tudi hpc tra Idi "con chd can" hay "con chd siia", "cai ban diing dd"
hay "cai ban (d^) an com" v.v tiic la hoat ddng nhan thire cua tre chi xac dmh
dupe nhimg da'u hieu true quan thudng gap ma chua tha'y dupe dac die'm chung
ban chat O day rd rang trong tir, irong nghTa cua lir hanh ddng true quan ehie'm
uu the' tuyet doi Viec xac dinh nghTa cac ttr trong Idi ndi d tudi Idn hPn va d ngudi
Idn chiing ta, hanh ddng lai chuyi^n sang hudng khae, la hanh ddng trtru tupng hoa
va khai qual hoa chiem uu the ha\ la Idi ndi - Idgic Cung cac cau hoi dd, cac chii
the nil) lai tra Idi khac ban "con c\\6 la dong vitl" "cai ban la 66 gi)" v.v tii:c la
da xac dinh dupe dae diem chung ciia chiing O day rd rang trong lix, trong nghTa
ciia ttr hoat dong Idi noi - logic, hoat ddng trim tupng cac mdi quan he, lien he
tdng bac cac pham trti giO vai trd uu the
Nhihig dieu d tren cho tha'y tir cd ban chat lam ly la boat ddng Ban thai
tam ly ciia lii la hoal ddng Tat nhien ban ch.ii nay ciing cd the' la thao tac hay
hanh dong niia; dieu nay tuy ibuAc vao \'iec itr d giai doan nam virng nao d chii the
va vao linh hudng Idi noi ha\' ngfr canh cu the xuat hien tir Nhung dii la thao tac,
la hanh dong thi \'e cpi ngudn van la boat dong Ban chai tam ly hoat ddng cua tir
mang tfnh dac trung cua lira tu6i phai trien tam ly A.A Leonehiev da viet han mot
cudn saeh "Tii trong hoat ddng Idi ndi" trong do noi den su van ddng, hoat dong,
hanh ehire eiia tir trong hoal dQng Idi not [5]
Chfnh nhd ban chat tam ly nay ma lir cd eae vai trd, cac chirc nang tam ly d
tren nhung rat liee nhieu khi dieu nay lai khong duoc chu y den, ke ca trong day
hoe tir ngoai ngir
4 Cau trlic tam l\ vii eau true ngii nghia ciia ttr
Noi ca'u true tam ly va ca'u triie ngtr nghia eiia tir la co tinh tucmg ddi NghTa
ciia tir, dii la nghTa nao thi cung thude tam ly, co ban chat tam ly, vi nghTa phan
anh vat thudc pham tru tinh than Khi tach biet eau true tam ly va^ ca'u triie ngii
nghTa eiia tir la mudn laeh biet phan tam ly hat nhan ciia tir, cd tfnh dn dinh, mang
ti'nh khach quan va phan tam ly lien quan ciia ttr, mang dam linh chii quan Tinh
khach quan nay the hien d chd nghTa eiia tir phan anh eae dau hieu va dac diem
ciia vat dupe mpi ngudi thdng nha't hieu va sir dung trong nhan thirc va giao liep
Tfnh chu quan dam net the hien d ch6 phan tam ly nay sinh gan vdi nhirng nhan id
ca nhan, he thdng nhfrng qua irinh lam ly ed trong ep sd eiia tir va nhfrng yeu id
tinh hudng, hoan canh thuc ticn mii ttr xuat hien khi nhan thirc hay giao tie'p bang
ngon ngtr Nhu vay, Iheo nghTa rong, can triic tam ly ciia ttr bao g6m ca can triie
ngii nghTa ciia tir Theo nghTa hep, ca'u tnic lam ly ciia lir chi gom phan tam ly nay
sinh do eae yeu td ca nhan va xa hoi ciia lir Nhung ndi den tir nhieu khi ngudi ta
chi chii y den nghTa khach quan nen thudng chi noi den cau inic ngfr nghia ciia tir
Tir chirc nang tam ly va ban chat tam ly ciia lir ihJu rat ro lir co ca'u true
ngfr nghTa gdm hai cau thanh rat co ban, duoc L.S Vygotsky [1] goi la nghia eu
Trang 7gpi la nghia bicu vat va nghTa pham tru hay nghTa khai niem, nghTa khai quat Nhimg ngudi khac cdn gpi la nghTa that, nghTa den, nghTa ngOn ngO va v.v ct day .sc chi chii y de'n edch phan loai ciia ciic tac gui da duoc neu ten
NghTa eu the' hay nghTa biCii vat dircre hi^u nhu chi)c nang xic djnh cua tir, gdm nghTa dd viit, tliiu hi6u, hanh dOng va quan he NghTa rieng, nghTa thuan thuy hay nghTa pham trii nghTa khai niem nghTa khai qudl duoc hieu nhu chiic nSng phan lich ciic dau hieu rieng eiia vai Iriru tupng chiing, khai quiit chiing va dua vat vao mot he ihong pham tiii nhai dinh, Nhfrng nghia nay duoc can triic va vim hanh the ii.io ' Co the hicu cau Iriic nay theo lOgic ca'u tao ciia vai khOng? Tire, trong ca'u true ngii nghTa ciia tit, nghTa bie'u \ai diroe hinh thanh dau lien \'a 6 Idp ben ngoai, nghTa pham tru dupe hinh thanh sail, nam chim ,sau hon IhuOc Idp ben trong? Hay
la xen kc nhau? Cho den nay chua cd ai lam lo dupe dieu nay Nhung trong ciu true ssi van hiinh nghia ciiii tir thi da lo mot tlicii NghTa cii.i tir tao ra mot iruitng ngB nghia uong dii, nghi.i hicu viit ciia cac lir dong nghia (hay lir cd nhi^u nghTa) tao ra nhiing lien tutTng lam Ihuan loi hern cho vice lira chpn nghTa thich hpp trong nhan thiic \'a giao tiep ngOn ngir, cdn nghTa pham trii cung eii nhirng quan he vdi cac pham Irti khac, trong ban than no cung da ehira dung lOgic gan vdi cac nghTa xac dmh khac lam de dang hon cho vict xac dinh ciie nghTa gan Ihich hcTp do la gia tri ciia lir hay ngii tri ciia nd Nhu v.'iy, ca nghia bieu \,it \.i nghTa pham trii ciia tir cdn cd mot ni.ing ludi cac nghTa g.in Tuy nhien, can true ngii" nghTa ciia tir trong thuc te eon phii"c tap hon nhidu, dac biCM khi xet trong ca'u true tam ly ciia nd Cac nghia ciia tir deu dien la trong cac qua trinh tam ly \.ic dinh lam co sd eho til thuc hicn cac chirc nang ciia minh Cac nghTa bicu vat luOn giin vdi hoat dong tri giiic boat dong nay la co sd dd thuc hien chiic nang \,ie dinh \at ciia ttr; diu la cau thiinh dau lien trong can tnic tam 1\ ciia lir C.ic nghia pham trii lai gan tot hoat dong lu duy, chinh \.ic hon, viti ho.it tlong nhan thire, gdm ca boat dong tri giac va hoat dong tu duy \i khong the tu tliiy neu khong ct> cac lai lieu cu.i tri giac; tliiy la mOl cau thanh quan trong nua trong ciiu iiiic tam ly ciia tir Nhung khong chi the nghTa ciia mdi ttr khi duoc mini vimg h.iy sir dung, tleu gan vdi nhirng qua trinh h.iy ii.ing ihai uim ly khiic eiia mdi ngiroi, nhu y mudn, dong co, nhu cau muc dich loi noi xiic e.im budn vui c.ich pbiii am, gipng dieti tuoi ddi, kmh nghii:m ngon ngir v.v \.i nhfrng dac dieni cii.i c.ic \eu to sinh dong trong tinh hudng loi ndi va hoan canh thuc tic'n eu the Till ci nhiing cai dd ddu la ca'u thiinh trong ciiu triie lain ly ciia tir
Ciin tnic ngu nghia vii cilTi tnic tam 1} cii.i ttr khting phai liic nao cung tach bict vii on dinh nhu vay Thi du, khi th'ra trc liin diiu lien nghe ttr "mc" thi trong ciiu tnic ngfr nghia eiia ttr niiy khong chi co hinh inh nguoi mc cu the bang xuong bang thil cim no mil tim h.io hiini ci nhfrng hinh inh \'e miii sua \c gipng ndi, ve cam xtie vc chiec noi, vc can phOng \c linli s.ing \a \',v,,, ton tai sinh dong xung quanh no Chang the mil, m.li sau nil), khi noi den ttr "me", mdi ngudi lai nghe
Trang 8eiing la mot pbSn nghTa cua tir "me" C) thdi ky dau hinh thanh tir, ca'u true ngii nghTa va ciiu triie tam ly eiia ttr khdng laeh bict Sau nay, khi hi^u dupe nghTa pham tru cua ttr, thi mdi tach biet dupe cac ca'u triic nay Con dudng hinh thanh ca'u true nghTa eiia tir la eon dudng tach bici dSn eiui tnic ngii nghTa ciia ttr khdi ca'u triie tam ly eiia ttr
Tam ly ngdn ngu hpc hien dai gpi ciie nghTa tao thanh cau triie ngtr nghTa ciia ttr la "nghTa ben ngoai" ciia ttr la ye'u lo co sd ciia ngdn ngii'; cim phan tam ly tao nen cau irdc lam ly eiia lir hi "nghTa guui iiep - xa hdi" hay la "y" ciia tir Ia ye'u
td CO ban ciia giao lep Nhu vay cau Hue ngir nghTa ciia lir hi gOiii eae nghia ben ngoai ciia tir lam co sd eho ngdn ngfr cdn ca'u true tarn ly ciia tir la gdm C/K nghia giao Hep - xa hdi hay la \ lam civ sd eho giao iicp Ca hai loai nghia nay deu nAm trong niM dung ciia tir kin tir tham gia \;io giao tie'p ngdn ngu Nhu vay, mdt each chung nhai trong giao liep cflu triie ngir nghia eiia ttr gom eae nghia ben ngoai va cac nghia giao tidp - \a hdi hay y Dieu nay se dupe ndi lu hon d nhfmg muc sau
Do cac thanh pbdn ciia ciiu triic ngfr nghia va cau triie tam ly ciia ttr ludn tha\ ddi nen cac ca'u true nay eung ludn thay ddi C.iii trde lam ly cua ttr va cau triic ngfr nghia ciia tir ludn van ddng hoal ddng thay ddi va phai irie'n Dieu nay duoc lha\ rd hon trong su hinh Ihanh va phat Irien nghia ciia tir
5 Sir hinh thanh \a phat trien nghia cua ttr
Nghia cua tir duoc hinh ihanh trong tri giac ttr giin lien vdi nhung cir chi va hanh ddng kem theo trong tinh hudng Idi ndi, ngfr canh cu the nhu thi du ve nghia ciia lir "me" neu tren Con dudng hinh Ihanh nghia ciia tir cung la con dudng hinh thanh itr, dupe giai phdng dan khdi cac dau hieu eu the' ciia tinh hudng Idi ndi, ngu canh eu the tach biei dan eau triic ngii nghia ciia tir vdi ca'u tnic lam ly ciia tir va vdi cac yeu td linh hudng Idi ndi, ngii canh sinh dong trong thuc nen chfnh xac hoa ngtr nghTa ciia lir va khdng ngirng phat trien ngii nghTa nay nhu mdt ye'u td cp
sd eiia ngdn ngir
Nhieu nha tam ly hpc da don gian cho rang, ttr chi la da'u hieu, bieu thi vat, nen den nam thir ba ciia ire la nghia ciia ttr da dupe hoan thanh, tiep dd, nghia eiia tir khdng phat trien nira ma chi phat iiicn nghTa hinh ihiu hoc va eii phap ciia tir va cho den nay eung van cdn cd nhu'ng ngudi quan niem nhu vay
NghTa ciia tir va ca'u iriie eiia no dupe hinh thanh khong bat bien mil hion dupe phat Irien Ngudi dau lien ndi den dieu nay lii L.S Vygolsy 1 i ]: NghTa eiia ttr phat trien ea ve ca'u lao ciia nd, ca ve he thdng ciia qua trinh liim ly cd trong co sd ciia no L.S Vygotsy gpi luan dicm nay la luan die'm vc sir phat tiien ngfr nghia va
he thdng ciia ttr Sau nay, A.R Luria [2| goi luiin diem nay eiia L.S Vygolsy la hoc thuyet v^ su phat irien ngfr nghia va he thdng ciia lir va ddng thdi duoc xem la hpc thuyet ve su phat trien ngfr nghia va he thdng ciia y thirc Luan diem nay dupe nhac lai nhieu lan trong cac nghien ciru ciia A.N Leonehiev [4] A.R Luria [2] va ciia nhieu ngirdi khac
Trang 9- Su phat tridn ngii nghTa va he thdng nghTa ciia tir, ca nghTa cu the (nghTa
b i & vat, nghTa giin tir voi vat the), lin nghTa thuSn Ihuji (nghia pham tru, nghTa khai niem, nghTa phan chia cac da'u hieu tuong ling, djnh vi cfc da'u hieu chung, gan vat the vdi mOt he thong pham Irii nhai dinh) khOng dirng lai ba't bie'n, ma thay ddi theo miic tlo phat trien ciia diia tie,
- Dang sau nghTa ciia lir d cac giai doan khac nhau cua diia tre, c6 cac qua trinh tam ly khac nhau va nhu v.iy vi'ti sir phat trien nghTa ciia tit, khOng chi riSng nghTa, ma ca ca'u triic he Ihong tam ly ciia tir cung thay ddi
.Suphat 11 icn nghia cuii ttr liim phat tridn y thiic; tit duoc thay ddi bdi hinh Ihiic hinh thiic do phan anh the gioi ben ngoai trong mdi lien he va quan he ciia nd; cho nen theo miic do phat tiicn ciia tre, nghTa ciia tir duoc thay tloi thi su phan anh nhUng mdi lien he vii quan he xac dinh can true ciia y thirc thOng qua tCr cung thay ddi
Nhfmg tu tuong khoa h()c ve su phat tri^n ngfr nghTa va he thong nghTa ciia ttr neu tren ciia L.S Vygotsy trd thanh mAl nguycn lac dinh hucrng day thuyet phuc eho cac nghien ciru ve ngOn ngir va tu ihi\ \ ihitt iiong tam ly hpc, tam l,v ng6n ngir hpc, than kinh tam ly ngOn ngfr hoc Mot iiong nhfrng nha khoa hoc di theo hudng n.iy va da lam ro vc mat thuc nghiem nhting tu iirdng khoa hpc tren ciia L S Vvgotskv la A.R Luria, trong cdng trinh liit niJi ttcng cua Ong " \ g o n ngB va y th'irc" [2J
Su phat trie'n nghTa ctia ttr cd the tha'y ro hon trong quan he vdi y eiia ttr
6 Nghia \ il y ciia tir
0 tren da ndi, tiim ly ngon ngfr hoc hien tl.ii goi cac nghTa tao thanh cS'u true ngu nghTa ciia tir la "nghTa ben ngoin" cua ttr, la yen td c o sd ciia ngOn ngii; con phan tam ly tao nen cau triic tam ly ctia iir la "nghia giao licp - xa hoi" hay la
" y " cua tir, la ye'u td co ban cua giao ticp Nhu \ay, Iir khOng chi cd nghia, ma con
CO y Noi chinh xac khi tham gia vao gi.io tie'p h.i\ nhan thi're biing ngon ngii, tir khong ehi CO nghTa ma eon cii y Trong tri nhan h,i\ trong s.in sinh Idi ndi, ttr Iu6n luon chiia dung nhu vay Tu iirong nay \ e nghTa ciia lir duoc L S \ ' \ golsky [6] neu
ra tir nira diiu Ihe ky truoe va ngii\ c.iiig tlircrc thira nhan rong rai trong tam ly hpc vii ngon ngfr hoc hien dai Trirtie tlay chiing duoc coi la ttong nhai nhung ngay nay chiing dang duoc thira nhan mt)t each long rat
Theo cac nhii tam ly hoe Hoal tlong nghia la mot he thong cac mdi lien he quan he dung dang s,iii tir throe dir.i v.io qu.i ninh lich sir khach quan Noi khac di, nghia lii mot he thong kh.ii t|ii.it ho.i vfrng th.ic e t c mdi lien he quan he dung dang sau Itr, diroc hieu giong nh.iii tltii «)i lat e.i moi ngircti l).i\ la hat nhan khong thay ddi, cong eu \;ic dmh cua ciic moi lien he, tpian he ciia itr Nghia ciia tir la su phan ,inh khitch quan he thong e.ie moi hen he quan he cua hien thuc NghT.i cua tir co tinh khiieh tpian COn y diroc hicu lii nghia mang tinh ca nhan ciia tir duoc tach ra ttr ciic mot hen he t|iian he kh.ieh quan ciia hicn Ihuc; y co nhiing mdi lien he ehi
Trang 10chu quan D^ lam rd dieu nay, A.N Leonehiev [7] da la'y thi du ve tir "che't", nghTa
eiia nd ai cung hieu thdng nha't la co th^ ngimg mdi quan he trao ddi chat, cdn y vi
mdi quan he vdi ngtrng trao ddi chai dd lai rai khac nhau d mdi ngudi cu the sap
chei; nhung ngudi nay cam tha\' "dd than lhiei"ciia minh trong md'i quan he vdi cai
chei khae nhau A.R Luiia la'y thi du vO tir"than"t2], nghTa eiia nd la vat mau den,
cd nguon gd'c tir cay cdi, thanh phdn hoa hpc trong gdc cd ye'u id cac bon, nhung y
eiia ttr than lai khac nhau ddi vdi nhung ngudi khac nhau trong nhu'ng hoan canh
khac nhau: Vdi ngudi ndi tro, nd dting d^ dun bcp hay dc sudi vdi nha nghiSn ciru
than, nd la ddi tupng nghien ciiu (can lao \a tfnh chai eiia nd); vdi hoa sy nd la
dung cu phac thao so bd biife tranh; vdi ed gai hi than lam b^n chiec vay trdng, nd
la thir lam cho ed khd chju Vii lai cii mpi ngucri deu c6 \h4 cam nhan duoc trong ttr
hai khia canh do- nghTa va y
Nhu vay d tir, ciing \'di nghTa nghTa cu ihe (nghTa bicu vat) va nghTa rieng
(nghia khai quat nghia pham trti) cdn ed y eii nhan; chfnh y ca nhan nay lam bien
doi nghia eiia tir Y ca nhan mang tfnh chu quan ehi gan vdi tinh hudng va hoan
canh cu the ciia ca nhan nhung khi da xuat hien thi thudng duoc liru lai vdi mdi tir
dd Thanh ra sau n;i\ khi nghe hay diing tir dd thi khong chi Ihay va diing nghTa
cu the hay nghTa thudn thuy cua tir dd, ma cdn dting ca y ca nhan nay nira Va neu
dieu na\' ngay cang duoc sd ddng thira nhan thi se trd ihanh net nghTa mdi ciia tir
Day la mdt qu> luai phat trien nghTa cua iir trong mpi ITnh vire Thi du, ngudi ndi
tie'ng Viet, ai cung biet ttr "com" la mdn an chfnh trong bira an hang ngay va ttr
"phd" la mdn an dac san cua ngudi thanh thi Nhimg mdi day trong nhirng cau van
van ngudi ta doc eho nhau khi vui ve thi cac ttr "com" va "phd" lai dupe hieu ra't
khac lai la "vp" va "bd" vdi mdt y khae Nhi?ng y ca nhan dupe dua vao cac ttr dd,
luc dau ehi la y ca nhan nhung sau dd nhiing y ea nhan dd ngay cang dupe ciing
cd trong tir lai trd thanh net nghTa mdi ciia tir Dae biei, dieu nay dupe the hien ra't
rd trong ITnh vue tieng Idng Chang han, khi ttr "co" dupe dting khdng phai chi eon
cd, ma la chi "boat ddng mdi gidi"; day la y ca nhan xuat phai lir tir "cd mdi" vd'n
van dupe diing lam mdi gidi de lira bat cac con co khac va sau nay da trd thanh
nghia ciia tir "ed" Irong co dat co nha v v Cd dat khdng phai la co lam bang dat
hay sdng d da't co nha khong phai la cd d nha hay cd ddng ma la ngudi mdi gidi
dat, ngudi mdi gidi nha kicm Idi Day co the' hieu la iir ddng nghTa hay tir nhieu
nghTa Nhu vay trd ve cpi ngudn, chinh y ca nhan lao ra cac ttr dong nghia hay
lam cho ttr ed nhieu nghia Day la quy lual phat iricn nghia ciia tir dien ra d mpi
ngdn ngii khdng irtr ngdn ngtr nao
Khi giao tie'p ngdn ngir vdi nhau, con ngudi iruyen dat y eho nhau chu'
khdng phai nghTa Nhung y khdng tu ton tai dupe, ma phai nuong nhd nghia eiia
tir, cai dupe cdng ddng hieu mdi each thdng nhai Cho nen khi giao liep ngdn ngu
vdi nhau chfnh xac, con ngudi iruyen dal y cho nhau nhd nghia cua lir V ca nhan
ciia ttr lam cho nghia eiia tir phat trien, eon nghTa ciia ttr lai lam cho y nay ton tai
khach quan ea vdi chii the eiia y va dupe truyen den cac khach the mong mudn
Hieu day dii ve lir phai gdm ta't ea nhfrng dieu nhu viiy