Toan quyen Catroux tuyen bo' tai Hpi ddng Chinh phu Dong DUdng ngfiy 4-1-1940; "Chung ta danh toan didn va mau chong vfio cac td chflc cpng san; trong cupc dfi'u tranh nfiy, phai tieu di
Trang 1NHIN LAI CUOC DAU TRANH HE TU* T U 0 N G TRONG c u d c DUNG DAU UCH SU* VIET NAM - MY
(1954-X975)
BUT DiNH THANH"
1 N h i / n g t i e n d e c u a c u o c d a u t r a n h
h e trf trfofng
40 nam da qua tiif ngky cu6c khang
chien cho'ng My ciiu nu6c cua nhan dan
Vi$t Nam kS't thiic thSng ldi Mot cuoc
chien tranh tuy chi dien ra 5 khu vUc Dong
Nam A, nhUng da di lai dau A'n dam net
trong lich svt hi§n dai thS' gidi vho niia sau
th§' ky XX M6t cu6c chid'n tranh, theo su
danh gia cua H.Kissinger, kien true sU chu
chot ve dUdng lpi chie'n lUOc cua My trong
giai doan cuoi cua cuoc chid'n tranh: "D6 la
cupc chie'n tranh dai ngay nhat trong lich
sc£ Hoa Ky, cuoc chie'n tranh 3 xa nhft't, it
lien he ro ret nha't dd'n nhiJng quan he c&'p
thie't cua nu6c ta" (1)
TrUa ngay 30-4-1975, ngay sau khi nh^n
dUdc tin T6'ng tho'ng ciia chinh quydn Sai
Gon da tuydn bo d i u hang, Tong thorig Hoa
Ky Gerald Ford ra mot Icfi tuyen bo' ng&n
ngui: "Chinh phu Viet Nam Cong hoa da
dau hang TrUdc khi ho d^u hang, chiing ta
da riit phai bp My ra khoi mien Nam Viet
Nam Vi?t Nam la mot kinh nghidm dau
d6n cho nudc ta
Lich Sli se la ngUcIi phan xdt cuoi ciing
vd* nhiing vide chiing ta da l^m va chUa lam
he't tai Viet Nam va tai cac ndi khac Chiing ta hay binh tinh chd phan xet cua lich Sli" (2)
De bie't dUpc sU phan xdt do, G.Ford da yeu clu H.Kissinger tU van cho minh "mpt bai hpc ve Viet Nam"
T^i lieu nay mai dd'n dliu nhiing nam
2000 mdi dUpc c6ng bo' trong tac ph^m
"Khong hoa binh, chang danh du Nixon
-Kissinger va sU phan boi d Viet Nam" cua Larry Herman xua't ban nam 2001 vk dUdc
Nguyen Manh Hiing dich ra tid'ng Viet nam
2003 do Viet Tide xua't ban
H.Kissinger da ndu ldn mpt so bai hpc trong do CO noi dd'n nhan to' cho'ng cpng san
da CO tac dung the nao trong cupc chie'n tranh: "Nhan dan Hoa Ky noi chung da ung hp va hoan ho Tong tho'ng Eisenhower
khi ong quyet dinh chia doi Viet Nam vk ung ho mot chinh quyen chong cpng san 6
mien Nam" (3) "Toi luon luon tin, cung nhu nhieu quan sat vien khac rang quy^t dinh Cliu Viet Nam cua chiing ta nam 1965
da tranh cho Nam DUdng (Indonesia) rdi vao tay cpng san v^ co le da bao ve dUdc sU hien dien ciia chiing ta 6 chau A Dieu nay
CO nghia la khong nhiing chiing ta da giii
* PGS Vi^n S6 hpc
Trang 2quan dpi d do No con co nghia la chiing ta
duy tri dUdc sU hidn didn kinh t^ cung nhU
anh hUdng chinh tri, va cac quoc gia ban,
ke ca Nhat Ban cam thay khong phai tu lo
bao vd lay minh Khi chiing ta xet dd'n anh
hucing cua nhiing gi dang xay ra, chiing ta
c i n nh6 rang mUcli nam trUdc, anh hUdng
ay c6 the 16n khi phong trao cpng san con
dUdc nhieu ngu6i coi nhU mot khoi nha't
nguyen chac chan se nha'n chim ta't ca
chiing ta Vi the', trong nhClng ldi tuyen bo
cua chiing ta, toi tin riing chiing ta co the
ngita cao m£it ma khong phai tU hitnh ha
chiing ta v^ chiing ta khong ndn coi vai tro
cua chiing ta trong cupc chid'n tranh fi'y nhU
mot tham hpa 6 nhuc" (4)
Ciing v6i chii nghia cho'ng cpng san
trudc phong trao giai phong dan tpc dang
len m^nh sau Chien tranh thd' gidi thii Hai,
My da mUpn chieu bai iing hp phong trao do
nham tang thdm uy luc cho chii nghia cho'ng
cpng san Da co nhiing cong trinh nghidn
ciiu 'ly ludn" cua My ra dih ve van dd' nay
"Cin thid't phai thuyd't phuc cac dan tpc
riing thiic chS't cupc dfi'u tranh khong phai la
giiia cac dan tpc chau A cho'ng lai phUdng
Tay ma la cu6c da'u tranh ciia cac dan tpc
chau A chong lai chvi nghia cpng san" (5)
Trong mpt cong trinh nghidn ciiu ciia Vidn
cac quan hd quoc te cua My, cac tac gia da
vid't: "Cupc tid'n cong ve tam 1^ cua chiing ta
phai nha'n manh xung dot giiia chu nghia
cpng san va chu nghia dan tcic" (6)
Tdng thong Kennedy t h i y dUdc kha sau
sic nguy cd de dpa so phfin cua chu nghia
dd' quo'c do phong trao dfi'u tranh giai phong
dan tpc dem lai Kennedy noi: "Qua nghien
Cliu, chiing ta thfi'y rfing each mang giai
phong dan tdc la mpt sU ki?n cd ban cua
thcJi dai chiing ta Siic manh to ldn nhfi't
tren thd' gidi la long khao khat vUdn ldn doc
lfip dan tpc Ngfiy nay, cu6c chie'n dfi'u
khong phai xay ra 6 chau Au mfi lfi 5 chau
A, chau Au va My Latinh"
Trong phong trfio do, nhU Tai lidu mfit cua L i u nam goe da vach ro: Viet Nam la noi duy nhfi't trdn the' gidi ma chinh quyen Kennedy phai dUdng d i u vdi mot co gang phat trien rfi't t6t cua cpng san nhfim Ifit do mgt chinh phu than phUdng Tay Day la mpt thach thiic khong the bo qua" Kennedy con noi ro r^ng: "Eisenhower
da phai chiu nhflng hau qua chinh tri ciia Didn Bidn Phu va sii to'ng co nhflng ngUcfi phUdng Tay khoi Vidt Nam nfim 1954 Ngay nay, toi khong cho phep (!) co mot thfi't b^i nhu nam 1954 nfla" (7)
Chi'nh sach chong cong ldn dd'n dinh cao vdi nhflng nhan vfit khet tid'ng cho'ng cong mpt thcii nhu Mc Carthy, Dulles, Nixon dupc ca tung lfi nhiing "chie'n si thfip tu quan cho'ng cdng"
He tu tufing chong cpng dUdc nhfip vfio Han Quoc vdi Ly ThCfa Van, Nam Vidt Nam vdi Ngo Dinh Diem> Didm dinh ra dUdng loi "dd" cao ly tUdng quo'c gia, cho'ng cpng dvft khoat, kidn quye't vfi triet dd" Khau hieu cua Didm la "bfii phong, da thuc dan, cho'ng cpng" nhUng bfii phong, da thUc dan chi lfi my dan, con chong cpng mdi lfi
"quo'c sach so 1" vdi nhflng chien dich "to cpng, di^t cpng" tfin sat dfim mau nhflng ngu6i cpng san De chong lai dUdng loi chinh tri noi trdn cua My - Diem, vd' phia cfich mang Viet Nam da co doi sach gi?
De lfim ro vfi'n de nay, can lUdc lai qua trinh lich sii dfi'u tranh bao vd vfi giai phong dfin tpc vdi he tU tUcing chii dao cua dan tpc Viet Nam
Doi vdi ba't cii dan tpc nfio, quy^n dUdc song ddc lap, tU do la mpt quyen thidng Hdng, mpt ciia bau vo gia Doi vdi Viet Nam, n6 cfing co mot y nghla sau sac Cufic chid'n dfi'u ben bi, lau dfii chong ngoai xam
Trang 3cua nhan dan Vidt Nam da trai qua nhflng
thdi ky lich stf khac nhau, nhflng ke thu
xam lUdc khfic nhau, nhiing chu the lanh
dao cupc khang chid'n khac nhau, nhUng tUu
trung deu hUdng vd" mpt muc tidu khdng bao
gicf thay doi dUdc khai qufit ngfin gpn trong
10 chfl: Doc lfip Chu quyd'n Thong nhfi't
-Toan ven Ifinh thd Toi xem 10 chfl do lfi
nhflng hfing so'tieu bieu cua lich SL! dfi't nUdc
Viet Nam, cua dan tpc Vidt Nam
Tii hang ngan nam trUdc, lich sii dfi't
nudc nay da ghi nhflng chUOng choi lpi
chid'n cong chong ngoai xam
Tfl hang ngan nam trUdc, cac nhan to'
tanh tho, dfin tpc, lich sii, ngon ngfl, van
hoa tdng hpp lai da 3uydn thfinh cot each,
tam hdn chung cua ngUdi Viet Nam mfi
bieu hidn bao qufit nhfi't, ndi bat nhfi't lfi
chii nghia yeu nudc
Chii nghia yeu nudc lfi tu tu6ng va tinh
cam chii ye'u cOia ngu6i Viet Nam nhfl Ho
Chu tich da khai quat: "Dan ta co mpt long
ydu nUdc ndng nan Do la mpt truydn tho'ng
quy bau ciia ta Tfl xua de'n nay, moi khi To
qud'c bi xam lang thi tinh t h i n fi'y lai soi nd,
no kd't thanh mpt lan song vo ciing manh
me, to ldn, no lUdt qua mpi sU nguy hiem,
kho khfin, n6 nhfi'n chim tfi't ca be lii ban
nUdc vfi cudp nU6c" (8)
Nhiing dac trUng cd ban ciia chii nghia
yeu nUdc Vidt Nam la tinh ben vflng toi
luyen, niem tu hfio dan tpc sfiu sfic, mot
chii nghia ydu nudc dfim dfi tinh nhan van
NhUng, de'n thdi ky lich SLE cfin dai, bi
kich lich sii da dd'n vdi dfin tpc Viet Nam
khi thuc dfin Phfip xfim lUdc nU6c ta Trong
g i n hai the' ky, cfie tfip doan phong kid'n
trong nUdc gay ndn tinh trang cat cfl, Nam
Bfie phan tranh, chien tranh lidn midn
hong thon tinh lfin nhau lam cho long dfin
ly tan, sflc manh tho'ng nhfi't ciia dfin tpc bi
hiiy hoai De gianh Ifi'y dia vi chinh tho'ng,
cac tap doan phong kien khong con tin vfio npi liic dan tpc, ddu diia vao sU "vien trd" cua bdn ngofii Ld Chidu Thd'ng c i u vidn nha Thanh, Nguydn Anh c i u vidn quan Xiem (Thai Lan) va thUc dan Phap Vdi thai dp ye'u hen va nhflng chinh sach bao thu, lac hfiu, nhfi Nguydn da de mfi't nUdc, nhUng nhfin dan Viet Nam khong cam chiu lfim no le cho quan xam lUdc Khap ndi trong nUdc, tfl thanh thi de'n nong thon, tijf mien xuQi de'n mien mii, lidn tuc no ra nhflng cupc ndi day, khdi nghia chong thUc dan Phap va cho'ng ca trieu dinh bfin nudc Cfie td chflc ydu nUdc ra dcfi vdi nhflng
xu hudng chinh tri khac nhau, hoac thien
ve bao dpng, da'u tranh vu trang, hofic thidn ve nang cao dan tri, gifio due, dao tao nhfin tai, cha'n hung kinh td', nhUng ddu hudng vd" mpt muc tieu duy nhfi't lfi gianh lai dpc lfip dan too
Tinh hinh do dfi lam boc lp mpt thuc te' Thdi the' da ddi thay Ridng chu nghia yeu nUdc chUa du de lfim cho dan tpc Viet Nam thoat khoi ach tho'ng ti ciia thUc dan Phap Did"u c i n thid't can ban lfi mdt dUcJng 16'i each mang thich hdp vdi boi canh lich sfl mdi ciia thd' gidi
Lich set da gianh cho Nguyin Ai Qud'c nhidm vu giai quye't cudc khung hoang vd" dudng loi cua cfich mang Viet Nam Ho Chu tich da phfin tich qua trinh diln ra sU
cham dflt cupc khung hoang dfldng 16'i dd
"Luc d i u , chinh la chu nghia yeu nudc, chfl chua phai chii nghia cpng san da dUa toi di theo Lenin, tin theo Qud'c te' thfl ba Tiing bfldc mpt, trong cupc da'u tranh, vfla nghien cflu ly lufin Mac - Lenin, vfla lfim cong tac thuc td', d i n dan tdi hidu dUdc rang chi co chii nghia xfi hpi, chu nghia cpng san mdi giai phong dUdc cac dan tpc bi fip bfle vfi nhflng ngUcii lao ddng tren the' gidi khdi ach
nd le" (9)
Trang 4Dudng ldi kd't hpp chu nghia ydu nUdc
vdi t u tudng cua chu nghia xa hpi da dua
den vide thfinh lap Dang Cdng san Ddng
Dfldng nam 1930, mpt bfldc ngofit can ban
cua each mang Viet Nam Tfl thdi diem
nfiy Dang Cpng san Viet Nam nam quye"n
lanh dao each mang Viet Nam vfi trd thfinh
muc tieu dfin ap, khung bd* ciia chinh
quyen thflc dfin He thdng nha tu, trai
giam, cfie hdi ddng dd" hinh, may chdm hoat
dpng khong ngflng de ngan chan va tieu
diet Dang Cong san nhung khong ke't qua
Sau cupc khiing bo dfim mfiu phong trao Xo
Vi^t - Ngh? I l n h nfim 1930-1931, trum mat
tham Marty nhfin xet trong bfio cfio t h i n g
10-1933: "Vide td chflc lai Dang Cong san
Dong Dfldng c6 dii nhflng ye'u to can thid't
cho mpt sfl md rpng nhanh chong vdi sU
thuc day ciia nhflng ngfldi lanh dao co nang
Iflc Dang Cpng san Ddng Dudng lai co
nhflng kha nfing mdi vd" tuyen truyd"n vfi
hfinh dpng ciia no chua he bid't dd'n tfl cupc
dfin ap nam 1931" (10)
MUdi nam sau, khi bUdc vfio cupc Chid'n
tranh the' gidi thfl Hai, lai xay ra mpt ddt
khung bd dfl ddi doi vdi Dang Toan quyen
Catroux tuyen bo' tai Hpi ddng Chinh phu
Dong DUdng ngfiy 4-1-1940; "Chung ta
danh toan didn va mau chong vfio cac td
chflc cpng san; trong cupc dfi'u tranh nfiy,
phai tieu diet cpng san thi Dong Dudng mdi
dUdc yen dn va trung thfinh vdi nUdc Phap
Tinh thd' chie'n tranh b i t bupc chung ta
hfinh dpng khong chut thfldng tid'c" (11)
Trong nhflng nam Chie'n tranh thg' gidi
thfl Hai, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh trd vd" nUdc,
tnic tid'p lanh dao, thanh lfip Mat tran Viet
Minh xfiy dflng can cfl dia d Vidt Bfie, lUc
Ifldng vfl trang vfi Iflc lfldng chinh tri, chdp
thdi cd khi Nhat d i u hang, ha ldnh tdng
khdi nghia, gianh thfing ldi cho Cach mang
thfing Tam, lap ra nflde Vidt Nam Dfin chu
Tuyen ngon Dpc lfip ngfiy 2-9-1945 dflpc dat vfio dong maeh lich set the' gidi, dflpc xem nhu hfiu due cua Cfich mang My nfim
1776 vdi Tuyen ngdn Dpc lap va Cfich mang Phap nfim 1789 vdi Tuydn ngdn Nhan quyen Do la thfing ldi to ldn d i u tien ciia dfldng loi kd't hdp chu nghia yeu nUdc vdi tu tudng cua chii nghia xa hdi
2 D a u t r a n h h e ti^ tiiofng giufa Viet
N a m va My t r o n g c u o c d u n g d a u lich sii (1955-1975)
Chung ta hay bat d i u tfl vfi'n de" quan trpng va can ban nhfi't: Nguyen nhan nfio
da dUa My dinh liu vfio Viet Nam trong khi gifla hai nUdc each nhau ca mdt dai dUdng khdng he" co mau thufin doi khang vd" cac mfit qufin sU, chinh tri, kinh te' Trai lai, trong Chie'n tranh thd' gidi thfl Hai, khi Vi^t Nam con lfi mpt thupc dia ciia Phfip, cupc dfi'u tranh each mang ciia nhfin dan Vi^t Nam dudi sU lanh dao ciia Dang Cong san Vidt Nam da chpn con dfldng dung dfin dflng vao hang ngu cac nUdc ddng minh chien dfi'u chdng phat xft Dflc - Y - Nhfit
Da CO nhie"u each giai thich vd" thai dp ciia My khi xfim nhap vfio Viet Nam ciia cac nha nghien eflu va chinh khach My Arthur Sechelinger J r dfi tflng la co' vfi'n chinh tri cua Tdng thdng Kennedy, tuy thfla nhfin cupc chie'n tranh ciia My d Vidt Nam la sai lim bi tham nhfi't trong lich sfl nUdc My, nhung lai cho rfing My chi pham phai mot thfl "chu nghia d^ quoc tinh cam" Ong ta giai thich rfing dinh h'u vfio Viet Nam do nhflng dpng cd ve tinh than, tfl tudng, mpt thfl "chu nghia hfio hidp" dat khdng dui^ chd, khac vdi chu nghia dd' qudc kinh te' cua cac de'qud'c thuc dan trflde day (12) Seymour Mclman, Gifio sU tai TrUcing Dai hoc Columbia cung len an manh me cupc chien tranh xam lupe Viet Nam, nhflng cho rfing vdn d i u tU cua My d mi^n
Trang 5Nam Viet Nam khdng cd bao nhieu, ndn
khong thd noi lfi My thu nhfin dUdc lpi
nhufin gi ve kinh td'
Ngay ca cfie tfie gia cua Tai lidu mfit Lau
nfim gdc dfldc cdng bd nfim 1971 cung ndi
rfing: "Chinh sach cOia My doi vdi Viet Nam
trong nhflng nfim 40 de'n d i u 1950 khong
cd muc dich ro ret, khong nhfi't qufin, thid'u
kien dinh" (13) C6 diing nhfl thd khdng?
Cfin cfl vao nhflng sfl kidn lich sfl da diln
ra, chung tdi se chflng minh tinh nha't quan
cua chinh sfich My trong nhflng nam do
Luc nay (vfio d i u nhflng nam 40), nhfin
dan ta dfi budc vfio thdi ky chuan bi mpi
mat trong cupc chidn tranh cho'ng thflc dan
Phfip vfi phat xit Nhat, cupc chie'n da'u se
dfin dd'n Cach mang t h i n g Tam nam 1945
Ban Chi thi ngfiy 21-12-1941 ciia Trung
Udng Dang Cdng san Ddng DUdng vd" "Cudc
chie'n tranh Thfii Binh Duong vfi trfich
nhidm c i n kip cua Dang" da nhfi'n manh:
Nd'u nhu qufin ddng minh Anh - My dd bp
vfio Viet Nam thi d dia phUdng nao ndi day
khdi nghia d dia phUdng fi'y, thanh lap
chinh quydn cfich mang rdi nhan danh
chinh quyen each mang cCia nhfin dfin mfi
giao thiep vdi hp Chu y rang ta c6 manh
thi hp mdi chiu dem xia dd'n Nhfi't lfi dflng
CO ao tudng rfing quan Anh - My se mang
tai tfl do cho ta
Chid'n tranh the' gidi lan thfl Hai dfi tao
nen mdt sfl thay doi dien mao dia ly, chinh
tri, kinh td' to ldn chfla tflng co trong lich set
the'gidi
Cac nUdc trong phe ddng minh (My, Anh,
Phfip, Lidn Xd, Trung Qudc) tham gia chid'n
da'u vdi muc dich chung la danh bai khdi
phfit xit Dflc, Y, Nhfit nhUng ddng thdi ciing
fi'p ii nhflng tinh toan ve" Idi ich rieng ngay
trong khi cupc chid'n tranh dang diln ra va
nhfi't lfi sau khi chid'n tranh kd't thuc Tinh
hinh do dfi dan de'n nhiing mdl quan he rfi't
phfle tap khdng chi gifla cac nflde ddng minh mfi con chi phm de'n toan cue didn ehinh tri the gidi Do d6, de hieu bie't dfldc mdt cfich can ban tinh hinh da't nflde Viet Nam trong bra canh lich set dd, cin c6 sfl phfin tich thai
dp cua cac nflde ddng minh, chu yd'u lfi Phap vfi My ddi vdi Vidt Nam
Ve" nUdc Phap, sau khi nhanh chdng bi bai trfin trflde cupc tid'n cdng ciia qufin dpi phfit xit Dflc, Tudng Dd Gdn chay sang Anh, thfinh lfip chinh phu lUu vong, tid'p tuc chid'n dfi'u, nhUng d vao dia vi "ldp ve" trong cac nUdc ddng minh Cac cudc hpi nghi quan trpng cua cfie nudc ddng minh d
Le Caire, Casablanca, Yalta, Postdam dd"u vang bong nUdc Phfip Quan he gifla Phap
va My da diln ra khdng sudn se
Ngay tfl trong thdi ky nflde Phap cdn dang bi day xeo dUdi gdt sat ciia phat xit Dflc, thflc dan Phap van dm fi'p cfii mdng trd lai dia vi thdng tri nhfl cu d Viet Nam Khi phe ddng minh dfi chie'm dUdc Bfie Phi, Tudng Dd Gon lfip "Uy ban giai phong Alger" vfi tuydn bo khdi phuc dia vi eua de' qudc Phap trdn thd'gidi D i u nfim 1944, Dd Gon tridu tap hdi nghi Bradavin (Brazzaville) (14) Trong sd'hdn 40 dai bieu
du hpi nghi, qua nfla lfi nhflng toan quyen, thd'ng sfl, vidn chflc cao cfi'p cua bd may thUc dan cfl So' cdn lai la nhflng ngfldi "ban xfl" dfi dupc chpn Ipc ky cfing vfi sfl tham gia cua ho cung chi mang tinh chat hoan toan tu va'n Muc tieu cua hpi nghi ddng thdi cung lfi chinh sfich eua Dd Gon doi vdi cae thupc dia cua Phap da dfldc xfic dinh trong ban tuyen bo' md d i u hpi nghi la: Muc dieh ciia cdng trinh khai hoa (!) do nflde Phap thflc hidn d thudc dia gat bd mpi
y dinh tu tri, du trUdc mfit hay trong tUdng lai xa xdi
TrUdc tinh hinh bid'n chuyen nhanh chong vdi sfl thfi't bai lien tie'p cua Nhfit
Trang 6a
trdn cac chie'n trfldng chfiu A - Thai Binh
Dfldng cua phat xit Nhfit, Phap tie'n them
mpt bfldc vdi ban tuyen bo' ngfiy 24-3-1945
ve ehe' dp tflcJng lai cua cac nflde Dong
Dfldng Ndi dung eua ban tuyen bo dupe Dd
Gdn xem nhfl mot "bUdc ngofit trong chinh
sfich thupc dia cua Phfip" co thd tdm tfit
trdn nhflng diem cd ban sau dfiy:
"Lien bang Dong Dfldng sd cung vdi
nflde Phfip vfi cfie bp phfin khfic ciia khdi
cpng ddng hpp thfinh Lidn hiep Phfip, trong
dd nhflng quye"n ldi ddi vdi ben ngoai se do
nUdc Phap dam nhfin thay mat Ddng
DUdng se cd mpt chinh phu Lidn bang Ddng
DflOng do Toan quyen lam Chu tich vfi dupc
Ifla chpn trong nhiing ngfldi Dong Dudng
cflng nhu ngfldi Phfip cfl t n i d Ddng Dfldng"
(15) Ban tuyen bo' dd da bi nhfi sfl hpc Phfip
Philippe Devillers phe phan lfi lac hfiu vdi
tinh hinh the gidi hang chuc nam
Ddng thdi vdi ban Tuydn bd' ndi trdn, Uy
ban hfinh ddng giai phong Dong Dudng tieh
cUc hoat dpng trong vide thflc hidn ke
hoach chie'm lai Vidt Nam vfi Ddng Dudng
tfl bdn ngofii vfi bdn trong
Viec Nhfit d i u hang nhanh chong dat
Phap trudc mot tinh trang lung tflng: Iflc
lupng ben trong thi tan ra, Iflc Ifldng bdn
ngofii thi chuan bi chfla xong Luc nfiy, cupc
ehay dua quye't lidt de gifinh Ifi'y thdi ed dfi
dien ra gifla nhfin dfin Viet Nam va dd' quoc
Phap Trong khi nhflng ddn vi d i u tien eua
dpi quan viln chinh Phfip con lenh ddnh
tren bidn vfi kd' hoach cua Xanhtdny du
dinh tung nhflng dpi biet kich nhay dfl
xud'ng Bac Bp vdi danh nghia Ddng minh
thi ngpn cd thang ldi cua Cach mang thang
Tfim da dUdc giUdng cao suot tfl Bac de'n
Nam cua Nha nudc dfin chii nhfin dfin dau
tien d Ddng Nam A, nUdc Viet Nam Dfin
chii Cpng hda
Vd" phia My, thai dp doi vdi Phfip cung
he't sfle ro rfing So vdi chinh sach ddi vdi
cac thudc dia ciia Anh, Phap, Ha Lan thi
My dfldc xem lfi co chinh sfich cdi md, rdng rai hdn vdi Phihppines
Thang 8-1941, My va Anh da cung nhau thao ra Hid'n chucmg Dai Tfiy DUcJng vdi nhflng Idi le rfi't tid'n bd nhfl "tdn trpng quydn eua moi dfin tpc dUdc Ifla ehpn hinh thfle chinh phu theo y hp", "quyen lfim chii vfi quyen tu do dieu khien chinh phu phai tra lai eho nhflng dan toe da bi sflc manh tudc mfi't"
Sfl that dd la mdt thii doan tinh vi cua
My mud'n mdt mui tdn dat hai muc dich:
Mgt Id, xoa diu phong trao dfi'u tranh ciia
nhan dan cac nudc thudc dia trong khi My con phai dem hd't sflc lue ra ddl pho vdi
phat xit Dflc, Y, Nhat; Hai Id gfiy mdt anh
hfldng thuan ldi cho My de chuan bi lam an sau nfiy khi chid'n tranh ke't thue Cung ngay tfl nam 1941, My dfi hudng manh sfl ehfl y ve chau A Hangri Luytxd (Henri Luce), mpt nha tU ban My, chii td
Tap chi Thdi dgi (Time) dfi vid't: 'The ky
XX phai lfi the' ky My Trien vpng mpt s\i
lanh dao tich cflc ciia My ddl vdi ndn thfldng mai thd' gidi, co nh'flng kha nang giup cho sfl tid'n bp ciia lofii ngudi to ldn den ndi tri tudng tUdng ciing phai kinh ngae Vi nhu, ddl vdi chau A, chung ta nghi rfing nd chi cd gia tri lfi dem lai cho chung
ta mdi nfim vfii trfim trieu do la Trdn thflc te', trong nhflng nam sap dd'n, chau A ddl vdi chung ta se dfldc the hidn bfing 4, 5, 10
ty dd la moi nfim" (16)
Ngay tfl khi cupc chie'n tranh cua cac nudc ddng minh ehd'ng Nhfit d Thfii Binh Duong vfi Ddng Nam A cdn dang tid'p diln, .My da chuan bi thay Phap lam chu tren ban dao Dong Dfldng Doi vdi Viet Nam va Ddng Dfldng, "sau khi Phfip thua trfin vfi phai ehfi'p nhfin d i u hang Dflc phat xit, Tdng tho'ng My F.D.Roosevelt dfi phd duyet mdt kd' hoach dat Dong Dfldng dfldi quyen
Trang 7uy tri ciia Trung Qudc Tudng Gidi Thach
dfldc My hfiu thufin Chinh phu Phap kich
liet phan ddl ke' hoach nfiy vdi sfl ung hp
cua Anh "De'n gifla nfim 1944, Roosevelt
da phai rut lai kd' hoaeh nfiy va de'n thfing
8-1944, tai Hdi nghi Ottawa (Canada),
Roosevelt ehfi'p nhfin sfl quay trd Iai cua
Phap vdl did"u kien lfi Phap hfla thflc hien
quyen tfl do cho Ddng Dfldng" (17)
Thai dp tren cua My da dfldc xac nhfin
trong Hdi ky ciia Elliott Roosevelt vid't vd"
bd minh cho bid't Tong thd'ng My tfl d i u
nhflng nfim 40 da nhid"u l i n cdng khai ehi
trich chinh saeh thudc dia eiia Phap va
nhfi'n manh Phap phai co sU thay ddi ehinh
sfich doi vdi Viet Nam vfi Ddng Dupng sau
khi chid'n tranh kd't thiic
Khi Nhfit lfim dao chinh Ifit dd chinh
quyen Phfip d Ddng Duong ngay 9-3-1945,
Phfip CO lien lae vdi My de eiu cflu nhUng
My lfim ngd Binh lufin vd" vide do, Tudng
Sennd (Chennault), chi huy khdng qufin
My d midn Nam Trung Qud'c luc do vie't
trong Hdi ky: "Die'u do lfim cho ngUdi ta tin
rang Chinh phii My mud'n cho ngudi Phap
bi dudi khdi Dong Dfldng dd' cho viec taeh
hp khdi thupc dia cang dUdc de dfing" (18)
Phfip dfi cam thfi'y tinh hinh do mpt each
sau sac trong ldi than vfin: "Dd lfi thbi ky
ma nflde Phap bi loai ra ngofii eae cudc hdi
nghi Ddng minh Nhflng phai vien d i u tidn
ciia cUdng qud'c so' 1 trong tfl cUdng (y fim
chl My) khi mdi dd'n Bac Bd da khdng cin
gia'u gidm cho rang chung ta da vinh vien
di khdi ncJi dd Nudc Phfip da bi gaeh khdi
ban do chau A, it nhfi't la ve phfldng dien
mdt CUdng qud'c co thupc dia" (19)
Khi Nhfit d i u hang, mdt bfle dien mat
ciia Chinh phii My gfli cho cac si quan My
hoat dpng trong efic cd quan chi huy trdn
mat trfin chfiu A - Thfii Binh Dfldng da
cung khdng dfldc de cho Phap vfio Dong Duong" (20)
Tuy nhien, chinh sach ciia My ddl vdi Phap ve vfi'n de" Viet Nam vfi Ddng Dudng
da thay ddi rfi't nhanh vfio nhflng thfing cuoi nfim 1945 sau khi Tong thdng Roosevelt qua ddi thfing 4-1945
De lfim ro nguydn nhan cua tinh hinh
dd, c i n tim hidu thai dp ciia My trong each nhin bdi canh lich sii chinh tri mdi cua the' gidi vfi dfl kien thay ddi efi'u true cua tUdng quan luc lUdng mdi c6 ldi cho sfl tho'ng tri ciia My Trong bdi canh lich sfl chinh tri mdi cua the gidi co hai dac diem ndi bfit:
Bde diem thQ nhdt la sU phat trien ciia
chu nghia xa hdi d Trung, "Dong Au Chung
ta dfi bid't, t h i n g 2-1848, Tuydn ngdn eua Dang Cpng san do Mfic vfi Angghen viet
l i n d i u tidn dUdc cdng bd' d Luan Don Nhflng cfiu d i u tien cua Tuyen ngdn vie't:
"Mdt bong ma dang am anh chau Au, bdng
ma chii nghia cdng san Tfi't ea nhflng the' lUc cua chau Au cu: Giao hofing vfi Nga hofing, Mittrinich vfi Ghidd, bpn cfi'p tid'n Phfip vfi bpn canh sat Dfle deu da lien hipp Iai thfinh mot lien minh t h i n thanh de trfl bong ma d6" (21)
69 nfim sau, chii nghia cdng san khdng eon lfi mot bdng ma mfi da trd thanh mdt thfle the lich sfl vdi su xufi't hidn Dang Cdng san Lien Xd vfi Nhfi nude Lien bang Cpng hoa xfi hpi chu nghia Xd vie't
28 nfim tid'p theo, nfim 1945, sau chie'n thfing eua cac nUdc ddng minh ehd'ng phfit xit, mpt loat cac nflde d Trung, Ddng Au va chfiu A da rdi bo chii nghia tu ban, di theo con dUdng ciia Lien Xd vdi ehe' dp xfi hdi chii nghia
Bgc diem thQ hai Id sU phat trien rpng
khfip ciia phong trfio giai phdng dan toe tren khfip cfie luc dia A, Phi, My Latinh Tinh hinh noi tren lam eho cac nUdc dd'
Trang 8ddng minh dfi tiing sat canh ben nhau
chien dfi'u chong phat xit, da nhanh chdng
ehia tay nhau va trd thfinh nhflng ddl
tupng ehdng ddl nhau gay gfit My ra khoi
cudc chid'n tranh vdi mot flu thd' ndi troi vd
quan sfl, chinh tri, kinh td' Da't nflde My
khdng bi tfin phfi nhfl cac nflde ddng minh
khac Hai qua bom nguyen tfl nem xuong
Hiroshima vfi Nagasaki lfi mpt bieu tUpng
vd" sfle manh quan sfl ciia My vdi ddc quyen
bom nguyen tii, ddng thdi lfi mdt thdng diep
rfin de vdi Lien Xd (mai den nfim 1949 Lidn
Xd mdi cd bom nguyen tfl)
Kinh te' My chfing nhflng khdng bi suy
sup mfi cdn gifiu manh hdn nhd ldi nhufin
cua to hdp quan sU - cdng nghidp My dem
lai do chien tranh va trd thfinh nUdc cung
ca'p vien trd eho cac nude chau Au vdi Ke'
hoach Marshall My nghiim nhien tU xem
minh Ifi ngfldi lanh dao ciia thd' gidi tfl do
ed tie'ng ndi quyet dinh doi vdi eac vfi'n dd"
qud'e te' va trong Lien hiep qude de thay the'
Hdi qud'c lidn dupc thfinh lfip ngfiy
26-6-1945 d San Francisco (My), chinh thfle hoat
dpng tfl ngay 24-10-1945 Sau khi Tdng
thd'ng My Frankhin D.Roosevelt mfi't,
quye"n luc chuye'n sang tay ciia Tong thdng
Henry Truman vdi chie'n Ifldc doi ngoai
hoan toan khac vdi dudng Idl ciia
F.D.Roosevelt
Luc nfiy, Truman ra't quan tfim dd'n Tay
Au vfi CO y dinh ca'u tnic Iai Tay Au theo
hfldng cha'p nhfin sfl chi dao cua My nham
tao ra it nhfi't lfi mpt the can bang chid'n
Ifldc vdi khoi cfie nude Trung va Ddng Au
dfldi anh hudng eiia dudng loi chinh tri eua
Lidn Xd
Trong chu trUdng efi'u tnic Iai Tay Au,
My ra't quan tam de'n nflde Dflc va lo ngai
khi nflde Dflc trd lai hung manh se de dpa
phfit dpng mpt cudc chid'n tranh rfla hfin
Do dd phai lfim eho Tfiy Au manh ldn, trUde
he't lfi Phap Mud'n the, phai cd chinh sach phu hpp vdi Phap Luc do, Phap d vao mdt tinh trang ^dp ve*' vdi cac nflde ddng minh muo'n khoi phue cic thupc dia nhflng khong dii Iflc vfi hi My ngfin can O trong nflde Dang Cdng san thfing the' sau ehien tranh,
dxicJc nhan dan tin nhiem do dfi tich cflc
tham gia chid'n dfi'u cho'ng phfit xit Dflc, dflde tdn vinh lfi "Dang ciia nhflng ngfldi hi ban" va da tham gia chinh phii
O Trung Ddng, phong trao du kich cdng san ndi len chong cac chinh phii vfi My dfi phai dd vao 2 nflde do 400 tridu dd la de giup cfie nflde nfiy cho'ng lai cdng san
"Ngfiy 9-2-1946, Stalin co bai phat bieu trong dd dng giai thich vd" "sU khfic nhau cfin ban gifla chii nghia cpng san vfi ehu nghia tU ban Ong nha'n manh hd tho'ng tfl ban ein de'n eac ngudn nguyen Udu vfi thi trfldng Cudc Chid'n tranh thd' gidi thfl Hai
g i n dfiy chi lfi mpt trong mpt chudi cupc ehien e6 the xay ra va chi c6 thd chfi'm dflt khi kinh te' the' gidi chuyen doi sang chu nghia cpng san" (22) Hai tuan l l sau bfii phfit bidu ciia Stalin, George Kennan, Bp trudng Bd Ngoai giao My trong mdt bfii bfio
va tie'p theo dd, thang 7-1946, tren td Boi ngogi (Foreign Affairs) dUdi bi danh X,
G.Kennan cdng bd mdt bfii bfio dudi d i u dd:
"NhQng ngudn goe cua ehinh sfich Xd vid't", trong dd dng nhfi'n manh: 'Trai qua 300 nfim lich sfl nUdc Nga va 30 nam lich sfl Xd vie't, ehinh sach ddl ngoai eua MfitxccJ va dua tren ba tru cdt: chii nghia dd' qud'c Sa hofing, he tu tudng cfich mang cdng san, che dp Stalin" (23)
Thfing 3-1946, bfii diln van ciia Thu tudng Anh Sdcsin (Churchill) d TrUdng Dai hpc Phun tdn (Fulton) bang Mitxuri (Missouri) My, da md d i u eho cupc "chien tranh lanh" gifla cac nudc dd' qude vfi eac Iflc Ifldng dan chu, hda binh tren thd gidi
Trang 9Tfl sfl ke't hdp hai ndi dung "chraig chii
nghia cpng san" vfi "chidn tranh lanh" dd
da hinh thfinh "Hpc thuyet Truman"
Hpc thuyd't dd dfi che ngU dUclng loi ddl
ngo^i eiia My trong nhieu thfip ky Dd lfi
tinh hinh ma nflde Viet Nam, mdt mat
b i n g dudng loi chinh tri cua minh, tid'p
nhfin dUdc anh hudng tich cue cua cac trfio
lflu tie'n bp cCia the gidi dd phat tridn va
mat khac, phai dUdng d i u vdi cac chinh
sfich cua cac chinh quyen My noi tie'p nhau
trong hdn 30 nfim vdi muc dich thii tieu
nen ddc Ifip ciia Vidt Nam vdi lufin diem
chong cpng san
Trong thdi gian tfl cuoi nfim 1945 dd'n
d i u nam 1946, Chii tieh Hd Chi Minh dfi
gfli 8 bfle thu vfi didn van cho Td'ng thd'ng
vfi Bd Ngoai giao My Trong dien van ngay
18-10-1945 gfli Truman, Hd Chu tich hoan
nghenh viec thanh lfip Uy ban tfl vfi'n vd
Viln Ddng ciia Lien hiep qud'e vfi chflng
minh vd mat phap ly va thflc te' Viet Nam
phai ed quydn dai didn tai Uy ban nay chfl
khdng phai lfi Phfip
Trong thfl gfli Truman ngfiy 16-2-1946,
Hd Chii tich lai keu gpi Tong thd'ng My tdn
trpng tinh t h i n va ldi vfin cua Tuyen bd' 12
diem cua ehinh Qng ta va nhflng bai phat
bieu ciia cfie dai dien My tai Lien hidp qud'c
de CO "budc quyd't dinh iing hd nen dpc lfip
ciia Vidt Nam" Ngfldi nha'n manh: "Muc
tieu cua chflng toi la ddc lap hoan toan va
hdp t i e toan dien vdi Hoa Ky Chung tdi se
lfim he't sflc minh de lam cho nen dpc lap va
sfl hdp tae nay trd ndn cd ldi cho toan thd
gidi" (24)
Tid'c rfing nhflng bfle thu vfi didn vfin
trdn dfiy dfi khdng nhfin dupe mot hdi am
nfio eiia cfie nhfi c i m quyen My luc do
Thflc te tren da dfldc Thid'u tfi Archimeds
Patti, Iiic dd phu t r i c h td chflc OSS (Office
of Strategic Service), cum tinh bao chie'n
Ifldc My d Con Minh midn Nam Trung
Qudc ndi ro trong t i e pham Why Vietnam?
(Tai sao Viet Nam?) xufi't ban nam 1980, trong dd tfie gia dfi ndi ro mpt each trung thlie nhflng sU kidn lich sfl dfi diln ra trong nhflng nam td chflc do dng phu trfich da cpng t i c vdi Viet Minh do Chu tich Hd Chi Minh lanh dao, mpt nha each mang mfi dng rfi't kinh men vfi kham phue ve nhan quan chinh tri sfiu sfic vfi p h i m chfi't dao dflc cao dep Tic pham ciing da phd phfin chinh saeh ehdng cpng sai l i m cua My cl Vidt Nam trong nhieu thfip ky
A.Patti da 3 l i n den Ha Npi L i n thfl nha't lfi ngay sau khi Cfich mang t h i n g Tfim thfinh cdng L i n thfl hai la vfio t h i n g 5-1991 Lan thfl ba lfi vfio dip to chflc UNESCO tdn vinh Chu tich Hd Chi Minh
la Anh hung giai phong dan tpc vfi Nhfi van hoa ldn Tdi da ed may mfin dfldc tid'p xue vdi dng trong l i n gap thfl hai Trong l i n gfip dd, ong noi: Ngay 30-9-1945, tdi de'n chao Hd Chu tich de vd nUdc Hd Chii tich hdi tdi: Thfii dp cua My doi vdi Viet Nam nhfl the'nao? Cd gi thay ddi Tdi tra ldi: Tfl sau khi Roossevelt chd't den nay, tinh hinh cung chUa co gi rd rang ChUa co tuyen bo' nfio chinh thflc ung ho Viet Nam dupe ddc lfip Cung nhfl khdng ed tuyen bd' nfio iing
hp P h i p trd lai Viet Nam, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh lac dau va ndi: Cd ai mu ma khdng thfi'y My dfi bfit dau thay ddi chinh sach, da cung efi'p eho Phap vu khi vfi phUdng tidn chie'n tranh Phap se sdm mudn xam chid'm Lfio, Campuchia, Trung Ky vfi ca Bfie Ky nfla Dieu dd, hp se phai tra bfing mdt gia dfit, Patti cho r i n g do lfi mot loi tien tri da dupe thue hien sau 30 nfim khi My thfi't bai
6 Viet Nam
My dfi thu dudc kd't qua gi trong viec thflc hidn ehinh sach ehd'ng cdng kd't hdp vdi sfl dung ehieu bfii ung hd chii nghia dfin
Trang 10tdc Hay de cho cac nhfi chinh khach Phfip,
My tra Idi
Tren thuc te', chinh sach ndi tren khdng
CO gi mdi Nd da dupe Phap thflc hien khi
xfim lupc Viet Nam Tudng Leclerc, khi
dupc de nghi thay vi do ddc - t h i y tu ndi
tie'ng cd chinh sach eiing rfin vdi edng san
sang Ddng Dfldng lfim Td'ng tfl ldnh quan
vien ehinh da tfl choi vi t h i y rd khdng thd
thfing dupc trong cupc ehien tranh d Vidt
Nam Leclerc cd cau noi ndi tieng: "Chii
nghia cho'ng cpng la mdt ddn bay khong cd
diem tfla ehflng nfio ngUdi ta chfla giai
quyd't dfldc vfi'n de dfin tpc"
Rut kinh nghidm thfi't bai cua Phip,
Tdng thdng De Gaulle da noi thfing vdi
Tdng thdng My Kennedy tfl nfim 1961: "He
tu tudng ma cac dng neu ra eung chfing
thay ddi dupc gi Cac dng cang lao vao
cho'ng chu nghia cdng san d do (Viet Nam)
thi nhflng ngfldi cdng san cang ndi bat len
la nhflng ehien si eiia dpc lfip dfin tdc vfi
cfing dfldc iing hp" (25)
Thfla nhfin sU thfi't bai eua My trong
chinh sach ehd'ng edng d mien Nam Viet
Nam, ThUdng nghi si My Fulbright trong
quyen sach "Su ngang ngUde cua quyen uy"
dfi vid't: "Quan diem eiia My ve cich mang
bi chi phdl bdi mot vfi'n de ddn gian nhUng
cho tdi nay vfin khong the khac phuc dfldc:
Chiing ta co thai do thu dich vdi chii nghla
cdng san, ddng thdi Iai ddng tinh vdi chii
nghla dfin tdc vfi khi chii nghia cdng san vfi
chii nghla dfin tdc gan lien vdi nhau thi
chiing ta dam ra bdi rdi, thfi't vpng, cam
tfle, ha'p tfi'p, vdi va va ba't nhfi't Trong
trfldng hpp cfich mang Cuba vfi chien tranh
d Vidt Nam trong do ehu nghia edng san vfi
chii nghia dfin tdc lien ket chat che vdi
nhau My da vfi'p phai nhflng vfi'n de tid'n
thoai Ifldng nan he't sflc gay go trong vide
vach t r i n chinh saeh va nhflng thfi't hai dau ddn trong viec thflc hien" (26) Trong mpt cupc didu tran trflde Quoc hpi
My, trflde sU thfit khdng thd chdl eai noi trdn, cac Thflpng nghi si Fulbright vfi Church da phai thfla nhfin: "Nhflng nhfi lanh dao edng san lfi kie'n true su thfit su cua nen dpc lap dan tdc Vidt Nam" (27)
3 Viet N a m s a u k h a n g c h i e n cho'ng
My thfing Icfi Ngay 30-4-1975, khdng chi nhan dan Viet Nam phfi'n khdi, vui mflng tot dp don nhfin tin cudc khfing chie'n chong My da toan thfing mfi ban be khap nam chau da tiing ung hd Viet Nam chid'n da'u cung chia
se niem vui dd Sau 20 nfim bi chia cat, dfi't nude thu ve" mpt mdl, hai mien Nam Bfie lai sum hpp mpt nhfi
NhQng ngfiy vui da sdm qua di Nhfin dan Viet Nam dflng trUdc nhQng kho khan cflc ldn dang bay ra trUdc mat 20 nfim chien tranh dfi tfin phfi dfi't nUdc Tren mien Bfie, cic cd sd san xua't edng nghiep, ndng nghidp, cac tuyen giao thdng huyd't maeh bi hai cudc chie'n tranh khdng quan pha hoai nang ne Ludng thuc thie'u thdn nghidm trpng Vien trd quoe te' ke ca cae nude xa hpi chu nghia h i u nhU khdng cdn Lam phat phi ma de'n 3 con so Chinh sfich bao vay, ca'm van ciia My cfing lam cho tinh hinh da't nUdc them khd khfin
0 mien Nam, hfing trieu ngfldi thfi't nghiep ChOi nghla thuc dfin mdi My dd Iai nhQng td nan xa hpi nghiem trpng (cfie bang eUdp, ma tuy, mai dfim) Cac Iiic lupng vfi td chflc phan ddng am muu pha hoai chinh quyen cfich mang Mpt so lUdng nhan dan khdng nhd, du khdng mudn, nhUng do khdng vfldt qua dfldc kho khfin trong ddi sd'ng da chpn con dfldng di tan sang My