sir RA DOn CUA HOAN QUAN TRONG UCH SlfVA CHE 0 0 HOAN QUAN THOTI QUAN CHU VIET NAM NGUYEN MINH TUttNG' Trong lich sfl chfnh quyin quan chu Vigt Nam, k l tfl thdi Ngd, Dinh, Tiln Lg d l
Trang 1sir RA DOn CUA HOAN QUAN TRONG UCH SlfVA CHE 0 0 HOAN QUAN THOTI QUAN CHU VIET NAM
NGUYEN MINH TUttNG'
Trong lich sfl chfnh quyin quan chu
Vigt Nam, k l tfl thdi Ngd, Dinh,
Tiln Lg d l h trilu Nguyin, cd mdt Io?i quan
Iai kha ddc bidt, dd Id Hogn quan Cdn efl
vdo nhiing tfl hdu lich sci, chung ta cd thd bilt
ring, ban d i u H o ^ quan Id ehi mdt sd ngudi
ddn dng sinh ra da thieu bd phdn sinh thflc
khf hode phai chiu hinh phat clt bd bd p h ^
ndy, hay ty nguy$n thieh hoan, phu trdch
nhiing vide tap dich nhU: Coi gifl c i a eung,
truyin d?t m$nh Ipnh, h i u ha vide dn 5 sinh
hoat trong cung vua
Mdc dfl dja vi eiia Hoan quan thd'p k6m,
nhflng vi hp Id ngUdi h i u g i n gui cua vua,
chiia, nen cd t h i d l ddng nhdn dupe sy tin
c^y cua vua, chfla so vdi cac quan Iai khdc,
vi v§y ed kha nang gay dfldc mdt sd anh
hfldng ndo dd ddi vdi vua, ehua, thdm chf
edn can dy vdo cdng viee trilu ehfnh Do dd,
chiing tdi cho rdng, vide tim hieu ngudn
gd'c, danh xflng vd anh hfldng eua Hoan
quan trong lich sfl ehfnh quyin qudn chu
Vidt Nam Id dilu h i t sflc cln thiet
I N g u o n go'c va c a c t e n goi c u a
H o ^ n q u a n t r o n g lich sii
Hogn quan, cdn gpi la TU nhdn, Yem
nhdn, Trung quan, Ngi thi vk Thdi gidm
, Id san phim rieng cua t h i chg' chfnh tri
qudn chu phfldng Ddng nhfl: Trung Qudc,
VietNam
Nhflng tdi Hdu ghi ch6p v l Hogn guan, sdm nhdt thfiiy ciKinh Thi vk Chu Ii Thien
Xa Ldn - Tdn Phong, trong Kinh Thi cd ghi ehgp edng vi$c cua Hogn quan: " ^ ^ ^ 7-, # A :^ 'n - Vi kien qudn tu!, Tii nhdn chi lenh" (Luc chfla dflpc gdp nhd vua, thi
khiln quan Ndi giam (Hoan quan) thdng
bao trflde) Thidn Hgng Bd - Tieu nhd, trong Kinh thi \k sdng tdc eua Mgnh tU,
mpt b l tdi thdi Chu U vfldng (781-770 tr Cn) m i e phai ldi gidm pha md bi thiln, ldm Hoan quan Manh tfl ldm bdi thd ndy d l bdy td ndi oan khul^t eua minh, ed cau: " #
A^T-, ^^itm, nsmj', m.mm^
- Tli nhdn Mgnh tii, Tdc vi thU thi; Phdm bdch qudn tu!, Kinh nhi thinh chi' (Hoan
quan tdn tU la Manh tfl, xin ldm bai thd ndy
Mong hdng tram bde qudn tii, hay kfnh cdn
nghe theo, canh gidc gifl minh, trflde dfla
xilm ninh) Thien Thieu Mdn - Dgi Nhd, trong Kinh Thi chi trieh bpn sdu mpt va Hoan quan lam roi loan dd't nflde: " S IS [h
H, # # 0 ^ - Mdu tgc ngi hong; Hdn trdc
my c6n^' (Bpn sau ddn, mpt nflde thi gay rdi
• PGS TS Vidn Sfl hoc
Trang 26 trong Bpn Hoan quan thi hd'ng hach
(khdng khiem cung) d ngodi) Danh nho thdi
Ddng Han Id Trinh Huyen chu: "Hon, Trdc
deu Id ydm nhdn, d i u la ten quan vdy Trac
ed nghia h\ cdt bd dUdng vdt"
Trong chUdng Thien quan chiing te, sdch
Chu Li dd ghi chdp cac lo^i ehfle danh vd
edng vi$c cua Hogn quan, nhfl: "Ngi tieu
thdn truyin menh l^nh cua hodng hgu",
"Ngiicfi coi gia cOa giaa cua cung vua", "Tii
nhdn trdng coi ngiicfi trong viidng thdt vd
thac hiin Unh tritng phgt cung niit', "Ndi
gidm truyin dat minh linh trong ngodC
Xud't hi^n sau mpt ehut so vdi cae bd sdch
k l trdn, Id 2 thidn Nguyit linh vd Ngi tdc d
Li Ky, da cd nhiing ghi chdp ey the hdn ddi
vdi chflc trdch eua Hogn quan
TrUdc thdi Ddng Hdn (25-220 tr Cn),
Hogn quan khdng h i n d i u Id ngfldi hi
thiln hoan "Tat thdy deu diing ngadi thien
hogn" {Tdt dung yem nhdn) Idm ngfldi h i u
h^ trong cung vua Id chuypn sau thdi Ddng
Hdn Sau thdi Ddng Han, Hoan quan hodn
todn Id nhflng ngflcfi da bi hoan Cac trilu
d^i ke thfla nhau, d i n d i n trd thdnh chd' dd
eddinh
B i t d i u tfl gifla thdi Ddng Han, do cd
nhilu d'u chfla Idm vua (1), ehfnh quyin
thfldng rdi vdo tay Ngogi thich (Hp ngoai
cua vua, tfle than thudc cua Hodng Thai
h4u) Sau khi Hodng d l trudng thdnh,
khdng cam tdm vdi tinh trang chuydn
quyin ciia ngoai thieh, bdn dfla vdo hoan
quan, phdt ddng chfnh bid'n, mudn doat
ehfnh quyin trong tay ngoai thfch Trong
cupc da'u tranh ung hd Hodng d l , ehd'ng lai
t4p dodn ngoai thfeh, nhflng hoan quan
ndy hinh thdnh thd' Iyc chfnh tri manh,
thao tling chfnh quyin, thay thd' tdp dodn
ngoai thfch Dfldi thdi Hdn Linh dd'
(168-188), Id thdi k^ hoan quan da long hdnh,
khid'n cho n i n ehfnh tri ngay cdng hu bpi
nhdn dan edng thdm khd'n khd' Stt Trung Qudc thudng nhdc tdi 10 vien hoan quan
quyin hdnh rl^t Idn, thdi ky ndy, gpi Id Thdp Thidng thi Id: Trfldng Nhflpng, Tridu
Trung, Ha Hdn, Quach Thang, Tdn ChUdng, Tat Lam, Tue Tung, Dodn Khue, Cao Vpng, Trfldng Cung, Han Khdi, Td'ng Dien Mfldi
hai ngfldi nay diu Iam quan Trung Thiidng thi, rd't dupe vua Linh De quy trpng, sung ai, ndn gpi chung Id Thap Thiidng thi
Thdi Dfldng, dd'n ddi Dfldng Huyin Tdng (712-755), hoan quan cdng dUdc tin dung Dudng Huyen Tong rdt sung ai hoan quan Cao Lfle Si Ong ta cd quyin quyd't doan chfnh sfl, ndi ehung, nhflng td'u bilu trong
ca nudc giii v l trilu, d i u do Cao Lye Si quyd't dinh, cd dang ldn vua xem hay khong Sau cudc nd'i loan An - Sfl (An Ldc
Sdn va Sit Tu Minh), kdo ddi 8 ndm
(755-763), Hoan quan Ly Phu Qude ed cdng ldp Dfldng Tuc Tdng (756-762) Idm vua, quyen the' cdng ldn NhUng thdi ky ndy, hoan quan cung ehi dya vdo sU tin dflng eua nhd vua, de ean thi$p vao ehfnh sy
B i t d i u tfl ddi Dudng Dflc Tdng (780-803), de ngan chan vo tfldng dung binh Idm lopn, Hoang de' thiet Idp rieng nhflng ddi
cd'm binh, nhfl: Td, HUu Thdn sdch, Uy viin, va giao eho hoan quan ndm gifl Vi
thd', binh quyin tai Kinh dd Trfldng An
hoan todn thudc v l ho^n quan, gpi Id Td, HOu qudn Trung uy Tfl dd, hoan quan lai
ed nhflng binh tfldng Id ngUdi ngodi, gpi la
Qudn dung Quan sdt sa Tran qudn Tiet do
sa trong thien ha ciing deu ed hoan quan
gidm sdt Sau khi cd binh quyin, sy chuyen quyin, can dy vdo chfnh sy ciia hoan quan
da ed eho dya, khdng h i bilt e sd, chang nhflng vdn vo bach quan chiu khud't phuc
vd ngay Hodng dd' cung khdng ed each ndo dep ydn dupc Thdm chi, cdc Hodng dd'nhd Dfldng nhfl: Hid'n Tdng (L^ Thuin), Kfnh
Trang 3Tdng (Ly Tram) ddu bi hoan quan dau ddc
md che't Cdn eac Hoang de khae nhfl Mue
Tdng (821-824), Vdn Tong (827-840), Vu
Tdng (841-846), Tuyen Tdng (847-859), t
Tdng (860-873), Hy Tdng (874-888), Chidu
Tdng (889-904) d i u do hoan quan sdp dat
md dfldc ldn ngdi Cd the ndi, Hoan quan
vdo thdi Van Dudng hd't sfle ngang ngflpc,
hung dc, hp lung doan trieu chfnh, kd't bd
dang tidu digt ldn nhau, trilu dai nha
Dfldng (618-907) eung theo dd md sup do
Thdi Minh, nhd't la tfl nien hidu Vinh
Lae (1403-1424) ddi Minh Thanh To, Hoan
quan bdt d i u dfldc trpng dung Nguyen
nhdn sau xa khdng chi vi Minh Thdnh Td
khdi binh tai Bie Binh (nay Id Blc Kinh),
td'n cdng vd chid'm doat ngdi Hodng dd' cua
ngfldi chau rupt Id Kie'n Vdn dd' (Chu Doan
Vdn), sit gpi la "Su kien Tinh ngn", dfldc
hoan quan giup dd rd't nhilu, ma nguyen
nhan chu yd'u Id d ehd ehe' dp qudn chu
chuydn ehd' thdi Minh da dat tdi dinh cao
Minh Thdnh Td' dd trpng dung hoan quan
d l tid'n hanh khd'ng ehe, cai quan cae mat
ehfnh tri, kinh tg', xa hdi, quan sy Bdi vdy,
tfl dd trd di, t h i lUc hoan quan khdng
ngflng dUde tang cfldng, gay ngn nhflng
hdu qua vd eung nghigm trpng cho ddi song
xa hdi thdi Minh \ ^ quyin thd' eua hoan
quan trdn cac mdt chfnh tri, kinh tg', quan
sy qua ldn, nen mfle dd vd sfl nguy hai cua
hoan quan chuyen quyen vdo thdi Minh
edng nghidm trpng Trong so' hoan quan
thdi ky ndy, cd bd'n ngUdi quyin lye ra't ldn,
sii gpi Id Ta hung hay Ta Dgi Thiin viicfng
la: VUdng Cha'n ddi Anh Tdng (1436-1449)
vd (1457-1464), Udng Tryc ddi Hid'n Tong
(1465-1487), LUu C l n ddi Vo Tdng
(1506-1521), Nguy Trung Hien ddi Hy Tdng
(1621-1627)
VI each gpi, nhilu ngUdi cho rdng Hogn
quan vd Thdi gidm la hai tfl ed ciing mdt
vdy Thfl nhd't, ban d i u khdng phai mpi
Hogn quan d i u bi thien Thfl hai, trong lich sfl thdi quan ehu, Hogn quan vd Thai gidm khdng phai ed cung mdt khai nidm Nhu trgn da ndi, Hoan quan Id tgn gpi ehung nhflng vign quan phuc vu Hodng de
vk hodng tdc trong hoang cung Cdn Thdi gidm, trflde thdi Minh khdng phai Id Hoan quan Tfl Thdi gidm xud't hien sdm nha't Id
vao nam Long Sde thfl 2 (662) ddi Dfldng Cao Tdng (650-683), da dd'i didn Trung Tinh chuydn quan ly vide di lpi, xe ed, phuc
sflc thdnh Trung ngy phu, ldp ra Trung ngli Thdi gidm, Thiiu gidm Trong chfnh
quyen cua nhd Lidu (tdc Khid't Dan:
907-1160), eac quan nhU Thdi phu gidm, Thiiii phu gidm, Mat thii gidm, deu cd chflc Thdi gidm Nhd Kim (1115-1234), nha Nguygn
(1279-1368) deu theo che dp eua nha Ligu, trong bd't efl nha nguc ndo cung co chflc
Thdi gidm Thdi gidm thdi Nguyen la quan
lai ca'p hai trong nha nguc, chfl khong phai
la ngudi ehiu hinh phat bi thieh
Den thdi Minh mdi dat ehfle Thdi gidm
la vidn quan dflng d i u Hoan quan Nam Hdng Vo thfl 28 (1395) ddi Minh Thai T^, trong hang ngu Ndi quan (tfle Hoan quan), thie't lap 11 giam, ddt chflc Thai giam, dia
vi d trdn chflc Thie'u gidm vk Gidm thUa
VI sau, lai thid't lap 24 nha mdn, moi nha
mdn dat 1 vien hodc nhieu vign Thdi gidm, trdt Chdnh ta phdm (2) Thdi Minh, mudn ldm Thdi gidm, deu phai Id Hogn quan, nhflng khdng phai mpi Hogn quan diu la Thdi gidm Thdi gidm Id cd'p trdn cua Hogn quan, dd la nhflng Hogn quan cao cd'p, eo
p h i m cdp, bong ldc nhd't dinh Tuy nhidn,
vao thdi Minh khdng phai cfl ldm Thdi gidm la chi cd mdt vide h i u ha trong hoang
cung, ma cdn cd mdt sd' Thai giam dupe nhd vua trao cho nhiing cdng vide hd't sflc quan
trpng, nhu trfldng hpp "Tam Bdo Thdi
Trang 4Trinh Hda, von hp Ma, ten hdi nhd Id
Tam Bao, xud't than trong mdt gia dinh
dan tde Hdi d Van Nam, Trung Qud'c Ddi
dng va ddi cha cua Trinh Hda d i u theo dao
Islam (tfle Hdi giao), da tflng hdnh hfldng
tdi thanh dia La Mecque (nay thudc Ardp
Xdut) Sau nay, dng vdo Idm Thai giara d
eung Ydn Vfldng, vi td ra thdng minh thao
vat nen dflpc Ydn Vfldng (tfle Minh Thdnh
Td': 1403-1424) ygu men Tfl ndm 1405 dd'n
ndm 1433, trong g i n 30 nara, Trinh Hda
trUdc sau da 7 I l n ddn dodn thuyin Gin
d i u 1405, cd 62 thuyen ldn vdi hdn 27.800
ngfldi) qua An Dd DUdng, tdi tham vieng
hdn 30 qud'c gia, xa nha't Id Somali, thudc
Chau Phi
n Sfl dien t i e n c u a c h e d o H o a n q u a n
t r o n g lich suf t h d i q u a n c h u Viet N a m
Hogn quan xud't hien tfl bao gid trong
lich sfl quan ehu Viet Nam?
Thye ra, de tra ldi dUdc eau hdi tren
khdng phai Id dieu dd dang Cd dilu, chung
ta diu bid't, cac trilu dai qudn chu budi d i u
thdi dde ldp, trong vide td chflc chfnh quyin
trung fldng, dai dd thfldng phdng theo quan
che 2 ddi Dfldng, Tong cua Trung Quoc Nhfl
vdy, ed t h i khang dinh, vdo thdi Ngd, Dinh,
Tiln Ld, khi da thid't lap trieu dinh, ed Vua,
Hoang dd', Hodng tdc vd nhd't Id cd eung vua,
thi at phai dat ra chflc Hogn quan de sai
khie'n, lam eac cdng viec h i u ha
Sfl cu chep ve vidn Hogn quan thude so'
d i u tign cua Vipt Nam Id Do Thich, nhdn
vdt da sat hai Dinh Tien Hodng vd Dinh
Lien, vdo mua Ddng, thang 12 nam 979
Viit su! lade chdp: ":*: ^ + ¥ 4 , H —
3 ^ : Thdi Binh thdp niin Ddng, thgp
nhdt nguyet, VUdng dg yen, vi Phuc Hdu
hoanh Dd Thich sd thi cap Viet vUcfng Liin
ddng " (3) (Thdi Binh ndm thfl 10 (979)
Mua Ddng, thang 11, vua (ehi Dinh Tign
Hodng - TG) an yd'n ban ddm, bi ten Phuc Hdu hoanh Dd Thich, gidt cung vdi Viet
VUdng [Dinh] Liin" (4)
Trong khi dd, sach Dgi Viet sit ky todn thli va cae bp sii chep sau nhfl: Dgi Viet sH
ky tiin biin cua Ngd Thi Sy d the ky XVIII, Khdm dinh Viet sa thdng gidm ciicfng muc
cua sfl t h i n trilu Nguyin d the' ky XIX,
Viet sa ciiang muc tiii yi'u cua Ddng Xuan
Bang d thd' ky XIX, deu chep Dd Thich
ldm chflc Chi hgu ngi nhdn
Dgi Viet sa ky todn tha ehep: "Mua Dong, thdng 10 nam Thai Binh thfl 10 (979), Chi hgu ngi nhdn Id Dd Thieh gidl vua d san
cung Nhan luc dn yen ban dem, say rUdu ndm trong sdn, Thfch bdn gidt chd't, Iai gid't ludn ea Nam Vigt vfldng Liln" (5)
Theo saeh Trung Qudc lich dgi quan chi' dgi ta diin thi Chi hgu ngi nhdn vd'n ed ten ehinh thflc Id Chi hdu ngi phdm, dflpc ddt
ra vdo d i u ddi Td'ng (960-1279), ndm trong
Nhgp ngi Ngi thi sdnh Cac vien Hoan
quan ndi trdn trong Ndi thi sanh, chflc vu d
dudi vidn Chi hdu Cao phdm Diu Id chflc
quan h i u ha trong cd'm cung (6) NhU vdy,
cd t h i thd'y, nhd Dinh ddt chflc Chi hdu ngi nhdn la ed sfl md phdng chflc Chi hdu ngi phdm tren day cua trieu Td'ng, Trung Qud'c
Thdi Ly (1009-1225) dd ehinh thflc ddt
cae chflc Hogn quan trong eung dinh Saeh Dgi Viet sa ky todn tha chdp: "Mua ddng,
thang 12, ndm Thien Phu Due Vu thfl 1 (1120), cho Ndi nhdn thfl gia Id Phan Canh
va Mau Du Do ldm Ngi thadng thi' (7) Sau
dd, Bgi Viet sii ky todn thd Iai chdp: "Thdng
6 nam Thien Phu Dud Vu thfl 6 (1125), vua (tfle Ly Nhdn Tdng - TG), tfl hdnh cung (8)
Ung Phong de'n hanh cung Ly Nhan, Nhdp ngi thiidng thi Trung thfla la Mau Du Dd
vdng tuydn bao cac quan trong ngodi ring:
Cd rdng vang hidn 6 didn kin ciia hanh cung,
chl cd eung nfl va Hogn quan trdng thd'y" (9)
Trang 5cac chflc Ngi thiidng thi, Nhdp ngi thiidng
thi thudc cd quan Ngi thi sdnh
Ngi thi sdnh Id ten quan thy, vdo thdi
Tfly (581-618), d^i tfl cd quan Trung Thi
Trung sdnh cua ddi B l c T l md thdnh, phy
trdch mpi cdng vide h i u ha trong cung
dinh Npi thi sanh ed cac chflc Ngi thi, Ngi
thadng thi d i u 2 vidn, Ngi cdp sa 4 vidn,
Ngi y^t gid gidm 6 vidn, Ndi thi bd 2 vien,
Ngi yii gid 12 vidn, Ty nhan 6 vidn d i u
dflng Hoon quan (10)
Vdo thdi Ly, hoan quan khdng ehi ldm
v i ^ h i u hp trong cung cd'm sud't ddi, md
n l u nhfl cd tai, t r i l u (finh cd't nhdc ldn cdc
chflc vu quan trpng nhu trUdng hpp h$
Thudng Ki^t ehing han Sfl cu chdp; "[LS']
Thudng Kidt ngudi phudng Thdi Hda,
thdnh Thdng Long, ndi ddi lam quan, nhilu
mflu Iflpc, cd tdi Idm tudng Khi cdn ft tud'i,
vi ve mdt tUdi dpp dupc sung Hodng mdn
chi hdu theo h i u [Ly] Thai Tdng, thdng
din chflc Ngi thi sdnh Dd tri " (11)
Chflc Hodng mdn chi hgu Id mpt chflc
hoan quan Theo ail eii thi Ly Thfldng Ki§t
vd'n da cd vd, khdng ro vi Ie gi dng Iai tinh
thfin (12) d l Idm hoan quan? Vl vide ndy cd
nhilu thuyd't
Bia Thdn phd Ly ThUdng Kiet cua Nhfl
Ba Si cd vid't ring: V l v i ^ dng ty yem, cd 2
thuydt: Mpt thuyet, lue vua Ly Thai Tong
danh bat dfldc Nflng Tri Cao rdi Iai tha ra
(1041), Ly Thudng Kidt nha't thid't ean ngan
Vua cho Id thd't Ie, ben phat b i t tinh thdn
Sau khi dng trd v l nhd, vua Ly Thai Tdng
I?ii tridu vdo h i u cdn Thuyet thfl 2 Id
thuyd't da thdy d sach Viet dien u linh tap
ring: Vua thd'y mdt miii dep, dd cho dng 3
vpn quan tiln, bao ty yem " (13) Thuyit
thfl 2 cd le dling hdn, vi sii nhd T r i n sau ndy
cho biet: Ndm 1254, vua T r i n Thai Tdng
ban tien cho Pham Ung Mdng bao tfl hoan
d l vao hiu,' la b i t chfldc 1§ cu cua trilu Ly
dflng Ly Thfldng Kidt va Ly Thfldng Hidn Vi$e Ly Thfldng Kiet t y yem de Idm hopn
quan Id mdt sfl thye, vi tuy Thdn tich ed ndi
dng da Id'y vp, md sau dd, sfl ta eiing nhfl
sach Mdng Khe but ddm cua Thim Hopt ddi
Td'ng diu ndi dng Id mdt hoan quan Cd Id,
Ly Thfldng Kidt chi Idm nhidm vu eua mdt hoan quan dfldi trilu Ly Thdi Tdng (1028-1054), cu the ehi khoang 13 ndm
(1041-1054), vi theo sfl cu dd'n ddi Ly Thanh Tdng
(1054-1072), thi dng da dUpe vua tm tudng
trpng dyng Dgi Viet sU ky todn thU chdp:
"[Ly] Thdnh Tdng phong cho [Ly Thfldng
Ki$t] chflc Thai bao, trao cho tid't vidt di di
kinh ly thdm hdi I ^ dan d Thanh Hda, Ngh^
An Den khi vua than di danh Chidm Thdnh (1069), Id'y Idm tUdng tien phong, bdt dflpc vua Chidm Id Che Cu Vi ed cdng, dflpc phong lam Phu quoc Thai phd, dao thy chfl trd'n tid't dp, Ddng trung thU mdn h?,
ThUdng tru quoc, Thien tit nghia dd (14),
Phu qudc Thupng tfldng quan, tfldc Khai qudc cdng, sau Iai cd cdng nfl!a, dflpe phong ldm Thai fly, rdi chd't" (15) Nam 1105, Thdi
uy Ly Thudng Kidt ehe't, dupe truy t ^ g chflc Nhdp ndi didn Dd tri, kilm hipu, Thai iiy, Binh ehUdng quan qufic trpng sy, tfldc Vi^t qudc cdng, thyc dp 1 van hd" (16)
Sau khi Ly Thudng Kidt ehit, vua LJ Nhan Tdng lai eho em dng Id Ly Thudng Hid'n (vdn eung Id hopn quan) dUpc k l phong tfldc h i u (17)
Theo sii gia Ddng Xudn Bang trong Su"
hoc bi khdo, thi: Trong quan c h l ddi T r i n cung cd ed quan Ngi thi sank, ed cdc chflc Ngi thi, Ngi thudng thi gifl vide h i u ha
trong cung vd tuygn phung chd'l^nh (18) Nhflng vdo thdi T r i n , cd mdt ch^ dd kha ddc bi$t Id chuygn dung hoan quan gifl
ehfle Hdnh khien (tfle tfldng dfldng vdi Te tudng) Sach Bgi Viit sa ky todn thU nhdn
chdp sy kipn "Miia ha, thang 4 ndm Dinh
Trang 6Mao (1267): Chpn dung nho sinh hay chfl
sung vdo quan, cdc, sanh, vidn Bdy gid,
Ddng Ke' Idm Hdn Idm vidn Hpc si, Dd Qud'c
Ta lam Trung thfl sanh Trung thfl ldnh,
diu Id nho si vdn hpc" (19), sfl t h i n trieu
Ld sd nhdn xet r i n g : "Theo che do cU,
khdng phdi Id Ngi nhdn (Hoan quan), thi
khdng dflpc ldm Hdnh khien, chfla bao gid
dung nho si vdn hpc Bat d i u tfl ddy, nho si
vdn hpe mdi dfldc gifl quyen binh" (20)
Che' dp chuydn dung Hoan quan gifl
chflc Hdnh khien, cd the kdo ddi sud't tfl
d i u thdi T r i n cho dd'n ddi T r i n Anh Tdng,
mdi ed sy thay dd'i Dgi Viet sa ky todn thU
chep: "Mua Ddng, thdng 10, nam Quy Mao
(1303); Ld'y T r i n Khic Chung lam Nh^p
ndi Dai hdnh khiln Chflc Hdnh k h i l n ma
ed thdm 2 chfl "Nhdp tigi" Id theo t r i l u Ly,
chuyen dung hogn quan Idm chflc d'y Dg'n
day, Thflpng hodng (chi T r i n Nhdn Tdng
-TG) mdi ld'y Khdc Chung Idm Hdnh khiln,
lpi thdm 2 ehfl "Nhdp ngi" nhU xUa, va
dung ca si phu Idm Hdnh khien" (21)
Diu thdi Le sd dd thie't dat cde chflc Thdi
gidm, Ngi gidm Ngi nhdn thi hgu Nhflng
chflc Thdi giam dflng d i u Ngi quan (tfle
Hogn quan), cd the khdng phai Id' Hoan
quan, md trieu (finh dung cdc vign dai t h i n
kiem nhipm ehfle d'y, nhfl: Trfldng hpp dau
thdi Lg Thai Tdng (1434-1442) ld'y Didn tiln
dd kilm dilm Ld E dflpc kiem gifl chflc Thai
gidm, Ndi giam ndi ngopi chfl dieh (1434)
(22) ehing ban Lg E tflng dflpc Le Thai
Td' vinh phong la Cdng t h i n hang nhd't, tfldc
Thfldng tri tfl nam 1428 (23)
Nhflng ghi chdp dfldi day cua sit cu ve
Thdi gidm, eang cho thd'y vdo d i u thdi Le
sd, chflc a'y khdng phai d i u la Hoan quan
sach Dgi Viet sH ky todn thU chdp:
"- Thdng 8 nam Thipu Binh thfl 4 (1437):
Ld'y Thdi gidm Tham tri chinh sy Trinh
thang 8, nam d'y, vua Le Thai Tdng: "Ra ehi
du cho cae dai than, Thdi gidm va Hinh quan ring: Nhflng ngfldi xii dn, phai cdn cfl
vdo cac dilu ehinh trong ludt md xet xii, edn
edn efl vao dilu nao de xii mdt tdi nao, thi
phai tham khao ludt hinh rdi trinh cho dpi
t h i n , Thdi gidm, Dai quan (tfle quan Ngy sit
ddi - TG) vd ndm dao eung xem xdt " (25) Thdi bd'y gid, cdn mdt hi$n tUdng Id cac vign hoan quan khdng phai chi ldm cdc vipc
h i u ha trong hdu cung, md cd kha nhieu ngfldi gifl nhflng chflc vu quan trong, nhfl trudng hdp Hopn quan Ludng Ddng, dupe
vua Ld Thai Tdng eho gifl chflc Ld bd ty Dong gidm kiem tri Dien nhgc sU Vua Le
Thai Tdng da sai Lfldng Ddng vd Nguyen Trai soan dinh nha nhae cho cdc nghi thflc
dai trilu Vi "kiSh gidi khdng gidng nhau" vdi Lfldng Ddng, ndn Nguyin Trdi "xin trd lgi cong viic dUOc saf Vua Ld Thai Tdng
bdn sai mdt minh Lfldng Dang dinh ra cde quy chd' Khi edng viec hodn thanh, nhd vua
thdng Lo bg ty Dong gidm Lfldng Dang len
Idm Bo ^ m (1437) (26)
Vdo thdi Le Thai Tdng, cd mdt so ldn hopn quan chuyen gifl vide hau ha trong cung cd'm, nhu cdc vidn Hopn quan Dinh Phuc, Dinh Thing chdng han, nhflng dfldng nhfl s6^
hoan quan ndy, dfldc trilu dinh "nudng chiiu" cho ndn hp cd quyin thg'khd Idn Bii cu chdp
trfldng hdp Hoan quan Dinh Thing ddm qudt mdng vign Tham nghi Nguyin Lilu, khi ong nay tau vdi vua: "- Tfl xUa tdi nay, chUa bao gid ed canh hoan quan ehuyen pha hoai thidn
ha nhu thd'ndy!"
Dinh T h i n g tfl trong bUdc ra, mdng rang; "- Hoan quan lam gi md pha hopi thidn ha? Nd'u pha hoai thidn ha thi chdm
d i u ngfldi trflde!" (27)
Thdi Ld Thanh Tdng, theo saeh Thien Nam du hg tap, thi tfl ndm 1471, sau khi hieu dinh quan che, ehe' dp hopn quan dflpc
Trang 7Bit diu tfl ndm Hdng Bite thfl 2 (1471),
Ndi quan hay Hogn quan cd edc chflc sau day:
Trfldng quan: Thi trung linh, 1 vien,
trdt 3a
- Phd quan: Pho thi trung lenh, 1 vidn,
trdt 3b
- Thudc quan: ••- Bat triic lenh, 1 vidn,
trdt 4a
+ Pho bat true lenh, 2 vidn, trdt 4b (28)
C6 Id rflt dfldc bdi hpe ve sfl long quyin
cua hopn quan dUdi trieu Le Thai Tdng
(1434-1442), ndn dm vdi ddm hoan quan,
ngay tfl khi mdi len ngdi, vua Ld Thdnh Tdng
td ra hd't sflc canh giae vd nghigm khdc Sdch
Dgi Viet sa ky todn thU cho bid't: "Thang 4
ndm Quang Thuan thfl 4 (1463), cdm Ngi
quan va con gdi trong cung khdng dupc kd't
bpn vdi ngudi ngodi, khdng dflpc trao doi trd
chuypn vd dua bdn vdi nhau (29)
Dfldi thdi Le - Trinh cd the ndi, hoan
quan ra't cd thd' lye vd dupe trpng dung hdn
hdn eae trilu dai trflde dd Tfl Trinh Tung
(1570-1623) trd di, khdng ddi chfla Trinh
ndo, khdng cd mot vai vidn hoan quan than
can, dupc trao cho quyin hanh rl't ldn, cd
trUdng hpp Id'n at ca uy quyin cua chua
Trinh Cd t h i k l den mdt vdi nhdn vdt tidu
bieu nhfl: Npi giam Nhac qudn cdng Bfli Si
Lam thdi Trinh Tung; Thid'u bao, Chudng
tu le gidm, Qudn cdng Hodng Nhan Dung
(dupc ban hp Trinh la Trinh Ldm) thdi
Trinh Trdng; Han qudn cdng Than Cdng
Tdi thdi Trinh Cdn; Thie'u bao, Van qudn
cdng Dd Ba P h i m thdi Trinh CUdng
Trong cdc vi chua Trinh, thi Trinh
Giang (1729-1740), bi eac sci t h i n eoi Id vi
ehfla hdn kdm nhd't Chinh ehfla Trinh
Cudng, than phu cua Trinh Giang ciing
bid't: "Giang la ngudi ngu dot Udn hen,
khdng the gdnh vdc dugc cdng viec" (30),
ndn Trinh Cudng dd c h i n chfl khdng
mudn trao ngdi chua cho Trinh Giang (31)
Vi thd', ma Hoan quan Hodng Cong Phu (qud xd Que' Trao, huydn Hipp Hda, tinh Bae Giang) c6 thd ehuydn chinh, long quyin, tac oai, tdc phue Th^m ehi, Trinh Giang edn cho xay h d n h cung Qud' Trao, tai que hUdng cua Hoang Cdng Phu de d
vd hdnh Ipc (32)
Dde bipt, chiia Trinh Giang con dinh ra mdt t h i chg' chfla tflng cd trong quan chl thdi quan ehu Vidt Nam, Id dat ridng mdt
"ban" cho Hoan quan, gpi la Gidm ban: Sdch Dgi Viit sa ky tuc biin chdp: "Mua
ha, thang 4, ndm Vinh Hyu thfl 5 (1739),
khao thi Gidm ban Chd' dd eu ehi ed 2 ban: Vdn, Vd Dd'n nay Iai ddt them Gidm ban,
thdnh 3 ban, td chflc khao thf, ai trflng thi trao chflc" (33)
Saeh Khdm dinh Viet sa thdng gidm cUdng muc eiing chdp; 'Thang 4, mfla hp,
ndm Vinh Hyu thfl 5 (1739), Trinh Giang
bdt d i u dat Gidm ban Theo ehe' dp eii, cac
quan ehi ed 2 ban; Van, Vo Dd'n nay bpn hoan quan long quyin, Giang mdi ddt thdm
Gidm ban Ha Ipnh: Ai thi khao trung cdch
sd dupe trao eho quan chflc Cde quan Id'y the ldm hd' thpn, nhflng khdng ai dam noi Dd'n d i u ddi Canh Hflng (1740-1786) mdi
bdi bd vide dat Gidm ban" (34)
Tuy gpi Id Gidm ban, nhflng phai hieu la Thdi gidm ban, vi dUdi thdi quan ehu, chfl Gidm ed dd'n 3 nghia: 1 Tfl d l ehi quan thy ndi ehung nhu: Quo'c Tii giam, Thilu phu
giam, Quan khf giam, Dd thuy gidm ; 2
Gpi tat cua Qud'c Tii gidm, nhfl: Gidm sinh
(Sinh vidn Quo'c Tfl giam), Trfldng gidm ;
3 C h i r ; i d i ^ m ( 3 5 )
Theo sfl gia Phan Huy Chii, Gidm ban
thdi Le - Trinh cd cac ehfle:
- Tdng Thdi gidm, trdt 3a
- Dd Thdi gidm, trdt 3b,
- Thdi gidm, tr^ t 4a (36)
Trang 8- Dong tri Thdi gidm, trat 5a
- Td Thieii gidm, trdt 5b
- HOu Thieii gidm, trdt 5b
- Gidm thaa, trdt 8a (37)
Sau khi thdnh ldp Gidm ban, tfl thdi
ehfla Trinh Doanh (1740-1767) vi ed nhieu
eude khdi nghia ndng ddn nhfl: khdi nghia
eua Qudn Heo Nguyen Danh PhUdng, khdi
nghia cua Qudn He Nguyen Hflu Clu trieu
dinh phai efl tUdng di danh dpp, trd'n dp,
nhieu vidn hoan quan ed tai lam tfldng, cdng
dflpc trpng dung Nam 1770, ehua Trinh
Doanh bd' dung Hopn quan Hodng Cdng Ky
gifl chflc Thdng ldnh chinh Tdy Bgi tUdng
qudn, de di ddnh Nguyin Danh Phfldng (38)
Ndm 1743, chua Trinh Doanh bo dung Ta
Thie'u giam Hodng Ngu Phue gifl chflc Doc
Ilnh dgo ky binh phdi hdp vdi Thdng tUdng
dgo Chinh binh Id Hoan quan Hoang Cdng
Ky di danh Nguyen Hiiu Clu d Dd Sdn (nay
thudc Thdnh phd Hai Phdng) (39)
Chua Trinh Sam (1767-1782), vfla len
ngdi da phong cho Hoan quan Hodng Ngu
Phuc tfldc cdng mdt ehfl (tfle Viip Qudn
cdng), lpi gia phong eho la "DUc van ddng
dac cdng thdn" (40) Sau nay, Hodng Ngu
Phiic dflpc thang Ien chflc Dgi tU do,
Chudng phu Sli, trdt Chanh nhd't phdm
(41) Hoang Ngu Phuc Id bde danh tfldng
vdo hang so mot eiia trieu dinh Ld — Trinh
Trong lich sfl quan chg' thdi quan ehu Vigt
Nam, de'n trieu Minh Mgnh (1820-1841), thi
dpi ngu hoan quan mdi dupc quy dinh v l
nhiem vy vd thfl hang m^t each rd rdng
Thdng 3 ndm 1824, trieu dinh cd Ignh
cho cac dia phUdng tfl Nghd An ra Blc Hd,
xdt hdi trong ddn gian xem cd ngudi nao Id
Yim hogn (tfle sinh ra dd khdng ed dUdng
v^t), thi do tram dieh ddn ve Kinh do Phu
Xuan (tudi tfl 13 trd ldn, dd'n 65 tudi trd
xud'ng), khdng dUdc gid'u giem Trieu dinh quy dinh nd'u quan dia phUdng ndd che gid'u 1 ngUdi thi bi phat 80 trfldng, cfl moi ngfldi Iai tang them 1 bde Nhan ddy, vua Minh Menh du bao Thai thudng Ty khanh Hodng Kim Hoan rdng: "Ddi trUdc nhd Hdn, nhd Dfldng md't nflde, tuy rang do sd trdi, nhflng ehfla ban la khdng bdi do bpn ndy gay ra Song cdng viec trong eung cd'm khdng cd nd, cung khdng xong Nay bpn eung giam ehi ed hdn 10 ngUdi, khdng dii sai khid'n, cho ndn mud'n kdn thdm NhUng ehi dung dd gifl cfla va truyin bao mpnh ldnh, khdng cho ean dy dd'n chinh sy trilu dinh, tfldng cung khdng hai gi" (42) Thang 3 nam 1836, vua Minh Menh ban
du chi bat d i u quy dinh cd'p b^e cho eac Thai giam Tfl day trd di, nhd vua quy dinh
"Khdng cho da vdo phdm cdp trong quan che, de to rang hogn quan khdng dUpc ke uao hgng tdn thdn" (43) Cuoi bdi Du, vua
Minh Mdnh lai nhdc nhd con chdu dng ring: "Cho hp, ngudi nao vide d'y, de sai khig'n h i u ha, nhUng mdi mai khdng dy vdo giai vd phdm quan ehfle trilu dinh
Ve du ndy, e h u i n cho Qudc Tfl gidm khie vao da, lai sao Iuc giao Qud'c sfl qudn kinh
c l n tang trfl, truyin lpi cho con chau ta mudn van nam, ddi ddi kinh gifl ma khdng thay ddi Ne'u ai mudn thay ddi thi eac bay tdi, trong trilu vd ngoai tra'n ndn neu Idi
T r i m , ndm Id'y dd ma can ngdn de siia
chfla lam ldi " (44)
Bai Du cua vua Minh Mdnh tren day, sau dd vao ngdy mung 1 thdng 2 nam Minh Mdnh thfl 17 (1836), dupc cae vidn dai t h i n cua Cd mat vidn Id TrUdng Dang Q u i va Phan Ba Dat khdc todn vdn vdo bia da dyng tai nhd bi dinh ben phai Van Mid'u, Kinh dd Phu Xudn (45)
Trang 9Theo bdi Du trdn, thi Thai gidm dupe nhflng ngUdi chiu hinh phpt ndy nhU d
chia thdnh 5 hang (xem bang 1) (46); Trung Qudc, hau nhfl khdng ed Vl vdy,
Bang 1: Cdc h a n g Thai giam thfli Nguyen
TT
1
2
3
4
5
Tdn dang^hang
Thu ddng
Thfl ddng
Trung ddng
A ddng
Ha ddne
Chflc vu Thai Kidm Quan vu Thai gidm; Didn sU Thai gidm
Kidm sU Thai Ridm; Phung nghi Thai gidm
Thfla chune Thdi giam; Dien thing (47) Thdi gidm Cung sy Thai giam; Hp nd Thdi gidm
Csung phung Thai gidm; Thfla bign Thai giam
Bang 2: Bang ca'p tien Ifltfng h a n g t h d n g cho Thdi giam (48)
TT
1
2
3
4
5
T€n dkng hang
Thu ding
Thd d i n s
Trunp danp;
AdSng
Ha ddnR
Tien (Quan)
6
6
4
3
2
Gao (PhXolns)
4
3
3
2
2
i n Ket l u $ n
Qua diln tid'n cua che dp Hopn quan
trong lieh sit thdi qudn ehu Viet Nam, vfla
dfldc trinh bay trdn day, chung tdi xin rflt
ra mdt so nhdn xdt nhfl sau;
1 Che' dp Hoan quan cOia Nhd nflde
qudn chu Viet Nam Id mo phdng theo c h l
dp Hopn quan cua Trung QuS'c thdi cd',
trung dpi Nhflng dpi ngu Hoan quan thdi
quan ehu Viet Nam thudng ehi ldm cdng
vi$c h i u ha trong cung cd'm, vd so' lUpng
cung khong nhieu nhU Hopn quan eac ddi
Han, Dudng cua Trung Qud'c Do vdy, d
Vi^t Nam, khong t h i xua't hidn cdc Hoan
quan Idng quyen, ngang ngflde, hong hdch
nhfl kieu Thgp thudng thi ddi Han hay Ta
hung ddi Minh nhu ndi d trdn
2 Vi dudi thdi qudn chu Vipt Nam, tfl
the ky X d i n the ky XDC, Nha nflde da ap
dyng Ngd hinh QCuy ddnh roi; TrUdng:
ddnh b i n g g^y; Do: dd ldm Iinh chdn voi,
ngya, hau ha nhd quan, ; LUu: day di xa;
Ta: gig't chd't), nen trong ludt hinh h i u nhU
khdng dp dung Cung hinh, tfle c l t bd bd
phdn sinh due cua ngUdi pham tdi Cho
ngudn bd sung eho ddi ngu Hoan quan thdi quan ehu Vidt Nam, chu yd'u b i n g 2 dudng: Thfl nhd't, ty nguydn t h i l n hoan d l dflpc Idm Hopn quan; thfl hai, Id ngfldi vd'n sinh
ra da khdng cd bd phdn sinh due
3 Trong Iieh sti thdi quan ehu Vi$t Nam, cd khong it ngfldi vd'n xud't than U hoan quan, nhihig bang tdi ndng, dflc dp cua minh, hp da trd thdnh nhflng danh tudng, danh nhan lich sfl ed nhilu dfing gdp ddl vdi dd't nudc, nhfl: Thai fly Ly Thudng Ki§t ddi Ly, Vidp Qu^n cdng Hodng Ngu Phue ddi Le - Trinh, Chudng Ta quan
Ld Vdn Duydt ddi Nguyin ehing hpn
4 Mpt trong nhiing nguydn nhdn quan trpng khid'n cho Hoan quan Vidt Nam c6 nhilu dilm khac biet dw vdi Hoan quan Trung Qudc Id vi: Vua chua Vidt Nam thud xfla khdng song qua tdch bipt doi vdi ddn chung; eung cam eua hp eiing khdng I^y ^ lam to ldn, qua xa each vdi khu ddn cU; cimg phi cua hp cung khdng khi ndo ldn tdi vdi nghin ngfldi nhfl hdu cung cde hodng dl Trung Quoc Ly do d l hieu Id vi trilu (finh qudn ehu Vidt Nam khdng qua gidu cd dl
Trang 10T r u n g Q u d c Vi Id do, d p i n g u H o a n q u a n V i e t
N a m , c h u a b a o gid l d n tdi con sd' h a n g t r a m ,
h a n g n g h i n n h U c a c d d i H d n , D u d n g , T o n g ,
N g u y g n , M i n h , T h a n h c u a T r u n g Q u o c
H o a n q u a n d V i e t N a m c h u y e u l a m
e d n g v i g c h i u h a c u n g cd'm, so* lUdng
t h u d n g k h d n g n h i e u T r d n g l i c h sfl t h d i
CHU THICH
(1) Tii Hdn Hda de'(89-105 a.Cn) trfl di, thdi
Dong Han gdn nhU Hu do Ku chua noi ngoi;
- Hdn Hba de'flLUu Tn^u): len ngoi nfim 10 tudi
- Hdn Thiicfng de (Luu Long • 105-106): len
ngdi ndm 1 tuoi
• Hdn An dS'QjMu H^iu • 107-125): len ngoi nSm
13 tudi
• Hdn Xung rfe'{Lau Binh - 145-146): len ngoi
nfim 2 tudi
- Hdn Chat de'(Uiu Toan - 146-147): len ngoi
nfim 8 tudi
- Hdn Hoan de'(Luu Chi - 147-167): len ngdi
nfim 15 tuoi
• Hdn Linh dS'(L\iu Hofinh - 168-188): Ien ngoi
nfim 12 tudi
(2) La Tong Lye (chu bien): Trung Quoc lich
dgi quan che dgi tii dien Bfie Kinh xufi't ban xa,
xufittban 1994, tr 126
(3) Viet su: luac Q.l: Binh ky
(4) Viet su: lugc Nxb Thu^n H6a - Trung t a m
Vftn hfia D6ng Tay, Hue, 2005 Ban dich c i a Tr£n
Quoc Vu^ing, tr 56
(5), (7), (9), ( U ) , 915), (16), (17) Dgi Viet silky
todn thli Sdd, tftp 1, tr 214, 291, 294, 285 285
285, 285
(6), (10) Trung Quoc lich dgi quan che dgi tii
diin Sdd, tr 650-651, 156
(8) Hanh cung: lfi cung dien ldm t^im, lfim cho nghi
ngdi cho nhfi vua di kinh ly cac ndi ngofii Kinh do
(12) Tinh thdn nhan: NgUcii dfin ong da cfit dflt
sinh thUc khi
(13) Hofing Xuan Han: Ly Thititng Kiet • Lich
si ngogi giao triiu Ly Nxb Vfin hpc Hfi N$i
1995, tr 33
q u d n c h u , nd'u n h u cd v d i t r f l d n g h p p l o n g
q u y i n , c h d n g q u a t h d i bd'y gid t r i e u d i n h
g a p p h a i "Hdn qudn" h o d c "du chda" t r i vi,
n d n h p m d i cd t h d i ed v d d i e u k i p n de xud't
h i d n Dd l a n h f l n g t r u d n g h p p h a n hflu,
k h d n g p h a i t h f l d n g x u y d n x a y r a t r o n g l i e h sfl t h d i q u a n e h i i V i d t N a m
(14) Thiin tii: nghia de: nghia lfi em nuoi cua
vua
(18) Dfing Xufin Bang: Sii hpc bi khao Nxb Vfin hoa Thong tin, Ha Noi, 1997, tr.515 (19) (20), (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), (26), (27),
(29) Dgi Vlit sit ky to&n thU Sdd, t^p 2 tr 36, 36,
87, 321, 292, 342, 342-343, 343-344, 345, 399
(28) Kham dinh Viet sil tkOng gidm ci^yng
muc Nxb Giao due, Hfi Noi, 1998, tfip 1, t r l l l 7
(30) (31), (32) (34), (38), (39) Khdm dinh Viet
sit thdng gidm cUOng muc Sdd, t§p 2, tr 472, 472,
507, 503, 525, 563
(33) Dgi Viet su" ky tuc bien Nxb Khoa hoc xa
hoi, Hfi Noi, 1991, tr.l54
(35) Trung Quoc lich dgi quan che dgi tii dien
Sdd, tr 681-682
(36) Phan Huy Chu trong Lich triiu hien
chiicfng logi chi, eh^p thi^u chflc Thdi gidm • Toi
cfin cfl vfio Quan che dbi Bdo Thdi mfi them vfio (37) Phan Huy Chu: Lich triiu hien chuang
logi chi Nxb Sii hoc, Hfi Noi, 1961, t^p 2, t r l 5
(40), (41) Dgi Viit sil ky tuc bien Sdd, tr 301,
348
(42) Dgi Nam thUc luc Nxb Gifio due, Hfi Noi,
2004, tap 2, tr 331
(43) (44) (46), (48) Dai Nam thUc luc Sdd, tfip
4, tr 872
(45) Xem tofin vfin chfl Han vfi ban dich trong
sach; Khoa cii vd cdc nhd khoa bdng tneu Nguyin
Pham Dflc Thfinh Dung - Vinh Cao (Dong chu bien) Nxb Thufin Hoa Hue, 2000, tr 44-47
(47) Dien thdng, chfl Thdng, con doc lfi No, nSn c6 ban dich lfi Dii'n nd Thdi gidm, Ho nd Thdi
gidm