ChUa ndi dd'n cfie nghi l i vfi ngh$ thufit kid^n trflc, rieng vide thanh Tan Vidn tfl he thong t h i n didn eua ngUdi Vidt dflde ngfldi Mfldng d day phong lfim Thanh hofing eung dfit ra
Trang 1VE TIN NCl/dNC TON GIAO
MAI VAN TtlNG*
Tdn giao khdng chi lfi dra tUdng
nghien cflu eua ngfinh khoa hpe tdn
gifio mfi cdn lfi dm tupng nghidn cflu cua
nhieu ngfinh khoa hpc khfic nhfl lich sfl, triet
hpc, nhfin hpc Tfl khi khoa hpc tdn gifio
hinh thfinh, cfie nha khoa hpc nghien cflu ve
tdn gifio hpe da phan loai cfie hinh thflc tdn
giao theo nghia hep va nghia rdng Nghia
hep, lfi ehi mdt tdn giao cu t h i cd he thd'ng to'
ehfle vdi gifio nghia vfi nghi le ciing cac dng
ehu td' thi hfinh eae Id nghi tdn giao ay, vi du
nhu Phat gifio hay Kitd gifio Nghia rdng, lfi
ehi tfi't ca nhflng gi hen quan deh danh tfl tdn
gifio, mang tinh tdn gifio Hay noi khae di lfi
mpi ton giao cd td' ehfle vfi khdng cd td' ehfle
(nhfl viec thd cung td tien ciing dflpc xem lfi
mot loai hinh ciia tdn gifio)
Tuy vfiy, cho den hien nay eung cdn cac
quan didm khfic nhau ve tin ngfldng, tdn
gifio Lfi mdt trong nhflng nha nghien eflu
hfing dau ve" tdn gifio d 'Viet Nam, GS Dang
Nghidm Van khdng mudn phan chia rach
rdi gifla tin ngudng va tdn giao, cung nhfl
khdng nha't tri ve thuat ngfl tin ngfldng
dfin gian Ong eho rfing ein xem lai sfl
phfin bipt cae efi'p dp, cfie hinh thfii tdn giao,
khdng nen eoi tin ngudng, tdn gifio nhu hai
cfi'p dp cao thfi'p (1) Trong khi dd GS Phan
Ngpe lai cho rang, nd'u tin ngudng pho bien trong nhan loai thi tdn giao lfi mdt hipn tupng ridng cua mpt sd tde ngfldi vfi ton gifio chi ra ddi khi xufi't hidn tU tudng phg phfin tin ngfldng, ehfi'p nhan cfii nfiy gat ho eai kia, td ehfle lai tfi't ca theo mdt nguyen
ly chfit ehe Nd'u nhfl tin ngUdng ehi ddn
t h u i n la mdt thdi quen dflpc ehfi'p nh^n khdng c i n dd'n sfl 1;^ giai thi tdn giao doi hoi mdt sfl ly giai, it nhfi't c i n dd'n logic (2) Quan diem nghidn cflu tdn giao trong nhfin hpc theo nghia rpng Khi quan niem vd^ tdn gifio theo nghTa rdng, ngudi ta cdn c6
thi phan loai tdn giao mdt each co diln lfi
tdn gifio nguyen thiiy, tdn giao dan toe (hay qud'c gia) va tdn giao th^ gidi
Tdn giao nguydn thuy lfi tdn giao cua nhiing ngfldi sd'ng trong xa hpi chua cd chii vidt Dd lfi tdn giao chi lflu hfinh trong pham vi mpt dan tdc hay chiing tdc Tdn giao t h ^ gidi la tdn giao khfi pho bie'n trdn thS^ gidi, lflu hanh rdng rai trong nhieu dan tdc nhfl Phfit giao, Thidn chua giao, Hdi giao
Nhin chung, vfi'n de phan loai tdn giao chi lfi tflpng doi Vi suy eho dd'n tfin g6c re thi tdn gifio t h ^ gidi cung bfit ngudn tfl tfln giao dan tdc va ngpn nguon eua tdn giao
* TS Trudng Dai hpe Hdng Dflc
Trang 2dan tde lai bat ngudn tfl tdn giao nguydn
thuy
Nghien cflu ve tin ngfldng tdn gifio cua
ngudi Mfldng d Thanh Hda, chflng tdi theo
quan diem cua khoa hpc nhan hpc
(Anthropology) Dd lfi hieu tdn giao theo
nghia rdng chfl khdng theo nghla hep
Nghia la ta't ca nhflng gi lien quan dd'n
danh tfl tin ngfldng hay tdn gifio, cd hfinh vi
tdn gifio, mang tinh tdn gifio ; hay ndi
khac di lfi mpi tdn gifio cd to' chflc vfi khdng
ed td chflc nhfl vide thd cflng td' tien, hay
thd eflng eac vi t h i n tii nhien, nhflng kieng
ky deu dUde xem lfi tdn gifio
1 Doi n e t ve ngifcfi Mviitng d T h a n h Hda
Ngudi Mudng d Thanh Hda sd'ng tap
trung chu yd'u d cac huyen Thach Thfinh,
Cim Thuy, Ba Thfldc, Ngpe Lac, Nhfl
Thanh, hien cd tren 35 van ngfldi Dia ban
efl trfl eua ngfldi Mfldng d Thanh Hda ehu
yd'u lfi vflng thung lung - bdn dia, mien
trung du, nfli thfi'p ven eae lflu vflc sdng Ma,
sdng Chu, sdng Am, sdng C i u Chfiy, sdng
Budi, sdng Muc O viing nfiy cd nhflng
thung liing Idn vfi nhflng bai boi ven sdng
dfi't dai mau md Bdi vfiy, ngudi Mfldng 5 day
da phat tridn nghe ndng trdng Ifla nUdc tfl
rfi't lau ddi Ben canh canh tfie rupng nudc
ddng bfio cdn ke't hdp canh tfie nfldng rfiy
Rflng phan ldn lfi rflng nguydn sinh ed nhieu
mudng thu Hp th^ng sdng sudi mang lai
ngudn ldi ldn ca, tdm, cua, d'e
Von la cfl dan ban dia, xUa kia hp sdng
chia yd'u d cac mfldng cd, mfldng ldn nhfl
mfldng Phfi'm, mfldng Gianh, mfldng Vam,
mfldng Vong, mfldng K m , mfldng Cdi,
mfldng Trfic (huyen Cam Thiiy); mfldng Ne
(Yen Dinh), mfldng Chenh (Mudng Chanh),
mfldng Khat, mfldng Giao Lao (huydn Lang
Chanh); mfldng Rfic, mudng Ngdn, mudng
Mdn, mfldng Lfip (Ngpe Lac); mudng Dii,
mfldng La Khdn, mfldng Dp, mfldng Vdn
(huydn Nhfl Xufin); mudng Ong, mUdng Ai, mudng Khd, mudng Tien, mUdng Trud'i (huydn Ba Thudc)
Ngfldi Mudng d Thanh Hda dUdc efi'u
thanh tfl nhieu bp phfin khac nhau Bg
phgn tha nhat, dang ehu y nhfi't vfi eung lfi
edt ldi ciia ngudi Mfldng xfl Thanh dd la khdi cfl dan Mudng ban dia, hp tfl nhan minh la Mdn Ha (tfle ngudi Mfldng Trong, edn gpi lfi Mudng sdng Ma) Dfiy la bd phfin
CO ngudn goe Iieh sfl lau ddi efl tru chii yd'u d cac vung Bfi Thflde, Ngpe Lfie, Lang Chfinh, Cim Thuy Tinh ban dia cua bd phfin dang
kd nfiy khdng pha tap, khdng ddng hda, khdng lfin vdi eac bd phfin khfic tfl tid'ng ndi
dd'n trang phuc Bg phgn thit hai, lfi ngudi
Mudng tfl phia Bfie, ehu yeu lfi ngfldi Mudng
Bi tinh Hda Binh di cu vao sau nfiy dupc gpi lfi Mdn Hee, hay Molbi (3) Bd phfin nay sd'ng chu yd'u d cfie huydn Thach Thanh, Nhfl Thanh va mot so it d huyen Cim Thuy, Ngpe Lac vfi mpt so huydn khfie Qufi trinh
di efl nfiy didn ra ehii yd'u trflde Cfich mang
thfing Tam nam 1945 Bd phdn thU ba, ed
ngudn gdc tfl ngfldi Thai, ngudi Kinh do sdng xen ke lfiu ngfiy vdi ngfldi Mudng ndn dfi dflde Mfldng hda
Ngfldi Mudng Thanh Hda ndi chung cd kho tfing vfin hda dan gian gifiu chfi't ban dia, phong phu va da dang ve" the loai Trong dd ndi bfit lfi cac truydn ke v i truyin thuyd't, cd tich, sfl tich, tuc ngfl, cfiu dd', dan
ca va hang van eau sfl thi dfi dupe bidn tfip thfinh Mo sfl thi dan tde Mfldng (4) Dfiy la mdt trudng thidn hflng trfing ed mdt khdng hai ciia ngfldi Mfldng e^ d Ddng Nam A Dfing quan tam nhfi't d day lfi trong kho tang van hoa dan gian, ngudi Mfldng cd ddi sdng tdn gifio d i y tinh nhan vfin vfi huyen didu, dd lfi mdt p h i n quan trpng khdng the thieu dupe trong ddi song tinh t h i n , phan anh nhfin thflc vd" nhan sinh quan va the'
Trang 32 Nhiing n e t ctf b a n ve t i n ngflfing t d n
giao c u a ngvtdi Mvidng d T h a n h Hda
Thd cung to tien
Nhiiu dan tdc d Viet Nam ndi ridng va
the gidl noi chung tin rang chet lfi ve vdi td
tidn ndi chin sudi; tin rfing tuy d ndi am phu,
chin sudi, nhUng dng bfi td' tidn vfin thudng
xuydn ve thfim nom, phfl hd cho eon chfiu
Niem tin nfiy lfi ed sd hinh thfinh tin ngudng
thd eflng td tidn
Thd cung to tien eung lfi mdt net vfin hda
tam linh ciia ngfldi Mudng NgUdi MUdng
gpi td' tidn lfi ma nhfi Qua ldi eflng eho bid't
ngudi Mudng thd eflng den 5 ddi {ong tot ta
da tdi het; co td dd quang; ong cdmd co; ong
mdn mu; ong chua hoc mu ngobc nhd) (5)
T h i hi$n d^o ly ud'ng nflde nhd ngudn va y
thflc sfiu sfic v i t i m quan trpng eua nhflng
ngfldi da khufi't trong pham vi gia dinh,
ddng hp Ndi thd to tien dflde dinh vi t^i mdt
gian quan trpng, dd lfi gian chinh cua nha
sfin, gian nfiy cd cfla sd' gpi lfi vodng tdng
Tren giUdng thd cd the cd mfi'y mfim, nhflng
mfim dng chua ndc, bfi gde nhfi dflde dat
canh edt cai nha gae (6)
Khae vdi nhiiu dan tdc, ngUdi Mudng thd
gia tien cd diem rieng Dd lfi tfi't ca nhiilng
ddi dUdc thd ciing deu dfldc kinh ngfldng
nhu nhau NhUng khi cha me da qufi cd'thi
ngudi eon tdn cha me ldn lfim dng ehfla ndc,
ba gdc nha Cfl nhu thd' lin lupt doi qua efic
ddi Dd lfi ghi nhd edng dn ngUdi true tid'p
sinh ra minh Dfiu eon chau vfin thUdng nhd
dng bfi nhimg quan diem eua ngfldi Mfldng
v i dm dfldng cd khae Am dUdng cfich trd
"dudng ai nfi'y budc, dupc ai nay di" Khi con
chau cd thfip hfldng mdi dd'n mdi trd v i
hudng ed vfi phfl hd cho con ehfiu binh an
Ngfldi Mfldng thudng ehi thfip hfldng mdi
td' tidn ve hfldng le vfio nhiing dip quan
trpng nhfl Td't Nguyen dan, td't mdng 5
thfing 5, td't rfla lfi Ifla (thupng diin thang
7), td't cdm mdi (sau khi thu hoach xong, vfio
dang ldn td' tien g i n nhU bfit budc phai cd nude lfi, t r i u cau, rflpu va ngfiy khai ha, mdng 5 thang 5 vfi tet cdm mdi bfit budc phai cd cfi Phai cd cdm d i u vu vfi efi diu mfla Dfiy cung lfi mong mudn no du hfing bao ddi nay ciia ngfldi Mfldng
Thd thdnh hoang ldng
Trflde day, tue thd thanh hofing cflng phd' bien d cae vung Mfldng Thanh Hda, nhflng kha thinh h a n h d cac huyen Thach Thfinh, Ba Thude, Ngoc Lfic Cae vi thfinh
t h i n d day d i u lfi phuc t h i n
6 Ngoc L4c, tidu bieu nhfl thd anh hflng dfin tde Ld Lpi (lang Nhfl Ang, xa Kien Thp), cac khai quoe cdng than nhu Ld Lai Gang Dung Tu - lfing Tdp) d xa Kien Thp, Dinh Ld, Dinh Bd, Dinh Lipt (xfi Minh Tieh), Pham Cud'ng (xa Vfin Am)
6 Ba Thfldc cd d i n thd qufin cdng Hfi Cdng Thai (7), dan gian quen gpi lfi ehfla Meo Ha Cdng Thai thudc ddng hp Hfi Cdng, ddng ddi lang dao nhieu ddi d vflng Mudng Bfi Thudc (Thanh Hda) La ngUdi ra't cd cdng vdi trieu Nguyin ndn dupc trieu dinh phong tdi ehfle quan cdng, kham sai chanh thd'ng Ifinh thfldng dao trfi'n Thanh Hoa Sau khi dng mfi't (nfim 1822, tfle nfim Nham Ngp), vfio thdi vua Minh Mdnh dflde nhfin dan dia phfldng dung den thd Hidn nay den thd Ha Cdng Thfii thude xa Diin Trung Day la ehon tam linh eiia ngUdi Mfldng Khd ndi ridng vfi cua ngUdi dfin Cim Thuy (trudc day), Bfi Thfldc (sau nfiy) noi chung Hfing nam efl vfio dip 20 thang 8 Am lich l i hdi Mudng Khd lai dUpc diin ra nhdn nhip t h i hipn ldng thanh kinh cua ngUdi dan dia phfldng vdi qufin cdng Hfi Cdng Thai Ngoai ra, d vung Mfldng Bfi Thfldc cdn
cd 3 diem tam hnh khac dd lfi Mid'u (lfing Dfim, xa Lam Xa), den Doi vfi den thd Hfi Vfin Nho
Trang 4tich xfla cdn lai khdng nhieu, mdt vfii di tich
edn l?ii dSh nay, trong do tidu bieu phai ke
den d i n Tam Thanh Din nay tfldng truyen
thd bp ba tfldng cua Tan Vidn, eon r l vua
Hiing vfldng thfl 18 Quy md cua den khdng
ldn lfim nhflng thudc loai b i thd' trong vung
Diiu vd't kid'n true edn lai ngfiy nay lfi dfi'u
vit kid'n true thdi Nguyin Day lfi ndi tdn
nghiem vfi td^ l i quan trpng cua Mfldng Du
xua vfi lfing An Do sau nfiy T h i n pha ciia
din cd ndi de'n viec Ly Nam D^ t u i n du qua
dfiy vfi nghi tai den nfiy Sau nay mpt sd
trieu vua Nguyin eung ed sfic phong cho
din ChUa ndi dd'n cfie nghi l i vfi ngh$ thufit
kid^n trflc, rieng vide thanh Tan Vidn tfl he
thong t h i n didn eua ngUdi Vidt dflde ngfldi
Mfldng d day phong lfim Thanh hofing eung
dfit ra vfi'n de v i mdi quan hd Vidt - Mfldng
trong sinh hoat vSn hoa truyin thdng eua
ngfldi Mudng Du (8) Qua day cho thfi'y,
ngUdi Mfldng cd truyen thong uong nflde nhd
ngudn, tri an nhiSng ngfldi cd cdng vdi dfin
vdi nflde Dd lfi ed sd hinh thfinh ndn tin
ngudng sung bai con ngUdi tfl bao ddi nay
cua ngUdi Mfldng d Thanh Hoa ndi rieng vfi
d nflde ta ndi chung
Tin ngudng thd Mau
Khdi cU dan Viet - Mfldng ndi rieng ed
truyin thdng thd Mfiu 6 Vi^t Nam, tin
ngudng thd M i u tfl lfiu da trd thfinh mdt
dao tidu bieu - dao Mfiu (9) Day vfla la dfic
trflng tdn giao, vfla lfi mfiu sd ehung v i tin
ngfldng eua cac cfl dan ndng nghidp Ifla
nflde ndi chung trong viec d i eao vfi coi
trpng Mp - dfi'ng tdi linh dai didn cho sfl
sinh sdi nay nd, sfl bao dung vfi ehe chd
Tuy khdng diln hinh nhfl ngfldi Kinh,
song d vflng Mfldng Thanh Hda eung ed
mdt so ndi tdn thd bfi chua Lieu Hanh Hai
dia diem thieng thd Bfi lfi ndi dfic d?o ciia
Ba la D i n Sdng vfi Phd Cat Trong bai hat
chiu vfin n^i tid'ng v l Bfi cd cau: "BSn Sbng,
thudc Thi xa Bim Sdn, Phd Cfit nay thude
xa Thfinh Van, huydn Thach Thfinh trflde day deu nguy nga vfi linh thieng Trong khang chid'n chong thflc dan Phap da bi may bay thflc dan Phap ban phfi Nay ca hai ndi d i u da dfldc stta sang khang trang vfi trd thfinh cfie trung tfim thd Mfiu tidu bilu d Vidt Nam Thfle t^ hien nay ngfldi Mfldng di theo dao nfiy eiing khdng nhiiu
O Thach Thfinh cung ehi tha'y cd mfi'y xa trong dd ed Thfinh Vfin, Ngoc Trao O mdt
sd ndinhfl Thach Thanh, C i m Thuy, Nhu Thanh, trong cae phii thd bfi Lilu Hanh
g i n day trd thfinh cac cd sd h i u bdng, hfit vfin khdng chi eua ngfldi dan dia phfldng mfi ciia ca du khfich thfip phUdng (10)
Tin ngudng sung bdi tU nhien
Ngfldi Mudng cd tin ngfldng ban dia ra't dae sic D6 lfi tin ngfldng van vfit hflu linh Trong nhfi ngofii vUdn ngUdi Mfldng diu cd thd t h i n : Vua bep trdng coi cui liia (tUdng tfl nhfl thd Tfio Qufin eua ngfldi Kinh); thd lang chfing Khoong lfi vi t h i n ngfin can khdng cho ma may • ma vd chu vfio nhfi qufi'y pha gia chii; thd lang eun lang chang Ddn: t h i n bao hp chfim sdc eho sU phat trien an lanh ciia gia sflc Cfie vi t h i n nfiy dflde thd trdn gifldng treo phia ddng nhfi sfin, khdng thd ehung vdi gia tien Ngoai ra, ngudi Mudng edn thd t h i n dfi't, goi lfi dng ti (dng dia) Day lfi vi t h i n ed nhidm vu eai quan dfi't dai cho gia chu, dflde thd ridng mot chd d gdc vfldn, khdng ducfc thd d trong nhfi
Ngoai ra, trong tin ngfldng dan gian cua ngfldi Mudng, hfing nfim dan lfing cdn to ehfle cac le eung vfi nhflng kieng ky hen quan de'n cfie vi t h i n nflde, than d i t va than riing trong khdng gian sinh tdn eua tflhg
cdng ddng di ciu mong eho dan lfing binh
an, mfla thufin gid hda, mfla mfing bdi thu
- Tin ngudng vi dat
Tin ngfldng dfin gian v i dfi't eua ngfldi
Trang 5bfio td' ehfle hfing nfim Ngfldi Mfldng d Ba
Thude quan nidm "£>d'if cd tho cong, song c6
hd bd" Vdi ngudi Mudng, tho cdng thd dia
lfi vi t h i n dfi't cd traeh nhidm eai quan dfi't
dai va bao vd mang sd'ng, sflc khoe cho dan
lfing Vi vfiy, ngudi dan d cac lfing, eac
Mfldng diu dflng nha {nhd sdn) dd thd vi
t h i n nfiy O iang Cha (Mudng Ong), hang
nfim vfio thang 2, thang 3 Am lich, xa
chdm, lang dao tfip trung dan lfing lfim Id
cung than Khoang 4 deh 5 nam lfing td'
chflc dai l l Cling trau cho than mdt lan
Cung xong ca lfing tfip trung fin ud'ng tai
ndi thd t h i n
Ngfldi Mudng edn quan niem mdi mdt xfl
ddng, thfla rudng deu cd nhflng vi t h i n eai
quan Vi vdy, thd t h i n rudng trd thanh mdt
phong tue phd' bie'n cua ngfldi Mfldng d
Thanh Hda Chi tinh rieng lang Sdo
(mfldng Khd) trflde day eo tdi 3 ndi thd t h i n
rupng d 3 xfl ddng ldn (ddng Sdo, dong Cpn,
dong Ddn) Hang nfim, cfie gia dinh eay cfi^y
d nhflng xfl dong nfiy to chflc Id cung t h i n
rudng hai l i n trUdc khi eay vfi sau khi thu
ho^eh vdi muc dich c i u xin eiing nhfl ta dn
t h i n rudng da phu hd cae gia dinh no fi'm
Dac bipt, ngfldi Mudng cdn rfi't "hiem ddt',
tfle lfi quy trpng vfi gifl gin dfi't Bdi vfiy, d
mdt so lfing trong nhflng ngfiy tg't Nguydn
dan ngfldi ta kieng ky dflng vfit nhpn dfim
xudng da't de khdng lfim ddng deh dfi't
Nhin ehung, dfi't dai cd vi tri vd cflng
quan trpng khdng chi cd gia tri trong san
xufi't, dinh cfl eude sdng , dupe ngudi
Mudng linh thidng hofi, bieu thi sfl "kinh
trpng" dfi't Day lfi tin ngfldng ban dia rfi't
dac trflng cua ngfldi Mfldng
- Tin ngudng vinudc
De ed nflde an udng, sinh hoat vfi san
xufi't, trflde day ngoai cac quy flde trong vide
sii dung vfi quan ly de bao ve ngudn nflde
thi ngfldi Mfldng cdn cd nhflng tin ngfldng
mfla, c i u nflde Nhfi dan tdc hpe Tfl Chi da dien giai thd' gidi quan cua ngfldi Mfldng bang md hinh "Vu tru 3 tang - 4 thd' gidi" Tang thfi'p nha't ciia vfl tru lfi Mfldng Bua Khu (Mudng Vua Khfl) (11) Hidn nay ngUdi Mfldng vfin cdn lflu truyin nhilu truyen thuyd't ve the' gidi nflde Lofii Khu
mfi dan gian gpi lfi Vua Khfl {Bua Khu), nd
g i n gid'ng vdi quan nidm v i vua Thuy Ti ciia ngUdi Viet (Kinh) Vdi ngfldi Mfldng 5 Thanh Hoa ndi chung cdn quan nipm vua nudc - ma nudc - than nflde lfi vi t h i n cai quan the' gidi nflde T h i n nflde trong tfldng tfldng dan gian eua ngUdi Mfldng thude lofii
r i n , ed hinh thfl gid'ng nhfl con thudng ludng, hay tru ngu d nhflng vung nflde sau, bd'n nflde hoac sdng sudi trong lfing Thin nudc ed the lfim hai dd'n eupe sd'ng cua dfin lfing, gay ra lu lut, h a n hfin khi t h i n nUdc khdng hfii ldng vdi con ngUdi
Mdt ngudn nflde quan trong doi vdi ngfldi dan Mfldng xfla d cfie lfing dd lfi
ngudn nflde md (yd rgac) Trong tfim thflc
cua Mudng dfiy la ngudn nflde ngim tinh khid't nha't cua trdi da't, vi thd' h i u hd't eae nghi Id ein de'n nflde deu phai sii dung
ngudn nflde n g i m nfiy di eflng, dfic bi^t
trong l l cflng td' tien vfi l i cflng trong nhflng ngay tet Cd nhflng ndi ngfldi ta cdn quan niem nflde md nhU lfi nflde thidng, ai
ora nang sfip chet cung mudn udng nguon
nflde nay
Ngfldi Mudng d mfldng Khd, mfldng 6ng, mfldng Ai trflde kia eung nhfl hipn nay c6 tue di la'y nflde e i u may d i u nfim Khdng ai bao ai nhflng cfl sau thdi diem giao thfla ngudi dan trong lang t^p trung d md nflde Ngfldi ta cho rfing cang di sdm thi trong nam do gia dinh cang gfip dflpc nhiiu may mfin, dflpc trdi da't phfl hd, ban phat phudc Ifinh vfi lfim fin phat d?t vi liy dfl^e nUdc
Trang 6trflde day ed sit dung nflde md d l ehfla bdnh
va trfl tfi ma
Trong xa hdi truyen thdng n h i i u lfing
Mudng td' ehfle l i c i u mfla, c i u nflde "cd'u
rgac" vao dip dau nam XUa kia d mdt sd*
iang Mudng nd'u md nflde ngCfng ehay thi
xa chdm ehuan hi mdt mam edm, trong do
phai ed mot con gfi trong trfing, dem cung
tai md nflde c i u xin t h i n nUdc cho nflde
chay trd lai T^i sao lai phai cflng gfi trfing
(kl ca ngfldi Mudng d Hda Binh) cho dd'n
nay ngfldi Mfldng v i n chfla cd giai thich
thoa dang Vfio cudi thfing Ba, d i u thfing
Tu Am lich, day la thdi gian chuyin tfl mua
khd sang mfla mfla, le cung nUdc mdi dfldc
tid'n hfinh kha ddng bd d tfi't ca cac lfing
Mfldng d Ba Thflde, C i m Thuy, Lang
Chanh, Ngoc Lac 0 xa C i m Tu, huy0n
Cfim Thuy vao cudi thang Ba, d i u thang
Tu Am lich n h i i u lfing td ehfle l i mflng
nflde Dd lfi mua nflde dang, ca len, ngfldi ta
bat nfldng, sau dd trdn ea vdi gao n i p rdi dd
len di lfim le eung 5 dinh lfing Ngofii ra,
tin ngfldng v i nflde cdn dflpc bieu hien qua
l i hdi, g i n liin vdi cac trd chdi "rong rfin
ldn may" hay "rdng r i n dfinh nhau"
Nhin chung, nflde khdng chi cd gia tri
trong ddi sd'ng hfing ngfiy nhfl an udng,
sinh hoat, san xufi't mfi nflde edn cd y
nghia trong ddi sdng tinh t h i n , dfldc ngfldi
Mfldng linh thieng hoa bieu thi sfl "kinh
trpng" nflde, vfi nflde khdng t h i thid'u dflpe
trong n h i i u trfldng hpp khfie lidn quan den
tin ngfldng
- Tin ngudng vi rOng
Vdi tin ngfldng van v^t hflu linh, ngfldi
Mfldng xfla tin vfio viec cae efiy cd thu, dfic
bi$t lfi cfiy si, efiy gao, cfiy da, eay sdi d i u
c6 t h i n Vi th^, ddng bfio kidng ehat cfie
loai cay nfiy mdt cfich bfla bai, nhfi't lfi d
nhiing khu riftig d i u ngudn, rflhg thidng,
riing ma Theo tfip qufin cu, ngfldi Mfldng
eay thidng lidn quan de'n tud'i thp eua con ngfldi (12) Trflde dfiy, ngfldi Mfldng d mudng Ong kieng chat nhflng loai cay hidm, cay cd' thu nhfl cay eho, cay khdng mang Hp quan nidm, eay chd lfi cay ehu rflng nd'u chat se lam anh hfldng d i n rflng, ngudi ta edn cho rang cay chd lfi cay ciia ma sfl (ma nflde) neu ai Ifi'y efiy fi'y lfim edt nhfi
se bi ma su rut xud'ng dfi't, nhfi se bi do Cfie phfldng san cua ngudi Mudng d mfldng Khd, mfldng Ong trudc day rfi't ky ban phai nhflng eon cd chfla nhfi't lfi nai chfla Hp cho rang sat hai nhflng eon vfit ed
c h i a la khdng gfip may, ca mua san nfim a'y cd di sfin eung khdng hidu qua Theo lufit tuc, khdng ai trong lfing ban dUde phdp sfin bfin, be mang, phat nUdng lfim rfiy d trong riing cfi'm, rflng thieng cua lfing Ne'u
ai vi pham lfim cho ngfldi thfin trong nhfi, trong ban bi oin dau hoac gap nhflng diiu xui qufiy thi ngfldi dd phai cd trfich nhidm
mo Ipn, m^ trau de cflng t h i n rflng d dflng ndi da vi pham
O mdt sd lfing trflde dfiy edn ed nhflng kidng ky nghidm ngat trong san bfin Trong mdt bud'i di san ngfldi thp sfin ne'u gap mdt
b i y thfl eflng ehi dflpe phdp ban ehe't mdt eon, nd'u bfin tid'p eon thfl hai thi pham vfio diiu eSTm cua t h i n rflng Ai dd ching may
vd tinh b i n chd't con thfl hai thi phai sang
tdn nhfldng con vat cho mpt ngfldi khac di
chflng td vdi t h i n linh lfi chi bfin mdt eon,
n i u khdng c6 ngfldi de nhfldng eon thu da trdt b i n chd't, ngfldi thp san phai mang ea hai con thfl ve nhfi lfim thit eflng than rOtog, vfi xin t h i n rflng bd qua cho ldi l i m
da pham phai Y nghia thflc chfi't cua tuc Id nfiy la bao vd ngudn ddng vfit trong khi san
b i n Xfla kia, nd'u sfin dfldc con thfl nfio ldn (tfl eon Ipn rflng, con nai, eon hofing trd len) thi phai lfim Id vai ehua sdn lam NhiJng tfin dfl cua tin ngfldng vfit to' (td
Trang 7kieng ky nhfi^t dinh trong san b i n Hp
kidng sfin b i n eung nhfl an thit nhflng con
vfit hp cho cd quan he g i n giii vdi hp, da
eflu giup to tidn hp Chang han nhfl hp
Trfldng kieng an thit h^, khi, hp Hfi kieng
fin thit cud'c, hp Biii kieng an thit ky d a
-Dang chu y la tuc thd hd' (cpp), ed khi ngfldi
ta thd tinh con ho da an thit nhiiu ngfldi vfi
thd ngudi bi hd fin thit Tfi't ca nham muc
dieh eho lfing xdm dfldc an Ifinh Tpc nfiy
trude Caeh mang thang Tfim nfim 1945 cdn
thfi'y 5 Thach Lam, Thach Tfldng (Thach
Thfinh), Cam Lfldng (Cim Thuy) vfi nhieu
ndi khfic O lfing Sdo (thuoc mfldng Kho
trUdc dfiy), ddng ho Trfldng Cdng thd t h i n
hd' vfi kidng an thit ho Trfldng ddng hp
TrUdng Cdng hi$n nay vfin cdn gifl bfin thd
ho cua td' tidn d l lai (13) Ly do thd hd' dflpc
cac eu trong ddng hp k l lai rang, eon hd' da
cflu dng td nhiiu ddi cua ddng hp nfiy thoat
qua mot kid'p nan vfi tfl do t h i khdng an
thit hS va thd hd' nhu mdt vi t h i n eflu tinh
Dd nhd cdng dn dd ddng hp nfiy da lap ban
thd thd hd' nhu thd td' tidn eua minh (14)
Nhin chung, tin ngudng ve rijfng cua
ngfldi Mudng gfin hen vdi nhiing tin ngudng
td tem vfi nhiing kieng ky trong khai thae
ddng thUc vfit Day la loai hinh tin ngUSng
ban dia sd khai cdn tan dvt dfim ndt trong
ddi sdng tdn giao eOia ngfldi Mudng
Su tiep bien cdc ton gido chinh thong
TrUdc hd't phai k h i n g dinh, mpt so' tdn
giao ehinh thd'ng da dd'n vdi ngUdi Mudng,
dupc ngUdi MUdng tie'p bie'n nhUng tfldng
ddl md nhat chfl khdng dam net nhfl d vflng
ngudi Vidt (Kinh) Trong cae tdn giao ldn
nhfl Phat giao, Ki td giao thi Phfit giao de'n
vdi ngudi Mudng sdm hdn Chung ta co t h i
tim tha'y da'u a'n trong eac rang mo, trong
tinh ca Nang Nga - Dao Hai Mdi (15) vfi cae
ang xudng cung cd nhfic de'n But, dd'n Phat,
hay ndi dd'n ciu Phat Nhieu dia phfldng
Song cac chfla nay phan ldn dfla vfio eac hang dfi, mai da Cd it ehua xfiy ldp ngdi
Da cd nhflng chfla nd'i t i i n g trflde day nhu chua M i u (ndi ehua Trinh Sfim da d i thd trdn vach nui heuig chua), chua Trfing, ehfla Rdng, ehua Mdng (Cfim Thuy), ehua Rfim (Ngpe Lae), ehua Mdo (Lang Chanh) Cac chfla nfiy cd tfldng, cd chudng ddng nhflng khdng cd tru tri Cac dng tfl do dan cfl Hfing nfim trong dip l i td't, ram thang bay cd ngfldi de'n le, de'n chdi Day cdn la ndi sinh hoat van hoa edng ddng hdn la thoa man dfle tin O eac huydn vflng tha'p nhfl Thach Thanh, C i m Thuy, Ngpe Lac vfio nhflng nam 30-40 the' ky trflde da xufi't hien Dao Ddng O cac vung nfiy, thiy phu thuy hoat ddng kha manh trong eae dam chay, giai oan, c i t doan khu true tfi ma nhung sau Cfich mang thang Tfim nam
1945 Dao Ddng d day da mfi't han (16) Cflng vdi dao Phat, dao Thien chua eung
da ngfi'm vao vflng Mfldng tfl sau khi phong trao C i n Vfldng cOia cac van than bi thUc dan Phfip dfin ap Nhiing ed sd tdn giao nfiy ciing chi lap dUdc d mdt sd viing nhfl d Ddng Chu (Thaeh Binh), Thgch Long (Th?eh Thanh), C i m Tan, Cam Long, Ca'm Phong (Cim Thuy) Ca khu vflc Mudng nfiy dfi'xac lap dfldc xfl dao Phong Y (1889) Xfl dao dfldc lap trdn da't Mfldng song eae eon chidn chu yd'u lai la ngudi Kinh d thi tra'n, so lupng eon ehien la ngfldi Mfldng khdng nhieu (17)
3 N h a n x e t Nhin ehung, ngudi Mfldng d Thanh Hoa lfi tpc ngfldi ban dia, cd ddi sd'ng tdn giao he't sflc sinh dpng, vdi dac trflng tin ngUdng
da t h i n , dUdc bieu hidn rfi't ro ndt trong niem tin mdi ca nhan vfi cdng dong Nhflng niem tin tdn giao vfi nhiing hfinh vi tdn giao trong ddi sd'ng hang ngfiy tao ndn ban
Trang 8nhiing p h i n lfi me tin, nhung eung cd rfi't
nhidu ndi dung rfi't hflu ich trong ddi s3ng
tinh t h i n eua ngfldi Mudng Dd lfi giao due
truyin th^ng ud'ng nflde nhd ngudn, tri an
nhflng ngfldi cd cdng vdi cdng dong dfin tdc
Nhflng tin ngfldng ve tfl nhien nhfl dfi't,
nflde, rflng khdng ddn t h u i n lfi niem tin
tdn giao ma cdn ed y nghia nhan vfin sfiu
sic nham bao v$ tfii nguyen thidn nhien vfi
duy tri sU da dang sinh hpc cung nhfl bao
ve mdi trfldng
Hidn nay, trong ddi song tin ngfldng tdn
giao cua ngudi Mfldng cd sfl bid'n dd'i nhfi't
dinh, rd net nhfi't lfi sfl nhat phai tin
ngfldng sung bai tU nhien Sfl phai nhat a'y
bi tae ddng bdi nhieu ly do Theo ehflng tdi,
trUdc hit mdt p h i n lfi do xu hfldng Vidt
hofi Day lfi xu hfldng tfi't ye'u khi cac
phUdng thflc san xufi't eua ngfldi Mfldng vfi
ngfldi Kinh giong nhau, khi ma tre em
Mfldng hien nay theo hpe cac trfldng hpe
pho thdng n h u ngudi Kinh, khi mfle sdng
ciia ngfldi Kinh trd thfinh c h u i n mUc cho
ngfldi Mfldng noi theo (tfl nhfi d eho de'n cfie
tidn nghi sinh hoat khac), khi hdn nhan
gifla hai toe ngfldi Kinh - Mfldng ngfiy cfing
trd nen phd' bid'n Thti hai, qua nhiiu nfim
tiep thu nen gifio due hien dai, giao due the
gidi quan vd t h i n d cac nhfi trfldng phd' thdng it nhieu cung da tac ddng den y thfle ddng bfio Mudng lfim h a n ehd' niim tin vfio thd' gidi eua t h i n linh Ddng thdi, cudc each mang vfin hofi gfin liin vdi phong trao bai trfl me tin di doan cung da iam giam nhe niem tin vao the' gidi tfim linh cua ngUdi Mudng Ngofii ra, nhflng ehuyin dd'i trong phfit t r i l n ndng nghidp gfin liin vdi phong trfio hdp tae hoa ndng nghidp, eu t h i lfi efieh thfle lfim fin tap the, qud'c hflu hoa san xua't eung lfi mdt trong nhflng nguydn nhan cfin ban lfim mfi't d i n di nhflng tin ngudng lidn quan de'n dfi't, nUdc vfi rflng Bdi vfiy, tinh t h i n "kinh trpng tfl nhien" da phai nhat d i n Thfle td' eho thi^y, d h i u hd't cfie thdn lang ciia ngfldi Mfldng tfl nhflng nam
1960 -1970 trd l?i dfiy khdng td' ehfle nhflng
l i eung lien quan dd'n nude, dfi't, rflng, nd'u
cd thi cung khdng edn man mfi nhU xUa Ndi dflng hdn, hi$n nay h i u hd't nhflng tin ngfldng lien quan den cfie ngudn tfii nguydn
d pham vi edng ddng khdng cdn tdn tgi Trong khi dd cfie loai hinh tin ngfldng tdn giao khfic nhfl thd eung td' tidn, thd thfinh hofing lfing, thd Mfiu, thd Phfit vfin cdn nguydn gia tri, tham ehi ngfiy efing dfldc ddng bfio quan tfim sau sfic hdn
CHU THtCH
(1) D i n g Nghiem Van, Ly lu$n vi tdn gido vd
tinh hinh tdn gido d Viit Nam (tdi bdn), Nxb
Chinh tri Qudc gia H i Nfii, 2003, tr 77-78
(2) P h a n Ngpe, Vdn hod Vift Nam, cdch tiip
can mdi, Nxb V i n hoa Thfing tin, H i NSi, 1994,
tr 15-17
(3) VUcJng Anh, Tii'p can vdi vdn hda bdn
mUctng, Nxb V i n hfia d i n tfie H i Nfii, 2001,
tr.5-(4) VUdng Anh (chu bifin) Mo si thi ddn tdc
Mudng, Nxb V i n hfia d i n tfie H i Nfii, 1997
(Xem tiep trang 80)
Trang 91891 cua Toan quyen Dfing DUdng, JOIF, 2*
partie, 1891, tr 378 Nghi dinh n i y sau con dupc
sCfa doi lai nhieu l i n cho phu hpp vfii tinh hinh
chinh tri 3 Bac Ky, chu yeu l i de doi pho v6i phong
t r i o khang chifin cua nhan dan ta
(28) Rapports pohtiques, quyfin sfi^ 7, nam
VE TiN NGUSNG TON GIAO CUA NGUh MUftNG 0THANH HOA
(Tiep theo trang 71)
(5) Cao Sdn Hai, Li tuc vbng ddi ngudi Mudng,
Nxb Dai hpc Qufi'c gia H i Nfii H i Npi, 2005, tr
19
(6) Ngufii Mufing, ke ca ngufii Vipt (Kmh)
nhieu ndi 6 Thanh Hoa trufic dfiy khfing gpi Ii b i n
thfi m i quen gpi l i giufing thfi Hipn nay, each gpi
nay v i n con tUOng doi ph^ bifi'n 3 nhieu vung nguSi
Mufing Thanh Hoa,
(7) Xem them: Le Huy Hoing, Tim hieu vi di
tich vd nhdn vdt Hd Cdng Thdi, trong Thanh Hod
xUa vd nay, Nxb Thanh Hoa, 2014, tr.51-55
(8) T r i n Thi Lifin (chu bien) Khdo sdt vdn hoa
truyin thd'ng Mudng Du, Nxb Thfii dai H i Npi,
2013, tr.22-23
(9) Ngfi Dflc Thinh, Bgo Mdu Viet Nam, Nxb
Tfin giio, H i Nfii 2010
(10) Cao Sdn Hai, Li tuc vong dM ngUiti
Mudng, Nxb Dai hpc Quoc gia H i Npi, H i N6i,
2005, tr 22-23
(11) Nguyen Tit Chi, Gdp phdn nghiin ciiu vdn
hda vd tdc ngUdi, Nxb V i n hfia Thfing tin, Tap chi
Vfin hoa nghfi t h u i t xui't ban, H i Npi, 1996
(12) Ngufii Mufing h T h a n h Hoa efi tyc lam
via keo c i y si, hay con goi l i keo tufi'i, keo sfi'cho ngUfii g i i Vl ngUfii Mufing quan nipm ne'u mufi'n flng b i , bo' me sfl'ng lau hdn thi eon chau phai l i m
le keo Sl
(13) Hien nay gia dinh ong TrUtJng Cfing Dung (6 l i n g Sio, xa Dien Ha, huypn Ba Thufie) cfi mpt
b i n thfi hfl' b trong n h i Hang n i m gia dinh eung
t h i n ho v i o nhiSng dip Tfi't NguySn dan, r^m
t h i n g Gieng, i n cdm mfii
(14) Mai V i n Tung, Tri thtic dia phuong vi svl
dung vd qudn ly t&i nguyen thiin nhiin cua ngUdi Mucfng d huyen Bd Thitdc, tinh Thanh Hda, Luin
an Tien si Khoa hpc Lich sii, Trufing Dai hoc KHXH&NV Dai hoc Qufi'c gia, H i Nfli, 2011
(15) Cao Sdn Hai, Truyen Ndng Nga - Dgo Hai
Mdl, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hfii H i Nfli, 2005
(16) Cao Sdn Hai, Le tuc vbng ddi ngUdi
Mudng, Nxb Dai hpc Qufic gia H i Noi, H i Npi,
2005, tr 21-22
(17) Cao Sdn Hai, Li tuc vbng ddi ngUdi
Mudng, Nxb Dai hpc Qufi'c gia H i Npi, Ha Nfii,
2005, tr 22
Trang 10XIN LOI VA BOI THirOfNG CHIEN TRANH TRONG QUAN HE QUOC TE - KINH NGHIEM UCH SUf TRONG QUAN HE VIET - MY
NGUYfiN THAI Y £ N HUONG'
Trong quan he qudc td' ndi chung, vd'n
de xin ldi va boi thudng chig'n tranh
la mdt vd'n dd' ludn song hdnh vdi quan he
gifla cae nUdc trong qua trinh han gin vdt
thUdng de dd'n binh thfldng hda quan he
ngoai giao Day la va'n de da dfldc nhieu nha
nghien cflu quan he qud'c td' de edp theo gde
dp xa hgi, lich sfl Hidn nay, quan he gifla
Vidt Nam vd My da dUde binh thudng hda tfl
nam 1995 va nam 2013 hai nflde da nang
cap quan he Idn "ddi tac toan dien" trong
chuye'n tham My ciia Chii tich nudc TrUdng
Td'n Sang Tuy nhidn, khi ndi dg'n nhflng
khd khdn trong qua trinh binh thudng hoa
quan he ngogi giao giiia hai quoc gia, vd'n dd'
boi thudng chid'n tranh cho Viet Nam sau
nam 1975 ma to'ng thd'ng My da tuyen bo'
dfldng nhu vdn la mdt de tai tig'p tuc dUdc dg'
cdp mac du day la mdt trong cac ngi dung da
dfldc neu trong cac cugc trao doi lidn quan
de'n lich sfl quan he Viet - My Cd y kid'n cua
cdc nha nghign eflu My la do phfa Viet Nam
qua tli tin vao chig'n thing? Lai cd y kien cho
r i n g chfnh Viet Nam do khdng n i m b i t
dUdc thdng tin diy du ve ndi bp My ngn da
khdng linh hoat trong chinh saeh d l roi "bd
Id cd hgi" binh thUdng hoa vdi My Ligu day
cd that sfl Id cac ly do cd sfle thuyg't phuc hay khdng? Vide nghien cflu lai mgt kinh nghidm Iieh sfl dfla theo each tig'p cdn mdi doi khi se khdng khach quan vd phii hdp nhflng vln se la mpt dieu ly thu Cd nhid'u gdc do ludn giai da dfldc dfla ra de ly giai cho sU viec ndy Tuy nhien, la mgt nha nghien eflu My dfldi gdc do hch su va van hod, tdc gia mao muoi tig'p can dfldi gde dp vdn hda chinh tri
dd phdn tieh "kinh nghidm Iieh sfl" nay
1 Va'n d l x i n Ioi va boi thfldng chi^n
t r a n h - t i e p c a n t r o n g q u a n he quoc te Trong qua trinh phat t r i l n cua lich sit nhan Ioai, vide xin Ioi va boi thudng ehien tranh gifla cac chu t h i da ludn Id vide dien
ra sau mdi l i n ke't thuc xung dot hay chien tranh Ddy la mdt hanh vi thudng diidc nhin nhdn la hdp ly, ldm diu cang thang
Kl tfl sau Chie'n tranh thd' gidi II kg't thuc, trUdc nhu ciu xda bd tgi Idi cu, va'n de xin ldi va boi thfldng chie'n tranh eua cac ehinh phli, cac to chflc da cd hanh ddng phi nhdn dao da trd nen cd chieu hudng gia tang Chfnh vi vdy, vide yeu c i u chu t h i vi phgm phai cd hanh vi xin Idi hay boi thudng cho nhflng nflde bi eoi la nan nhan da dfldc khuyen khich Cae nhd nghien eflu vd cdc
' PGS.TS Hpc vien Ngoai giao
Trang 11nhd hogch dinh chinh sach cung ed thien
hudng nhd'n mgnh vao vide gdn cac hogt
ddng nay vdi qua trinh hda giai gifla cac
nude Trudng hdp cua Dfle va Nhdt Ban Id
hai trfldng hdp dflpe eac nha nghien cflu
phdn tich khd ky Sau Chid'n tranh thd' gidi
II, Dflc da phai tra mdt khoan b6i thfldng
kha ldn vd' nhiing tdi ae trong chien tranh
trong khi vigc nay doi vdi Nhdt Ban la
khdng he d l thflc Men Cdng hda Lign bang
Dfle da cd nhflng budc hoa giai Idn vdi eae
nudc cflu thu khdc Quan he gifla Phap vd
Tay Dfle la mgt diln hinh Chi vdi mdt
khoan boi thudng nhd va khoang nfla the ky
sau khi chid'n tranh kdt thue, Phap va Dflc
da quan he rd't g i n gui g i n nhfl cd ddng y
kid'n trong nhieu vd'n dg' d chdu Au, dgc biet
la trong pham vi Cdng dong Than thep (1)
Xdt vg' mat phap Iy (2), Hien chfldng
Lien hpp qud'c (LHQ) da ghi nhan tig'n Id
truy cflu traeh nhidm phap ly qud'c te' doi
vdi qud'c gia da phgm phai tdi dc quo'c te',
dong thdi dinh ehe' nguyen t i c hpp tac quoc
td' vd nguygn tae giai quye't cae tranh cha'p
qudc te' b i n g bidn phdp hda binh, tfl bd
quan didm vg' sfl dung vu Iflc da keo dai
nhig'u thg' ky Theo Khoan 2, Did'u 3 cua
Cong^fldc "Ve trdch nhiem cua quoh gia vi
cdc hdnh vi trdi Ludt quo'c t&' dfldc ban
hdnh nam 2001 quy dinh traeh nhidm bm
thudng d i y du phat sinh trong trUdng hdp
thigt hgi xay ra bdi eae hanh vi trdi Lugt
qudc te, nghia Id quo'c gia phai boi thudng
cho thidt hai la ket qua cua hanh vi trai
ludt gay ra Dieu 31 eua Cdng Udc ndy cung
quy dinh chinh phu cd traeh nhidm phai
boi thfldng d i y dii thiet hgi do hanh vi trai
Ludt qudc tg' ciia minh gay ra, thidt hai la
td'n tha't ba't k^ ca vd' vat cha't va tinh t h i n
Did'u 34, Cdng fldc da quy dinh ve hinh
thflc boi thfldng, theo do boi thfldng d i y du
thiet hgi gdy ra do hanh vi vi pham Lugt
phuc hoi, hodn Igi, hoac kd't hdp ea hai hinh thflc dd theo ngi dung ChUdng II P h i n 2 Cdng udc
Theo quy dinh eua Cdng Ude thi dd'n bu
la vide boi thudng thigt hgi vdt chd't dUdc the hien b i n g tien, hang hda hogc cac dich
vu Td'ng sd' thidt hai can dd'n bu, theo nguydn t i e , thudng it hdn nhieu so vdi thiet hai thUc td' gay ra bdi ehien tranh Vi du, theo quyd't dinh cua Hdi nghi Crime (nam 1945), Dflc phai dd'n bu ldn tdi 20 ty USD, mac du tren thfle te' thidt hgi da gay ra cho Lidn Xd khi dd rd't khd ed t h i bu dip; hoac theo phan quyg't cua Tda an quo'c td' (ICJ) LHQ (nam 1996) chinh phu Hoa Ky da bdi thfldng cho Iran 131 trigu USD vi vu qudn dpi My b i n rdi mdy bay dan sfl Iran (3) Trong khi dd phuc hoi la vide xay diing lai tinh trgng dd t6n tai trflde khi bi hanh vi vi phgm phap luat xam hgi Mgt trong cac hinh thflc phuc hoi la tra lgi hign vdt tai san da bi qud'c gia tham chie'n tich thu trai phep tfl lanh thd cua qud'c gia ddi dich Ddi tfldng phuc hoi cd the Id tdi san bi tich thu bd't hdp phap trong thdi binh hodc vide huy
bd mdt vdn ban phdp ludt ba't ky nao dd Trong thflc ti^n tfl phap da phd' bie'n thudt ngfl "phuc hdi phap ludt", tfle Id lam thay do'i tinh huo'ng phap Iy, vi du: ra soat, bai
bd hoae sfla ddi dieu khoan cua lugt da dUdc thdng qua vi phgm cac quy pham Vi vdy, khi chig'n tranh gifla eac qud'c gia - chu the quan trpng trong he thd'ng quan he qud'c td' kg't thue, vd'n dg' boi thfldng va giup phuc hoi nUde bi xam hai ddi khi dUde coi Id mdt did'u kidn khong t h i thie'u Nhfl vay, khi kd't thue chig'n tranh, vide Td'ng thdng
My Nixon hfla boi thfldng eho Viet Nam 3,2
ty USD theo Did'u 21 cua Higp dinh Paris
Id hoan todn hdp ly
Tuy nhign, xet vg' mat van hda xa hpi, xin loi hay boi thfldng chig'n tranh thfldng
Trang 12quan he vdi mdt nUde eiiu thfl Neu so sanh
trudng hdp gifla Nhdt Ban vd Dfle sau
Chid'n tranh the' gidi thfl II se thd'y ro dieu
nay Doi vdi du lugn trong nudc cua Nh|kt
Ban thi vd'n de xin ldi hay bdi thfldng eho
cac nude Id nan nhan da tao ngn sii phan
ddi eua phe bao thu trong nUdc vdi Idp ludn
r i n g vd'n de boi thfldng se tgo ed cho cdc
nUde lang gid'ng t h i hidn thai dp ehd'ng lgi
Nhdt Ban Trong khi do, nUde Dflc khdng
gap phai vd'n de nhfl vdy Nhflng ngfldi
theo phai bao thu tgi nflde Dflc dfldng nhfl
lgi mud'n ddy Id dip d l neu lai mdt giai
dogn Iieh sfl cua qud'c gia vd khdng n g i n
ngai khi phai thfla nhan cac tdi ac do Hitle
gay ra Ngudi Phap da nhin nhan thue tg'
nay nhfl la mdt qua trinh phdt tridn dan
chu va ehuyen hfldng tieh efle ciia nude Dfle
(4) Cho dg'n nay, hai nflde ludn ed sfl hda
hdp trong cae chinh sdch dfldc hoaeh dinh
va trien khai trong Lien minh ehdu Au
Nhfl vay, cd thg tha'y r i n g , vd'n de xin l5i
hay boi thudng chie'n tranh tuy thude kha
nhieu vdo tinh hinh chinh tri ngi bp ciia
moi nUde khi vd'n de' nay dfldc dfla ra bdn
cai tgi edc cd quan cd thdm quyg'n cua qud'c
gia dd Hoan canh van hda - xa hdi eiia mdi
nflde cung anh hfldng dd'n phfldng each xin
ldi hay boi thudng Nd'n vdn hda ehinh tri
eua mdi nUdc eiing la mdt nhdn td' khdng
the khdng de cdp khi xem xet vd'n dg' nay
trong quan he gifla cae qud'c gia sau mdi
cupc xung dot bdi vi nhu nhieu cdng trinh
nghien cflu da phan tfeh chfnh sach doi
ngogi la sU tid'p noi cua chinh sach doi ndi
2 Vai t r o q u y e t d i n h chi t i e u c u a
Quoc hoi My (5)
Tfl khi ban Hie'n phap cua Hdp ehung
qud'c Hoa Ky ra ddi ndm 1789, ehinh phii
qud'c gia da thUc sfl danh eho Qud'c hpi
thdm quyen to ldn doi vdi cae vd'n de kinh
trong Imh vflc tdi chinh, dd Id quyd'n quydt dinh thu vd ehi ngan sach - quyen danh thud', in tien va vay tien, dieu tig't thfldng mai gifla cac bang va vdi nflde ngodi, chi tieu eho "phong thii chung" va "phfle Ipi chung" Bd't kg mdt dd la nao ddnh cho chinh phu lidn bang chi dung cung phai dfldc Qud'c hdi duyet theo ludt dinh Hidn phap My da quy dinh ro "khdng cd khoan tig'n ndo cd thd dfldc r u t ra tfl ngdn kho', nhflng sfl phan bd tid'p theo ciia nd dfldc quyet dinh theo Ludt phap" (6) Bdn canh nhflng khoan chi eho Iinh vflc ddi ndi, Quoc
hdi Id ngfldi quyd't dinh khoan tdi ehfnh mk
Td'ng thd'ng ehi cho lfle Ifldng vu trang dfldi quyg'n Td'ng thong, eiing nhU cho sU hoat ddng cua bg may nhd nflde My
Theo quy dinh, Quoc hdi dam nhdn
traeh nhi$m ve phap Iy, chinh tri va dgo l</
la phai eung ca'p du tdi ehinh d l duy tri cdng vide ddi ngoai eOia Td'ng thdiig vd vigc thfle hidn cac hidp flde hay thda thudn md Tong thd'ng da ky Tuy nhien, theo Iu§t dinh Qud'c hdi cd the tfl chdi vide cung cd'p cac khoan t i i chinh dd nd'u nhu cd quan nay phat hidn r a r i n g Td'ng thd'ng da vUdt qua quyen ban cua minh Ngay ca khi Td'ng thd'ng dfla nhflng ly le hdp Iy bao vd eac hoat ddng trong pham vi quyen lue eua minh, Qud'c hdi vdn cd quyd'n quy dinh mule
do cua hoat ddng dd Mgi chUdng trinh phue vu eho hoat ddng doi ngogi ciia My nhu vien trd cho nude ngoai, so' tai chfnh
ma nUdc My cd the ddng gdp cho cac to' chflc qud'c tg' trong dd cd Lien hdp qud'c, ngan sdeh hang ndm gianh cho hoat dgng cua Bg ngogi giao va cac ed quan ngogi giao cua
My d nUde ngoai deu ehiu sU "quyd't dinh" eua Quoc hpi Qud'c hpi edn Id ngUdi quyet dinh cudi cung sd tai chinh md Tdng thShg
Trang 13Hie'n phap eho phep Quo'c hdi My ed
quyd'n thao ludn vd' quy dinh thUdng mai
quoc td', vg' viee trflng phat cfldp biln, cac
tdi pham tren vung biln quoc te' vd nhflng
hdnh vi vi phgm ludt phap eua cac qudc
gia, va ve vide tuyen bo chid'n tranh Quyg'n
eua Qudc hdi dUdc sti dung ngan saeh eua
Bg tdi ehinh, dfldc danh thug' va ehi tien vi
mue dieh phdng vg va phfle ldi chung
thudng xuygn cd anh hudng Idn doi vdi qua
trinh dieu hanh cde edng vide ddi ngoai
Qud'c hdi cung cd quyen sfl dung cdc bign
phap trflng phat de thd hien quan dilm cua
minh eung nhfl de tao anh hudng cua minh
ddi vdi mdt vd'n de ehinh saeh doi ngoai cu
the Qud'c hdi cd thd ban hanh dgo lu^t hgn
chg' budn ban ddi vdi mpt nUde nao dd mge
du Tdng thd'ng van ed quyd'n xda bd trflng
phat ng'u nhu Tong thd'ng eho r i n g Idi fch
qud'c gia cua nude My ddi hdi Va quyg'n lap
phap ndi ehung eiia Qud'c hpi khidn cho cd
quan ndy ed quyen lUc to Idn tac ddng tdi
hinh thai vd dien bidn cua cdc mdi quan he
qud'c tg' Trong giai doan sau ndy, quyen chi
ngdn saeh ciia Qud'c hdi tig'p tuc se Id mdt
thfl vu khi manh dg Qud'c hgi tham gia vao
cdc cdng vi$c cua cdc nhanh khae trong he
thdng chinh tri My, nha't la trong hogt ddng
ddi ngogi Vi du, nam 1986, Qudc hdi da
giam ngan sdch qudc phdng md chfnh
quyd'n Reagan dd' nghi vdi mgt khoan Id
17,6 ty USD Day la mdt khoan c i t giam
kha Idn eho Nha T r i n g trong khd nhid'u
ndm Nam 1987, Qud'c hdi eung da bae bd
viec thdng qua khoan tien tfl 3 dg'n 5 trieu
USD vidn trp quan sii cho p h i i ddi lap d
Nicaragua chdng lgi ehinh phu cua nudc
ndy (8) Nam 1996, nhid'u cd quan ehinh
phii, trong dd cd Bd ngogi giao da phai ddng
c i a mdt thdi gian do khdng cd tdi chinh dd
hogt dgng Vd mdt trUdng hdp dang chu y
nfla la trong nam 2013, mdt nfla trong hd
khoang mdt thang do mau t h u i n gifla hai Dang vd' tran nd cdng ma kd't qua la vide ngdn sach eho hogt ddng cua chinh phu da khdng dfldc thdng qua
Theo quy dinh eua Hien phap, Hg vidn dua ra mgi du lugt hen quan de'n thu nhdp, did'u dd cd nghia la mgi dU luat vg' dg'n thue, quan thue' va ca cac dfl luat ddi vdi he thdng
an ninh xa hdi Do dac quyg'n dfldc quy dinh trong Hig'n phap, cdc dgo lugt quy dinh vg' cae khoan tid'n ehi tidu cho chinh phu hen bang eung do Hg vidn khdi xudng Dae quyg'n dfla ra eae du ludt lidn quan dd'n tai chinh khdng cd nghia Id Thfldng vidn khdng
cd quyg'n sfla ddi cac dfl ludt dd, nhflng quyen dfldc Iam ndi dau tien dfla ra cac dfl lugt se tgo dUde nhiing dieu khoan phap ly, thudng cd t h i bao gdm ca nhflng gidi ban ma ThUdng vien khd t h i vfldt qua ng'u nhfl Ha vien mudn dfl luat dd dfldc thdng qua Ngoai ra, mdi quan hg gan bd gifla cfl tri
va cac nghi si trong hai vien eua Qud'c hdi
My eung Id nhdn td tang them vai trd ciia the chg' ndy ddi vdi cdc quyg't dinh lien quan den chi tieu ngan sdch Sfl nghigp cua cac nghi si Qud'c hdi h i u nhu phu thudc vao vide cfl tri cd b i u hg trong eae eupe b i u eii dinh ky hay khdng bdi vi "gidnh thang ldi trong cudc tai tranh cfl Id did'u cac nghi si mong mud'n hdn ba't ky thfl gi khi edn dUdng nhiem" (9) Tnide ap Iflc tai cfl, va'n dg' tranh thu sfl ung hd ciia cfl tri tgi khu vflc bau efl la vd'n dd' khdng the thie'u cua mdi nghi si Chfnh vi vgy, Idi hfla vg' vd'n de' phdn bd' ngan saeh eho cac hogt ddng eua ehinh phu ddi khi la ndi dung dfldc cac nghi
si Qudc hgi dung dd tranh thu sfl ung hg eiia cac cfl tri tgi khu viic b i u cfl cua minh Mdt trong nhflng vi du dien hinh ve vai trd hgn ehd' eiia Tong thd'ng trong Iinh vflc ddi ngogi thdi kj^ sau chid'n tranh Viet Nam
la "quyd'n quyet dinh ngan saeh" cua Qude