BIEN, o A o VIET NAM TRONC CAC Tl/LIEU TIENC ANH TlTTHE KY XVIII DEN ClUA THE KY XIX DUONG HA m f ir The ky XVI-XVII, cung vdi nhflng phdt kid'n dja ly vi dgi bang dfldng biln, ngfldi c
Trang 1BIEN, o A o VIET NAM TRONC CAC Tl/LIEU TIENC ANH TlTTHE KY XVIII DEN ClUA THE KY XIX
DUONG HA m f ir
The ky XVI-XVII, cung vdi nhflng
phdt kid'n dja ly vi dgi bang dfldng
biln, ngfldi chdu Au da biet dd'n nhflng "tan
the gidi" ngodi chdu Au T i dd, nhflng
tuyd'n giao thdng budn ban dudng bien hinh
thdnh vd ngdy cdng trd nen trpng yd'u noi
liln chdu Au, chdu My vdi chdu A va chau
Dgi Dfldng ddng thdi thuc diy cho qud
trinh thdm dd, khdm phd vd chinh phuc
nhflng vtmg dd't ndy ngay cac the' ky sau
dd Hdng logt thdng tin ghi chip ve cdc
vung dd't mdi trong dd cd Vidt Nam dfldc in
d'n vd phd biln bdng nhilu t h i tilng Mdc
dfl vdy, nhflng tfl Hpu de cdp de'n Viet Nam
ndi chung vd vung biln, dao c i a Vidt Nam
ndi ridng xud't ban bdng tid'ng Anh so vdi
cdc tfl li§u bdng tilng Tdy Ban Nha, Bd
Ddo Nha, Phdp thi khd mudn nhflng lgi cd
t i m quan trpng vd tinh phd qudt cao
Trong khudn khd bdi vilt nay, vdi nhflng tfl
H$u gdc cd trong tay, chung tdi chi tdp
trung tim hieu nhflng thdng tin cung cd'p
v l biln, dao Vipt Nam bdng tie'ng Anh
trong cdc tfl li$u xud't ban d the ky XVIII
din giia t h l ky XIX md c h i n g tdi tiep cdn
dflpc
1 Vdi n i t v l n g u d n ti^ lieu
6 t h l ky XVIII, nhin td'ng the, nhflng
cdng trtnh d l cdp din biln, dao Viet Nam
bang tie'ng Anh mdc du xud't ban chfla nhilu nhflng n h i n g thdng tin ma chung cung cd'p lai cd vi tri kha quan trpng trong vide phd bien k i l n t h i c , ddng thdi Id bang
c i khang dinh c h i quyln cua Viet Nam ddi vdi hp thdng cdc dao, quan dao ma ngfldi Vidt Nam ldm c h i tfl trflde de'n nay Dlu
tidn phai k l den cudn "A new account ofthe East Indies, being the observation and remarks, vol IT' cua Alexander Hamilton
xud't ban ndm 1727 tgi Scotland, gdm cd
320 trang, h i l n lflu trfl tai Thfl vien The New York Public (USA) Tilp theo la cong
trinh "The History of China Upon the Plan
of Mr Rollin's Ancient History (translated from the French)" in d'n ndm 1755 gdm 382
trang, h i l n lflu gifl tgi Thu vidn Dai hoc
Princeton (USA) Cudn "The Modem part
of an Universal history from the earliest account of time, vol VIF in vao nam 1759
tgi London gdm 578 trang, Cdng t n n h tilp
theo phai k l d i n Id "An Historical account
of the embassy to the emperor of China"
gdm 475 trang, hi$n lflu tai Thu vidn Dai
hpc Oxford vd "An Abridged account ofthe embassy to the emperor of China" g6m 388
trang h i l n lflu tgi Thfl viln Dgi hpc Princeton cua hai tac gia Macartney vd George, xud't ban ndm 1797
Trang 2Bfldc sang the ky XIX, cdc tfl Udu t i l n g
Anh de cap dd'n bien, dao c i a Viet Nam
ngay cdng xud't hien n h i l u hdn D l u tidn
phai ke dd'n dd la cdng trinh "The view of
the India extra Gangem, China and Japan,
Vol Iir cua tac gia Thomas Pennant xudt
ban ndm 1800 tai London gdm 284 trang,
hidn dfldc luu g i i tai Thu vidn cua Dai hpc
Harvard Tid'p theo Id cudn "Modern
Geography: A Description of the empires,
kingdoms, stares, and colonies with the
oceans, seas, and Isles in all parts of the
world: including the most recent
discoveries, and political, alterations,
digested on a new plan, vol IF' c i a hai tac
gia John Pinkerton va S Vince xud't ban
nam 1804 tai London va New York, gdm
698 trang, hidn lflu gifl tgi Thfl vi$n Dai
bpc California Cdng trinh nay sau dd dfldc
chinh s i a vd tai ban tgi London vdo nam
1806 gdm 676 trang Ke'dd'n Id "A Voyage to
Cochin China in the years 1792 and 1793:
Containing a general view of the valuable
productions and the political importance of
this flourishing kingdom, and also of such
european settlements as were visited on the
voyage" cua tac gia John Barrow xud't ban
nam 1806 gdm 447 trang tgi London, hien
luu tgi Thu vi$n Dai hpc Darlington Cdng
trinh "The Literary panorama: A review of
books, A register of events, A magazine of
varieties comprising interesting intelligence
from various districts of the United
Kingdom; The British connections in The
East Indies, The West Indies, America,
Africa, western Asia & c and from the
Continent of Europe, vol i" gom 1418 trang
in tai London nam 1807 c i a tdc gia C
Taylor hidn Itfu gifl tai Thfl vien Dai hpc New
York Cdng trinh "EncyclopaediaLondinensis
or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences
and Literature, vol TV" dflpc xud't ban tgi
tai Thfl vien Dai hpc Minnesota Nam
1813, tac gia James Playfair cho xud't ban
cudn sach "A System of Geography, Ancient and Modem, vol V" tgi London gdm 827 trang Ke dd'n la cdng trinh "A System of Geography for the use of school on an entirely new plan" c i a tac gia Thomas
Keith in vao nam 1826 tai London gom 372 trang Den nam 1832, tdc gia David
Brewster cho xud't ban cdng trinh "The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia: Science and the Arts, in eighteen volumes, vol VT" tai
Philadelphia (USA) gdm 797 trang Cdng trinh nay hien nay dfldc lflu gifl tai Thu vidn Dai hpc Stanford (California, USA)
Tid'p theo la cdng trinh "A System of Universal Geography, or a description of all the parts of the World, on a new plan according to the great natural, divisions of the globe, accompanied with analytical, synoptical and elementary tables, vol i" c i a
hai tac gia M MalteBrun vd James G, Percival xud't ban nam 1834 tai Boston,
h i l n dfldc lflu gifl tgi Thfl vien Dgi hpc Michigan (USA) gdm 640 trang Nam 1836, tac gia James Horsburgh cdng bo cdng
trinh "India Dirctory, or Directions for sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, Brazil and the Interjacent poiis, volume Second' xud't
ban tgi London gdm 740 trang, h i l n lflu tgi Thfl vidn Dgi hpc Minnesota Nam 1842,
cdng trinh "The Encyclopaedia Britannica,
or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and miscellaneous literature Seventh edition, volume VII, paH T' cua tac gia Napier dfldc
xud't ban tgi Edinburgh (Scotland), London (England) va d Dublin (Ireland) gdm 392 trang Den nam 1845, ba tdc gia Edward Smedley, Hugh James Rose vd Henry John Rose cung cho xud't ban cdng trinh
"EncyclopaediaMetropolitana or Universal Bictionary of Knowledge, volume XVT' tai
Trang 3London gdm 804 trang vd hien nay dfldc
lflu gifl tgi Thfl vien Dgi hpc Michigan
(USA) Tid'p theo la cdng trinh "The
Encyclopaedia Britannica a Bictionary of
Arts, Sciences, and Gejieral Literature,
Eighth edition, vol VIT' in d'n nam 1854 tai
Scotland gdm 800 trang Nam 1856, Hiep
hdi Dia ly hoang gia Anh cho xud't ban cdng
trinh "Ckizetteer of The World, or
Bictionary of Geographical Knowledge,
compiled from the most recent authorities,
vol V" gdra 874 trang tgi London Cdng
trinh uy tin ndy hidn nay dUdc luu g i i tai
Thfl vidn Dai hpc Oxford Va cuoi cung phai
k l den cdng trinh "Geography or First
Bivision of "The English Encyclopedia",
volume i r ' cua Charles Knight gdm 1148
trang dflpc xud't ban tgi London vdo ndm
1866 Cdng trinh dd so ndy hidn nay dflpc
lflu gifl vd bao quan d Thfl vien The New
York Public tgi New York
2 Npi d u n g
2.1 Ve bd bien vd vi tri cua cdc ddo
ven bd bien Viit Nam
Trong Hch s i Vilt Nam, the ky
XVII-XVIII Id giai dogn diln ra nhilu bilh cd
thay ddi ldn, dd Id: stt phan chia Dang
Trong (chua Nguyin) va Ddng Ngodi (vua
Ll - chua Trinh); phong trao ndng ddn Tay
Sdn d n i a cuoi the ky XVHI Idt dd cdc tdp
dodn phong kiln, thd'ng nhd't ddt nfldc;
trilu dai Tay Sdn bj Idt do vd su cai tri c i a
VUdng trieu Nguyen d d l u the ky XIX
N h i n g biln ddng ddn d^p lam thay ddi bd
mat chinh tri c i a dd't nfldc diln ra ddng
thdi vdi nhflng thay ddi manh me c i a lich
s i t h l gidi Cdc nudc tfl ban chdu Au dang
t r l n dd phdt trien kinh tl' mgnh me ddi hdi
cln cd nhflng Iflpng thdng tin, kie'n t h i c
khdng Id v l cdc nfldc chdu A, chdu Phi vd
chdu My - nhflng qudc gia dang cdn "vd
chu" n h i m phuc vu cho qua trtnh cgnh
tranh md rdng thi trfldng buon ban va chie'm dogt thudc dia dang didn ra khoe Udt Vi vdy, nhflng thdng tin tri thflc ve cac qudc gia d chau A trong dd cd Viet Nam, ddc biet la n h i n g thdng tin md ta v l viing biln, dao Vidt Nam ciing dfldc de cdp tfldng ddl chi t i l t trong cdc cdng trinh dia ly, lich
s i bdng tid'ng Anh trong giai doan nay Trong cdng trinh xud't ban nam 1727 tai Edinburgh (Scotland), tdc gia Alexander Hamilton da md ta khd chinh xdc v l dac dilm dfldng bd b i l n Ddng Trong nhfl sau:
"Ddng Trong cd bd bien dai khoang 700 dam tinh t i ddng sdng cua Campuchia tdi Quambin (Quang Binh), vd nd cd nhilu hai cang tdt rd't t i l n ldi du chung khdng thudng xuydn dfldc nhflng ngudi xa la lui tdi; vS dpc theo bd bien Ddng, nd rd't sdu, tai mdt
so ndi tdi thd'y chilu sdu t i 60 de'n 80 sai trong n i a hai ly tinh tfl bd bien" (1) Tfl thdng tin nay cho chung ta thd'y, dien tfch ldnh thd Vidt Nam p h l n Dang Trong dfldi Sli cai tri cua cdc chua Nguydn ngay t i nhflng ndm d l u cua the ky XVIII da thflc Sli ldm chu vung ddng b l n g song C i u Long mdu md trii p h i vdi mot dudng bd bien dai phia Ddng n h i l u vung vinh, cang bien sau rd't tdt vd an toan, thudn ldi cho giao thdng budn bdn dfldng t h i y Khdng chi cd vdy, Alexander Hamilton cdn chi ra va md ta cdc dao ven bd Dang Trong tinh t i Nam ra Bdc dong thdi dua ra n h i n g canh bdo nguy hilm cho cac tdu t h u y i n khi di chuyen din vung bien ndy nhfl sau: "Cd mdt sdhdn dao trdn bd bien ndy N h i n g dao g i n bd biln khdng gdy nguy hiem PulloJecca de Terra (Ci lao Cau), ndm d phia nam va gin bd nhd't Hdn dao nay khdng cd ngfldi d vd trdng chi gidng nhfl nhflng bdi dd cua Paracel md khdng cd cay, bui cdy, hogc co
Tdi vfldt qua mdt dam d dd va nd nkm
khoang mdt dam tfl bd biln PuUoJecca de
Trang 4Mare ( C i Lao Thu) va tdt ca cac chudi cac
hdn dao trai ddi t i cum dao nguy hidm
Paracelcd ve nhieu dd hdn n h i n g hdn dao
khde PulloCambir (Cu lao Xanh) each bd
bien khoang 15 hai ly, g i n q u i n dao Hodng
Sa Hdn dao dd khdng cd ngfldi d du kha
ldn PuUo Canton (Cii lao Rl), ndm g i n bd
biln Cling gidng nhfl cdc dao cua
Champello (Champa) nhflng khong cd nguy
hiem Cd ddng chay mgnh chay de'n phia
nam trong gid m i a Ddng B i c lam cho cdc
thuyen trfldng phai chu f d l duy tri g i n bd
biln Dang Trong vi sd bi lai ra q u i n dao
Paracels, ndi cd chudi bai dd nguy hilm,
ddi khoang 130 hai ly, rpng khoang 15 hai
ly vd chi cd mdt sd hdn dao d mdi dlu Cd
mdt so' lien gidng g i i a nhflng bai dd nhflng
khdng dd'u h i l u ro rang ve moi nguy hilm;
nhflng tdi b i l t mot con tdu cua ngfldi Anh
tfl Surat da vd tinh di qua chung nhflng
khong bilt vd cung khdng nhin thd'y mdi
nguy h i l m cua chung cho dd'n khi nd di
qua, ho ba't ngd nhin thd'y bd bien Ddng
Trong" (2) Dilu t h u vi Id, ngodi viec md ta
cdc hdn dao c i n g nhflng canh bao v l sfl
biln ddi cua ddng hai lflu ven bd vdo mua
gid mua Ddng Bac d l cdc tdu thuyin phai
chu y c l n trpng trdnh hi cuon ra xa Khdng
chi cd vdy, tae gia cdn cho thd'y md'i quan hd
g i i a cac dao ven bd vdi q u i n dao Paracels
(tic q u i n dao Hodng Sa vd Trudng Sa)
cung nhfl m i c dd nguy hiem cua n h i n g
"chudi bai da" c i a hai q u i n dao nay ddi vdi
tdu t h u y i n qua lgi
Cdc hdn dao cua Dang Trong cung dfldc
cac tac gia cua "The Modern part of an
Universal history from the earliest account
of time" d l cdp dd'n kha ngdn gpn nhfl sau:
"Trflde khi chung tdi rdi khdi vUdng qudc
ndy, ehung tdi chdc c h i n khdng dfldc qudn
cung cd'p cho mpt ban kd ngdn gpn n h i n g
n h i n g ngfldi ban dia dgt cho chung cdi ten
la Pullos (Cu lao), va cd mdt sd' Ifldng ldn
n h i n g hdn dao dpc theo bd bien nhfl: 1 PuUoSicca, la ndi cdn cdi vd khdng cd ngfldi
d, va trdng gid'ng nhtf mdt nhdm cdc philn
da khd can, khdng cd cay hoac mdt ngpn cd
2 PuUoSecca de Mare, mdt chudi cdc hdn dao cdn cdi va da khac, k i o ddi t i vung nfldc ndng nguy hiem dfldc gpi la Hoang Sa
3 PulloCambir, d mudi ldm hai ly ngodi khdi tinh t i bd bidn, nhflng g i n vung nfldc ndng tren, vd nd mac d i ldn nhung cung khdng cd ngfldi d 4 PuUo Canton, ndm g i n
bd bien, vd d khoang each khdng xa so vdi Cam-Pello, ca hai ndi nay ddng chay chay
t i phfldng Nam ldn phia Bdc budc cdc thuy
t h i gifl khoang each xa nhd't cd the vd khdng t h l tilp cdn g i n bd biln" (3) Theo khao c i u so sdnh, ddi chilu c i a cdc hpc gia Viet Nam vd the' gidi, ten gpi cac hdn dao ven bd c i a nfldc ta do cac nhd hang hai, dia
ly Bd Ddo Nha va Tdy Ban Nha mdt p h l n tfl philn dm tilng Cham vd tid'ng Vilt md ddt ra Ngfldi Cham vd'n gpi cac dao ven bd
la "pu-lao" hogc "pu-lau" Trong qua trinh cdng cfl ldu dai gifla hai cpng dong ngfldi Vidt vd ngfldi Cham, nhflng t i dung d l goi cac hdn dao trong tie'ng Cham dflpc Viet hda thdnh "cu lao", tflc Id cac hdn dao,
n h i n g bai da nd'i ldn khdi mgt nudc d ven
bd bien Viet Nam Va t i dd, cac nha hang hai, dia ly' t h l gidi trong qua trinh thdm hiem, thdng thfldng da s i dung n h i n g tfl ndy phidn dm sang ngdn n g i qudc td' thdnh
"puHo", "callau", "paulo" hogc "pulo" de ddt cho cdc hdn dao Vidt Nam trong cac cudn nhdt k^ hai trinh, cdc cdng trinh nghidn cflu dia 1^, lich s i l i e bd'y gid Theo dd,
PulloJecca de Terra d i n g de gpi Cu lao
Cdu thudc tinh Binh Thudn ngdy nay; PulloJecca de Mare t i c la C i Lao Thu, nay
la dao Phu Quy c i a tinh Binh Thudn;
Trang 5PulloCambir d i n g de chi Cu lao Xanh, nay
Id xd dao Nhdn Chau cua Quy Nhdn, tinh
Binh Dinh; Pullo Canton dung de goi C i
lao Re, t i c huydn dao Ly Sdn c i a tinh
Quang Ngai ngay nay; PuUoSicca dung d l
chi chung cho hai hdn dao Id C i lao Thu vd
Cu lao Cdu; Cam-Pello hay PulauChampa
Id tdn gpi c i a Cu lao Chdm gdm 8 hdn dao
ldn nhd nay thudc xa dao Tdn Hiep cua
Thdnh pho Hdi An, tinh Quang Nam Cung
theo cdc hpc gia khao c i u , d giai doan ndy
Parcel, Paracel hodc Paracels dUdc dung
rd't phd bien d l gpi chung cho q u i n dao
Hodng Sa vd Trfldng Sa c i a Viet Nam ma
chfla cd stt phdn bipt ro rdng Id Paracels
(Hoang Sa) vd Spratly Island (Trfldng Sa)
nhfl sau ndy
Khdng chi dflng d m i c dd k l ra ddc dilm
bd bien cung nhu ke ten cdc hdn dao ven bd
c i a Dang Trong theo t h i tu t i Nam ra Bdc,
trong tdc p h i m "The History of China Upon
the Plan of Mr Rollin's Ancient History
(translated from the French)" xud't ban ndm
1755 p h l n "The history of Cohinchina" d
chfldng 2 vid't ve Ddng Trong cdn cho bilt
"Ddng Trong dfldc chia thdnh nam hoac sdu
tinh va cd biln gidi vdi Ddng Ngodi Dd't
nfldc ndy Id ndi cu ng\i tot, vd cd mdt sd
thdnh phd nhflng da dfldc xdy dflng mpt
cdch diy dung y: Kinh dd c i a vfldng quoc
dflpc gpi Id Kehie (Hue) va Id ndi d cua nhd
vua Vfldng qud'c nay cd mdt so cang bien tdt
d phia ddng, d l dang tid'p can vd gin bd cd
dp sdu 60 sai vd d mdt so ndi din 80 sai ma
tdu cd t h l neo ddu Dpc theo bd biln, ban
thdy mpt sdhdn dao thudc ve Ddng Trong
Nhflng dao ndy cd nhieu cay h i u ich trong
sd dd cd cay Damar cho mdt logi nhtfa nhfl
nhfla thdng 0 day cung phdt triln cac loai
trdi cdy, nhfl xoai, cae xg hgt, coca riing Bd
biln c i a hp Id ndi cung cd'p h i u h i t cac loai
cd, ddc bi$t Id r i a , vd ngfldi dan khai thac
d l u vd ban trdn ddt Hin (4) T i nhflng thdng tin ngdn n g i i trdn de cdp chfla dflpc nhilu vd'n de biln, dao cua Vipt Nam nhflng chi it cung cho thdy vao khoang thdi gian nay, Ddng Trong da t h i l t ldp dfldc 5 - 6 tinh vdi trung tam Id dd thanh H u l vd cfl dan Dang Trong, ngodi vile ldm ndng nghilp thi hoat ddng danh bdt tren bidn thflc sfl la mpt hogt dong kinh te khd quan trpng trong cupc sd'ng cua hp Bd biln phia Ddng c i a Kinh thdnh Hue cd n h i n g cang bien tdt rd't thudn ldi cho vi$c cdp bin, lifu thdng hang hda
Su chia cdt nhd r a thut vao cua bd biln Viet Nam tao ra n h i l u vung vinh vd hai cang tdt rd't thudn ldi cho vi^c giao thdng giao thfldng dfldng biln Tuy nhien ben canh dd, bd bien cung cac dao ven bd cung tgo ndn khdng it nhflng khd khan thdm chi
Id nguy hiem cho cac tdu thuyin phfldng Tdy khi hp chfla ndm ro dflpc quy ludt hai vdn c i a v i n g bien Vilt Nam Trong tac
p h i m The History of China Upon the Plan
of Mr Rollin's Ancient History cd ghi "Cdc
dao cua Kondore cd diem dang chu ;^ Id cd nhilu dai dd n g i m nguy h i l m ben bd biln
c i a hp, ma nhflng ngfldi chdu Au gpi la ParaceUes; vd cac vu d i m tdu xay ra thfldng xuydn dd'n noi md nha vua cua Dang Trong thd'y phai c i mot vdi tdu
t h u y i n ra vdo trong mpt m i a nhd't dinh trong n&m de tim vdt hdng hda vd cac bp phdn c i a con tdu bi ddm Trong ndm 1714, tdu Arion - mdt con tdu budn ndi tilng chau
Au, cung da bi md't tich trdn cac bd bien ndy" (5) Kondore, hay Condor, Condore, Poulo Condore, PuUo Condore, Pulo Condor
la ten gpi c i a Cdn Dao md cdc nhd hdng hai phfldng Tdy dung de ddt cho hdn dao ndy Vd vi vdy, cd le la n h i m ldn khi cho rdng Cdn Dao Id mpt p h l n eua q u i n dao Paracels nhu tfl Udu da vilt Hodc cung cd the do Cdn Dao g i n vdi q u i n dao Paracels
Trang 6d ngodi khdi n i n ddn d i n sfl n h i m l l n eho
rdng Cdn Dao Id mdt dao trong he thd'ng
cdc dao, bai dd, bai cat cua q u i n dao nay
Dac bipt, Pulo Canton (Cu lao Re) vdi vi
tri dia 1^ thudn ldi dfldc cdc tac gia de cdp
dd'n khdng chi Id dilm dflng chdn t i l p
nfldc ngpt, Ifldng thiic trdn hai trinh t i
Dang Trong ra Ddng Ngodi ma cdn nhfl Id
mdt t i l n ddn, mpt dilm nm gifla ddt liln
vdi q u i n dao Hodng Sa vd Trfldng Sa Cac
cfl dan Vilt Nam thdi bd'y gid sinh sdng
tren Cu lao R l thfldng ra Hodng Sa va
Trfldng Sa d l khai thdc san vdt Khdng
d i n g d dd, nhd nfldc phong kid'n Vilt Nam
c i n g ddc b i l t quan tdm d i n hai q u i n dao
Hodng Sa vd Trfldng Sa vi "Ciidng gidi
mat bien niidc ta co xd Hodng Sa rdt Id
hiem yeu" (6) vi vdy c h l dp phong kid'n
Viet Nam da " P h i Quang Ngai, d ngodi
c i a bien xa Vinh An huydn Binh Sdn cd
nui gpi Id C i lao R l ( ) ldp ddi Hodng Sa
de ld'y, di 3 ngdy ddm thi mdi dd'n" (7) vd
" hp Nguyin ddt ddi Hodng Sa 70 sud't
( ) c i t p h i l n mdi ndm c i thdng 2 nhdn
gid'y sai di, mang Ifldng du dn 6 thang" (8)
ddng thdi "Hp Nguyin lai ddt dpi Bac Hai,
khdng dinh bao nhidu sud't ( ) cho di
t h u y i n cau nhd ra cdc x i Bdc Hai, e i lao
Cdn Ldn vd cdc dao 6 Hd Tidn tim Ifldm
vdt c i a tdu vd cac t h i ddi mdi, hai ba, bdo
ngfl, hai sam cung sai cai dpi Hodng Sa
kidm quan" (9) Dilu ndy cho thd'y ngay tfl
t h l ky XVII, q u i n dao Hoang Sa vd
Trfldng Sa md cd s i Vipt Nam thfldng gpi
Id "Van 14 Trfldng Sa", "Dgi Trfldng Sa"
hodc " x i Hodng Sa" da sdm dflpc trieu dgi
phong kien Viet Nam khdng dinh vd xac
ldp chu quyln t r l n thflc td' C i lao R l - t i c
Pulo Canton Id hdn dao cd khoang cdch
g i n vdi q u i n dao Paracels nhdt nen dd
dfl<?c t r i l u dgi phong kie'n Vipt Nam chu
trpng trd thdnh ndi t u y l n ngfldi vdo dpi
Vi tri dia ly cua Cu lao Re khdng chi nhfl "nhip cau" ndi da't Hen vdi q u i n dao Paracels va an n g i trdn tuye'n hang hai qudc td l i e bd'y gid ma d Cu lao Re cdn cd
d i y d i dilu kien nhfl nudc ngpt, Ifldng thflc thflc p h i m cd the dap i n g nhu cau tid'p t l cua thuyen be qua lai Vi le dd, hang logt tai Hdu tid'ng Anh dfldng thdi cung nhfl cac ban dd hang hai khi d l cap d i n cac hdn dao ven bd dang lflu y deu khdng the khdng de cdp den hdn dao ndy vdi ten gpi Id Pulo Canton Dang luu y Macartney va George trong cac tac p h i m cua minh xud't ban nam
1797 da chi ro "Pulo Canton, cdn dUdc gpi
la Pulo Ratan, cd cac diem cue kha cao va
vi tri thd'p trung binh c i a nd lam cho nd cd sfl xud't hidn c i a hai hdn dao, dfldc midu ta vao ngay 22 thdng 5 Cac ddi tau hi^n gid nam dpc bd bien vUdng qud'c Ddng Trong va
hp di lgi gifla cac bd bien c i a Dang Trong tdi cdc bdi da, dao nhd trong quIn the dfldc goi Id q u i n dao Paracels, nam d phia Bac
vd phia Nam khoang g i n 400 ddm" (10) Dieu nay cho thd'y t i rd't sdm, khdng chi d
Cu lao Rd, cdc cfl ddn Viet Nam sdng ven biln da thflc sfl ldm c h i ngii trfldng Biln Ddng Cac dpi tau thuyin ma Macartney va George de cdp dd'n chac chan khdng chi c i a ngfl dan ma cdn Id nhflng dpi tau thuyen cua chinh quyen phong kid'n Viet Nam ldp
ra thay phidn nhau den q u i n dao Hodng
Sa vd Trfldng Sa d l khai thdc san vdt cung nhfl thu Ifldm n h i n g do dac ma n h i n g tdu
t h u y i n hi ddm dat vdo cdc dao, bai dd c i a
hai q u i n dao ndy Trong "India Dirctory, or Directions for sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, Brazil and the Interjacent ports", vol
II, tac gia James Horsburgh cdn midu ta ky Ifldng hdn ve C i lao R l nhfl sau "Pulo Canton, cdn dfldc ngfldi ban dia gpi la Cu Lao Ray (tflc Cu Lao Rl), nam d vi tuye'n
Trang 7hoac 4,38 dp Tay t i Grand Ladrone khi do
bdng may do hdng hai, ndm d khoang cdch
4 hai ly t i mui dd't Batantan, va bd biln
ddl dien vdi nd ndm che'ch v l phia Bic cua
mui dd't Hdn dao ndy cd kich cd dang ke, cd
thd thd'y ro t i khoang cdch khoang 9 hai ly
t i boong cua mdt tau idn vd cd mdt ve bang
phdng khi dupc quan sdt t i phia Nam: O
phia Tdy, nd cd ngudi sinh sdng, trdng trpt
tdt, va d ddy cdn cd nudc ngpt Mdt bai da
ngim nhd ra t i phia d l u Ddng Nam c i a
hdn dao (bai da M i Cu ngdy nay • TG), vd
v l phia Bac, cd nhflng xoay nUdc phia dudi
la da, trai ddi khoang mot hai ly tinh t i vi
tri c i a nd tdi Low Island (tic cu lao Bd Bai,
nay Id xa An Binh c i a huydn dao Ly Sdn
-TG) nam d phia Tay Bdc c i a Pulo Canton
O phia Ddng Nam cua nhflng hdn dao nay
khdng ndn t i l p cdn g i n vi cho du nd khdng
dUdc bilt tdi la ndi nguy hilm nhflng cd
nhflng xoay nfldc khoang t i 7 tdi 15 sai
nam trai dai khoang 2 dd'n 3 hai ly ve phia
Bdc c i a Pulo Canton Sang phia Nam Ddng
Nam 4 hai ly, cd khu vflc nudc sdu 50 sai"
(11) T i nhflng thdng tin tren cua James
Horsburgh cho thayvi tri dia ly cua Cu lao
Rd c i n g Cu lao Bd Bdi vd bai da Mu Cu
cung dgc dilm hai Itfu vung bien giia Cu
lao R l va dd't Uin cung nhfl v i n g biln
ngodi hdn dao ndy dfldc md ta kha rd rdng
vd tfldng ddl chinh xac Ddc bilt trong cdng
trtnh ndy, tac gia cdn de cap den mui dd't
Batantan ma ngfldi Viet gpi la mui dd't Ba
Lang An (thudc huydn Binh Chau c i a
Quang Ngai ngay nay), ndi vfldn ra Biln
Ddng g i n vdi q u i n dao Hodng Sa nhd't cua
Vilt Nam tinh t i trong ddt Hen
Bdn canh dd, cac phfldng tidn va boat
dpng danh bdt hai san g i n bd cua ngu dan
Viet Nam thdi bdy gid c i n g dfldc ngfldi
chau Au ghi chip lai kha chi t i l t ding nhfl
cho thd'y phan flng cua ngu dan khi gap
tau phfldng Tdy khi di vdo viing biln cua Vidt Nam: "Nhieu thuyen nhd da dfldc nhin thd'y dang danh b i t ca gifla cdc tau vd ddt Uen N h i n g cai gan nhd't da tdi de cd the c6 mpt ai dd trong sd ngfl dan ndy lam ngfldi
d i n dfldng vao vinh Toron ^ d Ndng), mot cang chinh thudc Dang Trong Nhifng
n h i n g thuyen ndy khdng ed y tilp cdn va nhanh chdng r u t lui khi thd'y n h i n g chile tdu la Tuy nhien, mdt trong n h i n g chile
t h u y i n nhd da bi vfldt qua bdi mot chid'c tdu va mpt ngfl dan trdn dd da dfldc chuyen ldn tau" (12)
Tam quan trpng cua bd biln, hai cang, cdc vung vinh c i a Viet Nam cdng ngay cdng dfldc cac tdc gia de cdp dd'n chi tilt
Trong tac phdm "A System of Geography, Ancient and Modern" ndi t i l n g c i a minh,
James Playfair da md t a "Doc theo bd biln
cd nhieu cang bien vdi vi tri thudn ldi cho giao thfldng nhimg lai khdng dfldc thfldng xuydn s i dung bdi ngudi nfldc ngoai M6t trong sd n h i n g cang dang chu y nhd't dfldc cfl dan d ddy gpi la Hoyan (Hdi An), hoac Han, ngfldi Bd Dao Nha gpi la Faifo, hodc Foy-Foe, va ngudi Anh gpi Id Toron (Da Ndng), d 160 7' vi dd Bdc, vdi chuyin di hit mdt vai ngdy ve phia Dong Nam Sinhoa (Hul) Ndi day cd v i n g ntfdc d i dd sdu nen tau thuyen cd t h l di chuyin mpt cdch an todn Loi vao cua nd la c i a cua mpt con sdng bat nguon t i vung nui c i a Lao, va rd't
de dang Day Id ndi giad thfldng ldn nhd't, sdm udt nhdt trong vUdng qud'c, va ndi thfldng xuydn lui tdi c i a cdc thfldng gia Trung Qudc 6 tinh Quinhin (Quy Nhdn) c6 bd'n cang an toan va td'p ndp cd tdn Id Nuocman Gd cang Thi Ngi bay gid - TG), nghia la Cang nfldc bien, nhflng khdng d vi tri thudn tidn nhfl Faifo (Hdi An) Cd mdt
sd cang nhd khac, ddc biet la d Naulang; nhflng chiing d l u khdng an todn vd khdi^
Trang 8khoang each qua xa bd biln" (13) Nhflng
cang vinh dfldc di cdp d trdn, trong cac the
ky XVII - XVIII va n i a d l u XIX thuc sfl
khd nhdn nhip khdng chi cd su hidn didn
cua cae thfldng nhdn Trung Hoa vdn t i ldu
thfldng xuyen sang nfldc ta budn ban ma
edn ddn tid'p rd't n h i l u thfldng nhdn c i n g
tau t h u y i n c i a hp dd'n tfl chau Au Dgc bidt
trudc dd, Dang Trong dfldi sfl cai quan cua
cac chua Nguyin vdi chinh sdch phat t r i l n
kinh t l cdi md hdn Ddng Ngodi nen da thu
h i t dfldc rd't n h i l u thfldng gia cdc nfldc dd'n
lam dn budn ban, thdm chi Id lap ndn cdc
thfldng diem c i a minh ngay t r l n dd't Dang
Trong Dieu ndy da thuc d i y cho sfl hinh
thanh vd phat trien cua cac cang thi ven
sdng, ven bien phuc vu cho giao thfldng
trong vung vd g i i a Vidt Nam vdi nfldc
ngodi
Khdng chi d i n g d dd, James Playfair cdn
cho bilt Slf t i l n ldi bang giao thdng dfldng
t h i y trong ndi dia Viet Nam cung nhfl cdc
dd thi quan trpng hinh thanh bdn cdc con
sdng, ddc bidt Id Kinh dd H u l : 'Trong
vfldng qudc ndy khdng cd trfldng thdnh bao
quanh, nhflng cd n h i l u t h a n h tri va iang
mgc nhd H u l , hodc Whay, cdn dfldc gpi la
Uzangues, Sin-hoa, vd Tcheatchen, Id thu
dd vd la mdt thdnh tri ldn dfldc xay dflng
vdi n h i l u y nghia, ndi cd cac cung dien
hodng gia vd mpt so' chua d khoang each 40
dam v l phia B i c Touron (Dd Ndng), g i n
mdt con sdng ldn trflde ddy d i sdu cho tdu
trpng tai ldn; nhflng do mdt trdn ngap lut
khung khilp vdi ndm trflde md cdc bai cdt
dUdc hinh thdnh 5 c i a sdng ndn chi cd tdu
thuyin nhd qua lai dfldc Dd thdnh ndy, hpc
theo each t h i c cua ngfldi Trung Qudc, dfldc
chia cdt bdi kdnh rgch, d l tgo thudn ldi cho
vdn chuyen budn ban cung nhu cho sfl tien
ldi cua ngfldi ddn" (14) Vd trong cdc cang
thi c i a Vilt Nam l i e bd'y gid, Dd Ndng
dac biet coi trpng vi sfl thudn tidn va an todn cua nd ddi vdi loai thdi t i l t vdn rd't thd't thfldng, thudng xuyen cd gid bao va mfla ldn: 'Sinh ldn vd an todn c i a Touron (Da Ndng), nhu d l cap d trdn, trong dd Lord Macartney tha neo vdo thdng 26 nam
1793, g i n mdt bai bdi ed hai dinh cao Nd gdm mpt hdn dao nhd C i a sdng la d diem cflc nam cua vinh Thanh dd, nam mpt dam trong ndi dia, cd cac nhd d thd'p, dfldc xay dflng bdng tre vd che phu bang cay bd'c hogc rdm I i a Xung quanh thdnh Id n h i n g vfldn cam, chanh, chudi, Phia tren thanh
dd la mpt thung lung mau md ld'y nfldc tfl ddng sdng Kamois (day Trfldng Sdn), mdt day nui, keo dai doc theo bien gidi phia tay, tach vfldng qud'c ndy vdi Lao va Campuchia (15)" Chinh vi vi tri thudn ldi dgc bidt nhu vdy ma cang vinh Dd Ndng sau nay trd thdnh sfl Ifla chpn td'n cdng xdm Ifldc Vidt Nam d l u tien cua thuc ddn Phdp vdo ndm
1858
Hodc nhfl trong "A System of Geography for the use of school on an entirely new plan" cua Thomas Keith bien sogn dflng d l
giang dgy trong cac trfldng hpc c i a Anh vilt: "Dang Trong k i o dai dpc theo biln Trung Qud'c tfl Tonquin (Dang Ngodi) dd'n Tsiompa (Champa) Nd bao gdm mdt ddng bang ddi, gifla bd bien vd day nui chay song song vdi bd bien V i n g ddng bang rd't mdu
md, vd san xua't td't ca cac logi trai cay nhidt ddi, gao va dfldng Cac khu r i n g cung cd'p hdng gd, go mun, sapan, gd sandal, bdng gd, vd calambac Cac thi trd'n chinh la Ke-Hda (Hul), Faifo (Hdi An), vd Turon (Dd Ndng), t r l n n h i n g vinh c i n g tdn" (16) Cdn David Brewster thi cho bilt "Rd't nhilu hdn dao nhd, nam dpc theo bd biln c i a nfldc nay, cd kha nang cung flng nhflng vdt
p h i m xa xi theo yeu clu rd't ldn tgi Trung Qudc, cdn dfldc gpi la Trepan, hoac Bichos
Trang 9thdp trdn bd b i l n phia bdc c i a New
Holland, vd mang den thi trfldng Trung
Qudc Thuyin trfldng Flinders, ngfldi dfldc
g i i di trdn rapt hdnh trinh kham phd dd'n
bd biln dd, dd thd'y rdng khdng it hdn sau
mfldi tdu dd thflc hidn mdt chuyen hanh
trinh hdng ndra mdt each thfldng xuyen vdi
muc dich duy nhd't Id thu thdp cac san
p h i m biln trong sudt hai mUdi nam trUdc
Sau khi dfldc tach ra t i n h i n g phidn da,
chung dfldc md ra, r i a sgch bdng nUdc ngpt
vd dupc dun sdi, sau do say khd trong khdi
cua go mdu xanh Id cay, g i n gidng nhu
each thflc nd'u cd trfch dd cua chung ta"
(17) Cdn Cdn Dao, mpt dao ndm d phia
Nam Vidt Nam cung dfldc d l cdp khd chi
tidt "Hdn dao nay dfldc gpi Id Pulo - Condor
(Cdn Dao), hodc "dao Calabashes" nam d
phia nam c i a Nam Kj^, bdn mfldi bdn dam
tfl c i a sdng c i a Campuchia Ndi cho d i n g
hdn dd Id mdt nhdm cac dao, trong dd cd
radt bdn cang cd kha nang g i i tam tau neo
ddu tdt vd rpng rai Dao nay san xud't lua
vd mdt sd logi trai cay, dgc bidt Id chudi,
budi, va b l u bi Dd 11 mot ndi p h i hdp cho
mdt trgm qudn sU va be'n giao thUdng" (18)
Nhfl vdy, t i sfl khao c i u cdc thdng tin
dfldc phd bid'n tfl the ky XVIII d i n gifla the
ky XIX de edp de'n biln vd cdc dao ven bd
cua Viet Nam dudi thdi c h i a Nguydn de'n
trieu dgi Tay Sdn vd sau dd Id vfldng trieu
Nguyen cho c h i n g ta thd'y vijng bien va cdc
dao ven bd Viet Nam vdi vi tri dia ly ddc
bidt thudn ldi ve giao thUdng hdng hai da
trd thdnh ndi cdp cang thudng xuyen cua
cac tdu budn, cdc thfldng gia phfldng Tdy
tren con dfldng hai thfldng trong ye'u t i
Tdy sang Ddng vd ngflpe lai Chinh vi nhd
vi tri quan trpng nhfl vdy, n h i n g vd'n d l v l
dia If, lich s i c i n g cdc vd'n d l lien quan
dd'n chu quyen biln dao cua Viet Nam d
v l Viet Nam trong dd cd dgc didm ving bien c i n g cdc dao, q u i n dao giup cho phfldng Tdy ddnh gid, nhin nhdn manh dd't, mdt thi trfldng tiem ndng cdn 'Vd chu" trflde sfl t h i m khdt md rdng thi trfldng tidu thu cung nhfl hd thdng thudc dia c i a hp
2.2 Mdc do nguy hiem ciia qudn ddo Paracels trong tuyen hdi thuang qude
te
T i the' ky XVI cac ngfl dan Viet Nam da phdt hipn n h i n g hdn dao va v i n g bien trong q u i n dao Hodng Sa va tid'n hdnh khai thdc hai san tai day Sang the ky XVII, chinh quyen c i a cac chua Nguyin d Ddng Trong da cho thanh ldp ddi Hoang Sa chuydn khai thdc cac ngudn ldi tai quan dao ndy, ddng thdi b i t d l u qud trinh xae ldp c h i quyln cua Viet Nam dd'i vdi quin dao Hoang Sa Sang the ky XVIII, vide khai thdc vd xac ldp chu quyln c i a Vidt Nam trdn q u i n dao Hoang Sa vdn dfldc tilp tuc,
Cac bd s i vd dia chi thdi Nguyin nhfl Bgi Nam thiic luc, Bai Nam nhdt thdng chi, Lich trieu hiin chiidng logi chi, Hodng Viet dia dli chi d l u ghi chip, trong cac thd'ky
XVI-XVIII, cac chua Nguydn da td chic khai thac cdc ngudn ldi d q u i n dao Hoang
Sa, q u i n dao Trfldng Sa va cac dao khac nhfl ldp dpi Thanh Chdu khai thac cdc to chim y i n d cdc dao ngodi khdi Quy Nhdn Ddi Hai Mdn hoat dpng d cac dao ngoai khdi Binh Thudn nhfl dao P h i Quy; ldp dpi Bdc Hai trflc thudc ddi Hodng Sa phu trdch cdc dao xa ve phia Nam, gdm quin dao Trfldng Sa, dao Cdn Ldn va cdc dao thuoc chu quyln c i a Vi$t Nam trong v i n g vinh Thai Lan (19) Sang the ky XIX, trilu Nguyin (1802-1945) chfnh t h i c chilm hflu
vd thtfc thi chu quyln doi vdi q u i n dao Hodng Sa Dac bidt, ndm 1816, vua Gia Long da ra l l n h cho dpi Hoang Sa vd thiy
Trang 10thuy trtnh va cdm cd trdn q u i n dao Hoang
Sa de b i l u tfldng cho c h i quyen c i a Vidt
Nam Nam 1833, vua Minh Mang phdi
ngfldi ra Hodng Sa dUng milu, ldp bia va
trdng cay Nam 1834, vua t i l p tuc c i ngudi
ra Hodng Sa ve ban dd (20)
Q u i n dao Hodng Sa vd Trfldng Sa nam
trdn tuyen hang hai qudc t l quan trpng dac
bidt vi vdy md trong qua trinh tham hilm
c i a ngudi chdu Au, hai quan dao nay sdm
dfldc de cdp ghi chep trong cac cudn nhdt
ky hai trinh cung nhfl t h l h i l n tren cac
td'm ban dd vdi cdi ten Paracels vd pho bie'n
thdnh kid'n thflc hang hai phuc vu cho qua
trinh budn ban t i phfldng Tdy sang phUdng
Ddng Mac du de cdp dd'n hai q u i n dao
Hoang Sa va Trfldng Sa mudn hdn cac tdi
lidu tid'ng Bd Ddo Nha, Tay Ban Nha, Phdp
nhflng cdc tdi lieu dia ly, Hch s i xud't
ban bang tid'ng Anh d the' ky XVIII d l h
giia thd' ky XIX lgi cd vi tri quan trpng
khdng k i m vi chung khdng chi gdp p h l n
cung cd'p k i l n thflc v l dia ly, lich s i cua cac
v i n g dd't ngoai chau Au trong dd cd Vidt
Nam, md quan trpng hdn, n h i n g tai lilu
ndy da p h l n d l u Id n h i n g cdng trinh khoa
hpc ndi tid'ng luc bd'y gid dfldc pho bid'n s i
dung rdng rai, gdp p h l n vdo vide t h i a nhdn
c h i quyln c i a Vidt Nam ddi vdi q u i n dao
Hodng Sa va Trfldng Sa
Trong thflc te, q u i n dao Paracels dfldc
d l cdp trong cdc tfl lidu nfldc ngoai khdng
chi tie'ng Anh d cdc t h l ky XVII - XIX dung
de chi qudn dao Hodng Sa vd Trfldng Sa
cua Vidt Nam d g i i a Biln Ddng md chfla cd
sfl phan bidt ro rang Id Paracels (Hoang
Sa) hay Spratly Island (Trudng Sa) nhfl
sau ndy Dilu nay cho thd'y "nhdn thflc cua
cac nhd hdng hai thdi xfla ve Hoang Sa vd
Trfldng Sa l i e d l u rat md hd; hp chi bie't cd
mdt khu viic rdng ldn ri't nguy h i l m cho
tau t h u y i n vi cd nhflng bai da ngim Ngay
Hodng Sa, Van Ly Hoang Sa, Dgi Trfldng
Sa hoac Van Ly Trfldng Sa cac sdch va ban
dd CO c i a Vidt Nam da c h i n g td H i u nhfl td't ca cac ban dd cua cac nha hang hai phfldng Tdy t i t h l ky XVI den t h l ky XIX
d l u ve chung quan dao Hodng Sa vd quan dao TrUdng Sa lam mpt dudi cdi tdn Pracel, Prcel hay Paracels" (21) Quan dao Paracels (tic Hoang Sa va Trfldng Sa) khdng chi the hidn trong cac cdng trinh Hch
s i , dia ly va nhat ky hang hai ma cdn the hien rd't ro rang thdng qua hdng loat ban
do cua ngfldi phUdng Tdy l i e bay gid (22) Khi d l cap dd'n q u i n dao Paracels (tflc Hodng Sa va Trfldng Sa cua Viet Nam), ngfldi chau Au dac biet nhdn mgnh de'n
m i c dp nguy hiem cua chung va dfla ra
n h i n g canh bao kha cu the dd'i vdi cac tau thuyin khi di chuyen qua vung Bien Ddng
cd hai quan dao ndy Trong "A new account
of the East Indies, being the observation and remarks, vol IF, Alexander Hamilton
cho bie't "Trong Anno 1690, mpt con tdu Bo Ddo Nha da hi dam trdn mdt trong n h i n g hdn dao phia bdc c i a quan dao Paracels, va td't ca dlu hi md't tich nhUng ba hoac bdn ngudi da bdi dfldc vao bd Cd ra't nhilu manh v3 cua con tau theo sau ho, va mot sd hop dflng bdt da vd tinh bi ndm ldn bd, nhd
dd ma hp da dfldc hd trd t i chung" (23) Alexander Hamilton cung md ta khd ti mi
v l vide n h i n g ngfldi nay phai xoay xd tim mpi cdch d l sdng sdt ra sao: "hp da dflng mpt tup liu bang n h i n g loai gd va van hp
cd t h l s i dung cho muc dich dd, va hp da tim thd'y mdt sd nfldc ngpt trong cac hang
da, vd d mdt ndi hp xdy dflng mdt bd c h i a nudc de chfla nfldc mfla cho mua khd Hp
da l^y cd trpn vdi bun ma hp tim thd'y d bd
b i l n c i a dao, va dat hdn hdp trong mot vdt nhe thudn tien de gifl lgi nUdc mUa, hp da sd'ng theo each dd trong mdt m i a khd Thflc
p h i m cua hp la do biln, vd n h i n g con r i a