1, Ygu cau biic thiet can phai tien hanh cai each giao due Nhdn thflc dupc vai tro va tdm quan trpng ciia sii nghidp gido due trong sU nghigp xay dUng vd bao vd Td quoc, ngay sau khi C
Trang 1v€ cm cncH HC THONG GIRO DUC PHO THONG
NRM 1956 d MICN B^C VICT NRM
NGUYfiN THUY Q U V N H '
Tfl sau Cdch mang thdng Tdm ndm
1945, nen gido due Vidt Nam da trai
qua ba cudc cai each vdo cae ndm: 1950,
1956 vd 1979 Viec nhin nhdn, danh gid ve
cac cupc cai each gido due dd dUpc thiic
hign trong nhiing nfim qua Id r i t cdn thilt,
song, cho dg'n nay van eon thieu nhiing
nghien cUu ve vd'n d l ndy Ddc bidt, v l culc
cai each gido due ldn thfl hai nam 1956 thi
nhflng cdng trinh nghien ciiu lich sii, vdn
hia, gido due mdi ehi de cdp dg'n m6t so npi
dung cd ban Cupc eai each ndy tdp trung
chu ylu vdo ngdnh gido due phd thong
-mpt ngdnh hoc quan trpng, dupc coi Id
"ngdnh hpc xUdng sd'ng" trong hg t h i n g
giao due quoc ddn Bdi vdy, trong bdi vilt
ndy, chiing tdi di sau tim h i l u nhiing npi
dung cai each trong he t h i n g giao due phd
thdng vd budc ddu dUa ra mot s i nhdn xdt
v l dfic diem, k i t qua, tae dpng ciia cai cdch
den gido due phd thong d mien Bdc Vigt
Nam trong khdng chien chlhg My, ciiu
nudc
1, Ygu cau biic thiet can phai tien
hanh cai each giao due
Nhdn thflc dupc vai tro va tdm quan
trpng ciia sii nghidp gido due trong sU nghigp xay dUng vd bao vd Td quoc, ngay sau khi Cach mang Thdng Tam ndm 1945 thanh cong va nUdc Vigt Nam Ddn ehu C6ng hda ra ddi, Dang vd Chinh phii Vigt Nam da thUc thi n h i l u chinh sdch vd bidn phap nhdm phat trien giao due trong mpi hodn canh, ngay ca khi dd't nUdc eo chiln tranh vd ddi dien vdi hang loat khd khfin, Mpt trong nhiing bien phdp do Id thiic hign cac cupc cai each giao due Cuoc cai each giao due ldn ddu tien dUpc thiic hien vdo ndm 1950 vd nhflng k i t qua bUdc ddu cua cupc eai each ndy da gdp phdn ddo tao vd boi dUSng nguon nhan lUc cho sU nghiep
"Khdng chiln vd kie'n quIe" trong thdi ky khdng ehig'n chong Phap
Din nam 1954, sau khi mien Bdc dUpc giai phdng, nhu cdu ve nguon nhan lUc de xdy dung dd't nUdc sau khi hoa binh dUdc Idp lai Id hg't siic biic thilt Ygu cdu dd dat
ra nhigm vu quan trpng cho t i t ca cac ngdnh phai giai quylt, trong dd ngdnh giao due ddng mpt vai trd trpng yeu
Nen giao due cua Vigt Nam, trai qua 9 nfim khang chien, k i l n quIc da cd nhiing
*ThS Vign Sii hpc
Trang 2budc phdt t r i l n quan trpng Tuy nhien, hg
thing gido due 9 nfim dUpc xdy diing trong
thdi ky khdng chien cd tinh chit dan chii
vd tiln bp nhUng trong boi canh mdi cung
hoc lp nhieu nhUde dilm nhU trang bi kien
thiic cho hpc sinh cdn qud t h i p va khdng
hign d^i; ciu tao chUdng trinh chua sdt vdi
ddc dilm tam ly, sinh ly lUa tudi hoc sinh
vd thieu mot s6' bp mdn cdn thig't nhu ngoai
ngfl, giao due cdng ddn, nhae, hpa, t h i
due TrUdc yeu cdu mdi ciia nhidm vu
each mang ddi hdi gido due phai cd sii
chuyen big'n ldn ca v l s i lupng vd chit
lupng md h? thong gido due 9 ndm khdng
cdn dli dap flng dupc nfla
Mat khdc, khi mdi giai phdng, tren mien
Bdc v i n t i n tai he thong trudng phd thong
12 ndm do Phdp de lai cdn mang ndng tan
tich ciia n l n giao due thiic dan cdn phai
xda bo
Hdn nfla, so' ngUdi mii chfl tren miln
Bae len tdi hdn 3 trieu ngUdi, phdn ldn la
ngudi ddn lao dong trong vung mdi giai
phdng Dieu nay doi hoi nganh giao due
phai c6 nhflng cai td phii hpp d l md rpng
quy md h$ thing gido due, trUdc h i t Id gido
due phd thong, thUc hidn sdp nhdp hai h^
thong gido due cu, Idp ra hg thing gido due
phd thdng mdi vdi tinh chd't ciia nen gido
due xd hpi chu nghia
Trong thdi ky mdi, ngdnh giao due edn
chuyin hUdng manh me nh^m giai quylt
ngay trong thdi gian tUdng ddi ngan nhieu
nhi§m v\i thudc ve td chfle vd ndi dung
chuong trinh hoe Bdi vdy, ndm 1956, Dang
vd Chinh phu chii trUdng thiic hign cai
cdch gido due ldn thfl hai
Thang 3-1956, thue hien Nghi quyet ciia
Hpi nghi ldn thfl 7 Ban Chip hdnh Trung
Udng Dang khda H (1), tai Dai h^i gido due
phd thing todn quoc, Chinh phu da thong
qua D l dn Cai each gido due ldn thfl hai do
Bp Giao due khdi thao De an neu nhi$m vu sap nhdp hai h$ thing gido due cu 9 ndm d vflng tu do vd 12 nfim d viing mdi giai phing vd Idp ra hg thong giao due 10 ndm, giao cho Bp Giao due td chfle thiic hidn Ciing tai Dai hoi gido due phd thdng todn quIc, Chu tich H i Chi Minh da chi ro moi quan hg gifla kinh tl" vd gido due: "Kinh tg' c6 k l hoach, giao due cung phai c6 ke hoach Kg' hoach gido due phai gdn liln vdi
k l hoach kinh tg' Giao due phai eung cd'p edn bo cho kinh tg' Kinh t l tiln bd thi gido due mdi t i l n bp dUdc Ng'u kinh t l khong phdt triln thi gido due cung khdng phdt triln dupc Giao due khong phdt triln thi khong du cdn bp giiip cho kinh t l phat trien Hai viec dd eo lien quan mdt thilt vdi nhau" (2),
Thdng 8-1956, Chinh phu ban hdnh Nghi dinh 1027-TTg ngdy 27-8-1956 "Ban chinh sdch gido due phd thong ciia nUde Vipt Nam Ddn chu Cong hoa" Ngay
30-08-1956, Bo Giao due ban hdnh Nghi dinh s i 596-ND v l Quy c h i trUdug phd thdng 10 ndm theo tinh chd't cua nen gido due xa hoi chii nghia Cupc cai each giao due ldn thfl hai eua nUdc Viet Nam Dan ehu Cong hda chinh thflc diln ra va tap trung chii ylu vdo ngdnh giao due phd thong
2 Noi d u n g cai e a c h he tho'ng gido due p h d t h o n g n a m 1956
Cupc cai each giao due ldn thfl hai ndm
1956 ddnh d i u bUdc md ddu thdi ky xdy diing nha trUdng xa hpi chu nghia va tdp trung vdo nhiing noi dung cd ban sau:
Xdc lap tinh chdt, muc tieu, nhiim vit, npi dung vd phuong chdm gido due cua nen gido due xd hpi chu nghia
Trong boi canh mien Bdc dang diy manh cuoc van ddng eai each rupng dit, khoi phuc va phdt triln kinh te', vdn hda dl chudn hi xdy diing cd sd vdt chSt cho chii
Trang 3nghia xa hii, t i l n de kinh te - xa hpi cho
mpt nen giao due xa hpi chu nghla ehUa
hinh thanh D l phuc vi^ cho nhigm vu each
mang, cupc cai each giao due nfim 1956
nhdn manh den nhiing muc tidu, nhi^m vy
ldn nhu sau:
- DUa trgn ed sd tU tiidng Mde - Ldnin,
ddo tao, boi dudng the he thanh nien va
thilu nhi trd thanh nhiing ngudi phat t r i l n
ve mgi mat, nhiing cing dan tot trung
thfinh vdi T l quoc, nhiing ngUdi lao dong
t i t , can bp t i t , nhflng ngUdi chu tUdng lai
t i t cua nUde nha, cd tai, dflc, d l phat trien
c h i do ddn chu nhan ddn va tien ldn xdy
dung chu nghia xa h i i d Viet Nam, ding
thdi d l thiic hign thong n h i t nUde nhd trgn
CO sd dpe lap vd dan chu
- VI yeu edu cu t h i trUdc mdt dat ra eho
hg thing trudng phd thong 10 nfim la trdn
cd sd xda bd nhflng tdn tich cua nen gido
due cii, pha'n dd'u v l mpi mat d l dUa chd't
lUdng gido due ciia nhd trUdng phd thong
eao hdn, eung elp hoc sinh du so lUpng vd
chit lupng de ra tham gia phue vu cac cong
tac xdy diing nU6e nha hoac tig'p tue hoc Ign
cao de phuc vu cdng cupe kiln thig't d i t
nude
Ve tinh c h i t ciia nen gido due, Dai hpi
giao due phd t h i n g todn mien Bdc da
khdng dinh: Hg thong giao due mdi e6 tinh
c h i t xa hpi chii nghia, l i y Chu nghia Mac
-Lenin 1dm nen tang t u tudng vd nh^m phuc
vu nhdn dan lao dpng
PhUdng cham giao due ndi chung vd giao
due pho thong ndi rieng Id gfin ly ludn vdi
thiic tiln, gdn chat nha tnidng vdi ddi song
xa hpi
PhUdng hudng chinh tri ciia giao due Id
"todn bo cong tde giao due phai phue tflng
dudng 111 chinh tri ciia Chinh phii Dan ehu
Cpng hda Vigt Nam va Dang Lao dpng Vidt
Nam, dap iing diing nhiing yeu cdu eua
nhi$m vu xay dUng nUdc nhd vd ddii tranh chinh tri thdng lpi" (3)
Noi dung gido due cl tinh chd't todn di$n, gom boh mfit: dflc, tri, t h i , my, trong
dd coi tri due la eo sd, d i n g thdi tdng cUdng giao due t u tudng vd gido due dao dflc trdn
cd sd coi trpng giang day tri thiic cd h$ tho'ng Neu nhU cuoc cai cdch giao due nfim
1950 n h l h manh dg'n ygu cdu boi diidng tinh thdn ddn tde, long ygu nUdc, chi edm thu giac, tinh thdn y l u ehuong lao dpng, ton trpng cua cing, tinh thdn tdp thi, phUdng phdp suy ludn vd thdi quen 1dm vi$c khoa hoc thi cupe cai cdch gido due ldn ndy da khdi qudt, phdt t r i l n len mpt bUdc
Xdc dinh cO cdu to chUc vd thiet lap
he thdng trUdng phd thong 10 ndm
Ndm 1950, tren ed sd nhflng thanh qua ban ddu trong viec thig't Idp n l n gido due dan ehii nhdn ddn vd d l phfl hpp vdi hodn eanh khdng chie^n, cu§c cai each giao due ldn thfl nha't quy dinh ed cd'u hg thing trudng phd thong Id 9 ndm gom 3 d p hpc: Cd'p I: 4 nfim (Idp 1, 2, 3, 4) thay t h i cho b^c tilu hpc cfl, khong k l 1 nfim hpc fi'u tri hay vd Idng; Cd'p II: 3 nfim (Idp 5, 6, 7) thay
t h i eho bdc trung hpc phd thong eu 4 ndm; Cip III: 2 ndm GIp 8, 9) thay t h i cho bdc trung hpc ehuygn khoa eu 3 nfim Nfim 1956, cupc cai cdch giao due ldn thfl hai t i l p tue hodn ehinh he thing gido due tijt phd t h i n g den dai hoe, trong dd, hd thong giao due pho thong dUpc xae dinh ro
Id hai he thdng giao due cu dUde sap nhdp thdnh mot he t h i n g giao due mdi 10 nfim
Cd e l u trudng phd thong 10 nfim gom 3
d p : Cd'p I: 4 nfim, tU Idp 1 den Idp 4; Cip II: 3 nfim, tfl Idp 5 den Idp 7; Cip XU: 3 nfim, tfl Idp 8 d i n Idp 10
Tre em phai hoc qua Idp vd Idng d l bilt dpe, biet viet, d i m dUpc tfl 1 d i n 10 mdi
Trang 4tinh hinh con nhieu khd khfin, cho ndn thdi
gian hpc d d p 1 miln nui Ifi 5 nfim
Bign c h i nien hpc: Nign hpc pho thong
bao gom 9 thang hpc trong nhd trUdng
(chia ra 1dm tflng hpc ky de vigc hpc dd
cdng thang va ti^n viee on tap, tdng k i t
kinh nghiem) va 3 thang nghi hi, Nign hpc
khai giang ngay 1-9 nam trUde va k i t thuc
ngay 31-5 ndm sau, nhU vdy de phfl hdp vdi
nign hpc d cac nUde, tien cho hpc sinh di hpc
nUdc ngodi d l hpc sinh dUpe nghi hd vdo
nhflng thdng nong n h i t (6, 7, 8), S i tudn
thuc hpc tfl 33 d i n 35 tudn,
Ve han tuoi: Hoc sinh muon dUpe hpc Idp
1, it nhd't phai dii 7 tudi, hpc Idp 2 phai dii
8 tudi, Idp 3 dli 9 tudi,, tinh den ngdy 1-9
ndm xin hpc, Han tuoi toi da cho m§i Idp Id
tudi it n h i t cpng them 4 tudi Nfl sinh so
vdi nam sinh dupe gia ban tudi mpt nam;
hpc sinh mien ndi thi dUde gia han tudi hai
nfim
Ve chUOng trinh vd sdch gido khoa
Cu6e cai each ndm 1956 da quy dinh
chuong trinh mdi, c h i dp day hpc, thi cii
cho trudng phd th6ng 10 nfim,
N5i dung chUdng trinh mdi phai t h i
hign dudng ldi mdi cua gifio due p h i thdng
va dupe xay dUng trdn quan dilm duy vdt
bign chflng va duy vdt lich sfl, nh^m bli
dudng cd he thd'ng cho hoc sinh ve thg' gidi
quan khoa hoc vd nhdn sinh quan each
mang ChUdng trinh hpc qudn tri^t nhigm
vu chinh tri va dUdng loi chinh sadi eiia
Dang va Nhd nUde trong giai doan each
mang mdi Noi dung chUdng trinh coi trpng
viec k i t hdp li ludn vdi thUc tiln, ddnh mot
so gid edn thig't cho cong tde thiic hdnh, chii
y flng dung bai hpc vao cupc song xd hpi va
san x u i t vd dUpe xay dUng trdn nhiing
nguyen tie chinh: Cung d p cho hoc sinh
nhiing kig'n thflc khoa hpc cd ban, hi$n dai
va c6 h§ tho'ng; Tang cudng giao due tU
tudng, chinh tri; T h i hi$n vide k i t hpp ly ludn vdi thiic tien; Chu y dac dilm cac Ifla tudi hpc sinh; Dam bao sfl phoi hdp chdt che gifla eac b l m6n
ChUdng trinh phd thong 10 nfim "dUpe xay dflng tren cd sd hpc tdp kinh nghiem ve ngi dung day hgc ciia Lien X6, phdn ndo ciia Trung Quoc" va dflpc cai tie'n "khdng cd ban chuyen khoa nhU chUOng trinh ciia Phdp hay chUdng trinh Hodng Xuan Hdn" (4) 6 d p I, sg' tiet hoc dupe quy dinh cu
t h i eho cac min tfl 25 din 45 phiit, tdng a l thdi gian trong tudn Id 1050 phflt So tilt hgc d d p n vd III Id 29-30 tiet/tudn, sau
do, dilu chinh tdng so' tilt hgc vdn hda d
d p n Id 24 tilt, d p III la 25 tilt, moi tilt hpc 45 phut, tdng s i thdi gian hoe trong tudn Id 1125 phut Trong do, Quoc vfin 4-6 tiet, Todn 5-6 tie*, Ly hda 2-6 tilt, Ngoai vfin 2-3 tilt, cdc m5n khae 1-2 tilt So vdi chUdng trinh phd thdng 9 nfim thi he thong chUdng trinh phd thong 10 ndm nang hdn
v l khli lupng kiln thflc vfi so tilt hpc 0 mpt s i m6n nhU Toan Idp 4, kho'i lUpng kie'n thflc cdn nfing hdn chUdng trinh ciia Lign Xo,
Vl chUdng trinh d p I d mien nui, x u i t phdt tfl thiic t l dia phUdng vd nham nang cao chd't lupng ciia eae trUdng phd thong thupc viing ddn tpc, Chinh phu chu trUOng thue hien ChUdng trinh 5 ndm, Da^ dilm chinh cua sU phdn phoi noi dung ChUdng trinh 5 nfim Id: ChUdng trinh ba Idp ddu: Idp 1, Idp 2, Idp 3 noi ehung khong thay dli; ChUdng trinh Idp 4 chia 1dm 2 ndm: Idp 4B
vd Idp 4A nhdm giam tai he thong kiln thflc Idp 4 tUdng doi nfing cho hpc sinh miln nui, Ngodi ChUdng trinh 5 nfim day bang tieng phd thong, Bp Giao due cung da vach ra dU an chUdng trinh 5 ndm day b^ng tilng ddn t ^ ChUdng trinh 5 nam dupe thi nghigm day d 7 tinh miln niii vd
Trang 5Khu tfl tri Thai MIo tfl ndm hpc 1957-1958
Mot trong nhiing ndi dung quan trpng
eiia cai each gido due la bien soan sdch gido
khoa Ve npi dung eung nhU hinh thflc,
sdch giao khoa phai dam bao viec thtic hidn
chUdng trinh cho nen viec bien soan sdch
giao khoa dUde td chfle va lanh dao chat
che Vigc bign soan sdch dupc tdp trung vdo
m6t ed quan duy n h i t d d p Trung Udng Bg
da thanh lap Ban soan sach va ed k l ho^ch
giai quylt v i n de mdt cdch quy md vd cd hg
thing Tdi lieu gido khoa eho hpc sinh phd
thong deu dung chung cho ca hai hd tho'ng
4 ndm vd 5 nfim Ngodi ra, Bp Giao due
cung eung d p them tdi hdu v l Quoc van,
Sii, Dia thich hdp cho viee day hpc d mien
niii
yd che dp day vd hgc
Vi^c giang day do thdy giao phu trach
dudi hinh thflc chu yeu Id Ign Idp giang bai
Ngodi ra, thdy c6 t h i dUa hoc trd di tham
quan vfi giang tai chd Muc dieh giang day
Id Idm cho hpc sinh hilu, nhd Idu vd tiln bp
nhanh; Gil Ien Idp dupc ton trpng; T i t ea
nhiing hinh thflc ddnh ddp, si nhuc hgc trd
deu hi coi Id phi phap
Hpc trd di hpc thi len Idp hgc Id chinh
Ngodi gid nghe giang d trUdng thi ca nhdn
tu hpc tap Id chinh
Hinh thflc day hoc vdn la md hinh
truyen tho'ng: thdy giang kiln thflc, hoc
sinh c l gdng tilp thu
Ve che dp thi cO, bang cdp
Thi la mpt hinh thflc kilm sodt k i t qua
mpt thdi ky hpc tap eiia hoc sinh vd xdc
nhdn sflc hgc eua hpc sinh sau thdi ky d'y
Ding thdi, thi la m i t each bdo d o cing tde
cua nha trudng trUde nhdn dan va cung Id
su kilm tra cua Nha nude doi vdi eong tac
eiia nha trUdng Thi la mot viec bdt bupe
doi vdi hpc sinh (trfl trUdng hpp d^c bipt do
nhd tnidng phg chudn)
Ngodi cdc ky thi hpc ky vd thi len Idp,
d p hpc phd t h i n g ed cac ky thi chinh nhu sau:
- Thi h i t cd'p: CuH Idp 4 thi het d p I va cull Idp 7 thi het d p II
- Thi ehuyin d p : Sau khi thi het d p I
va II, hpc sinh m u l h chuyin ldn cap hgc tiep theo phai qua ky thi chuyen d p Thi tg't nghigp: Cull Idp 10: hpc sinh thi tot nghilp trUdng pho thong Sau khi kg't thuc ky thi t i l nghigp trUdng phd thong dat yeu edu, hpc sinh dUpc ed^p bdng Tot nghiep phd thing
Ve cong tde ddo tao, bdi dUdng gido vien
Thiic h i l n cai each gido due, v l h de ddo tao, boi dudng, dai ngo dm vdi dli ngu giao vign ddng mot vai trd quan trpng Dong thdi vdi viee ddo tao can bg bd sung kip thdi cho ke' hoaeh phdt t r i l n gido due, ddi sing vdt chit, tinh thdn va chi" do cdng tac eiia giao vign phai gIp rflt cai thien Chi thi so
1003-TTg ngay 8-4-1956 Vi chinh sdch ddi vdi thdy gido da n h l h manh den vai tro,
nhigm vu va ehinh sach dli vdi ngUdi thdy trong xa hii Mfit khac, Ban chinh sach giao due phd thong cua nUdc Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hda da quy dinh: Thdy giao phai
ra sflc hpc tap, di cao trinh do tfl tudng,
chinh tri, van hda va nghigp vu eua minh, ddn dan hgc cho dUde phUdng phap vdn dung quan dilm duy vdt bien chiing vd quan dilm duy vdt lich sii, dflng phUdng phdp ly ludn lidn hg vdi thue t l md giang day, dong thdi phai lign k i t vdi giao due tU tudng, ehinh tri Cdc gido vien phai xdc dinh y thiie phuc vu nhan ddn, vi nhan ddn, vi Td quIc md ddo tao the he tre, t h i
hg nhiing ngUdi kiln thig't Td quoc sau ndy
VI quan h$ gifla giao vien vd hgc tro vd
Trang 6giiia hgc tro vdi hgc trd: Trd phai kinh thdy,
thdy phai yeu trd; cdn cai thi$n khong
ngiing quan hg gifla thdy va trd de cho v i ^
gido due dat k i t qua tit; Xay dflng quan h i
binh d4ng hflu ai gifla trd vdi tro, khong
phan bi$t thdnh phdn giai d p trong Idp
hgc
Ve quan li gido due: Cac cd quan gido
due (Nha, Khu, Sd, Ty) gIp rut chfim chinh
td chfle va l l loi lam vide va tfing cUdng
cdng tde Idnh dao gido due, lanh dao viee
giang day d cdc trUdng, ede d p : phdn cong
hdp ly, thudng xuygn tien hdnh kilm tra,
tdng ket kinh nghigm kip thdi phdt hien vd
giai quyet cdc v i n d§, boi dUdng edn bl
Dodn thanh nidn lao dgng trong trUdng vd
Doan Hpc sinh phai giiip dd nhd trUdng
trong vide dpng vidn thanh nien, hpc sinh
hpc tdp tiln bp, gifl diing ky ludt vd quy c h i
cua nhd trUdng, eai thien khing ngflng
quan hg gifla trd vdi nhau va gifla thdy vdi
tro
Vl quan hg gifla nhd trUdng vdi gia dinh
vd xa hpi: Nhd trUdng phai tfing cUdng lien
hg vdi gia dinh trong vigc giao due hpc sinh
Cdc v i n d l ldn quan h$ dlh vide gido due
tre em cdn dem thao ludn r i n g rai trong
nhan ddn vd nha trUdng, dong thdi cdn
tranh thii y kiln ciia dai bieu gia dinh hpc
sinh ve nhflng vd'n d l d6, Hpc sinh dupe tao
dilu ki$n tham gia nhiing cing tac n h i t
dinh ngodi xa hoi trong pham vi khong Idm
anh hudng dg'n vide hgc cua cdc tre em,
khdng tdeh rdi nhd trUdng vdi xa hdi
3 Mpt so n h a n xet
Vdi nhflng npi dung cd ban nhU tren,
culc Cai each gido due nam 1956 t h i hien
chu trUdng cdi cdch hi thdng gido due
mang tinh chdt xd hdi chu nghla vd chu
ydu tdp trung vdo ngdnh gido due phd
thdng Ban Chinh sach gido due pho thong
ciia nude Vidt Nam Dan ehii Cong hda da
n h i n manh: 'Vigc c h i n chinh nganh gido due phd thong Id mdt cQng trinh to ldn vd Idu ddi Vi vdy, phai kien quylt bdt tay vao vi$c c h l h ehinh, khong nen chdm ch^p, dong thdi cin phai tien hdnh tflng bflde, cdn cfl vdo ygu cdu vd kha ndng ciia tiing thdi ky ma lam, khing ndn n6ng*Vpi, qua loa" (5) Nlu so sdnh cupc cai edeh gido due ldn ndy vdi cudc cai each gido due ndm
1950 thi cd t h i nh^n thiy, n6i dung cai edeh todn dign hdn, sdt vdi hodn canh thflc tiln, mde du n l n gido due trong khang chie'n eiing da dUpe xay dUng tfl muc tieu,
he tho'ng tdi ngi dung giao due theo dinh hudng xa hoi ehu nghia,
M6t trong nhiing dilm khdc cd ban nhd't eua culc Cai edeh gido due ldn thfl hai Id
viec xdc lap nin gido due mdi mang tinh chdt xd hpi chu nghla, xda bo hodn todn dnh hudng cua nin gido dt^c thUc ddn, t h i
hien qua vige td chfle he t h i n g ed d u bae hpc phd thong 10 nam (thay cho 9 mam va
12 n&m trfldc day) va ban hdnh npi dung ehUOag trinh, sach giao khoa mdi chiu anh hudng cua hg thing gido dye xd hii chii nghia, tnie tilp la Lign Xd
Vi khdng gian, cai each giao due dUde
tiln h^nh d cac dia phUdng trgn toan miln Bfic do Chinh phu nude Vigt Nam Ddn chii C6ng h6a kiem soat
Vi thdi gian, cai each gido due ldn thfl
hai dupc ban hdnh tfl thdng 3-1956, song thdi giaii chinh thflc thiie hien theo dudng
111 eiia cupc eai cdch ndy Id tfl nam hpc 1956-1957:
Cudc cdi cdch gido due ldn thd hai dd ddt CO sd cho viSc xdy diing vd hodn thiin
hi thdng gido due mdi - hi thdng gido due phd thdng 10 nam theo tinh chdt xd hdi chu nghid Cd t h i ndi, quan dilm ehi dao xuydn
suit eua ducfng loi xay dflng vd phdt triln
n l n giao dye Viet Nam trong sii nghigp dd'u
Trang 7tranh gidnh doc Idp vd t h i n g nhd't d i t nUde
(1945-1975) la mpt nen gido due eiia ddn,
do dan, vi ddn Nhflng diem ehinh cua m l
hinh ndy la: Giao due Id d n g cu cua
chuyen ehinh v l san Dang lanh d?io nhd
trUdng, k l hoach hda, tdp trung hda, bao
d p trong giao due Gido due cung dflpc xae
dinh la mot b l phdn cua each mang vfin
hda - tu tudng "Ddi vdi nhd trUdng xa h i i
chii nghia, v i n de goc rd la lap trUdng ly
tudng, t i e dung eiia gido due trUdc h i t Id
thupc pham vi t u tudng" (6)
Qua trinh thue hidn cupe cai each da
dien ra cu6c d i u tranh ve quan dilm gido
due nhlim gat bd nhiing quan dilm gido
due chiu anh hudng eiia giao due thiie dan,
phong kiln cdn rdi rdt lai, khang dinh
dudng Hi gido due mdi mang tinh chd't xa
hdi ehii nghia Trong cupc d i u tranh vdi
quan dilm giao due eu thiie hiln phildng
chdm gido due "lidn hg ly ludn vdi thiic
tiln, gdn chdt nhd trUdng vdi ddi sing xa
hii", ngdnh gido due dd dat dupe k i t qua
bude ddu: "ldn ddu tidn vi tri cua lao d^ng
san x u i t dUde k h i n g dinh trong nhd
tnictng Trong hgc sinh da phdt dpng dflpc
mot phong trao tham gia lao dpng ehdn tay
Ldn ddu tien, quan diem gido due eu tach
rdi vdi ddi sd'ng, vdi san xud't hi t i n cong "
(7) Thflc t l nhiing diln hinh tidn t i l n da
chflng minh tinh diing dan cho dfldng Hi,
quan dilm, mue dich, nguygn ly, phflOng
cham giao due cua Dang va Nhd nUde, da
khiln cho nha trUdng ngay cang gdn chat
vdi ddi sing va san xua't, gdp phdn tich cue
ndng cao c h i t lupng con ngUdi mdr phat
triln toan dien
Vdi cupc Cai each giao due ldn thfl hai
ndm 1956 va culc van dpng xay ditng nhd
trudng xa hpi ehu nghia dupe phdt dpng,
cdng tde gido due d nudc ta da chuyen
manh vdo quy dao cua nen giao due xa hdi
chu nghia Bdi vdy, "nhflng b i l n do'i each mang trong sU nghiep gido due da lam cho trUdng hpc d mien Bfic, trUde kia la eong cu cua c h i d l thflc dan va phong kiln, ngay nay da thflc sU trd thanh eong cy eua n l n chuyen ehinh v l san phue vu cho dUdng 16i
va nhipm vu each mang cua Dang Sii nghigp giao due da tao kha nfing thUc t l cho hdng trieu ngUdi lao dong di vdo Wioa hpc va ky thudt, da gop phdn ndng cao trinh dp giac ngo ehinh tri, tinh thdn Idm chu, nfing s u i t lao dpng vd siic chig'n diu cua cong nhan va ndng dan" (8) Vdi cudc Cai d e h giao due ldn thfl hai, ngdnh giao due ndi ehung va gido due phd
thing miln Bdc ndi rieng da dat dUOc nhiiu thdnh tUu vd cd nhiing chuydn bidn ldn trong cudc khdng chii'n chdng My, cdu nUdc Vi quy mo, trong 3 ndm khoi phye
kinh t l va cai tao xd hpi chu nghia, mang ludi tnidng phd thdng phat trien rpng khdp miln Bdc Nam hpc 1956-1957, so hpc sinh phd thong la 952.700 em, nam hgc
1957-1958, tdng len 500.700 em Nam hoc
1964-1965, mien Bdc el 9.295 trUdng, 63.621 Idp, 77.685 giao vien, 2.673.900 hpc sinh Din ndm 1974-1975 tfing len 11.653 tnidng, 129,447 Idp, 168,623 gido vidn, 5.151.500 hgc sinh (so Idp vd hpc sinh tang gIp doi)
So ngUdi theo hpc 5 cae tnidng Idp phd thing (bao gom ca bd tuc van hoa) chilm trgn 1/3 tdng s i dan todn mien Bdc (9) Khing chi md r i n g v l quy mo, hg thg'ng giao due phd t h i n g con co eac loai hinh da dang nhu trUdng quoc lap, dan Idp, tu thyc, trudng phd thdng vfla hpc, vCCa Idm Mat khae, nganh giao dye phd thong con thanh eing trong vide thflc hien chu tnidng eiia culc cai each gido dye d l ra ve cd d u cac bdc hgc Bdi vi, "Mit n l n giao due pho thong tot Id 1dm cho hpc sinh phat trien edn dli todn didn, co' gang lam eho d p 2 va
Trang 8d p 3 phdt trien mpt cdch tUdng dUdng d l
sfla chfla tinh trang ciia mdt n l n giao due
pho thong hidn nay Id ben dfldi phinh ra
ma ben trdn thi thdt lai" (10)
Ve chdt lUOng gido due, Hpi nghi cdn bp
chii chit trong ngdnh gido dye thdng
6-1957 ddnh gid tinh hinh thflc hidn sau mpt
nfim tiln hdnh eai cdch da khing dinh
ngdnh gido dye cd nhiing tig'n b6 trong vigc
nang cao c h i t Iflpng gido dye, dde biet Id
chit lupng vfin hoa Cing tac chinh tri, tU
tudng, gido due ve dao dflc trong tnidng hpc
dUde ehu y vd thu dUdc nhieu kit qua SU
nghiep giao dye d miln Bdc da ddo tao vd
boi dudng dflpc mdt dpi ngu can bp ngdy
cang Idn d eac trinh d^ tfl phd thong eho
din dai hpc cho cae nganh hdnh chinh,
kinh t l , ky thudt vd van hda Dde biet, moi
nfim tnidng phd thong cdn bd sung vdo dpi
ngii nhflng ngUdi lao dpng hang ehyc van
thanh nign ed trinh d6 vdn hda d p II va
cd'p III "Ldp ngUdi mdi ma nha trUdng dao
tao ra so ddng da xae dinh dUpc myc dich
cupc song, lao dpng dung cam, chiln dd'u
kien eUdng, sfin sdng di bd't cfl nOi ndo, Idm
b i t cfl vide gi theo sfl phan cong eua Dang
vd Nhd nudc Ddi ngu giao vien khfing
ngitng dupc boi dUdng v l chinh tri, tU
tudng vdn hoa, nghidp vu va hieu bid't thiic
tiln Cac trUdng ngdy cdng quan tri$t mot
each sau sfic dudng 111, quan diem, muc
dich, nguygn ly vfi phUdng cham giao due
cua Dang" (11) Nhflng thdnh tich dat dfldc
eho thd'y thdnh cong to ldn eiia cupc Cai
cdch giao dye ldn thfl hai vd cung Id thanh
cing cua d i t nUdc trong edng cupe xay diing
chu nghia xd hpi d miln Bdc, thiic hi§n d i u
tranh tho'ng nhd't nUde nhd
Cu5c Cai each gido dye ldn thfl hai co
nhflng tde ding tich cUe de'n giao due miln
Bdc, song do dieu kien khach quan ciing
nhfl chu quan, ngdnh giao due phd thdng
vdn con mdt sdhan chi'nhSt dinh
Vi quy md vd chdt lUOng gido due:
Ngdnh giao due phd thong cd nhiing bUde phdt triln nhanh chdng, song, sU phdt triln manh me ciia ngdnh khdng tUdng xflng vdi vide ndng eao c h i t lUpng gido dye Vide phat triln sU nghidp gido dye phd thong ed luc, c6 ncJi cdn ndng ve so lUdng hdn c h i t lupng O nhilu ndi, vide md trudng ldp 6 at, khong tinh din nhflng dilu kien eiia trfldng hgc dd ddn deh chit lUdng giao due hi giam sut H6i nghi can bp Dang trong ngdnh gido dye thdng 6-1957 danh gid tinh hinh thiic hien sau m6t ndm tid'n hdnh cai cdch da ehi ra mSt sd' t i n tai, thilu sot nghiem trpng nhU: chfla eoi trpng vigc gido dye tU tudng chinh tri, giao dye long ygu nUdc, ygu lao dpng cho hpc sinh, ehua eoi trpng viec ket hdp li ludn vdi thuc hanh, giao due vdi lao dpng, nha trUdng vdi gia dinh va xd hdi, phdt triln giao due 6 at, qud kha nang kinh tl, anh hudng khing t i t tdi chit lupng giang day va hgc tdp Bao d o tinh hinh vd nhidm vy eiia ngdnh giao dye phd thing dUdi dnh sdng cua Nghi quylt 22 ciing da ehi ra: "Ngi dung giao dye tofin dien nhdm chuin bi cho ngUdi hpc di vdo lao dgng san x u i t va chiln diu thudn lpi chua dupe kien tri, tien ldn tflng budc vflng chde Nhd trUdng xd h^i chii nghla ehua phdt huy ddy du chfle nang cong ey eua chuyen chinh vo san" (12) Mfit khac, phUdng phdp day vfi hpc vdn ehu ylu
la theo truyen thing Chd't lUdng gido due toan didn d trUdng phd thong ndi chung edn thip
Vi ndi dung chUOng trinh: ChUdng trinh
gido dye phd thong ciia culc cai edeh gido dye 1956 trong qua trinh thuc hien da b|c
13 nhieu nhUdc dilm, bd't c4p- Sdch gido khoa chii yeu theo m l hinh ciia cac nUde xd hpi ehu nghia sdm bic Id sU qua tai, nhii
Trang 9nhdt k i l n thflc, d e h xa vdi thUc tien eua
d i t nUdc Sau dd, trong dilu kien chiln
tranh cdn nhilu khd khfin, npi dung
chUdng trinh da dUpe cfit giam nhieu eho
phu hdp, song "do tinh gian npi dung qud
mflc, nhiing kie'n thflc ed ban, cd he thong
khong dupc bao dam" (13) Dilu ndy da anh
hudng trUe tiep dlh nQi dung chUcJng trinh
vd ddc bigt Id c h i t lUpng gido dye cho hgc
sinh Mat khdc, chUdng trinh dUdc chinh
stta nhilu ldn ciing cho thd'y "mot mfit
phan dnh tinh trang thieu dn dinh vd chdp
vd khdng tranh khdi cua chUdng trinh;
nhUng mat khac dilu ay cung chflng td
rfing ehung ta da luon luon cd y thflc rut
kinh nghigm v l chUdng trinh de kip thdi
sfla chfla, bo sung" (14)
Co cdu ngdnh hgc cdn mdt cdn ddt, n h i t
Id gifla cd d u ngdnh hoc phd thong vd bd
tue vfin hda, gifla giao due mien nui vfi
miln xuoi Cu t h i la, "trong k l hoach va td
chfle quan ly sU nghidp gido due phd thong,
chflng ta cdn coi nhe nganh hpc bd tuc van
hoa dUa de'n tinh hinh mat cdn doi nghiem
trpng gifla ngdnh hpc phd thing va bd tuc
vdn hda Cdng tde bd tuc vdn hda phat trien
thilu hdn tue, ehUa viing ehde, el nhiing
luc sut kIm klo ddi gido dye d miln nui
con gap nhieu khd khan, tri trd, ke't qua
dat dupe eon xa vdi yeu cdu eiia cdch mang
vd ygu cdu "miln nui tid'n kip miln xuoi"
(15)
Nhflng han che cua cupc cai cdch giao
dye sdm bpc 11 sau mot vdi ndm thflc hidn
Ndm 1960, Dang vd Nha nUdc ta da nhdn
thd'y dupc dieu ndy song vi dieu kign chiln
tranh khong t h i thflc hign dUpc ngay mot
cupe cai each khae ngn ve cd ban nhflng tU
tudng cd ban cua euge cai each vdn dUde
thflc hign cho d i n nam 1979 va cd mpt s i
dieu chinh cho phfl hpp vdi tinh hinh thflc
tl
Boi canh lich sOt trong giai doan d i u tranh gianh dpe ldp vd thflc hidn thong nhd't d i t nflde tfl ndm 1945 de'n nfim 1975
dd c6 nhflng tac dgng khac nhau d i n giao dye bao gom ca nhiing thudn ldi vd khd khdn Nhidm vu ciia each mang Vigt Nam trong tflng giai doan lich sfl cung ddi hdi ngdnh gido due phai dfla ra nhflng chu trUdng, chinh sdch vd c6 nhiing dilu Chinh cho phfl hpp d l t i l p tuc xay diing vd phdt triln, Bdi vdy, cupc Cai each ldn thfl hai
ndm 1956 xuat phdt tii thiic tiin vd Id mpt tdt yeu lichsd
Cai cdch gido due Id mot sU thay doi sdu sac ve cd cd'u hg t h i n g giao due, phfldng phap gido dye vd n l i dung giao due Diing trUde yeu cdu, n h i l m vu cdch mang dat ra,
culc eai each ndy da ed nhflng tde ddng rat ldn den hg thong giao dye phd thdng mien
Bdc nhu xda bo nhflng tan tich lae hdu ciia nen giao due thue ddn, ddt cd sd cho vide xay diing vfi hoan t h i l n hd thd'ng gido due mdi theo tinh c h i t xa hoi ehu nghia, gop phan vao sU phat trien nhanh ehdng cua nen gido dye dd't nudc
Nhflng thanh tUu md cupc Cai each gido
due ldn thfl hai dat dfldc cd y nghla rdt to ldn vd delg.i nhiiu bdi hgc kinh nghiim quy gid VI cd ban, day Id mdt cupc eai each da
dat dupe n h i l u thanh cong (hdn Id nhflng han chd', t i n tai) trong vide dat dUpe myc tieu, nhiem vy da d l ra Va nhU vay, cupc cai each k h i n g ehi tac dpng d i n sfl nghigp phat trien giao due cua mien Bdc md cdn gdp phdn vdo viee thflc hien eac nhi$m vy phat t r i l n kinh t l , vfin hda, xd h i i vfi dd'u tranh t h i n g n h i t nUdc nhd, tao ra tiln de, nen tang cho viee xay dflng vd phdt triln giao due cung nhu cai cdch giao dye ve sau,
Cupc eai each giao due nay cd mit vai trd, vi tri quan trong ddi vdi sU phdt triin cua gido due mien Bdc Viit Nam trong
Trang 10nhflng nfim khang chiln eho'ng My, eflu
nfldc, trong vi$e thuc hidn nhflng nhiem vu
ciia cupe cdch mang ddn tde dan chu nhan
dan Tfl do cho thiy, cu6c eai each giao dye
CHU THICH
(1) H6i nghi 1 ^ thii 7 cua Ban Chlfp h i n h
Trung Udng Dang kh6a II (thing 3-1955) da ngu
nhiem vu phai phat trien nhanh chdng giao diic,
mot m i t l i c h ^ chinh v i cung c l giao dye ph^
thflng, t h i n g nhi^t hai h? t h i n g giio dye ciia viing
til do cu v i ciia viing m6i giai ph6ng, doi v&i can b6
giao due cSn "boi dueng v l tU tuflng, chinh trj v i
chieu di sinh hoat v i t chtft " (Nghj quylt Hgi
nghi l i n thii 7 d i a Ban Chtfp h i n h Trung Udng
Dang (3-1955)
(2) Bii noi chuydn t ^ Dai h$i giio dye pho
thSng t o i n quoc ngiy 23-3-1956 Bao Nh&n ddn,
86 753, ngiy 26-3-1956 Trich theo; Ho Chi Minh
todn tap, t i p 8 1955-1957, Nxb Chinh trj Quffc
gia, H i N§i 1996, tr 137-138
(3) Nghi djnh ao 1027/TTg ngiy 27-8-1956 v6
Chfnh sich giao due phd th6ng cua ni(6c Vi§t Nam
Dan chu Cdng hoa
(4) Nguyin Hiiu Chi, Qud trinh phdt triin li
lug,n chuong trinh gido due phd thdng d Vi^t Nam,
Vien Khoa h9c Giio dye, 2002, tr 13
(5) Nghi dinh ao 1027 ngiy 27-8-1956 Ban
h i n h Ban chinh sach giao dye phd thflng eua nUde
Vi§t Nam Dan chu Cong hoa
(6) NguySn Khanh Toin, " N h i tnlcing xa hpi
ehu nghia", Gido due nh&n ddn, s i 1, t h i n g
10-1958, tr 7
(7) Trung tam LUu trfl QuSc gia III, PhSng B$
Giao due, H 3 sd 2811, Gidi thieu mdt sff diim thiiC
te tai cdc tricing phd thdng cdp III tii n&m
1955-1965
ldn thfl hai cdn cd vai trd, vi tri vd y nghia lich sd ddt vdi sU phdt triin cda ddt nUdc
trong thdi ky xdy dflng vd bao v$ miln Bdc, thflc hien thong n h i t Td quIc
(8) Trung tam Luu trii QuS'e gia III, Phong
Bo Giao due, Ho sd 684, Di ctiOng, k^hoach, bien
bdn cua Bg Gido due vi tong kit kinh nghiim 20 ndm x&y dUng gido due d Viet Nam tii nam
1945-1965
(9) Trung tam Luu trii QuSc gia III, Ph6ng B9
Giao due Ho sd 3387, Bdo cdo cua B0 Gido due vi
tinh hinh vd nhiem vu ngdnh Gido due, Mdu gido, Pho thdng n&m 1974-1975
(10) Nghi dinh s i 1027 ngiy 27-8-1956 Ban
h i n h Ban chinh sach giao due ph6 thdng cua nildc Vif t Nam D i n chu C^ng hda
(11) Trung tam LUu trii Quoc gia III, Phdng
Ba Giio due, H6 sd 684, Di ciicfng, Mhog,ch, bien
bdn cua Bg Gido due vi tdng kit kinh nghiem 20 ndm x&y diMg gido due d Viit Nam tit ndm
1945-1965
(12) Trung tam Liiu trii Qudc gia III, Phdng B$
Giio due, H6 sd 3387, Bdo cdo cua B6 Gido due vi
tinh hinh vd nhiim uu.ngdnh Gido due, Mdu gido, Pho thdng nam 1974-1975
(13) Bo Giao due v i d i o t^o, 50 ndm phdt trien
sU nghiep gido due ud ddo tao (1945-1995), Nxb
Giao dye Ha Noi, tr.79
(14) Nguyen Hiiu Chf, Qud trinh phdt triin li
lu$n chuang trinh gido dye phd thdng d Vi$t Nam,
Vi^n Khoa hoc Giao dye, H i N§i, 2002, tr 13 (15) Trung tam Luu trii QuIc gia III, Phdng B0
Giao dye, H 5 sd 3387, Bdo cdo cua Bd Gido due vi
tinh hinh vd nhiem vy, ngdnh Gido due, Mdu giao, Phi thdng ndm 1974-1975