Nhflng cupc chie'n tranh ndng tai A chau nay cd tac dpng ngflde trd lai vdi an ninh chau Au vd'n da trd thanh va'n de" nhay cam sau The' chie'n IL Lo sd ve mdt cudc ta'n cdng eo the xay
Trang 1VE MOI LIEN HE CIUA CHIEN TRANH DONG Dl/dNC VA
KE HOACH "CONG OONG PHONG THU CHAU AU" (1952 1954)
DAO DLTC THUAN'
1 D a t v a n d e
Bdi canh quoc te nhflng nam 1950 chflng
kid'n nhi§"u su kien quan trgng ma nhflng
hau qua cua nd da lam nen tang cho quan
he qud'c te' nhflng nam sau do Chid'n tranh
Lanh vd'n xuat phat tfl chau Au da d i n dan
dfldc ham ndng len bang nhflng xung dot
quan sU b khu vflc A chau khien eho pham
vi anh huSng cua nd lan rdng ra toan the
gidi Cao trao cua Chie'n tranh Lanh didn
ra d A ehau dau nhflng nam 1950 dUpc
danh da'u b i n g Chie'n tranh Trieu Tien
(1950-1953) va Chie'n tranh Ddng Dudng
lln thfl nha't (1946-1954) Nhflng cupc
chie'n tranh ndng tai A chau nay cd tac
dpng ngflde trd lai vdi an ninh chau Au vd'n
da trd thanh va'n de" nhay cam sau The'
chie'n IL
Lo sd ve mdt cudc ta'n cdng eo the xay ra
tfl phia Ddng cua chau Au do Lien Xd tie'n
hanh qua lanh thd' Dflc, de dga an ninh eua
khu vflc Tay Au, tfl dd "nhuom do" Tay Au
va cd the lan sang eac khu vUc khac cua the'
gidi, Hoa Ki da thuc giuc cac nUde dong
mmh Tay Au cua minh dong y de nfldc
Cong hda lien bang Dflc (Tay Dflc) dfldc tai
vu trang Nude Phap, vd'n la mot dong minh
"yeu the" hdn so vdi Lien Xd, Hoa Ki va
Anh trong The' chie'n ll, to ra that sU lo
l i n g ve mdt nude Tay Dflc vdi tiem nang va trang bi quan su ludn vUdt troi so vdi Phap,
la qud'e gia da danh chiem thanh cdng nUdc Phap ba l l n trong vdng 70 nam (1) Thang 10-1950, Thu tudng Phap lflc dd la Rene Pleven da de" xua't thanh lap "Cdng dong phdng thu chau Au" (ten tieng Anh
European Defense Community, viet t i t la
EDC, tfl day xin dung tfl viet t i t nay) bao gom cae nUdc tham gia ki ke't la: Phap, Italy, Ha Lan, Bi, Luc-xera-bua va Tay
Dflc, Trong khuon khS cua Ke hoaeh nay,
Tay Dfle se dupc tai vu trang, nhung khdng
cd quan dpi qud'c gia rieng ma ca Tay Au se
cd quan ddi chung dudi sU chi huy chung cua mot hdi dong Ndi each khac, Tay Dflc
cd the dflde tai vu trang nhUng van bi kiem
soat b mot so'linh vflc nha't dinh (2)
Mac dfl da dUde 6 nude ki ke't vao ngay 27-5-1952 nhUng tren thUc te, Hiep Udc chUa bao gid dUdc trien khai do Qud'c hdi Phap da tfl chd'i phd chuan nd vao ngay 30-8-1954 (3) Vay tai sao nfldc Phap, tae gia cua Ke' hoach lai chi'nh la qud'c gia tfl chd'i nd? Ddng Dudng va Chie'n tranh Ddng Dudng l l n thfl nha't cd tac ddng ra sao dd'i vdi ke't qua ndu tren? Hau qua sau dd ciia
nd la gi? Trong pham vi bai vid't nay, chung tdi cd' g i n g thfl phan tich mdt vai mo'i lien
Trang 2he gifla cudc khang chie'n chd'ng Phap gianh
dpe lap dan tpc cua Viet Nam vdi Ke' hoach
neu tren qua viec khai thae, sfl dung mdt sd'
nguon tfl lieu cua phfldng Tay
2 Dong Dfldng va sfl t h a t b a i c u a Ke
h o a c h "Cong d o n g p h o n g t h u c h a u Au"
(1952-1954)
Ben canh viec phan tich nguyen nhan
thanh lap thi thai do, toan tinh cua cac
nfldc ldn co lien quan de'n ke hoach nay va
sfl pha san eua nd cung can dupc de cap
de'n cae nude ldn d day la: Hoa Ki, Phap
Tuy nhien, nflde Tay Dflc, vdi vi tri trpng
ye'u, chie'n Ifldc cua minh b ehau Au eung
cin dUdc quan tam phan tich NUdc Anh,
ngay tfl sau The chie'n II, da hoac la ngan
ngfl, hoac co mflc do, hoac tfl chd'i tham gia
cac lien minh cua Tay Au (4) Ddng Dfldng
ludn n i m trong ta't ca nhflng toan tinh cua
cac nude ldn xung quanh ke' hoach neu tren
va trong nhflng chflng mUc nha't dinh, ket
qua cua Chie'n tranh Ddng DUdng lan thfl
nha't la mpt trong nhflng nguyen nhan
quan trpng lam that bai ke hoach nay
Thdi do cua Mi: La nUdc ldn nhat trong
khd'i dong minh chd'ng phat xi't trong The
chie'n II Sau nam 1945, Mi rat mud'n co
mdt chau Au dn dinh ve an ninh, nhUng
trong ehien lupc lau dai cua Mi, chau Au
phai CO trach nhiem chi'nh trong viec dam
bao an ninh cua minh Tuy Hiep u6c
Brussels nam 1948 (5) da dUdc kf ket song
trong khudn kho cua Hiep udc nay, Tay
Dflc chfla dfldc tham gia nhfl mot thanh
vien eua cdng dong Ke ca Hiep Udc
Washington ve thanh lap Lien minh Quan
sfl Ble Dai Tay dUdng - NATO mot nam
sau dd, nUdc nay cung v l n hi dflng ngoai
eupe do nhflng rang buoc ma cac nu6c dong
minh dUa ra de quan If nfldc Dflc thdi hau
chie'n Tuy nhien, cue dien the gidi thay doi
nhanh chdng khi Chien tranh Trieu Tien
no ra thang 6-1950, ndi quan ngai ve sfl md rdng cfla chu nghia Cdng san da xam chiem toan bo nhflng bp oe cua gidi lanh dao phUdng Tay (6)
Chfnh sach ngan chan (containment policy) ra ddi dfldi ehinh quye"n cua Tong
thd'ng Ml Harry S Truman va dfldc thUc hien triet de dfldi thdi lanh dao cua Eisenhower Tay Dflc trong hoan canh mdi nay, vdi vi tri dia-chfnh tri quan trong cua
minh b chau Au can dUdc tai vfl trang de se
dfldc sfl dung nhfl mot "con dap" ngan eban
sU banh trudng cua ehu nghia cpng san sang the' gidi phUdng Tay Tren cd sci dd, Cpng dong phdng thii chau Au vdi sU tham gia eua Tay DUe la dieu cUc ki can thie't va mang tinh chie'n lupc dd'i vdi an ninh cua phUdng Tay Chinh vi vay, Hoa Ki lien tuc thuc ep Qud'c hdi Phap sdm phe chuan du
an nay Can nha'n manh r i n g , Hoa Ki tbudng xuyen sfl dung quan bai Ddng Duong trong qua trinh mae ca vdi Phap; neu Phap khdng sdm phe c h u i n kg' hoach nay, Hoa Ki se ngUng vien trd tai chfnh cho
Phap de Phap tie'p tuc cuoc chie'n b Ddng
Dudng Dd'i vdi Hoa Ki, gifla Ddng Dudng
va EDC cd md'i lien he chat che vdi nhau va deu la ke't qua cua qua trinh qud'c te hda cac xung dot quan sU tren hai ban dao d^u
ci chau A la Trieu Tien va Ddng Dudng Ban than nUdc Mi dfldi thdi lanh dao cua Td'ng thd'ng Eisenhower cung gap phai nhflng kho khan trong hoach dinh chien lUdc, do la mdt mat Mi van mud'n Paris tie'p tuc tie'n hanh cuoc chien t r a n h (fly thac eua phUdng Tay) chd'ng sU lan rdng cua chu nghia edng
san b chau A tren chie'n trUdng Ddng
Dudng, mat khac van mud'n Phap gia tang
hdn nfla vai trd quan sU b chau Au trdng
khudn kho EDC do chfnh Phap de xua't (7)
Vephia Phdp, dflng trfldc nhflng de" nghi
Trang 3Pleven da midn cuSng de xua't thanh lap
mot cdng ddng phdng thu chimg nhu tdn da
neu Td chflc nay dupc thanh lap dfla tren
rao binh td' ehflc va boat ddng cua Cong
dong Than va Thep chau Au da dupc thanh
lap trudc do (8) Tuy nhien, tiem thflc cua
gidi lanh dao va nhan dan Phap ludn lo
ngai mpt dieu r i n g nUde Tay Dflc ludn la
md'i lo ngai ve" an ninh cua Phap Phap e
ngai r i n g , trong nhflng dieu kien va thdi
diem nhat dinh, nhfl hoan canh lich sfl the
gidi d i u nhflng nam 1950 la mpt vf du,
nfldc Tay Dflc se cd ed hdi quay trcf lai
thd'ng tri ehau Au, mot dieu ma nudc Phap
ra't khd eha'p nhan va ed' g i n g ngan chan
Tuy nhien, vdi dieu kien nudc Phap trong
thdi diem tren, that khdng de dang de Phap
cd the thuc hien dupc mong mud'n cua minh
trong viec kim ham Tay Dflc
NhQng lo ngai ve an ninh b chau Au
khdng phai la md'i ban tam duy nha't cfla
Phap ma ehinh trong thdi diem nay, sU
thd'ng tri cua Phap b Ddng DUdng (va 5 eae
thupe dia khae) dang hi lung lay nghiem
trpng Phong trao giai phdng dan tdc cua
cac dan tdc thudc dia dang dang len manh
me Chinh nfldc Phap eung dang phai dd'i
d i u vdi nhan dan Viet Nam trong cdng cudc
da'u tranh, gianh dpc lap dupc b i t dau tfl
nam 1946, dudi su lanh dao cua Ho Chi
Minh Sau nhflng thang lpi cua quan dpi
Viet Minh trong Chie'n dich bien gidi nam
1950 va sU no r a cua Chid'n tranh Trie"u
Tien, Phap ngay cang gap phai nhigu kho
khan hdn trong viec bd' tri lUc lUdng quan
sfl tren chien trUdng ndng b chau A va mdt
chie'n trfldng ndng khac "trong long Chie'n
tranh Lanh" cd the xay ra d chau Au
Theo nhflng gi ma Phap de xua't trong
khuon kho eua EDC, Phap phai ddng gdp
14 sU doan trong tUdng quan vdi sU ddng
that thi Phap se khdng bao gid thuc hien dUdc cam ke't nay do phan ldn luc lupng quan dpi eua Phap dang ddng quan d chie'n
trudng Ddng Dudng hoac b Bac Phi (9)
TrUdc tinh the khd khan ca ve quan sU lan
tai chfnh eho nhflng phieu luu quan sfl b
Ddng DUdng ndi rieng va d nhflng nfldc thupe dia ndi chung, Phap hoan toan lung tung trong viec lua chpn Uu tien trong ehinh saeh dd'i ngoai va quan sU cua minh (10) Phap bupc phai xuo'ng thang va edng khai mac ea vdi Mi r i n g , nhflng chi phf ve tai chfnh va quan sfl d Dong Dfldng phai dfldc tinh vao ddng gop cua cua Phap tren mat tran ngan chan sfl lan rpng eua ehu
nghia cdng san b chau A Lflc nay, Ddng
Dfldng bat dau dfldc sfl dung nhfl quan bai
de cac nfldc ldn mac ca vdi nhau trong vide
duy tri va bao dam an ninh b Au chau
Ke hoaeh ve mpt td chflc quan sU phdng thii chung cua Tay Au ma trong dd, Phap la tac gia cua ke' hoach cd ve dfldc dd" xua't hoae la khdng dung thdi diem, hoac la nhflng tinh toan ciia gidi lanh dao Phap da khong sie ben trong viec nhan dinh nhflng khd khan cua minh trong viec dong thdi thflc hien hai trong tam dd'i ngoai: duy tri thudc dia (d Ddng Dudng va khu vflc Ble Phi) va tham gia sau rdng hdn vao edng dong ehau Au vdi vai trd lanh dao Nhie"u dai bieu trong Qud'c hoi Phap, thupe nhieu dang phai khae nhau tham chi da cho r i n g chi khi Phap gianh dUdc t h i n g Idi tren chie'n trUdng Ddng Dfldng thi Phap mdi cd the cd dflde flu the trdng viec giai quye't va'n
de EDC Ndi each khac, chi cd mdt t h i n g Idi
ea ve quan sfl lan ngoai giao d Ddng Dfldng mdi cd the giup Phap tfl tin vao sflc manh cua minh trong viec lanh dao cdng dong quan sfl nay, cu the hdn la mdi du tu tin de kiem tda va khd'ng che dUdc mpt nudc Tay Dflc dang tren da trdi day manh me sau
Trang 4tfl dd Phap mdi cd the dam dfldng nd'i tham
vpng (va trong trach) lanh dao ea chau Au
Lo ngai ve mdt nUdc Tay Dfle da am anh
Phap de'n ndi gidi lap phap cua Phap cdn
cho r i n g chi t h i n g lpi tuyet doi cl Ddng
Dfldng mdi xflng dang lam dd'i trpng vdi
va'n de tai vu trang nude Tay Dflc Tai thdi
did'm nay, Phap bupc phai dflng trfldc cac
Ifla chpn flu tien cfla minh la tie'p tue tap
trung da sd' lflc Ifldng quan sfl cua minh b
khu vuc sdng Elbe hay song Hong? Nhung
eang de'n giai doan cud'i eua Chid'n tranh
Ddng DUdng, Phap cang nhan ra r i n g minh
khd CO the cflng luc bd' trf luc lUdng quan sU
eiia minh ca d Ddng Dudng l l n b ehau Au
Chinh Bd trUdng Qud'e phong Phap luc dd
la Rend Pleven (sau khi thdi chflc Thfl
tudng) cflng khdng tin la, neu Phap gianh
dupe phan t h i n g ldi cl Ddng Dudng thi eflng
se thay doi dupc xu the nudc Tay Dflc tai vu
trang Dieu nay mpt l l n nfla dUde khang
dinh khi Rene Pleven trao doi vdi ngUdi
dong nhiem Hoa Ki la John Foster Dulles
la viec bd' tri lue lUpng quan sfl ciia Phap b
Ddng Dfldng "thue sU dang gay ra nhflng
can trb to ldn do'i vdi ke hoach EDC ngay
ca khi chung tdi gianh dflde thang ldi, dieu
dd cung cd nghia la chung tdi bi thua (b
chau Au)" (11)
Them vao dd, nhflng khd khan ve kinh
te eiia Phap dau nhflng nam 1950 da khdng
cho phep nfldc nay thflc hien dflde ta't ca
tham vpng chie'n Ifldc eua minh Chfnh phu
Phap vao nam 1953 da phai thfla nhan cay
d i n g r i n g "nUdc Phap khdng the nao chiu
dflng dfldc (nhflng chi phi) lau dai hdn eho
ca Ddng Dudng l l n nhflng cam ke't quan sU
cua minh cl chau Au va nhflng chi phi ngay
cang gia tang cl Ble Phi" (12) Theo dU toan,
so vdi ddng gdp ve tai ehinh cua Tay Dflc
cho dfl an EDC thi Phap chi ddng gdp dfldc
3,5 ti Mark trong khi do Tay Dflc cd thd' cd
(13) That vay, trong khoang tfl nam 1947 de'n nam 1954, cac chuyen gia da Udc tfnh rang chi phi cua Phap cf Ddng DUdng da
g i n nhfl ngang b i n g vdi tdng sd' tien ma nUdc nay nhan dUdc tfl Ke hoaeh Marshall eua Hoa Ki (14)
Ve thdi do cda Tdy Bdc: Tfl mpt nfldc
thua tran va hi lUe lUdng dong minh phan chia khu vUc chiem ddng nam 1945 de'n thdi diem thanh lap hai nha nUdc Dflc vao nam 1949 chinh la thdi diem binh thanh eua hang loat cac sfl kien, hoe thuyet dan de'n sfl dd'i dau chie'n lUde ve y thfle he gifla hai khd'i Ddng-Tay do Lien Xo va Hoa Ki lanh dao keo dai nhieu nam sau dd Neu nhu Ddng Dfldng la con bai dUde dUa ra de mac ca gifla Hoa Ki va Phap vd" van de EDC thi Tay DUc lai cung vfla la quan bai, vfla
la diem mau chdt tao ra sU lung tung, tie'n thoai Ifldng nan cua Phap trong qua trinh giai quye't dong thdi va'n de Ddng Dfldng va
anh hfldng quan sfl, ehinh tri cua minh b
chau Au De dupe dam bao ve an ninh va phat trien kinh te, Tay Dflc khdng cdn each nao khac ngoai viee cha'p nhan viec chia cat da't nfldc, nhUng san sang lien minh vdi Hoa Ki, Canada va cae nu6c Tay Au khac thdng qua hang loat cac dfl an, chUdng trinh va td' chfle lien minh (15) Chinh vi the, ca nhan Thii tudng Tay Dflc Iuc d6 la Konrad Adenauer va ehinh phu cua dng dudi sU lanh dao da so' cfla Dang Dan ehu thien chua giao, da khdng bo Id ba't ki mdt
cd hdi nao giup Tay Dfle cd cd hdi hda nhap vdi cpng dong Tay Au Do do, EDC la mpt dfl an ma Tay Dflc khong the bd qua, tuy ed
p h i n khdng thflc sfl hai long vi Tay Dfle
v l n chua thflc sU dupc ddi xfl binh dang, trong trUdng hpp nay la tren linh vUc quan sfl Trong mot eude phdng va'n vdi Cd quan
Thd'ng nha't Dfle (tam dieh tfl: Deutschland-Union-Dienst) ve va'n de" tai vfl trang, Thu
Trang 5Tay Dflc va Phap vo'n dang ra't manh me
phan dd'i van de nay, khi khang dinh r i n g
"viec tai vu trang Tay Dfle trong khudn kho'
eua EDC la dieu khdng phai ban eai, dd la
mdt dau hieu quan trpng cua viec thie't lap
tinh hflu nghi gifla Tay Dflc va Phap; lUc
lupng quan ddi Tay Dfle se bao ve nude
Phap khdi ke thfl; quan dpi vu trang Tay
Dflc khdng chi bao ve quyen ldi rieng cua
nflde Tay Dflc ma cho lpi fch cua toan ehau
Au" (16)
Theo mdt so' nguon tu lieu, tfl d i u nam
1953, dfl Iuan Tay Dfle va toan t h i Chau
Au da sdm nhan ra r i n g , dfl an EDC khd cd
t h i dfldc thdng qua tai Qud'c hdi Phap do
nhflng tranh eai cua cae dang phai khac
nhau, dac biet la nhdm nghi si cdng san
trong ed quan nay Tfl nhflng quan sat nay,
gidi lanh dao Tay Dflc da sdm nhan dinh la,
ngay ca khi dfl an EDC that bai, nude nay
vln phai dfldc tai vu trang (17) Ben canh
dd, gidi lanh dao Tay Dflc cflng ra't quan
tam phan tieh tinh hinh chinh tri, quan sfl
va kinh te' ciia nudc Phap, dac biet la tinh
thd' khd khan cua Phap cf Ddng Dfldng vi
khu vuc nay chic chan anh huSng de'n vide
phe c h u i n EDC cua Qud'c hdi Phap Walter
Hallstein (18) cho r i n g cd mot mdi lien he
sau sic gifla cac va'n de cua Ddng Dudng
vdi cae va'n di cua ea chau Au, dac biet la
ddi vdi van de" thcfi sfl EDC, tham chi la sd'
phan cua Ddng Dfldng cdn anh hflSng tdi ca
sU thd'ng nhat nUde Tay Dflc (19)
Ngay 30-8-1954, Qud'e hpi Phap da tie'n
hanh phien hpp quyd't dinh so' phan eua
EDC Theo ke't qua bilu quyd't, dfl an nay
da hi Qud'e hdi tfl chdi thong qua vdi sd' 319
phie'u chd'ng va 264 phie'u thuan (20)
Nguyen nhan chinh d i n dd'n su that bai
nay ed the dd loi cho nhieu Iy do nhfl Phap
quan ngai ve sfl la'n at cua quan dpi Tay
nay; xu the' bda hoan ciia tinh hinh an mnh chau luc sau cai ehe't cua Stalin nam 1953 Tuy nhien, nhieu hpc gia da ddng y quan diem la chinh sfl tha't bai ve quan sU cua Phap tren chie'n trUdng Ddng Dudng dupc danh dau bang sU sup dd cua tap doan efl diem Dien Bien Phu, da lam cho gidi lanh dao Phap bflng tiah nhan ra ring, niem tu hao ve sflc manh quan sfl cua nude Dai Phap da bi tdn thUdng nghiem trpng,
do dd EDC khdng the dupe phe chuin Niem tu hao Phap khdng the hi ton thUdng hdn nfla mdt khi nUdc Phap chi'nh thflc tham gia vao ke hoach phdng thu an ninh chung cua Tay Au do ehinh minh de x u i t chi hai nam trfldc dd ma trong khudn khd
va nguyen tac hoat dpng ciia nd, quan dpi qud'e gia Phap khd long vUpt qua sU ndi trdi ciia luc lupng quan sU Tay Dflc
3 Ke't I u a n Nhu vay la, kg' hoach vd" mdt "Cdng ddng phdng thu chau Au" ra ddi tai chau Au nhUng mdt trong nhflng nguygn nhan quan trpng quye't dinh sd' phan ngan ngui ciia nd lai n i m cl ban dao Ddng Dfldng ma ke't cue cua Chie'n tranh Ddng DUdng lan thU nha't
la diem mau chd't Mac du da tien lieu trudc ve" sfl tha't bai cd the c6 cua du an nay, song nhu Thu tudng Konrad Adenauer da phai thfla nhan ngay 30-8-1954 la "mdt ngay
den to'i cua chau Au" (ein schwarzer Tag fuer Europa) Trong each nhin nhan cua vi
Thu tfldng nay thi, "sfl tha't bai eua EDC la mdt thanh edng ldn eiia Lien Xd (trong ehinh sach an ninh) trong bd'i canh Chie'n tranh Lanh" (21)
Dd'i vdi Phap, that bai quan sU tren chie'n trudng Ddng Dudng b i n nhidn la chi da'u hieu cho thay mpi nd luc cflu van hinh anh sau The chig'n II tie'p tue nhfl la mdt cfldng qud'c ve" thudc dia da khdng dem lai
Trang 6bai quan sfl b Ddng Dfldng thuc sU da lam
thflc tinh nfldc Phap ve sfl cha'm he't ciia
thdi ki thudc dia va mcf ra thdi ki gianh ddc
lap cua eac dan tpc hi thupe dia hda (22)
Viec Qud'e hdi Phap cbi tfl choi phe chuin
EDC sau tha't bai quan sU cua Phap cf Ddng
DUdng cd the dupc xem nhU la mdt trong
nhflng nd Iflc cud'i eflng cua Phap trong viee
bat d i u tim each thoat khoi vdng anh
hudng eua Mi trfldc viee giai quyg't nhflng
v l n de" tfldng lai lien quan de'n quyen ldi
qud'c gia va khu vflc
Dd'i vdi Tay Dfle, nhu nhflng gi lieh sfl
da eho tha'y, sfl tha't bai cua EDC khdng
ngan can viec tai vu trang cua qud'e gia
nay Bang chflng la vao thang 5-1955, Tay
Dflc da ehinh thflc trd thanh thanh vien
eua NATO theo eae die"u khoan eua Hiep
Ude Paris ki tfl ngay 23-10-1954 (Paris
Pacts) NhUng quan trpng hdn dd'i vdi Tay
Dflc luc nay la, tfl nhflng gi da xay ra vdi
nude Phap cf Dong-DUdng, d Qud'e hdi Phap
va xu the' hdi nhap cua chau lue thdi diem
dd dang b i t d i u khdi dpng, gidi lanh dao
Tay DUc dudi sfl lanh dao quye't doan va
thuc tg' cua Thu tudng Konrad Adenauer da
nhan tha'y ring, he thd'ng thupc dia cua
Chau Au da, dang va se hoan toan cha'm dflt Nflde Phap bude phai quay lai tim kie'm, bao ve va phat trien lpi ich cua minh
b chfnh chau Iuc nay tren cd scf lien minh
chat che vdi Tay Dfle Bdi canh dd se mcf ra eho nha nfldc cdng hda lien bang nay them nhie"u ed hpi trong viec hoach dinh ehinh sach chie'n lUdc de phat trien da't nflde, dac biet la ve chig'n lupc hdi nhap va thd'ng n h i t chau Au, khdng chi gidi ban trong linh vUc quan sU
Nhflng phan tich trdn day vg" mdi quan
hg gifla Ddng Dudng vdi sU tha't bai eua kd' hoach "Cpng ddng phong thii chau Au" co the cho ta nhin lai vi tri dia-chinh tri quan
trong cua Ddng Dudng b khu vUc Dong
Nam A trong thd' ki XX Khu vflc nay ludn
n i m trong toan tinh chie'n Ifldc cua eae nudc Idn Kg't qua eua Chig'n tranh Ddng Dudng l l n thfl nha't da co tac dpng nhat dinh ddi vdi chau Au trong nhflng nam
1950 ng'u nhin lai dudi gdc dp quan sU Cuo'i cung, phUdng phap tiep can lien khu vUc trong nghign cflu lich sii quan he qud'c te' can tid'p tuc dflde khang dinh va se cdn m6
ra nhig'u va'n de" nghien cflu thfl vi trong thdi gian tdi
CHU THICH
(1) Lan thtt nhat la trong Chien tranh
Phap-Pho nam 1870-1871, co the xem them: Geoffrey
Wawro, The Franco-Prussian War: The German
Conquest of France in 1870-1871 Cambridge
University Press, 2003 lan thiji hai la trong The
chien I (1914-1918) va lan t h ^ ba la trong The
chien II (1939-1945)
(2) Tay Dttc bi gidi han so' lifdng quan tham
gia, khong dUdc phep san xua't cac nguyen lieu
quan trong phuc vu chien tranh
(3) Xem them Kevin Ruane, The Rise and Fall
of the European Defence Community:
Anglo-American Relations and the Crisis of European
(4) Xem Claus Larres, Churchill's Cold War:
The Politics of Personal Diplomacy Yale
University Press, 2002, p 143
(5) Hiep Udc Brussels duroc ki ket thang
3-1948 giiia 5 nudc: Phap, Bi, Ha Lan, Liic-xem-bua
va Anh v6i noi dung chu yeu la cam ket ve phong thu an ninh chung gifla cac niidc nay Tren cd scf
do, thang 9-1948, mot td chile c6 ten goi la To chflc
phong thu Tay Au [Western Union Defence
Organization) r a deli Co the xem them: Sean
Maloney, To Secure Command of the Sea
University of New Brunswick, 1991, pp.95-97 To chflc nay mot nam sau do da duoc sap nhap vao
Trang 7to) Phudng Tay e ngai rang, mot h a n h dong
tan cong quan su cung c6 the xay r a cf chau Au khi
Hong quan Lien Xo sfl dung nU6c Dflc nhU mot
ban dap quan trong
(7) Xem them' Evelyn Colbert, Southeast Asia
in International Politics 1941-1956 Cornell
University Press, Ithaca and London, 1977, p 206
(S) Cong dong Than va Thep chau Au (European
Coal and Steel Community) dUdc thanh lap nam
1952 dua tren cd so cua H i | p \ldc Paris 1951 vdi cac
midc thanh vien la: Phap, Italia, Luc-xem-bua, Ha
Lan, Bi va Tay Dflc Cong dong nay dUdc thanh lap
ciing chinh la y tUcIng cua Jean Monnet, kinh te gia,
chi'nh tri gia noi tieng cua Phap va duoc cong bo'boi
Ngoai tru6ng Phap luc do la Robert Schuman tfl
nam 1950 Sd di Phap de xuat thanh lap to chflc nay
cung boi vi muo'n kiem soat viec khai thac, san xuat
va buon ban cac mat hang than va thep, von la
nhflng nguyen lieu dau vao thi§'t yg'u cua nen kinh
te cong nghiep phuc vu chife'n tranh
(9) Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 15-02-1954 Xem
them Christopher E Goscha, The Indochina War
A Connected History, m trong: Dictionary of the
Indochina War: International and
Multidisciplinary Perspectives Honolulu,
University of Hav/aii Press, p 19
(10) Lawrence S Kaplan, Denise Artaud,
Mark R Rubin, Dien Bien Phu and the Crisis of
Franco-American Relations, 1954-1955, Sr Books,
1990, p 235
(11) Ibid., p 236, Noi den thua tai chau Au d
day Bo truSng Quoc phong Phap Rene Pleven ngu
y noi de'n viec nUdc Phap phai chap n h a n mot nifcic
Tay Dflc tai vu t r a n g vdi kha nang dong gop lflc
lfldng va tai chi'nh hdn Phap, mot dieu kho co the
dUdc chap n h a n trong suy nghi cfla gi6i lanh dao
Phap Ve tinh the tie'n thoai ludng nan cua Phap,
CO the xem them: Evelyn Colbert, op cit, p 214
(12), Christopher E Goscha, op cit., p 19
(13) Lawrence S Kaplan, Denise Artaud,
Mark R Rubin, op cit, p 253
(14) Irwin Wall, France in the Cold War, m
Journal of European Studies, 2008, pp 125-126 (co
the ^61" them:
Lawrence S Kaplan, Denise Artaud, Mark R
Rubin, op cit., p, 235), Bat on v^ kinh te', quan sfl
va chinh tri Phap trong nhflng nam dau 1950, xem
them cac phan tich tfl bao chi Dflc, Die Zeit, 20
November 1952, Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 16
Oktober 1950, Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 15 Februar
1954
(15) Timothy D Showers, France, Germany
and the Development of a European Security and Defense Identity MA thesis Naval Postgraduate
School, Monterey, California, 2009, p, 8, (See also' http7/edocs.nps edu/npspubs/scholar!y/theses/2000
/Jun/OOJun_Showers.pdf),
(16) Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 16 November
1950
(17) Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 08
J a n u a r va 23 Oktober 1953 Ve da luan Phap lo ngai ve nu6c Dflc tai vu trang, xem them:
Sueddeutsche Zeitung, 05, M#rz 1954
(18) Walter Hallstein (1901-1982) la chinh tri gia chuyen ve chien lUdc do'i ngoai hang dau cfla chinh quyen Adenauer, tac gia cfla hoc thuyet noi
tieng mang ten minh (Hallstein Doctrine) dUdc thi
h a n h trong suot t h a p nien 1960
(19) Der Auswaertige Ausschuss des Deutschen
Bundestages 1953-1957 Droster Verlag,
Duesseldorf, 2002, S 204,
(20) Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 31,
August 1954
(21) Freiheit, Wohlfahrt, Sicherheit fuer
Deutschland und Europa, Regierungserk lae rung
von Bundeskanzler Dr Adenauer zur Deutschen Au#enpolitik vor dem Deutschen Bundestag am
15, Dezember 1954, Ve thai do cua Lien Xo trfl6c
van de EDC, xem them trong: Die
Kabinetteprotokolle der Bundesregierung, Band 5,
Harald Boldt Verlag, Boppard am Rhem 1989, S
296
(22) Tiec rfing, gidi lanh dao quan s,fl Phap lai tie'p tuc dan than vao cupc phieu luu quan sU mdi eho'ng lai sU noi day gianh dpc lap cua nhan dan Algeria nd ra vao thang 11-1954 va them lan nfla chap n h a n t h a t bai va phai thfla nhan nen doc lap
Trang 8CHlfC tlVAN BAT LO HOA XMCH TROI\0 BA]\G GIAO
GrtfA TRIEU TRA]\ VA TRIEU I\GUYE1\ ( 1 2 6 2 - 1 2 « I )
NGUYfiN THU HI^N'
Lich sii VUdng trieu Tran (1226-1400)
tQng dd'i dien vdi nhilu thii thach
Mdt trong nhQng thfl thach de dpa sfl tdn
vong ciia vUdng trieu Tran la quan he vdi
trilu Nguyen Bang giao giQa hai vfldng
trilu tQ nam 1260 de'n nam 1368 ludn dn
chQa nhQng bien ddng ddy kich tinh Ngay
tQ khi mdi len ngdi, vua Nguyen The To da
sfl dung nhieu bien phap khac nhau de the
hien uy quyin ddi vdi cac vi vua trilu Tran
Nam 1261, vua Nguyen The To dat chfle
quan Dat Id hoa xich tren lanh thd Dai
Viet Tfl day, trong boat ddng bang giao
gifla hai vUdng trieu xua't hien qua trinh
da'u tranh phflc tap xoay quanh chfle quan
Dat Id hoa xich
1 Ten goi v a s\i r a d6i c u a chiic
q u a n Dat 16 hoa xich t r o n g lich s ^
viiofng t r i e u N g u y e n
Dat 16 hoa xich la phien am Han Vidt
ciia 3 § ^ ^ - Dot 16 hoa xich la tieng
Mdng Cd phien am ra chG Han, nguyen
nghia m § ^ # la ke tra'n ap Trong mdt
so' tai lieu Trung Qud'c, Dat 16 hoa xich edn
dupc ggi la Gidm ldm quan ( { ^ l[p 'g') (1)
hay Tuyen sai ( S M) (2) Theo cac stf gia
trieu Nguyin trong Khdm dinh Viet s&
thdng gidm cUdng muc thi Dat Id hoa xich
dich ra nghia la "quan trUdng a'n, chflc quan nay giam sat viec cai tri quan huyen"
(3) Trong 3C ^ llJJ 5& Nguyen trieu bi su! trang 263 chep 0 ^ tE ^ (Dat 16 hoa xich) thanh ^ ^/i "n E (Ddp l6 hdp thdn) tam dich la quan Trd'n thu Trung Qud'c vdn la
ndi chung sd'ng eiia n h i l u toe ngUdi khac nhau tren vung lanh thd rdng ldn Mdi tgc ngUdi ludn cd xu hUdng md rdng dia ban cfl tru va kiem soat nhflng khu vUc da ehinh phuc Vi vay, chQc quan vdi chflc nang giam sat hoat dgng tai cac vung da't phu thupc da xuat hien tfl ra't sdm trong lieh sut Trung Qud'c cd dai Theo nha nghidn cQu ngfldi Trung Qudc la Ddng Tap Minh thi vao thdi Ddng Han (23-230), vua nfldc Vu Dien (4)
da tQng giet quan giam thi ciia ngUdi Hung
Nd (5) Thdi ky Tay Tan (265-420), khi ngudi Hung Nd tap trung d miln Nam Sdn Tay, chinh quyen Tay Tan da eho quan lai ngudi Han den giam sat
Xet trong lich sfl phong kie'n Trung Qud'c trUde khi trieu Nguyen thie't lap da tflng tdn tai nhilu chflc quan dai dien cho chinh quyen trung fldng tai cac thugc qud'c Dien hinh nhu trong quan he gifla Vidt Nam va Trung Qud'c giai doan 179TCN- 905, ngfldi dflng dau bd may cai tri cua Trung Qud'c tai
Trang 9Viet Nam thudng la cac chfle quan nhfl ThU
si, Thdi thd, Tiet do sii Cac chQc quan nay
nam trong td chQc bo may cai tri theo
phUdng each true tri cua cac trieu dai
phong kien Trung Qudc Vi vay ThU sit,
Thdi thu hay T^ei do sii ndm giQ rat nhieu
quyen hanh tai Viet Nam tham chi cd luc
khdng ehiu sU kiem soat ciia chinh quyin
trung Udng khi t r i l u dinh suy ye'u
vao ddu the ky XIII khi Mdng Cd mdi
thanh lap nha nUde, td chfle bp may nha
nfldc cdn ddn gian ChQc quan Dat 16 hoa
xich xua't hien trong qua trinh Mong Co md
rpng lanh thd Dat 16 hoa xich ra ddi xuat
phat tfl nhu cau kiem soat va thflc thi
quyen lUc cua Mdng Cd tai cac vung da't
phu thudc Ngay trong thdi gian dau lap
qud'c, Mdng Co da cho ngfldi That Dat gifl
chQc Dat 16 hoa xich cai tr" nhQng vQng da't
mdi chiem Cu the nhu v.'.o nam 1209, khi
mdt thii linh ngudi Hdi Hut dang tang phan
ldn lanh thd Tan CUdng thi Thanh Cat Tfl
Han da cfl mpt sd' ngUdi That Dat lam Dat
16 hoa xich tdi chia nhau cai tri vung dat
nay Hoac sau khi Thanh Cat Tfl Han
chinh phuc vung dat thugc khu vUc Trung
A (dUdc phien am sang chQ Han la Hoa Lat
Tfl Md - l£ fij ^ ^ ) da dat Dat lo hoa xich
quan ly va giam sat mpi hoat dgng tai day
Vua Nguyen Thai Tdng dat Bat 16 hoa xich
tai Bien Kinh (nay la Khai Phong) va
Trung Dd (nay la Bac Kinh) Dudi trilu vua
Nguyen Hien Tong, vien quan giQ chflc Dat
16 hoa xich dfldc phai den khu vflc tUdng
flng vdi lanh thd nude Nga hien nay Ca
biet dd'i vdi trUdng hdp Trieu Tien sau khi
ddu hang Mdng Cd (6), trd thanh mgt phan
lanh thd cua de qud'c Mdng Co, cd tdi 70
ngUdi lam Dat 16 hoa xich tren vung dat
nay
Cung vdi sU md rgng lanh tho eiia Mdng
Co chflc quan Dat 16 hoa xich trd nen phd
nhilu dan tdc, qud'c gia d Trung nguyen, Trung A, Tay Nam A, Ddng Au Ndi nao
Mdng CO eiing d^t Dat 16 hoa xich de giam
tri va ndm thuc quyen Tai cac vung da't
mdi chiem linh, vi the eiia Dat Id hoa xich
cao hdn ca trUdng quan ban dia va hudng quyin ldi nhieu nhat, ed quyen quye't dinh mpi viec trong dan Dudi thdi Thanh Cat
Tu Han Bat 16 hoa xich phan bd' tQ khu
vUc sdng Hoang Ha len vung Bdc Thiet Mon quan; phia Nam den khu vflc Sdn Tay
Dat 16 hoa xich ehu yeu do ngUdi Mong Co
hoac ngudi Sde Mue - nhQng ngQdi ngoai tgc Mdng Co nhu Kham Sat, Hdi, Dudng, Oat La dUdc Dai ban Mdng Co tin nhiem giao phd giam sat hoat dgng eua quan lai dia phUdng
Khi trilu Nguyen thay the hoan toan
t r i l u Nam Tdng cai tri Trung Qud'c thi Dat
16 hoa xich trd thanh chflc quan dflng dau
mdt ddn vi hanh ehinh dia phfldng trong td chQc hanh chinh dudi trieu Nguyen Mdi
ca'p dia phUdng d i u cd mdt Dat 16 hoa xich
va mdt so' thudc vien de lam cdng viec hanh
chinh Bat Id hoa xich chia lam nhieu ca'p,
ngach, bac vdi lUdng bdng cao tha'p khac
nhau Dat Id hoa xich dUde bd' tri tai cae ddn Vi hanh chinh nhU tinh, lg, phu, chau,
huyen, eac quan De efl, cac phu Tong quan, phu Tdng quan, phu Van hd, sd Thien hd, phu Nguyen soai va trong cd quan tuyen
chinh Chflc nang chinh ciia Dat 16 hoa xich
la giam sat va ddn dde boat dpng cua chinh quyen dia phUdng
Nhu vay, dudi trieu Nguyen, quan Dat
16 hoa xich la dai dien cho quyen lUc eua
vUdng trilu Nguyen tai cac cap dia phUdng cung nhu cac vung da't phu thugc
2 Muc d i c h c u a trieu N g u y e n khi
dat quan Bq.t 16 hoa xich tai Dai Viet
Tren cd sd khao sat mdt so tac pham sii
Trang 10S t t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Thcfi g i a n
1262-1268
1268-1269
1269
1270-1273
1273-1275
1275
1281
T e n v i e n q u a n l i n h chiic Dat Id hoa xich
Nap Lat Dinh (8) • « »l T
Hot Lung Hai Nha - iS fi M 3F
TrUdng Dinh Tran - 'jK B ^
Da Thuc Nap (Diep Thiic Niet) - til-ii.:^l*) ( P t i C S
Ly Nguyen - $7C
Hop T n e t Nhi Hai Nha (Hap Tan Nhi Hai Nha)
- ftt»JL»S=
Bot Nhan Thiet Moc Nhi (Bat Nhan Thiep Moc
Nhi) - » l » f t * J L
Qud'c (7), chung tdi tien hanh lap bang hanh den chau, cho eon em d tai Trung thd'ng ke ve thdi gian va ten vien quan linh Qud'c lam tin, bien nap dan so, cung flng
chflc Bat 16 hoa xich tai Dai Viet nhfl bang quan dich, nap thue khda, cdn dat quan
1: Dat Id hoa xich cai tri Cac khoan ndi trdn
deu de td rd Idng trung
B a n g 1: C a c v i e n q u a n l i n h chifc D a t lo h o a x i c h t a i Dai Viet , , , , - i
• • • thanh Iam nfldc chfl
hau." (9) Nguyen T h i
Td cdn tiep tuc khang dinh "y nghia to ldn"
eua quan Dat 16 hoa xich la nham hd trd
trieu Trdn trong viec quan ly da't nude nhfl
td chieu gfli vua Trdn Thanh Tdng nam 1267
"Trudc day Trdm sai quan Dat Id hoa xich la Nau ThQ Dinh (Nap Lat Dinh) qua, khanh va eac tdi nen yen chi lo viee nudc" (10) De'n nam 1267
(11) thi viec dat quan Dat 16 hoa xich trd
thanh mgt trong sau dilu ("Iuc sU") (12) bdt bude ma cac vua Trdn phai thuc hien ddi vdi trieu Nguyen
Nau Lat Dinh edn dUdc Nguyen The To ban hd phu gid'ng nhu vua Tran vdi ham nghia vien quan nay cd quyen hanh ngang vdi vua Trdn Cac sfl gia trieu Nguyin de
cap de'n kha ro ve chflc nang cua Dat 16 hoa xich Nap Lat Dinh la "di lai giam sat viec cai tri" (13) va trong Nguyen su; cung khang dinh Bat 16 hoa xich thudng di lai gifla hai
nudc Nhu vay, diem khac biet dau tien vl
muc dich trong qua trinh dat quan Dat Id hoa xich dd la quan Bat 16 hoa xich khdng thudng xuyen d tai Dai Vidt nhu quan Bat
16 hoa xich tai cac cap dia phudng khac cua
trieu Nguyen Mat khac, Nguyen The To thudng Ilia chgn nhflng ngudi am hieu tinh hinh Dai Viet hoac da tflng sang Dai Vilt
de gifl chflc Dai 16 hoa xich D i n chQng nhfl trfldng hdp vien quan Dat 16 hoa xich dau
tien tai Dai Viet la Nap Lat Dinh (14) da
Nam 1261, vua Tran Thai Tdng efl sfl
gia la Lg Phu Trdn va Chu Bac Lam sang
Nguyen xin thdng hieu Vua Nguyen The'
Td HIn eho sfl gia sang Dai Viet ydu eau l l
vat hang nam va trieu Tran thuan tinh
trilu cdng theo dmh ky 3 nam 1 lan Vdi
hanh dgng vua Tran Thanh Tdng thdng
hieu va dat quan he trilu ed'ng, Nguyen
The To coi Dai Viet nhu la mdt vung da't
phu thudc tUdng dUdng vdi cdp chinh quyen
dia phuong tai Trung Qud'c \ ^ vay, viec
chfle quan Dat 16 hoa xich dUdc dat tai Dai
Viet cung la chi la viec tat nhien ma thdi
Thdi gian trilu Nguyen chinh thflc dat
quan Dat 16 hoa xich ed sfl khac nhau gifla
cac tu lieu Theo Dai Viet sii ky todn thii
nam 1261, trieu Nguyen bdt dau dat chQc
Bat lo hoa xich tai Dai Viet; theo An Nam
chi luac, Khdm dinh Viet su" thong gidm
cUOng muc va Nguyen si thi nam 1262
trieu Nguyen mdi cfl quan Dat 16 hoa xich
tdi Dai Viet
Trong ldi chieu gfli vua Trdn Thanh
Tdng nam 1267 cua Nguyen The To da ly
giai rd rang: "Trong bai Thanh che cua vua
Thai Td Hoang De; pham nhflng nfldc da
quy phu vdi Trung Qud'c, thi vua phai than