Thuylt He thd'ng The gidi World System Theory cua Immanuel Wallerstein cd sfl kd' thfla tiep thu mpt so quan diem cua Thuylt Phu thupc nhfl the gidi hinh thfinh sfl phfin cdng lao ddng
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I MCf DAU
Tie'n trinh lich s i lfi mdt trong nhflng
lufin diem cfin ban cua cac ly thuyet quan
hp qud'c te (QHQT) bdi dd la quan nidm v l
tinh quy lufit hay xu hfldng van ddng
chung cua lich s i QHQT Dd cung lfi sfl md
ta hch s i qua vide d i e k i t qufi khfl, la cfich
tilp c^n dd phfin tich cfic dien bid'n cua
hi$n tai vfi la cd sd de di^ bfio tfldng lai
Khdng nhiJng thd', thdng qua quan die'm v l
tiln trinh lich s i , ddng cd vfi cac Iflc Ifldng
thuc d i y tid'n trinh nfiy cung dfldc chi r^
Trong nghien c i u lich s i quan he qud'c
te, cd nhilu each tid'p cfin khac nhau v l tid'n
trinh Bdu tien la cfich tid'p cfin coi lich s i
cd tinh chu ky Trong each tid'p cfin nfiy, cd
quan dilm cua Chu nghia Mac-Ldnin coi su
phat triln cua lich s i theo hinh xofiy trdn
dc khi di tfl cudc dfi'u tranh giai cfi'p nay
dd'n cudc dfi'u tranh giai cfi'p khfie Trong
khi dd, Chu nghia Hien thflc Co' dien cung
cd cfich nhin chu ky tfldng tfl nhflng lai dfla
trdn sfl vfin ddng cua h i t cudc xung dot
quyln Iflc nfiy de'n cudc xung dot quyln Iflc
khac Cdch tiep can thii hai coi lich s i lfi
dfldng thfing tie'n Day lfi quan diem v l tid'n
trinh lich s i cd trong mdt so' ly thuylt
QHQT Chu nghia Tfl do Mdi nhin tiln trinh lich s i theo da tang ldn cua dan chu, phfit tridn kinh td' thi trfldng vfi xu hfldng hpp tac tfing dan thay thd' cho xung ddt Chu nghia Kid'n tao ciing cd quan diem ve tid'n trinh lich s i nhfl vfiy nhflng lai dfla trdn sfl phat trien cua cac ylu td lien chu
quan Cdch tie'p can thit ba cua Chu nghia
Hfiu hidn dai thi lai cd xu hfldng phu nhfin tinh tie'n trinh cua lich s i khi coi lich s i khdng cd mdt xu thd' chung vfi cung chfing
cd diem cudi nhfl nhilu ly thuydt trdn quan nipm Nhflng ngfldi theo ly thuydt nfiy cho riing lich s i day rfiy nhflng doan dflt gfiy vfi
gifin doan Cdch tiep can thti tii la each tid'p
cfin he thd'ng khi nhin lich s i lfi sfl vfin ddng tfl he thd'ng nfiy sang he thd'ng khfie Trong each tid'p cfin nfiy, cd quan dilm cua
C h i nghia Hidn thuc Mdi nhin hd thong nay dua trdn cfi'u true quyln Iflc Cung trong cfich tid'p cfin he thdiig, cdn cd mdt each nhin khac cua Immanuel Walerstein coi lich s i la sU md rdng vfi phat trien cua
he thdiig kinh td' tu ban chu nghia tren pham vi the gidi
Sfl da dang cua cfic each tie'p cfin vfi nhiing quan diem khac nhau trdn dfiy cho
'PGS.TS Khoa Qudc t l h o c • TrUdng DHKHXH&NV - DHQG HN
Trang 2thfi'y chang cd mdt ly thuyet nao cd kha
nfing giai quyd't mpi vfin de cua lich s i
QHQT, vfi tfi't nhien la cfing khdng the giai
quyet mpi vfi^n de eua the gidi Thflc tien
lich s i vdh phflc tap vfi da dang hdn cac ly
thuylt Nd gom n h i l u chu the, ddng Iflc, xu
hfldng vfi each thflc van ddng khac nhau
Mdi each tiep can va quan diem ly thuyet
d l u cd ich khi gdp p h i n lam sang to mdt
p h i n thflc tien Uch s i da dang vfi phflc tap
nfiy
Xufi't phfit tfl nhfin thflc do, bfii viet nfiy
trinh bfiy v l Thuyet He thdng The' gidi c i a
Immanuel Wallerstein nhfim gidi thidu
them mdt cfich t i l p cfin hd thdng ve tie'n
trinb lich s i QHQT Hi vong dilu nay se bd'
sung them dflpc dieu ^ dd cho vide nghidn
cflu lich s i QHQT ndi ridng, lich s i tofin
ciu ndi chung
n NOI DUNG CO BAN CUA
THUYET HE THONG THE Gldl
Thuylt Hd thd'ng The gidi dupc khdi
xudng bdi hpc gia ngfldi My Immanuel
Wallerstein Ong lfi mdt nhfi xa hdi hpc,
lich s i kinh te' vfi QHQT Cdng trinh nd'i
tie'ng nhfi't cua dng lfi bd sfich nhieu tfip He
thdng the gidi can dai (TTie Modern World
System) vdi nhfliig nghiln cflu v l hd thdng
thd' gidi Thuye't He thd'ng Thd' gidi cua
Immanuel Wallerstein ra ddi tfl gifla thfip
nidn 1970 trong bdi canh Thuye't Phu thudc
dang cd xu hfldng thoai trfio bdi bdc Id
nhflng han che va khdng giai thich dUdc
nhieu hidn tfldng mdi trong QHQT
Thuylt He thd'ng The gidi (World
System Theory) cua Immanuel Wallerstein
cd sfl kd' thfla tiep thu mpt so quan diem
cua Thuylt Phu thupc nhfl the gidi hinh
thfinh sfl phfin cdng lao ddng qudc te, sfl
bdc lot cua nfldc giau doi vdi nfldc ngheo
trong sfl phan cdng dd, sfl bfi't binh dfing
nhan quy dinh tinh trang kdm phat trien cua cfic nfldc ngheo, sU tdn tai c i a trung tam vfi ngoai vi trong hd thong, phan tich ca'u true, ndn dfldc coi nhfl sfl tid'p noi Thuye't Phu thudc (1) Ly thuye't nfiy cung chiu anh hfldng nhfi't dinh cua Mac nhfl sfl phan ky lich s i theo hinh thai kinh te-xa hdi, nhflng mat trai cua CNTB, vai trd ciia yd'u to* kinh td' trong QHQT, vai trd cua mau thufin kinh td' trong QHQT, ndn ciing dupc coi la thupc ddng Chu nghia Mac xit Mdi cflng vdi Thuye't Phu thudc Ngofii
ra, Immanuel Wallerstein cdn chiu anh hfldng cua nhfi s i hpc ngfldi Phfip Femand Braudel vdi trfldng phfii Annales v l ljch s i phfit trien cua CNTB d chau Au Nhflng cd
sd nfiy cung vdi viec phan tich lich s i kinh te' vfi y tfldng he thorig trong xa hdi hpc da dfla dd'n nhflng lufin diem chinh cua ly thuydt nfiy nhfl sau:
- Khfii nidm cot ldi vfi chu d l trung tfim trong Thuye't He thd'ng T h l gidi cua
Immanuel Wallerstein lfi he thd'ng the gidi (World System) Theo Immanuel
Wallerstein, "hd thdng t h l gidi lfi mdt he thdng xa hdi, trong dd cd ranh gidi, cfi'u true, cfic nhdm thfinh vien, cfic lufit Id cua sfl hdp phap va sfl gfin kit Sfl tdn tai cua
nd dupc tao nen bdi cac Iflc Ifldng mfiu thufin nhau, gfin gifl lai vdi nhau thdng qua cang thang vfi tfich rdi nhau ra khi mdi nhdm tim kiem vide xay dfip thfldng xuyen lpi t h l c i a minh" (2) Wallerstein cho rfing
hd thdrig thd' gidi cd nhflng dac diem gidng nhfl mdt cd quan hflu cd khi nd vfin cd the tdn tai du mdt vfii khia canh nfio dd cua nd thay ddi Cfi^u t n i c hd t h i n g cd the manh hay yd'u nhung vfin tdn tai qua cac thdi ky khac nhau, it nha't lfi v l logic bin trong trong hoat ddng chflc nang cua hd thdng Wallerstein cung coi ddng luc cua sU phat trien hd thd'ng chu yd'u lfi bdn trong (3) He
Trang 3kinh te vfi quan he kinh t l qudc t l nen
trong chflng mflc nao dd chinh la n i n kinh
t l the' gidi
He thd'ng the gidi diidc hinh thanh
Cling vdi CNTB tii ddu the ky XVL He
thdng nfiy dflpc xay dflng dfla trdn sfl tich
luy tfl b a n d mdt s l nfldc Tay Au nhfl Hfi
Lan, Anh, Phfip de hinh thanh ndn khu vdc
trung tam hay ed't loi Trung tam nfiy tid'n
hfinh chuydn mdn hda san xufi't, md rdng
hoat ddng kinh te va bfinh trfldng sang cac
khu vflc khac cua t h l gidi Cac khu vuc
khfie l i n Iflpt gia nhfip vfio he thdng the
gidi thdng qua quan he thi trfldng Dd'n t h l
ky XIX, ciing vdi sfl phfit trien c i a CNTB,
hd thdng nay da vfldn ra t i m the' gidi vfi trd
thfinh he thd'ng the gidi (4) Wallerstein cd
sfl phan bipt h i thdng the gidi vdi de che
(Empire) ton t^i trflde dd He thong the gidi
dflpc xay dung dfla trdn qua trinh tich tu t u
ban va md rdng thdng qua quan he thj
trfldng, cdn d l c h l dfldc xay dung dfla tren
qufi trinh tich t u quyln lfle va md rdng su
kiem soat chinh tri thdng qua quan he cong
nap Hd thd'ng thd' gidi gdm n h i l u qudc gia,
cdn d l c h l chi gdm mdt ddn vi lanh thd' vdi
mdt chinh quyln trung fldng (5)
- Cau true cua he tho'ng the gidi Id quan
hi giUa trung tdm hay cot loi (Core) vdi
ngoai vi (Periphery) va bdn ngoai vi
(Semi-Periphery) He thd'ng the gidi dupc phan
chia thanh hai khu vflc chinh dfla tren sfl
phan cdng lao dpng gifla trung tam vfi
ngoai vi Kha nfing k i l m sofit tfl ban vfi su
phat t r i l n cdng nghe d vflng trung tam
giiip tao ra si^ phfin cdng lao ddng qudc te'
nfiy Trong dd, trung tam lfi ndi san xufi't
cfic mat hfing t h a n h p h i m chinh vfi cdng
nghe cao Ngoai vi lfi ndi cung cfi'p nguyen
li$u thd, hfing ndng nghilp vfi cac san
p h i m sd c h l cho cac nen kinh t l 5 viing
trung tam Trung tam lfi ndi phfit triln v l
quy md tfl ban tich luy, cdn ngoai vi lfi ndi
phfit trien v l quy md lao ddng Cung gid'ng nhfl Thuylt Phu thudc, vung trung tfim gdm cfic nfldc phfit trien, cdn vung ngoai vi bao gdm cac nfldc dang phfit t r i l n vfi kdm phfit triln Sfl manh yeu cua cac qud'c gia quy dinh vj trf cua chung trong trung tam hay n ^ a i vi Tuy nhidn, khac vdi Thuye't Phu thudc, Thuydt HI thd'ng T h l gidi c i a Immanuel Wallerstein dfi bd sung thdm ban ngoai vi lfi vung ddm nfim gifla khu vuc trung tfim vfi ngoai v i Bfin ngoai vi phfit tridn hdn ngoai vi nhflng k i m phfit trien hdn so vdi trung tam Ban ngoai vi cd the ddng vai trd ngoai vi cua trung tfim nhung lai ciing la trung tfim dm vdi vung ngoai vi Trong cac moi quan he nfiy, quan
he gifla trung tfim vfi ngoai vi lfi cfi'u triic
c h i yd'u c i a hd thd'ng thd' gidi
- Mdi quan hi qudc tied bdn la sit mdu thudn giita trung tdm va ngoai vi Hd
thd'ng t h l gidi cua Immanuel Wallerstein lfi sfl thd'ng nhfi't gifla hai Iflc Ifldng ddi lap nfiy Ve cd ban, day lfi mdi quan hp thd'ng trj vfi bdc lot c i a trung tfim gifiu m^nh doi vdi ngoai vi nghio ylu Cfic qud'c gia ngoai
vi bi phu thudc nang n l vfio cfic qudc gia trung tam ndn budc phai xfiy dflng cd cfi'u kinh te' vfi thflc hien kieu phat tridn theo quy dao cua trung tfim, tflc lfi nhfim phuc
vu cho ldi ich cua trung tfim Quan he kinh
t l gifla chung lfi bfi't binh dfing khi ngoai vi budc phai bfin hang hda cua minh vdi gifi thfi'p va mua hfing hda cua vung trung tam vdi gifi cao Mdi quan h i nhfl vfiy da khien thfing dfl tfl viing ngoai vi ludn dupc chuyin v l trung tam Ke't qua lfi lfi trung tfim ngfiy cfing md rdng quy md tich tu tfl ban, cdn ngoai vi khdng cd cfich nfio khfie lfi phai md rdng quy md lao dpng Thflc chat
c i a mdl quan he nay chinh lfi quan he tfl ban-lao ddng vdi tinh chfi't trao ddi khdng cdng bang Sfl trao ddi khdng cdng bfing
d i n den chdnh Idch trtnh dp phat tridn vfi
Trang 4sfl phfin cfi'p v l chinh tri (6) Tii dd lfi sfl
kem phfit tridn vfi Id thudc chlnh trj c i a cac
nfldc viing ngoai vi Dilu nfiy tfi't ye'u se
dfin de'n man thufin gifla trung tfim vfi
ngoai vi Do dd, Wallerstein cho rang mau
thufin Bfic-Nam se ngfiy cfing noi len trd
thfinh mfiu thufin chu yd'u trong QHQT the'
gidi Wallerstein cho rfing chinh ciu triic
cua n i n kinh t l t h l gidi da cho phep sU
trao ddi hfing hda vfi dich vu khdng cdng
bang theo cfich p h i n nhilu thang dfl dfldc
Ifi'y ra tfl vung ngoai vi vfi chuyin vfio trung
tfim (7) Vfi "sfl td chflc cua chu nghia tu
ban qudc td' trdn quy md the gidi cho thfi'y
mpt xu hudng manh me hudng tdi viec tu
ciing cd su duy tri he thd'ng" (8)
Thuye't Hd thong The gidi tfip trung
phfin tich qufi trinh hinh thfinh vfi phfit
trien cua n i n kinh te t h l gidi TBCN hon lfi
mdt ly thuylt chuydn bidt v l QHQT ndn nd
it chii trpng dd'n chu the QHQT Tuy nhidn,
qua cac phfin tich c i a nd, cd thd nhfin thfi'y
ly thuyd't nfiy coi chu the QHQT trong hi
thdng the gidi chu ye'u la qudc gia va phdn
ndo dd Id giai cd'p Mfic dii cac the chd' xfi
hdi cua n i n kinh te TBCN the' gidi lfi qud'c
gia, giai cfi'p xa hdi, "nhan dfin" vfi hd gia
(finh (9) song phfin tich cua Thuyet He
thdng T h l gidi v l QHQT chi tfip trung c h i
ye'u vao quoc gia mfic du vfin coi qudc gia
chju sfl chi phdi nhfi't djnh cua giai cfi'p
Thuyet He thd'ng The' gidi cua Immanuel
Wallerstein cd xu hfldng d l cao vai trd cua
qud'c gia nhfl ngudi d l ra phap lufit vfi thflc
thi chinh sfich nhfim bao dam quyen sd hflu
ddi vdi tfl ban vfi gia tri thfing dfl (10) Qud'c
gia cdn "cfi'u thfinh kha nfing banh trfldng
tfl ban vfi chuyen gifi tri thang dfl" (11) Su
ton tai cac quoc gia manh ye'u khfie nhau lfi
cin t h i l t d l duy tri vide chuyen thfing dfl
tfl ngoai vi vfio trung tfim Thuye't nfiy cung
coi vi tri vfi sflc manh qud'c gia tao ndn cfi'u
thfinh p h i n cua trung tam hay ngoai vi dlu lfi qud'c gia Immanuel Wallerstein da tiftig phfit bieu rfing he tho'ng lien quoc gia lfi cfi'u true thfldng t i n g cua n i n kinh te' the gidi tfl ban chu nghia " (12) Bdn canh dd,
thuye't nfiy ciing de cap it nhieu dd'n vai trd
chu thd cua cdng ty xuydn quoc gia khi cho rang chiing lfi nhflng thflc thd sd hflu tfl ban vfi chuyen giao thang dfl v l nfldc qua QHQT Cdn ddi vdi giai cfi'p, Thuyd't Hd thd'ng Thd' gidi cua Immanuel Wallerstein ghi nhfin vai trd chii thd' cua nd nhflng chi tfip trung vfio vai trd cua giai cfi'p tfl san mfi it d l cfip de'n giai cfi'p vd san nhfl Chu nghia Mfic-Ldnin
- Thuye't He thong Thd' gidi nhfi'n manh
dd'n vai tro bd quyen trong he tho'ng the gidi Theo ly thuyd't nay, trung tam thfldng
cd bfi quyln Ba quyln lfi c i n thid't dd duy tri sU d'n djnh trong can can quyen Iflc, giup dam bao cfic quy djnh trong trao dd'i tfl ban-lao ddng vfi chuydn thang dfl v l trung tfim Khfie vdi bfi quyln trong Chu nghia Hidn thflc dua trdn nfing Iflc chinh tri-qufin sfl, bfi quyen trong Thuylt Hd thing The gidi dUdc xfiy dflng t r l n nfing Iflc tich tu va kiem sofit tfl ban Tfl ban dflpc dfla vfio thfldng mai vfi vdi flu the' vflpt trdi v l tfii chinh, qudc gia ba quyln cd dflpc vi tri cao vfi kha nfing chi phd'i sfl phan cdng lao ddng qud'c td' cd ldi cho minh Bfi quyen khdng phai la mai mai mfi cd the thay ddi
do sfl phat trien bdn trong ve lpi the cdng nghd vfi kha nang tich liiy tfl ban Trong ljch s i phfit t r i l n cua hd thong the gidi,
Immanuel Wallerstein da de cfip dd'n vai
trd ba quyln cua Hfi Lan, roi chuyin giao sang Anh vfi sau nfiy lfi My Su thay ddi bfi quyln ciing ed the dfldc quyet dinh bdi chid'n tranh trong ndi bd trung tam gifla nfldc ba quyln dang hi suy giam vfi cac the Iflc thfich thflc n i i ldn (13) Tuy nhiln,
Trang 5td nhflng sii chuyen giao bfi quyen tfl Hfi
Lan sang Anh hay tfl Anh sang My d l u
khdng hoan toan qua chiln tranh
- He tho'ng the gidi co trang thdi dpng
Trang thfii ddng d day dfldc the hien qua
mdt sd vfin ddng nhfl sau Thit nhat la sU
thay ddi bfi quyln trong trung tfim nhu
trdn da d l cfip Thit hai la sfl chuyen djch
gifla cfic vung trung tam - ban ngoai vi vfi
ngoai vi Trong dd, cfic qudc gia phfit t r i l n
ldn cd the chuydn dich d i n d i n vfio ban
ngoai vi vfi trung tam Han Qud'c,
Singapore vfi mdt so nen kinh td' Ddng A la
nhflng vi du cho sfl chuyin dich vfio bfin
ngoai vi, Nhfit Ban va mdt sd'nfldc Ddng Au
lfi vi du chuyen dich vfio trung tfim Trung
Qudc hien nay cung cd the dang cd sfl
chuyen dich vao trung tfim trdn mot sd'
phfldng dien Thit ba, do lfi qua trinh md
rpng ve khdng gian theo thdi gian ciia hd
thdng thd' gidi khi ngfiy cfing cd nhieu nUdc
tham gia vfio phfin cdng lao dpng qud'c te'
Thd tli, cfi'u true cd the vfin tdn tai nhflng
manh yd'u khfie nhau qua cac thdi ky nhfl
trdn da d l cfip "Nhdm qudc gia vfi xa hdi cd
the chuyen dpng chfim tfl loai nay sang loai
khac nhung chiing vfin gifl nguyen trong
cfi'u triic tdng t h l xfic dinh cua nen kinh td'
t h l gidi" (14) Thit ndm, sfl chdnh lech gifla
trung tam va ngoai vi ciing dupc nhin nhfin
ban d i u lfi nhd va sau ldn d i n theo thdi
gian Tha sdu, trang thfii ddng cua he
thd'ng the gidi cung dfldc phan anh qua sfl
phat trien lien luc cua n i n kinh td' the gidi
Thit bdy, Wallerstein ciing cho rang he
thd'ng hidn tai cd the bj thay thd' bdi mdt
chinh p h i t h l gidi xa hdi chu nghia, Nhin
chung, Thuyd't He thd'ng Thd' gidi cd cai
nhin khfi bidn chflng v l sfl vfin ddng cua he
thd'ng the gidi vfi qua dd lfi lich s i thd' gidi
Dd Ifi sfl phat trien tfl tfl theo k i l u tie'n hda
Quan dilm v l trang thai ddng c i a He
thd'ng the' gidi lfi dilm khfie vdi Thuylt Phu
thudc von nhin hd thd'ng theo trang thfii tinh Cdn quan didm ve sfl phfit trien tie'n hda la dilm khac vdi Chu nghia Mac-Ldnin vd'n c h i trfldng thay ddi bang con dfldng each mang
III NHAN XET VE QUAN DIEM TIEN TRiNH LICH SU* CUA THUYET
HE THONG THE Gl6l
Trong sd cfic quan diem v l tid'n trinh ljch s i cua cfic ly t h u y l t QHQT mfi da dflpc
d l cap d p h i n Md ddu bfii vid't nay, cfich
tiep cfin cua Thuye't He thd'ng The' gidi khdng dUdc quan tam nhilu Cac cfich tie'p c^n cua Chu nghia Hidn thflc, Chu nghia Tfl do vfi Chu nghia Kid'n tao thudng dupc
s i dung nhilu hdn trong nghidn cflu QHQT ndi chung, lich s i QHQT ndi ridng Trong khi dd, cfich tie'p cfin c i a Thuyet He thong Thd' gidi it dUdc s i dung cd p h i n do sU thoai trfio cua Chu nghia Mac trong QHQT gdm ca C h i nghia Mfic-Lenin vfi Thuyd't Phu thudc Theo chung tdi, dd lfi mdt diem khilm khuylt Cfic ly thuyd't cd diem manh, diem ye'u cua minh Thoai trfio khdng phai lfi sfl cao chung Cfii gi tich cflc va cd gia tri khoa hpc thi can gifl lai chfl khdng nen p h i nhfin tofin bd Dd mdi la thai dp khoa hpc
c i n thiet trong nghien cflu, Vi thd', vide tim hieu nhiing diem dUdc vfi chfla dfldc cua Thuyd't He thdng The gidi, trong dd cd quan diem v l tid'n trinh lich s i , la cin thid't
Thuyd't He thd'ng The gidi khdng phai lfi
ly thuylt chuydn bidt v l lich s i hay ve QHQT Tuy nhidn, ciing nhu nhilu ly thuye't khac, nd cd chfla dung quan diem v l tie'n trinh lich s i QHQT Qua p h i n trinh bfiy d trdn, cd t h l thfi'y dflpc tien trinh lich
s i QHQT trong thuyd't nfiy da dfldc hinh dung nhfl sau:
+ Tid'n trinh ljch s i QHQT c i a the gidi dfldc Immanuel Wallerstein nhin nhfin
Trang 6vfin ddng chung cua tid'n trinh nfiy chinh lfi
sfl hinh thfinh vfi phat trien he thd'ng thd
gidi He thong vd'n la mdt chinh thd dfldc
tao lap bdi sfl tfldng tac ngfiy cfing tfing
gifla cfic phan t i Nhfl vfiy, he thd'ng the
gidi dflpc hinh thfinh, co kd't vfi md rdng
chinh lfi nhd sfl phfit trien c i a QHQT Dilu
dd ciing cd nghia sfl hinh thfinh vfi phat
trien cua hd thong t h l gidi gfin lien vdi tid'n
trtnh lich s i QHQT Dudi cai nhin cua
Thuyd't Hd thdng T h l gidi, tiln trinh lich
s i QHQT di tfl tan mat tdi gfin kd't vdi
nhau thfinh he thong, di tfl long leo den
ch^t che de hinh thfinh ndn chinh the c i a
hd thong, di tfl quy md dia phfldng ra tofin
ciu d l md rdng thfinh he thong t h l gidi
QHQT cfing sfiu sfic, hd tho'ng t h l gidi cang
ben ch^t QHQT cfing md rdng, hd thdng
cfing vUdn ra t i m t h l gidi NgUpc lai, h i
thdng cfing md rdng vfi phfit trien, sfl chi
phd'i c i a nd doi vdi cfic quoc gia vfi QHQT
cua chiing - vdi tfl cfich lfi p h i n t i vfi tfldng
tfic cua he thdng - cfing manh me
Theo chung tdi, cfich t i l p cfin hd thdng 5
dfiy c i a Wallerstein hflu ich d cbl giflp
nhin nhfin lich s i the gidi nhu mpt tong the
ciing nhu cho thfi'y md'i lien he chat che
gifla lich s i the gidi vfi lich s i QHQT Ddi
vdi tid'n trinh Uch s i QHQT, si^ phfit t r i l n
cua hd thdng the gidi cho thfi'y xu hfldng
QHQT ngfiy cfing md rdng ve quy md va
ngfiy cfing tfing ve mflc dp tfldng tac Ngfldc
lai, sU vfin ddng cua qudc gia vfi md'i QHQT
gifla chiing cung ngfiy cfing bj chi phoi bdi
h^ thd'ng the' gidi Khdng nhflng the', each
tie'p cfin hp thd'ng d day cdn giup ich cho
viec nhin nhfin lich s i QHQT nhfl tfic nhfin
giup dfla ljch s i t h l gidi (World History)
vd'n gom nhiing mang rdi thfinh lich s i
tofin ciu (Global History) vd'n nhin the gidi
nhfl mdt tong t h l vdi nhiing xu hfldng
chung Tuy nhidn, vipc chi nhin tie'n trinh
c h l nhfl chfla lam rd dflpc trudc khi h i thdng hinh thfinh tin lich s i QHQT ra sao? QHQT cd phat trien khdng? Ch^ng nhe lai coi dd la t i l n Uch s i ?
+ Theo Immanuel Wallerstein, ve mat khdng gian, he thd'ng nfiy dfldc bfit diu trUdc hd't d Tay Au rdi md rpng ra chfiu Au, sau do vfldn d i n sang cfic chau luc khac cung vdi qua trinh md rdng c i a QHQT de trd thfinh he thd'ng tren quy md tofin the gidi nhfl ngfiy nay Sfl md rdng QHQT cua chau Au dfldc thuc hidn c h i yd'u bang cdn dudng bfinh trfldng v l kinh te qua thUdng mai, xua't k h i u tfl ban, chu nghia thUc dan, vfi tao dflng ndn sU phan cdng lao ddng qudc te' cd ldi cho chau Au Vl mat thdi gian, theo Immanuel Wallerstein, qufi trinh nay dfldc bfit d i u khi xufi't hien nhflng tiln d l cua CNTB vfio cum thdi ky chd' dp phong kid'n d chau Au vfi hp thong the' gidi bfit d i u hinh thfinh d chfiu Au trong khoang thdi gian 1450-1640 (15) Nhfl vfiy, trong chijtng mflc nfio dd, quan dilm ljch s i cua Walerstein cho rang tid'n trinh ljch s i QHQT c h i ylu dfldc bfit diu tfl chfiu Au vfi chi thuc sfl phat trien tfl thdi
ky CNTB
Theo chung tdi, quan dilm nfiy cd Iy nhfi't djnh v l mfit thdi gian nhUng chfla d'n
v l mfit khdng gian Diing lfi QHQT thflc sfl bfit d i u phat t r i l n manh me tfl thdi cfin dai cung vdi sfl phat trien c i a CNTB Dieu nfiy cdn cd nghia la nhfi'n manh den vai trd cua
CNTB da tao ra nhflng ddng Iflc mdi di
phfit t r i l n QHQT Tfi't nhidn, v l m^t thdi gian, cung cd nhflng quan dilm khfie Vi
du, Mfic cho rang hd t h i n g nfiy xufi't hidn mupn hdn tfl sau Cach mang tfl san Anh nam 1640 Trong khi dd, nhfi s i hpc ngfldi Phfip F e m a n d Braudel l^i cho qua trinh nfiy diln ra tfl the ky XIII Trong khi dd, v l mat khdng gian, cung dung lfi QHQT phfit trien manh nhfi't d chau Au vfi dfldc thtic
Trang 7dfiy, md rdng n h i l u tfl chfiu luc nay nhflng
dfiy khdng phai lfi hfldng duy nhfi't Vide
t u y l t ddl hda vai trd cua chau Au doi vdi
tiln trinh lich s i QHQT ro rfing cd p h i n "vj
chfiu Au" v l mat lich s i N l u gfin tien
trinh lich s i QHQT vdi sfl phfit trien cua
hd thd'ng d chau Au thi chang nhe cac khu
vflc khfie lai " n i m ngofii ljch s i " trudc khi
hp thdng nay md rdng ra the gidi? QHQT
Iudn lfi da hfldng vfi da chieu Ljch s i da
chflng td dilu nfiy Cac giao lflu vfi tfic ddng
tfl cfic chau luc khac vao chfiu Au khdng he
it trong ljch s i Mdt quan diem "chfiu Au
trung tam" nhfl vfiy thflc ra lai lfi phi Ijch
si
+ Vdi cai nhin bi^n chflng, Thuyet He
thdng T h l gidi cua Immanuel Wallerstein
ciing dfla trdn mfiu thufin nhfl ddng luc
thiic dfiy tid'n trinh Ijch s i Cfic mau thufin
cd anh hfldng d i n QHQT trong thuyd't nfiy,
xit v l mfit c h i t h l , bao gdm mau thufin
gifla cfic qudc gia vfi mfiu thufin giai cfi'p
Mfiu t h u i n gifla cac qud'c gia t h l hi^n trong
mfiu thufin gifla cfic nfldc trung tfim vfi
ngoai vi, gifla cfic nfldc tranh gifinh bfi
quyln trong trung tfim Trong khi dd, mau
t h u i n giai cfi'p the hi^n trong sfl bdc lot cua
giai cfi'p tfl san ddi vdi cfic t i n g ldp lao ddng
c i a nhflng nudc ngheo Xet v l mat ndi
dung, cfic mfiu t h u i n nfiy dfldc quy dinh bdi
bfi't binh dfing kinh te trong QHQT Cfic
qudc gia mfiu thufin vdi nhau vi lpi ich phat
triln vfi n h i m cai thidn vj tri trong phan
cdng lao ddng quoc te Cfic giai cfi'p mfiu
thufin vdi nhau nhfim giam bdt sfl phfin
hda vfi bfi't cdng kinh t l Chinh cac mfiu
t h u i n nfiy da tao ndn ddng Iflc thuc day su
vfin ddng cua tid'n trinh ljch s i QHQT
Cung coi mau t h u i n lfi ddng Iflc c i a lich
s i nhflng each xac djnh mfiu thufin c i a
Thuyd't Hp thd'ng T h l gidi g i n gOi vdi
Ldnin hdn lfi Mfic Trong khi Mfic chi tinh
them ca mau thuan gifla cfic nfldc de quoc (dd cung lfi nhflng nudc trong trung tfim theo quan diem cua Wallerstein) Nhflng Wallerstein vfi Ldnin cung cd sfl khac nhau
v l quy md vfi ndi dung mau thufin Trong khi Ldnin chu y tdi mau thufin gifla cfic nfldc de' quoc nham tranh gianh ldi ich kinh
te thi Wallerstein lai cho rang mau thufin chu yd'u gifla cac nudc lfi nhfim cai thien vj tri trong phan cdng lao ddng qud'c te vfi mfiu thufin nay didn ra d tfi't ca cfic vung
c i a hd thd'ng the gidi Dflng tren gdc dp QHQT, dieu nfiy cd the dfldc coi dd lfi cudc dfi'u tranh nham thie't lfip trfit tfl kinh t l qud'c t l cd ldi cho minh Cfich nhin nfiy coi kinh t l nhfl ylu to trung tfim vfi mfiu thufin kinh td' qud'c t l lfi ddng Iflc cd ban cua tid'n trinh Uch s i QHQT Nd giup chi ra them nhflng mfiu thuan, xung dot ldi ich vfi vfi'n de tdn tai xoay quanh kinh td' trong Uch s i QHQT Tuy nhien, thuyet nfiy lai cd
ve it quan tam d i n nhflng canh tranh quyln lUc, nhflng mfiu t h u i n an ninh vd'n
d i y rfiy trong lich s i QHQT Nd cung khdng tinh de'n nhflng xung dot gifi tri vd'n ngfiy cfing tang vfi cd kha nfing trd thfinh nhflng ddng lUc mdi trong ljch s i QHQT hien dai Nhflng ban che' nfiy da khiln Thuyd't He thd'ng The' gidi khdng cd kha nfing giai quye't bao quat vfi cfing khd khai quat mpi van ddng trong tid'n trinh lich s i QHQT
+ Qudc gia la Iflc lupng chinh trong tie'n trinh phfit trien ljch s i QHQT Quan diem
nfiy the hidn d bdn diem chinh Mot la, ddn
vi hay phan t i chu ye'u c i a he thong thd'
gidi lfi qud'c gia Hai la, sfl hinh thfinh hd
thong t h l gidi dfldc dfla trdn sU phfit trien
QHQT c i a cac qudc gia Ba la, sfl phat
trien c i a qud'c gia la tac nhan chinh dem
lai sfl van ddng cua he thd'ng qud'c t l Boh
la, mfiu thufin gifla cfic quoc gia la ddng Iflc
Trang 8tren vfla d l cap Tfi't nhien, Immanuel
Wallerstein cd tinh dd'n giai cfi'p khi cho
rfing qud'c gia chiu sfl chi phdi nhfi^t dinh
cua giai cfi'p Nhung trong quan he vdi bdn
ngofii, qudc gia mdi lfi chu the chinh, tfldng
tfic gifla cac qudc gia mdi tao ndn he thdng
t h l gidi chfl khdng phai chi moi giai cfi'p
Dieu nay khfie vdi quan dilm cua Mac cho
rfing nhfi nfldc chi lfi cdng cu c i a giai cfi'p,
quan he giai cfi'p lfi m i l QHQT chi ph^i, hd
thd'ng the gidi lfi he thd'ng TBCN Quan
didm coi qudc gia la c h i the chinh trong
QHQT cua Immanuel Wallerstein ciing cd
nghia rfing ldi ich qudc gia/dfin tdc mdi lfi
lpi ich chinh trong QHQT, ldi ich giai cfi'p
nam trong ldi ich qudc gia chfl khong phai
bao triim vfi quy djnh ldi ich qudc gia nhfl
quan nidm c i a Mac
Du cfich tie'p can khfie nhau nhUng quan
diem nfiy c i a Wallerstein cd sfl tfldng ddng
dfing k l vdi Chu nghia Hidn thflc vd'n coi
qudc gia Ifi c h i the QHQT cd ban Cfich
nhin coi qudc gia Ifi chu t h l chinh cung khfi
pho bid'n trong gidi nghidn cflu lich s i the'
gidi vfi ljch s i QHQT ft nhfi't tren phUdng
dien lich s i QHQT, sfl nhfi'n manh dd'n vai
trd qud'c gia lfi cd ly bdi the' gidi cd chia re
thfinh cfic qud'c gia thi QHQT mdi xufi't
hien Quoc gia cd phat triln, QHQT mdi md
rpng d l hinh thfinh ndn he thdng the' gidi
Qudc gia cd phfit trien, Uch s i QHQT mdi
vfin ddng theo tid'n trinh Diem thfl hai cd
ly cung chinh lfi d chd coi trpng lpi ich qudc
gia hdn lpi ich giai cfi'p cho dii Iy thuye't nfiy
vfin cho rfing cd sfl gfin bd nhfi't djnh gifla
hai loai ldi ich dd Vide thflc hien lpi ich
qudc gia mdi khien QHQT phat trien va tao
ndn Iflc d i y cho tid'n trinh Uch s i QHQT
Tuy nhidn, each nhin qud'c gia nhfl p h i n t i
chinh c i a he thdng thd' gidi ciing cd nhfldc
dilm lfi khdng tinh d i n cac c h i t h l phi
qud'c gia, ngoai trfl cdng ty xuydn qudc gia
vd'n da xufi't hidn tit thdi can dai vfi dang
tid'p tuc nd'i ldn trong QHQT hidn dai
•I- Tfldng tfic chfnh giiip he thd'ng t h l gidi hinh thanh vfi phfit tridn lfi quan he kinh
te qudc te' vdi sfl phfin cdng lao ddng qudc
te Theo Immanuel WaUerstein, qua trinh nfiy dfldc bfit d i u b i n g sU chuydn mdn hda gifla Tfiy Au vfi Ddng Au Tay Au lfi ndi cd sfl tich liiy tfl ban cao, cdng nghiep phat tridn vfi cdng nghd tien tie'n Cdn Ddng Au thi lac hfiu, ngheo nfin hdn vdi n i n kinh te dfla vfid ndng nghidp lfi chinh Sau dd, qua trinh nay bfit d i u md rdng sang gifla chau
Au vdi cfic khu viic khac cua thd' gidi Theo Thuyd't He thd'ng the gidi, kinh td' lfi ha
t i n g cd sd vfi quy djnh QHQT thudc vl thfldng t i n g kie'n tnic Nhfl vfiy, ddng Iflc chinh cua sii phfit trien hd thd'ng the gidi la kinh te Vfi do dd, tid'n trinh Uch s i QHQT dfldc ly thuye't nfiy cho rfing cd sfl gfin lien vdi Sli phfit t r i l n cua quan he kinh t l quic
te
Vdi each nhin nfiy, tid'n trinh Ijch s i QHQT dfldc xfiy dung diia trdn sfl phfit trien quan hp kinh td' quoc td' Cac qudc gia
md rdng vfi phfit t r i l n QHQT nhfim chu yd'u thflc hien lpi ich kinh te' Trong qua trinh nfiy, cfic qudc gia phfit triln hdn vl kinh td' se tao ra trfit tfl kinh te qudc t l dUa trdn sfl phan cdng Iao ddng cd lpi cho hp va Idi keo cfic nfldc khac tham gia Nhfl v$y, kinh td' dfldc coi lfi llnh viic chinh trong QHQT va sii phfit t r i l n c i a nd sd chi phdi cfic Iinh viic quan h i khfie Day lfi quan didm cd Sli g i n giii vdi quan diem cua Mfic cung nhin QHQT dfldi gdc dp kinh t l chinh trj Nd khac vdi C h i nghia Hidn thi;Ic coi chinh tri lfi thong soai S i dung cfich tiep cfin kinh tl' chinh tri qudc td' nfiy se giai thich thufin lpi nhilu xu hfldng trong QHQT can hidn dai nhfl sU nd'i ldn cua ye'u
t l kinh te' trong QHQT, tofin ciu hda kinh
Trang 9te, bfi't binh dang kinh td' trong QHQT, sfl
phfin hda gifiu nghdo Bfic-Nam, sfl gia tfing
hpp tfic vfi hdi nhfip kinh t l qud'c td', sfl
thay t h l cua dia-kinh td' cho dja-chinh tri,
vai trd tfing ldn c i a cfic TNC, Tuy nhidn,
cfich tid'p cfin nfiy lai khd giai thich nhilu
giai doan lich s i QHQT trflde vfi trong thdi
cfin dai vd'n bj chi phd'i bdi chinh trj n h i l u
hdn lfi kinh t l Ngofii ra, cfich tilp cfin
"kinh te quye't djnh luan" nay cung khdng
tinh de'n tinh chfi't da linh vflc trong QHQT
hipn nay ndn dd dfin dd'n p h i l n dien trong
giai thich lich s i
+ Phfin tich cfi'u triic cung dfldc
Immanuel Wallerstein dfla vfio de giai
thich tid'n trinh lich s i Trong phan tich
nfiy cd ba didm dang chu y Thit nhat, ke'
thfla quan didm cua Thuyd't Phu thudc, cfi'u
true cua h$ thdng nfiy dfldc phfin t i n g theo
ca chilu dpc va chilu ngang Chilu dpc lfi
sfl t h i n g trj c i a trung tfim d t i n g tren ddi
vdi ngoai vi d t i n g dfldi Chilu ngang gdm
trung tfim, ban ngoai vi vfi ngoai vi vdi tidu
chi phan chia la sflc manh kinh td' vfi vi tri
trong phfin cdng lao dpng qud'c te Thit hai,
each thflc td' chflc he thong the gidi chinh lfi
sfl phan cdng lao ddng quoc te mfi trong dd
trung tfim la ngudi tao lfip vfi chi phd'i
Trung tfim da diing sd phfin cdng lao ddng
qudc td' d l td' chflc the' gidi vfi vfin hfinh
QHQT Qua lich s i , cfi'u true cd t h l thay
dd'i v l thanh p h i n hay hinh thflc song cfii
ldi cua nd lfi quan hd thdng tri trung tfim
-ngoai vi khdng thay ddi Thit ba, mdt
phfldng dien khac cua sfl to chflc lfi vai trd
cua bfi quyen trong trung tam Theo
Wallerstein, bfi quyln lfi c i n t h i l t d l duy
tri S14 dn djnh trong cfin can quyln Iflc, giup
dam bao cfic quy dinh trong trao ddi tfl
ban-lao ddng vfi chuyin thfing dfl v l trung
tfim (16)
Vide dfla thdm cfich phfin tich cfi'u true
QHQT lfi mdt trong nhflng dilm cd y nghia phUdng phfip luan cua Thuyd't He thd'ng The' gidi Cach phan tich cfi'u true vd'n bfit dau dupc fip dung trong nghidn cflu kinh te tfl thfip nidn 1940 nhflng cung hofin tofin hf^u ich khi vfin dung sang nghidn cflu
Q] IQT Thit nhdt, cfich phfin tich nfiy giup
dua thdm mdt sfl ly giai cho sfl thay ddi cua tien trinh lich s i QHQT dfla trdn sfl thay ddi c i a ca'u true mfi 6 dfiy lfi cfi'u true c i a
n i n kinh t l the' gidi Su thay dd'i c i a cfi'u true, nhfi't la sfl thay dd'i d trung tam vfi phfldng t h i c td chflc c i a he thdng tao ndn cfic thdi ky phat trien khfie nhau trong tid'n
trinh Uch s i QHQT Thd hai, cfi'u true nfiy
vdi phfldng thflc td chflc cua nd giup giai thfch sfl thay ddi cua cac 'lufit chdi" trong QHQT vfi nhflng rfing budc tfl cfi'u triic doi vdi sU vfin ddng cua qud'c gia qua cfic thdi
ky Thit ba, sfl cfi'u triic theo ca chilu dpc vfi
chilu ngang giiip dem thdm mdt gdc nhin mdi so vdi cfic ly thuyd't QHQT khfie Cfi'u tnic nfiy khac vdi cfi'u tnic cua Chu nghia Hidn thflc Mdi phfin t i n g theo chilu dpc vdi tieu chi lfi sfl phfin chia quyln Iflc cho cfic cflc Nd Cling khac vdi each phfin t i n g cua
C h i nghia Mfic cung theo chilu dpc nhflng lai diia trdn sfl chi phoi kinh t l thfinh CNTB the' gidi d t i n g trdn, giai cfi'p lao ddng d t i n g dudi Nd cung khfie vdi C h i nghia Tu do Mdi chi nhin he thd'ng theo chilu ngang nhfl sfl phu thudc Ifin nhau gifla cac qud'c gia ma khdng lfim ro sfl td chflc vfi van hfinh cua hd thd'ng
•^ Quan nidm ve sfl phfit trien c i a Thuyd't Hd thd'ng The gidi cd mdt s l did'm lien quan dd'n tid'n trinh lich s i QHQT nhfl
sau: Thit nhdt, dpng cd thiic d i y sfl phat
trien la mau thufin Mfiu thufin chfnh d dfiy lfi kinh te ve ca mflc dp gifiu ngheo gifla cac quoc gia vfi vi tri trong phfin cdng lao ddng qudc te Dd chinh la cfic ipau thufin trong
Trang 10Iich s i QHQT Thvt hai, ddn vi phat trien
c h i yd'u lfi qudc gia vdi muc tieu cbinb lfi
phat trien kinh tl^ dfi't nUdc vfi thay ddi vi
tri trong phan cdng lao ddng qud'c td' Sfl
phfit tridn kinh t l qudc gia se lfim thay ddi
ca cfi'u true cua he thdng t h l gidi vfi QHQT,
tfl dd Ifi sfl van ddng trong tid'n t n n h ljch s i
QHQT Thvt ba, su van ddng chinh trong
QHQT lfi sfl dich chuyen cua cfic qud'c gia
trong tflng viing hoac gifla cac vung vdi
nhau Su dich chuyen nay chinh lfi mdt tac
nhfin gdp p h i n tao ndn cfic thay ddi vfi bid'n
dpng trong tie'n trinh lich s i QHQT Vd
cudi ciing, do quan nidm phfit triln dfla
trdn sfl phfit tridn kinh td' ndn tid'n trinh
lich s i QHQT se la mdt qufi trinh cd tinh
tie'n hda theo dfldng thfing chfl khdng phai
cd tinh chu ky
Quan niem ve sU phat t n l n nfiy cd mdt
sd didm dfing chu y Thit nhat, Thuyd't Hd
thd'ng T h l gidi da chi ra them mau thufin
kinh te nhu mdt ddng Iflc quan trpng cho
tiln trinh lich s i QHQT Mfiu thufin nfiy
dien ra ca trdn binh didn QHQT khdng chi
d l phfit trien mfi cdn nhfim thay ddi vi tri
cua qud'c gia trong phan cdng lao ddng qudc
te (17) ThU hai, sfl phfit trien kinh t l cua
qud'c gia se khidn qud'c gia cd the dich
chuyin gifla cfic viing vdi nhau Qua dd,
cfi'u tnic c i a he thd'ng thd' gidi se thay ddi
Cfi'u true thay ddi se d i n de'n QHQT thay
ddi Thit ba, nd cung chi ra kinh te nhfl yd'u
to' cd ban di lfim thay dd'i vi the' qudc gia
trong QHQT Sfl phfit t r i l n kinh t l qudc
gia d dfiy khdng chi Ifi v l Ifldng mfi cdn ve
chfi't, tflc lfi ca kha nfing nfim gifl cfic Uu the'
v l tfii chfnh vfi cdng nghe Dilu dd cd nghia
tfing trfldng khdng ddng nghia vdi phfit
tridn Thit tii, ap dung cfich nhin nfiy se
giup giam bdt each nhin ljch s i ddn t h u i n
theo Uch dai mfi phai ket hdp vdi ddng dai
Phat t r i l n khdng chi lfi sfl tien bp so vdi
chinh minh mfi cdn la sfl cai thidn cho dflng
c i a minh trong phfin cdng lao ddng qud'c te' vfi tfl dd lfi vi t h l trong QHQT Tfi't ca nhflng didm tren khdng chi giup giai thich ljch s i mfi cdn lfi sfl djnh hfldng cho sfl phat trien qud'c gia trong tie'n trinh Uch s i QHQT Tuy nhidn, nhupc diem c i a cfic quan niem phat trien nfiy lfi d chd nd thidn
v l gdc dp kinh t l ndn khd giai thfch dupc cfic van dpng trong linh viic khac trong khi QHQT bao gid cung la da linh viic
rV KET LUAN Nhfl vfiy, cd t h l tdm lupc quan dilm vl tie'n trinh lich s i QHQT trong Thuyet he
t h i n g Thd' gidi cua Immanuel Walerstein nhfl sau: Dd la mdt tie'n trinh vfin ddng dfla tren sii phat trien kinh td c i a qudc gia dl hinh thfinh vfi phat trien ndn he thong t h l gidi Hd thd'ng nfiy cd sfl phfin chia thfinh trung tfim-ngoai vi-bfin ngoai vi Nd dflpc to chflc diia trdn sfl phfin cdng lao ddng qudc td'vfi sfl chi phdi cua trung tfim Mau thuin
c h i ye'u tao ndn ddng Iflc c i a tid'n trinh nay
la Sli dfi'u tranh gifla cac nfldc vfi giai cfi'p nhfim phat trien vfi cai thidn dia vi cua minh trong sfl phfin cdng lao ddng qud'c te Quan dilm v l tien trinh lich s i cua Thuyd't He thong T h l gidi cd the dem lai mdt so' ddng gdp trong nghidn cflu ljch s i QHQT Cfic ddng gdp nfiy cd t h l chia ra
lfim hai mang chfnh Mdng dong gop thii nhd't Id v l phUdng phfip lufin Dd lfi cfich
nhin bidn chiing, cfich tid'p cfin kinh te chinh trj quoc te, cfich tie'p can he thdng
the gidi va phfin tich cfi'u tnic, Mdng dong gop thit hai la mot sd lufin diem v l Uch s i
QHQT Dd Ifi xu hfldng phfit trie'n c i a the gidi dfla trdn sfl phat t r i l n kinh te, vai trd
c i a mau thufin kinh te' trong lich s i QHQT, cfi'u tnic kinh te the gidi bfi't binh dfing theo kieu CNTB lfi nguyen nhan quy dinh tinh trang k i m phfit trien cua cfic nfldc ngoai vi, xu hfldng chi phdi vfi phUdng