Nham tiep tuc gdp p h i n lam rd am muu va nhiing hau qua nhieu mat ciia eupc chien, bai vie't nay se tap trung phan tieh chii trUdng, chinh sach kinh te ciia nha Minh va chinh quyen chi
Trang 1CHINH SACH KINH TE c t A ]WBLA MI]\H
VCtt DAI VIET ( 1 4 0 7 - 1 4 2 7 )
NGUVfiN VAN KIM'
Vao the ky XV-XVI, lieh sii the gidi
va khu viic chau A da dien ra nhieu
chuyen bien quan trpng Nam 1368, d
Trung Qude trieu Minh (1368-1644) thanh
lap La mdt trieu dai Han tpc n i m giiia hai
tridu ngoai tdc la Mdng - Nguyen
(1206-1368) va trieu Thanh (1644-1911), eac vua
Minh titng nudi nhieu tham vpng ve ehinh
tri, kinh td vdi cac qud'c gia khu viie Den
dau thd' ky XV, nha Minh da khdng ngifng
gay ap liie chinh tri vdi nhieu qud'c gia
Ddng A ddng thdi tien hanh chien tranh
xam lupc Dai Viet Ve cudc xam Iiide eua
nha Minh (1407-1427), da cd nhieu bai vidt,
ehuyen khao cua cac nha nghien citu trong
nUde, qud'c te' (1) Nham tiep tuc gdp p h i n
lam rd am muu va nhiing hau qua nhieu
mat ciia eupc chien, bai vie't nay se tap
trung phan tieh chii trUdng, chinh sach
kinh te ciia nha Minh va chinh quyen
chidm ddng trong viee khai thac, bdc lot cae
ngudn tai nguyen, trong do ed tai nguyen
bidn eua nude ta
Dd thiic hien bai viet, eiing vdi vide khai
thac tu lieu trong eac bp ehinh sit Viet Nam
nhU: Dgi Viet sd ky todn thit, Dgi Nam thUc
luc, Kham dinh Viet sd thong gidm ciidng
muc , chiing tdi edn tham khao cae thdng
tin trong Minh thUc luc nhu mpt ngudn t u
lieu tham chieu Viec khai thac cae ngudn
tu lieu nay, ket hdp vdi nhiing thanh tiju khao citu da dupe edng bd', cd y nghia quan trpng trong viec lam sang to y tudng va ndi dung cd ban ma chii de nghien citu dat ra
1 T h i e t l a p m o t h e t h o n g q u a n ly,
t h o n g t r i tr^ic t i e p
Ldi dung tinh the ehinh tri d Dai Viet co nhilu bidn ddng, trieu T r i n (1226-1400) suy yeu, trieu Hd (1400-1407), thang 11 nam 1406 nha Minh edn eho quan tap trung d vung bien gidi, chuan bi tran sang xam lupc nUde ta De'n thang 6-1407, sau khi chidm cae thanh Da Bang, Ddng Dd, pha vd phdng tuye'n Hoang Giang - Binh Than rdi ha t h a n h Tay Dd quan Minh da chiem ddng, dat ach cai tri triic tidp len
h i u het cac dia phUdng Trong sud't 2 thap nien (1407-1427), nha Minh thiie thi mdt ehinh sach kinh te' tan bao vdi Dai Vi?t Chii triidng dd eiia gidi cam quyen phUOng
Bie n h i m : Thd nhdt: Khai thac tridt de cac
nguon ldi phuc vu eho nhu ciu tieu diing tai ehd ciia bd may xam lupc, chiem ddng;
Thd hai: Tan thu cac ngudn tai nguydn,
san vat, bCfc thu cac loai thue' de nudi
dudng chid'n tranh; Thd ba: Lam suy yeu,
huy hoai toan dien nen kinh te' ciia Dai
Viet; Vd thd tii: Vd vet cae ngudn liic (d^c
biet la nhan liic, eac loai tai nguyen, san vat quy hiem ) de diia ve Trung Qud'c (2)
' PGS.TS Trudng Dai hpe KHXH&NV - DHQG HN
Trang 2Dupe sii hau t h u i n cua trieu dinh
phUdng Bic, lien tiep trong eac nam 1371',
1377.va 1378, Champa da md,nhieu ddt
tidn pdng ra phia bic, tham chi edn eho
quah tran vao xam chie'm, tan pha Kinh dd
Thang Long (3) Hieu ro myc tieu, ban cha't
cua cac eupe ta'n cdng tit phUdng Nam, nha
Minh da ra site ldi keo, sii dung the' Iiie bien
Champa de viia phan tan lUc lupng vita
kiem tda khang liic cua quan dan Dai Viet
Ben canh dd, tii nam Vinh Lae thit 2 (1404),
de chuan bi eho am mUu xam lUpe va dat
ach thd'ng tri lau dai d nUdc ta, ciing vdi
viee khoet sau mau thuan Vidt - Cham,
mau thuan Tran - Hd, rdi phu nhan sii tdn
tai ciia tdn tha't nha Tran nha Minh cdn
lien tuc dUa ra cac yeu sach ve bien gidi
nhii ddi da't Ldc Chau, Tay Binh, Vinh Binh
va 7 trai Manh Man thudc chau Ninh Viln
N h i m ha tha'p vi thd chinh tri ddng thdi
thiic hien am miiu bie'n nude ta thanh
quan, huydn t h i n thudc, de che' phiidng
Bic edn tii gpi nUdc ta la "Giao Chi"
D i u nam 1407, ngay sau khi chiem ditpc
Ddng Dd, nha Minh da thiet lap bd may
thd'ng tri difng d i u la Tam ty, gdm: Dd chi
huy sxi ty (Dd ty, phu traeh quan chinh),
Thifa tuydn Bd' chinh sit ty (Bd' chinh ty,
trdng coi dan chinh, tai chinh), De hinh an
sat sii ty (hay An sat ty, n i m quyln tU phap
va giam sat) cung cae nha mdn ve, sd, chau,
huyen Vua Minh liy Dd ehi huy Lii Nghi
giii chitc Dd ty, Bic Kinh hanh bp ThUdng
thu Hoang Phiic giG hai ty Bd chinh va an
sat Tie'p dd, ngay 5-7-1407, ehinh quyen
phUdng Bic ciing ddi ten 4 phu, 7 ehdu, 27
huypn ddng' thdi chia cac ddn vi hanh chinh
thanh 15 phu va 47 chau trong dd ed 5 chau
Idn 15 phu gdm: Giao Chau, Bic Giang,
Lang Giang, Tam Giang, Kie'n Binh, Tan
An, Kie'n XUdng, Phung Hda, Thanh Hda,
Tra'n Man, Lang Sdn, Tan Binh, Diln Chau,
Ngh0 An, Thuan Hda Cac phu nay deu chiu
sii quan ly ciia ty Bd' chinh 5 chau Idn gdm: Oai Man, Phiic An, Tam Dai, Tii Liem, Ldi Nhan Ngoai ra edn ed eac chau triie thudc phii Nhiing ndi xung ye'u dat 12 ve (mdi ve 5.000 quan) de khd'ng ehe (4) Nha Minh ra't ehii y de'n viec kiem soat ehinh quydn ca'p ed
sd la eac ly (tifc lang) va cae phUdng, sUdng d thanh Ddng Quan (5) Tuy nhien, trUde sii phan khang cua nhan dan ta va eac phong trao dau tranh ehd'ng Minh, phai de'n nam
1414 chinh quyen dd hd mdi thiet lap dupe
he thd'ng quan ly d cac phu, chau, huydn (6) Nhu vay, sau khi chiem diidc Dong Dd
va nhieu viing lanh thd nUde ta, nha Minh
da thiet lap mdt bd may ehinh quyen quan sii quan ly, thd'ng tri triie tie'p gdm 39 ddn luy va 374 tram dieh Diidi sii chi dao cua trieu Minh, ehinh quyln quan sii chie'm ddng da ra site khai thac eac ngudn liic tii nhien, tan thu thue ddng thdi trien khai ke hoach bdc lot eac nganh kinh te' Che dp thong tri, khai thac, bdc lot kinh te cua nha Minh diidc thiic hien tren mdt quy md rpng Idn va dat de'n mite dp tan khd'e ehua titng tha'y ke tii khi nen dde lap eua dan tde ta dupe phuc hiing nam 938 (7) Ben eanh dd,
de duy tri ehe' dp thd'ng tri ddng thdi theo dudi cac tham vpng kinh td, nha Minh lap mpt bd may quan ehe chat che, ddng dao Mdt mat, gidi cam quyen phiidng Bac huy ddng so' quan lai ngUdi Trung Qud'c tit Nam Kinh, Bic Kinh dieu xud'ng; tir Van Nam, Liidng Quang cii sang, mat khac edn ra site chieu du, triet de sit dung sd binh linh, vien chitc, quan lai ngUdi ban dia, tao thanh dpi ngii nguy quan (thd quan), nguy quan (thd binh) ddng dao, hd trd tiidng ddi dac liie cho quan xam lupc
2 C h i n h s a c h k h a i t h a c , hoc lot
k i n h t e Thiic hien chu trUdng cua tridu (finh nha Minh, ngay 12-10-1406, ngay sau khi tran
Trang 3eUdp eon gai, ngpc lua, thdng ke liidng chita,
chia quan lam vide, chieu tap dan xieu tan,
lam kd d lau dai Chiing thidn hoan nhieu
con trai nhd tudi va thu la'y tien ddng d eac
xd, eho ehay tram diia ve Kim Lang" (8) Tif
nam 1407, nha Minh da thiic hien chinh
sach khai thac, bdc lot kinh te' tnic tidp d
nUdc ta, bien nhan dan ta thanh nd le Trong
vdng 20 nam, ngudn cua eai eua Dai Viet
khdng ngifng ehay sang Trung Qudc!
Theo Minh thiic luc, de'n thang 7-1408
nha Minh da dat 12 thanh tri lam chd ddng
quan, cai tri cac dia phUdng Dpi quan xam
lupc di de'n dau la Tnidng Phu va cac quan
lai van, vo cua nha Minh lap tifc cho bat,
gidt ngUdi, citdp ciia de'n da'y De eung cd'
tiem lye kinh te cua chinh quyen va dpi
quan chid'm ddng, eiing vdi eac dia didm
ddng quan, TrUdng Phu, Ly Ban, Hoang
Phiie, Ma Ky eung ddng thdi lap eac kho
tang, ty, cue thud khda De tan thu thue',
chiing dat sii kiem soat cac ben thuyen be d
21 dia diem, dat 67 ty Tuan kiem d cac
v^ng xung yeu, eCfa sdng, eifa bien Vi the',
chi trong mdt thdi gian tUdng ddi ngin,
quan Minh da "chieu an" dUpc hdn
3.120.000 ngudi, b i t dupe hdn 2.087.500
ngudi, trii litdng 1.360 van thach; voi, ngiia,
trau bd cdng hdn 235.900 con, 8.677 chide
thuydn, hdn 2.539.850 vii khi (9) Theo xae
nhan cua Todn thii thi nha Minh da thu
dupe: 48 phu, chau, 168 huyen, 3.129.500
hd, bat giii 112 con voi, 420 eon ngiia,
35.750 con trau bd, 8.865 chide thuyen (10)
Nhu vay, sd lidu thong ke giiia Todn thii va
Minh thdc luc cd nhieu diem khae biet
Minh thiic luc vidt liic liidng chiem ddng
"chieu an" dUdc 3.120.000 ngUdi trong khi
dd chinh SL£ nha Le xac nhan la 3.129.500
hd Sd lupng ngiidi hi b i t giii, vii khi, voi
ngiia giiia hai bd suf eiing cd nhieu diem
khac Tuy vay, sd thuyen ma nha Minh thu
giii ghi trong hai ngudn sii lieu la tUdng ddi
phii hdp
Nam 1410, vdi t u each la Tong binh, ditng d i u ehinh quyen chie'm ddng, TrUdng Phu da eho quan md them ddn dien d cic ndi g i n thanh va thu thdc liia d Thai Nguydn, Tuyen Quang, Tam Giang dd tang
ngudn dii trii quan liidng NhU vay, cixng
vdi sd'thdc san x u i t trong cae ddn didn, ban
la SO lUdng thiie ma quan Minh thu dUde d nUde ta la r i t Idn Sd' liidng thiie dd cd the
du chu ca'p eho ehinh quyen chiem ddng
cung ddi quan xam lUde ddng dao Vl the,
chinh Vinh Lac da truyen lenh cho TrUdng Phu, mpt mat tiet kiem quan lUdng mat khac dinh chi viec tie'p van liidng thao tii Quang Tay sang nUde ta Hdn the', sd' quan lUdng dii dinh tie'p van eho dpi quan chidm ddng Cling dupe ehuyen ngiipe lai thanh, ddn g i n nha't, trii tai do (11)
Trong thdi gian xam lUde niide ta, nha Minh da can thiep true tiep vao cac nganh kinh te trpng yeu nhii: Ndng nghiep, lam nghiep, khai thac khoang san, lam muoi Vdi kinh te ndng nghiep, thang 10-1414, ehinh quyen chie'm ddng da dinh ra phdp thue': "eii mdi mau rudng thu 5 thang thdc, mdi mau da't bai t h u mdt lang td, mdi mdt can td thu mdt tam lua" (12) Ciing trong nam dd, "Nha Minh b i t khai sd' rudng va da't trdng dau, trung thu lUdng thi^c, td
t i m Mdi hp 1 m i u thi b i t khai thanh 3 miu Den sau xet hp khau tang hang nam, dinh sd rudng mdi hd la 10 m i u (nghia la moi m i u chi ed 3 sao, 10 m i u thiie ra ehi cd
3 miu) Mdi m i u t h u 5 thang thdc, da't bai mdi hd 1 m i u , thu 1 lang td, mdi can td d§t dUdc 1 ta'm lua" (13) Chinh sach lam thu, tang thu phi ly do (mpt t h u thanh ba) cua quan dd hp khidn ngay ca vua Minh Vinh Lac Cling cam tha'y "khic bac" (14)! Bdn canh do, vi nhflng muc tieu ehinh tri va quan sii, bpn TrUdng Phu edn ca'm dan chiing tit Dien Chau trd vao (viing xa, khd
Trang 4sach dd khdng chi da buy hoai kinh te ndng
nghidp va nhidu nganh kinh te khac ma
cdn triet ha ngudn sd'ng can ban cCia cU dan
cac tinh mien Trung!
Vd chinh sach khai thac cua nha Minh,
cae sii than trieu Le cho r i n g : "Ba'y gid
kinh Id deu phu thudc nha Minh, tram hp
phai lam sai dich ndp liidng, theo sii sai b i t
cua bpn quan thii nhiem Thd quan thi phai
ddng thuyen va lap ddn didn de giiip viec
cho Tong binh" (15) D l khai thac kinh te,
tan thu thud' khda, tit nam 1407, nha Minh
da rao riet chi dao viec lap cae kho, tang,
ty, cue thud khda Cu the, chinh quydn
chidm ddng da thiet lap cac kho, ty Thue'
khda tai 4 phu, cue Thud khda tai 8 chau,
ddng thdi cung l^p cue Thud tai 20 huyen
va 5 dia phUdng (16) Ngay 5-7-1408,
Tnidng Phu tidp tuc ra lenh lap 472 ve
mdn, 100 ty T u i n kiem, 92 ve mdn eho ty
Thud khda Nha Minh cdn dat 67 ty Tuan
kiem (17); lap 5 tram dich diing ngiia, 5 sd
chuyen van (18); dat ty De cii ve thue' mudi
d eac viing chuydn san x u i t mudi (19)
Ve chinh sach kinh te', dac biet la che dd
triing thu thud cua ehinh quyen chidm
ddng ta thay, ehd dp td thud khdng ehi k h i c
nghidt ma edn rat tiiy tidn Tinh trang lam
thu khidn Vinh Lac nhieu lan can thiep, chi
dao NgUdi difng d i u trieu Minh cho r i n g :
"Liic mdi dat quan tai huyen Giao Chi,
tram ma'y l i n du r i n g nen cd ehinh sach
khoan hdng, n h i m khoan va gian de phii
tri dan mdi quy phu Dufng tning thu nang,
trung thu nang la phUdng sach dudi dan di"
(20) Theo Minh thiic luc, Vinh Lae cdn
lenh cho Bp Hd ban dinh, hudng chinh
quydn chidm ddng den viec thiic thi mdt
chinh sach kinh td "khoan hau"!
Nhu vay, dudng nhu d day xua't hien "dp
ehenh" nha't dinh giQa mdt chii trUdng
vdi cac chinh sach, bien phap thiie thi cu the cua gidi cim quyen thanh Ddng Quan Theo logic thdng thudng, hien tupng dd cd the gdi ra nhiing nghi suy ve mpt kha nang
cd sii thieu tap trung, thd'ng nha't giiia cac ca'p quan ly Tuy nhien, neu nhin nhan va'n
de mdt each tong the, hieu t h i u ban cha't cua cupc chie'n thi nhiing chi d^o thUdng xuyen, eu the eua vua Minh vdi TrUdng Phu va gidi quan lai nha Minh thiic td' ehi
la man bao ehe, dung tiing day "an nghia" cua trieu dinh phUdng Bic trUde hang boat nhQng chinh sach khai thac, bde Idt tan bao
cua quan xam lUdc Chu triidng khai thdc triit di, triet hg tdt cdc ngdnh kinh te, nguon song cua cii ddn Dgi Viet la muc tieu trgng tdm, chi dgo nhdt qudn, chi phdi moi hdnh dgng cua nhd Minh (21)
Song song vdi cac chinh sach triing thu, pha hoai ndng nghiep, tan thu ngudn thue trong nam 1408, chinh quyen dd hd cdn dat Cue khai md vang tai 7 tran: Thai Nguyen, Gia HUng, Quang Oai, Thien Quan, Vpng Giang, Lam An, Tan Ninh; thiet lap ty De eif thi bac tai Van Ddn Ngay 24-10-1409, "Dat cue khai thac vang tra'n Thai Nguyen thudc phu Thai Nguyen, Cue khai thac vang t r i n Gia Hung thudc chau Gia Hiing; Cue khai thac vang tra'n Quang Oai, thudc chau Quang Oai" (22) Ngay 2-8-1416, eho dat hai Cue khai thac vang tai tra'n Vong Giang, Dien Chau, t r i n Lam An, phu Nghe An Theo cac sit gia nha Nguyin thi: "Pham cho da't nao san ra vang bac, deu lap trUdng cue, dat quan cai quan, mdi nam sai npi quan va quan giii trUdng cue ddc thiic dan dinh khai dao de lay vang bac Khi dan lam xong cdng viec, cae vien quan hdi ddng kiem didm niem phong d l nop Lai bat dan ct tren rifng dUdi bien di bat te, voi, md ngpc trai Liic a'y thud khda eao, ddng gdp nang, siic liie va ciia cai eua dan deu hi kiet qud" (23)
Trang 5Trong thdi gian chiem ddng, nha Minh
da khai thac tridt de cac ngudn tai nguyen
quy^ eiia Dai Vidt Trong 20 nam
(1407-1427), nam nao n h a Minh ciing b i t nhan
dan ta cdng nap Theo Minh thuc luc, ngay
12-1-1417, "Giao Chi cung ca'p 1.668 tam
quyen, 2.000 can sdn, 1.500 can td mde,
2.000 Idng thiiy vii, mdt van quat, 23 loai
t r i m hUdng trong do ed t r i m td'c va an tifc
hiidng" Ngay 1-2-1418, "Giao Chi dang
1.252 ta'm quyen, 3.000 Idng thuy vii, mdt
van quat, 2.400 can sdn" (24) Tidp dd, ngay
12-1-1419, chinh quyen chie'm ddng lai dUa
vd nUde 1.288 ta'm quyen, 5.000 can td mdc,
2.000 Idng chim thiiy, mdt van quat, 2.400
can sdn (25) Nam 1424, quan Minh lai diia
sang Trung Qudc "1.717 ta'm lua quyen,
3.000 can Sdn, 5.000 can td mde, 3.000 Idng
chim thiiy, 1 van quat" (26) NhU vay, chi
rieng trong 4 nam (1417, 1418, 1419 va
1424) quan Minh da dUa ve nUde: 5.925
ta'm Ii^a, 9.800 can sdn, 11.500 can td mdc,
10.000 Idng chim thiiy vu, 40.000 chide
quat ciing 23 loai t r i m hUdng!
Ciing theo Todn thu, quan Minh cdn ra
siic chieu nap cae hUdng hd, tifc cac hd
ehuydn tim kidm hUdng hdu quy (nhU tram
hUdng) lam viec cho chiing Minh thdc luc
cung nhieu l i n xac nhan vide chinh quyen
chidm ddng lap Cue khai thac ngpc trai, lap
cac Ci^c khai thac vang (27), ddng thdi mua
chupc nhOng ngUdi chuyen tim kiem, khai
thac tai nguyen, kim loai quy eung phdi
thudc Trong bdi eanh ba'y gid, b i n la khdng
it ngUdi da thu dUpc nhiing ngudn ldi nhat
dinh tif chinh quyen chiem ddng Nhiing
nam 1407-1427, d l chifa ngudn cua cai chiem
doat dupe Stt dung cho chidn tranh va dUa vd
Trung Qudc, chinh quyen Minh da lap nhieu
kho chiia hang tai thanh Ddng Quan va cae
phu: Nghe An, Tan Binh, Kien Xitdng
Nhin chung, cac cd sd khai thac tai
da boat ddng lidn t\ic trong sudt thdi kj^ cai tri De tang ngudn thu, chinh quyen chidm ddng ehi md mang, lap them chit h i u nhU ra't it bai bd cac md, cdng trUdng khai thac
Tren thiic td, nha Minh da bii'n Dgi Viet thdnh cdng triidng khai thdc Idn phuc vu
cho nhu c i u chien tranh va de nudi dUdng cae nganh san xua't d Trung Qud'c Tai nguyen ma nha Minh dUa ve Trung Qudc chu ye'u la cae nguydn lieu tU nhien hoac dang da chd bie'n thanh nguydn Hdu tinh Ben eanh dd, dd phuc vu cho viee khai thac
md va phat trien cac nganh thii cdng, chinh quyen phUdng Bie cdn b i t dem ve nUde mdt dpi ngu thd thii cdng gidi, nhiing ngUdi cd
ky nang cao vd khai thac md va luyen kim
Khie ghi tdi ac cua quan Minh, Todn thu vie't ro: "Nha Minh khai eac xudng, md
vang bac, dem phu dai la'y va b i t voi tring,
md tran chau" (28), "Nha Minh md trUdng
md ngpc trai, kidm hUdng thdm, san bit chdn trang, hUou trang, voi t r i n g , ddi rua 9 dudi, chim dau ngUdc, viidn bac ma, tran, cac thit dd dang nop" (29) Cac sii t h i n nha
Ld cho r i n g , nha Minh "danh thue nang, bde lot nhieu, nhan dan khdng la'y gi ma sdng dUde"! Cung ehung quan didm dd, cac
tac gia Ciidng muc nhan xet: "Bay gid,
ngudi Minh yeu sach ddi hdi khdng bidt the nao la ehan Pham nhiing dia phUdng cd hd tieu, hUdng lieu, hUdu t r i n g , voi tring, riia chin dudi, chim vet, vUpn bac m i , con tran chiing deu bude dan phai di kiem, di bat dem nop de dUa vd Yen Kinh" (30)!
Tha'u hieu ban cha't ciia ke xam lUdc, trong itng xii vdi phUdng Bic, ddn nam
1427, du nghia quan Lam Sdn da gianh ditdc nhiing t h i n g ldi quyet dinh nhUng dl tranh sii hy sinh, ton tha't eiia nhan dan ddng thdi ciing d l " t i t mudn ddi chidn tranh" nen Le Lpi va Bd chi huy nghia quan v i n chu trUdng thiie thi chinh sach ddi ngoai mem deo n h i m mau chdng dudi
Trang 63 Vi t h e bidn va chinh sach khai
thac tai n g u y e n bien
Trudc nguy cd eua mdt cudc chidn tranh
xam lUdc tif phiidng B i c ngay cang ddn
gin, tit cum the ky XIV, Hd Quy Ly
(1336-1407) va nhiing ngUdi diing dau trieu Ho
(1400-1407) da sdm nhan thay vai trd quan
trpng ciia bien, cua giao thdng sdng bien va
cac viing cuta sdng, ctta bien trong viec bao
ve an ninh, chu quydn d^t nude Nam 1404,
Hd Qu^ Ly sai dao Lien Cang tii Tan Binh
ddn giap Thuan Hda dd van chuyen quan
lUdng Tide r i n g , do khdng hieu rd nhiing
dac diim cua dieu kien tu nhien nen viec
bat thanh!
Tidp ndi sii nghiep eua cha, dd ehd'ng lai
quan Minh, thang 7-1405, Hd Han ThUdng
(cq: 1401-1407) da di t u i n du nhieu dia
phUdng, xem xet hinh the niii sdng Ong sai
ddng coc gd d nhfing ndi xung ydu ma trong
tam la cac ctta biln va vitng sdng cai d l
ehan quan xam lupc (32) Theo Minh thiic
luc, nam 1408, nha Ho cdn cho trinh sat
den tham dd tinh hinh an ninh d viing bien
Quang Ddng khien quan Minh phai de
phdng c i n mat (33) D l tang citdng site
manh cua thuy quan Ho Han ThUdng cdn
Idnh cho ddng thuyen s i t , dat hieu la "Tai
lUdng cd lau" Day la loai thuyen tren b i c
tre lam dUdng di lai, ben dUdi thi cit hai
ngUdi cheo mdt mai eheo De che m i t quan
Minh, nha Ho l i y ten la thuyen van chuyin
lUdng nhiing thiic cha't la thuydn chien,
dUdc thiet ke eho viec chien dau (34) Han
la nhiing tran chien Bach Ding, Van Ddn
chon viii cac doan thuyen chien, thuyen
lUdng v i n la ndi am anh vdi quan Minh nen
khi sang xam lUde nUdc ta, Tdng binh
Tnidng Phu va cac quan van, vd nha Minh
luon phai lo itng phd vdi thiiy quan ciia nha
Hd va sau do la liic lUdng thuy binh eua
nghia qudn Lam Sdn (35)
Nhan thtfc rd vai trd v& vi the bien nUdc
ta, nam 1407, eiing vdi cac hudng tien cdng tif phia Bic, nha Minh da eho mot eanh quan theo diidng bien tien vao, chiem ddng viing c^a bien Ky La thudc huyen K^ Anh,
Ha Tinh hdng ehan dudng nit lui cua quan quan nha Ho Ngay sau dd, TrUdng Phu hen cho quan danh vao Vinh Ninh (Vinh Ldc, Thanh Hda) Quan Minh da b i t Hd Quy Ly
d bai Chi Chi, b i t Ta tUdng quoc Hd Nguyen Triing d ciia biln Ky La, b i t Hd Han ThUdng
va Thai tit Nhud d mii Cao Vpng (Ha Tinh) Ngay 5-7-1407, tite ngay sau khi chiem dupe Kinh do Thang Long, nha Minh da lap tttc thidt lap 67 ty T u i n kilm t^i 23 cuta sdng va
14 cuJa biln 6 cac viing duyen hai (36) Trong
thdi gian 1407-1427, quan Minh cdn thiet lap thdm 17 ty T u i n kiem t ^ cac chau, huyen viing ha chau thd sdng Hdng de khd'ng chd cac con diidng ndi kdt giiia cac tuydn sdng n i m sau trong dSt hdn vdi viing euta sdng, cifa b i l n (37)
La ngUdi ditng d i u luc lUdng chiem ddng, TrUdng Phu va cac tUdng linh cim quyen ra't chii y den viec kiem soat cac tuydn giao thUdng biln cung nhU boat dpng kinh td bien Ngay sau khi binh dinh xong nUdc ta, nha Minh da cho lap eac ben kiem soat thuyen be d 21 dia phUdng ddng thdi tning thu 8.865 thuyen cac loai (38) Cung can phai ndi them la, trong nhiing ddi tupng ma ehinh quyen chiem ddng chu tnidng dUa sang Trung Qud'c, chiing da tim bat nhieu nghd nhan, thp ddng thuyen gidi Hdn thd, quan Minh cdn b i t ca vd con hp dUa sang Yen Kinh, Trung Qudc de lam lao dich trong cac xudng ddng thuyen (39)!
D l khai thdng ddng thdi md rdng tuydn giao thUdng bien tif viing Quang Tay, Quang Ddng (Trung Qudc) den Dai Viet, ngay
5-3-1408, Hoang Phiic, ngUdi ditng d i u ty Bo ehinh cho r i n g , "Quan dan tinh Quang Tay
Trang 73S
ra Idnh Quang Ddng cho van ehuyen bing
dudng biln 20 van thach litdng diia sang
Giao CW" (40) Ngay 4-7-1408, TrUdng Phu
da thiet lap dupe 31 tram dich bing ngiia
nhung "tif phu Nam Ninh de'n Long Chau
dudng thuy dai, nen tang tram dich cho
thuyen, ciing dat sd van chuyen" (41) Theo
didu tra eua y, tit chau Kham (Quang Ddng)
theo dudng chau Van Ninh de'n thanh Ddng
Quan p h i n nhidu di theo dUdng sdng biln
Dudng bd dai tdi 291 dam, so vdi dudng eii tif
Khau On thi g i n hdn 7 tram nen dat titng
tram de di lai cho tien
Nhan tha'y vai trd cua tuye'n giao thdng
thuy, vua Minh chii trUdng: "tif Van Ninh,
Ddng Trieu, Chi Linh deu dat tram dUdng
thuy; cdn tif Tif Sdn, Gia Lam deu dat tram
di bing ngiia" (42) Thiic hien chu trUdng
dd, nam 1415, nha Minh da quydt dinh md
dudng thuy di qua viing Vinh An, Van
Ninh, dat tram ddn chuyen dUdng thuy de'n
Kham Chau ddng thdi dat tram ehay ngiia
ddn thang Hoanh Chau (43) Trong nhan
thilc cita chinh quyen phitdng Bac, Dai Viet
la mdt viing da't "d xa ngoai bai bidn" (44)
(J dd, nhidu eiia bidn gan vdi he thd'ng giao
thdng thuy vung chau thd sdng Hdng Day
la tuyen giao thUdng huyet mach ehay
xuyen qua mdt vung giau tiem nang kinh
td, cU dan trii mat
La cita ngo giao thiidng qude td quan
trpng bac nha't ciia Dai Viet, nha Minh da
sdm dat cae ed quan kiem soat, khd'ng chd d
viing vinh Bic Bd trong dd ed Van Don
Van Ddn trd thanh mdt trong nhiing tieu
diem ma chinh quydn dd hp chii trpng quan
ly, bdc lot De tang cUdng kiem soat, nha't la
n h i m day manh viee thu thue va khai thac
san vat dia phUdng, nha Minh thidt lap
nhieu cd quan chiic nang d viing biln dao
Ddng Bie Tir mot trang thdi Ly, trpng trdn
thdi Trin, ddn thdi thudc Minh, Van Ddn bi
ddi thanh mdt ddn vi hanh chinh ca'p
huyen Nam 1406, Vinh Lae cdn thidt lap d Van Ddn ty Thi bac Theo quy dinh, ty Thi bac ed chitc nang " n i m giii mpi vide trao ddi, trieu ed'ng ciia eac nude hai ngoai" ddng thdi dam traeh "viee ngan ca'm thdng thiidng vdi cae nude, tning t h u thud hang hoa, can dw budn ban" (45)
Nam Vinh Lae thit 6 (1408), nha Minh dat them ty Tritu phan trang, tifc cd sd danh thud budn ban d Van Don Tiiy theo ehiing loai, gia tri hang hda ma ngUdi budn ban phai chiu mite thud tif 1/5 de'n 2/3 gia tri hang hda Thang 11 nam dd, chinh quyen chidm ddng cdn "Dat them ty Dd cii thi bac tai Van Ddn; lai, mue, De cit mdi chitc mdt vien Dat hai ty De cit thi bac tai phu Tan Binh va Thuan Hoa Dat ba Cdng triidng thud triTu phan tai Van Ddn, Tan Binh, Thuan Hda" (46) Nam 1409, liic liidng chiem ddng dat them 12 ty Tuan kilm d cac ndi, trong dd cd Tuan ty Van Ddn d viing huydn dao
Vdi muc tieu khai thac eac ngudn tai nguydn qu;^ cua viing biln dao Ddng Bie, nam 1418, nha Minh eho lap trUdng sd thu ngpc trai, huy ddng de'n hang nghin eU dan dia phUdng, ngay dem md trai la'y ngpc! Nhu vay, trong sud't thdi gian tit nam
1407-1427, la mdt viing giau tai nguyen nen Van Ddn la dia ban khai thac, bdc lot ehu ydu eua chinh quyen phong kien phUdng Bic Trong thdi gian dd, mdt so' hoat ddng giao thiidng qud'c te v i n didn r a va d mite dp nao
do Van Ddn v i n la mpt trong nhiing cita
ngo giao thUdng ehinh yeu Theo Minh thiic luc, nha Minh eung ra't ehii y ddn sii hien
dien eua liic lUdng thUdng nhan ngoai qudc vd'n sinh sd'ng hay thiidng den budn ban vdi nudc ta Vi nhiing moi Idi kinh te, ehinh quydn dd hd v i n chu tnidng duy tri mdt sd boat ddng giao lUu qude te (47)
Trong thdi gian tit nam 1407-1427,
Trang 8phap de nam dde quyen nhGng nganh san
xua't chinh cd the dem lai nhieu ngudn Idi
'Idn Tieu bieu trong sd dd la ehinh sach
thau tdm, nam ddc quyen vd san x u i t muoi
cac bd sxi tridu Le va trieu Nguyen eiing
nhu Minh thiXc luc ed nhidu ghi chdp eu thd
vd viec san xua't, sit dung, budn ban muoi
Todn thii titng ghi ro each khai thac mud!
cua quan Minh: "trUde he't sai vien Cue sit
va vien Phd dd'c thiic dan na'u muoi, mdi
thdng dupe bao nhieu diia de'n ty De cif thu
giii cac vidn ndi quan md ngiidi budn bd
tidn ra Iinh gia'y kham hdp eiia ty Bd' chinh
Gia'y kham hdp Idn thi lay 10 can mudi,
giay kham hdp nhd thi la'y 1 can rdi mdi
dUde dem ban Ne'u khdng cd (gia'y kham
hdp) ma ban mudi thi i^ii tdi) nhU luat na'u
lau Lai ca'm ngUdi di dudng, le ehi dupe
dem 3 bat mudi va 1 Ip niide mam ma thdi"
(48) Nhidu kha nang, do n i m dUde quydn
kidm soat ngudn mud! ddi dao tit phUdng
Nam nen nha Minh da de ra chinh sach tra
lUdng eho quan lai d cac dia phUdng Trung
Qudc b i n g mudi Theo gia quy ddi thdi ba'y
gid, cit mdi dan mudi (1 dan bang 200 can)
bang 5 da'u gao (49)
Vidt vd ngudn cung ca'p mudi doi dao eua
Dai Viet, Minh thiic luc cho rang, "xd nay
san x u i t mudi hang nam Cac xit khac nhu
Lao Qua mang vang de'n ddi mud'i Mdnh
theo ndp eU, sai 3 ngUdi di trdng coi vide
mau dieh" (50) Dieu chic c h i n la, do ed
cha't lupng cao nen ngudn mudi san xua't d
viing bidn Dai Vidt ludn diide gidi quan lai
Trung Qud'c eoi trpng va nhap vdi khoi
lUdng Idn vd thi trUdng Trung Qud'c Thdi
bay gid, thi trUdng khu vilc ciing ra't ua
diing loai mudi san xua't d nUdc ta Vi the',
nha Minh thiidng dem mudi r a trao ddi nhU
mdt vat ngang gia vdi cac loai hang hda
khac Chinh quyen chidm ddng cdn thiidng
xuyen cho thUdng nhan khu viic cd t h i
diing kim loai quy nhu vang, bac de doi
la'y mudi Nhan tha'y nhiing mdi Idi Idn cd
the thu dupe tii mudi, nam 1407 nha Minh
chi dao vien Ngoai lang bp Hd la Hoang Thdng Ly - chuyen trdng coi nganh mudi, cho ngiidi ngoai qude tii vimg bien gidi phia tay sang Dai Viet dung vang ddi la'y mudi
(51) Minh thiic luc xac nhan: "Ty Bd' Chinh
Giao Chi tau r i n g , da trieu tap thiidng gia den, hiia cho dung vang, bac, tidn ddng de ddi mudi Rdi bd Hd quy dinh 1 lang vang ca'p 30 dan mudi, 1 lang bac, hoac 2.500 ddng tien ca'p 3 dan" (52) Theo dd, ehinh
quydn chie'm ddng quy dinh cii 1 lang vang
ddi diide 30 dan mudi, 1 lang bac (hoac 2.500 ddng) ddi dUpe 3 dan mudi La'y muoi lam "ban vi" cd the suy ra, gia vang ga'p 30 Ian gia bac Do thu dUpe nhidu ngudn ldi tir mudi nen nha Minh dae biet quan tam de'n viec kiem soat vung san xuat, quy trinh san xua't, viec trao ddi, mua ban, sii tham gia eua gidi thitdng nhan, eae tuye'n budn ban ciing nhU ngudn Idi thu diidc tif loai san v&t nay
De tang eUdng kiem soat nganh san xua't mudi, ngay 5-7-1407, nha Minh dat ty
Dd cii Diem khda va 2 trifdng Diem khda d
Quang Tit va Dai Hoang Tie'p dd, ngay 4-10-1407, lai tie'p tue dat ty De cii vd thue' mud'i, gdm cac chitc De cif, ddng De cit, phd
De cif, lai mue mdi vi tri mpt ngiidi Den ngay 5-2-1409, dat them 4 cdng trUdng mudi tai An Lao, An Hda (An Hiing), Chi Phong, Ddng An thupe ty Dd cif Diem khda
"Giao Chi" (53) Tara thang sau, ngay 24-10-1409, nha Minh lai thidt lap them 3 edng triidng san xuat mud'i tai Chi Nga, Trudng La, Dan Hiep Cac edng trUdng nay
ddu chiu sii kidm soat cua ty D^ cit Diem
khda Tiep dd, nha Minh ciing dat Cue thue khda tai chau Quy Hda, ty Tuan kiem tai eiia quan Thach L i m d l hd trd cho viee kiem tra, gidm sat Nam 1417, lap them 1 kho, ty De cit mudi, 5 kho muoi va 3 edng
Trang 9trudng mudi (54) Nam sau, chinh quydn
chidm ddng lai cho lap them 7 ed sd kham
nghiem, phan phat mudi, 1 kho va sd kiem
soat mudi tai sdng Ld, tnic thudc ty Dd cut
mudi "Giao Chi" (55) NhU vay, theo Minh
thiic luc, trong khoang 2 thap nien, nha
Minh da thidt lap it nha't la 10 cdng trUdng
khai thac mudi dpe theo viing duyen hai
nUde ta, tit vung biln phia bic den cac tinh
mien Trung ddng thdi lap 7 cd sd kiem tra
(xet nghidm), phan phat mudi va nhidu kho
chita mudi
Cd t h i k h i n g dinh r i n g , trong thdi gian
xam lUde nUde ta, it cd nganh kinh te nao
lai hi tridu dinh nha Minh ciing nhif ehinh
quyen chidm ddng kilm tra, giam sat g i t
gao nhu nganh mudi Cae bd sit trieu Le
Trung HUng, trieu Nguyen eiing nhii Minh
thiic luc ddu cd nhidu ghi chdp eu t h i ve
vide san xua't, sit dung, budn ban muoi
Theo dd, ehinh quydn dd hd khdng chi kilm
tra g i t gao quy trinh san xua't, budn ban
mudi ma cdn dat ra cd chd phan loai, ca'p
gia'y phep (giiy kham hpp) budn ban mud!
cho tifng loai thUdng nhan Ai khdng ed
giiy phdp ma budn ban thi bi trpng tdi
Didu chic chin la, dii nha Minh nghiem
ca'm viec san xua't, budn ban mud'i nhUng
vi^e lam mudi quy md nhd, budn ban "phi
quan phUdng" v i n diln ra De tan thu, n i m
ddc quydn ve mudi ddng thdi ngan ehan
kha nang tie'p van eho eac liic litdng khdi
nghia, nha Minh cdn dd ra quy dinh ngUdi
di dudng khdng dUpc dem qua 3 bat muoi
va 1 Ip nUdc m i m (56)!
Ciing vdi mudi, chinh quyen chidm ddng
cdn tan thu thue ea Theo ldi ta'u trinh eua
Bd Hd, vua Minh da eho ehinh quyen chidm
ddng dUde thu loai thud nay vdi mife cit mdi
quan tien (quy ddi tit sd lUdng ca) thi b i t
nap 2 da'u gao (57) Theo giai thich ciia
ngudi diing d i u trieu Minh thi chinh sach
giai phap tam thdi Sau khi quan lUdng diy
du thi se trd l^i t h u thud ca b i n g tien de
"khdi tha't tin vdi dan"!
Ben canh vi?c kiem soat nganh san xudt mudi, thu thud mudi, thue ca, niidc mam chinh quyen chidm ddng eung ra't chii y de'n cac ngudn ldi thu diidc tif biln dac biet la
ngpc trai (tran chau) Trong Todn thii, cac
sii gia nha Le da nhieu l i n viet ve viec khai thac ngpc trai cua nha Minh va chinh quydn chie'm ddng d v i n g bien nUde ta Ciing vdi viec lap Cue khai thac md vang (Kim trudng cue) d 7 tra'n, thang 7 nam
1418 nha Minh lap Trudng sd thu ngpc trai (Chau triidng cue) Tidp dd, ngay 23-8-1419, nha Minh lap Cue khai thac ngpc trai tai chau Tinh An, dat mdt vien Dai sit de trdng coi viee khai thac, mua ban ngpc trai d trung tam kinh te ddi ngoai quan trpng
nay c a c sxi gia tridu Nguyen xac nhan:
"Hai phan Tinh An va Van Ddn san nhieu ngpc trai Ngudi Minh lap nen tritdng sd dl coi giii vide lat lUdm ngpc trai Hang ngay, chiing b i t de'n hang nghin ngUdi dan lam vide liic dieh a'y" (58)
Sau khi bao tap chien t r a n h qua di, vin
de ngpc trai v i n la chu de gay nhitc nhdi
trong quan hd Dai Viet - Minh NSm 1453, trong bang giao hai nUdc, nha Minh v i n tiep tuc dUa ra va'n de ngoc trai trude viec cU dan nude ta theo nghe truyen thd'ng tidp tue khai thac ngpc trai d viing bidn Ddng Bie (59) De giii mdi hda hieu vdi phUdng Bic (hoac cd thd chi la mdt giai phap tinh the trong quan
he ngoai giao) ndn nam 1459 chinh quyen Ld
sd da ed dpng thai trong vide "bd viec md
ngpc trai" Tuy nhien, den nam 1471, Minh thiic luc lai n h i c de'n vide md ngpc trai va
khuyen cao eU dan v i n g Ddng Bic khdng diipc khai thac d viing "hd tran chau"! Chinh quydn nha Ld da phu nhan vide dd Tuy
nhidn trong Todn thit, ve eac sii kien chinh
Trang 10trdm ngpc trai" NhU vay, vide khai thac
ngudn tai nguydn quy nay cua cU dan viing
biln dao Ddng Bac vSn ludn la mot trong
nhiing va'n di tdn tai lau dai trong quan he
hai niide
4 K^t l u a n
- Cudc xam lUdc nha Minh vdi Dai Viet
la mdt cudc chidn tranh Idn, mdt cudc xam
liidc toan dien, the hien ro miiu dd hiiy diet,
ddng hda cua dd chd phiidng Bic Vi the,
va'n dd ein phai diide nhin nhan, phan tieh
d nhidu ehilu eanh Trong vdng 2 thap
nien, eupe chidn tranh xam liidc eua nha
Minh da "gay nen nhGng eha'n dpng nang
ne ve chinh tri" (60) vdi xa hdi Dai Viet
Tren phUdng didn kinh td, nhd Minh dd
bii'n nin kinh ti'nddc ta tit nin kinh te'cua
mdt qud'c gia tii chu thdnh mdt nin kinh ti'
le thugc; tit mgt nen kinh te phdt triin
thdnh mgt nen kinh ti' bi suy thodi trdm
trgng Tuan thu cac mue tieu ehinh tri eiia
ehinh quydn trung Udng, ehinh quydn dd hd
vifa thiic hi$n phUdng cham khai thac, bde
lot vifa triet ha ta't ca cae nganh kinh te
cua Dai Vidt Chinh quydn chie'm ddng da
tap trung khai thac triet d l cac nganh san
xua't ed ban, cae loai tai nguyen, khoang
san cd the dem lai ngudn ldi Idn Trong sud't
2 thap nidn, chinh quyen phUdng Bic da
tap trung eao dd vao viec vd v6t tai nguyen
chit khdng he cd y dinh phat trien mdt
nganh kinh te hay ky thuat nao Viee khai
thac d at cae ngudn tai nguyen, dae biet la
cac tai nguyen tU nhien quy hiem, san vat
cua hau hdt cae dia phUdng da lam bien doi
c^u tnic, hoat ddng kinh td, mdi trUdng
sinh thai eua Dai Viet
- Vd quy md, chinh sach kinh td' ciia nha
Minh luon g i n hen vdi cac chinh sach xam
lUde, nd dieh ve chinh tri Cudc ehie'n tranh
xam lupc t r i l n khai trdn pham vi rdng Idn
nha Minh eiing thiie.thi d ta't ea cac dia phUdng Ngay sau khi tran sang xam lUdc, ehinh quyen chie'm ddng da lap tiic thidt lap mdt he thdng eac cd sd kilm soat, tram thu thud, cd sd khai thac d nhiing vung giau tiem nang, cd kinh te' cdng thiidng phat trien Tnidng Phu va gidi quan lai nha Minh Cling mau chdng thidt lap he thdng kidm tra chat che d hau khap eac tuye'n giao thUdng trong nudc, qud'c td trpng ye'u Muc tieu cua chinh sach nay nham n i m ddc quyen ve kinh te ddng thdi ngan ehan mpi kha nang giao liiu, ehuyen van quan liidng giCa cac viing, trung tam kinh te' Ngoai miiu dd ve kinh te, cae ehu tnidng, chinh sach dd cdn
n h i m bao vay, cd lap, ngan ehan eac phong trao phan khang, eac cudc khdi nghia yeu nudc cua quan dan Dai Viet
- Trong sud't 20 nam nha Minh da thiie thi d nudc ta la mdt chinh sach kinh td nha't quan Ve ca'p dp, chinh sach dd dUde thiie hien thd'ng nha't tii trieu dinh Nam Kinh -Bic Kinh den gidi cim quyen thanh Ddng Quan cung nhu chinh quyen chiem ddng d cac dia phiidng Vd thdi gian, ehinh sach dd dupe thiic hien mdt each lien tuc, he thd'ng bao gdm giai doan trUde ehie'n tranh, trong chidn tranh va sau ehie'n tranh Vi nhiing muc tieu chie'n tranh cung nhu de bay td sii
"trung thanh" tuyet ddi, mud'n "lap quan cdng" vdi vua Minh nen nhGng ke dGng dau ehinh quyen dd hd da day nhidu chinh sach de'n mite eiing ciic! Trong qua trinh dd, nha Minh khdng ehi bdc lot kinh td ndng nghiep, thu cdng nghiep, thUdng nghidp ma edn triet de khai thac eac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien trong do ed tai nguyen bien Ciing vdi viee phong tda cac cita sdng, cifa bien nham kiem soat he thd'ng giao thiidng, thu thud thiidng nghiep, nha Minh edn tap trung kiem soat chat che nganh san xua't mudi va bat hang nghin eU dan vung bien dao Ddng Bac lan md ngpc trai, khai thac