Chflng tli eho rang, ngUdi sao chdp trong mpt so trfldng hdp cd t h i hoan toan khong phai la ngfldi ehu tnidng thay doi ten gpi tfl Z^ triiu thdng sa sang Bai Viit thdng sa, eho nen
Trang 1LE TRmV TH6MG stciSA LE QUY DOIV: MOT SO \AN DE VE \AN BAX
NGUYfiN THI THifiM'
Li triiu thdng si cua Le Quy Ddn Id
bp sfl c6 gia tri, eiing Id bp sfl duy
nhdt cua Vi$t Nam dflpc bien chip theo loi
ky truyen De cdp den v i n di vdn ban cua
sach, hign vdn eon rat nhilu va'n de chUa
dupc lam rd hoac gay tranh cai trong gidi
hpc thudt, vi du ten sdch, thdi dilm,
nguyen nhdn vd qud trinh bidn soan sach;
the lg bien sdch, Trong odi vilt nay, x u i t
phat tfl eIng tac nghien cflu vfin ban vfi eac
hg thg'ng truyin ban cdn ton tai cua sdch,
chung toi ehu yeu tdp trung vao giai quylt
mpt so v i n de ndu trgn
1 T@n sach, thdi d i l m , n g u y d n nh&n
va q u a t r i n h bign s c a n
VI ten sach, Li triiu thdng sii hien ton
tai bo'n tdn ggi khac nhau, trong do Bg.i
Viet thdng sH va Tiin triiu thong sa Id hai
tdn gpi thudng xuygn dUdc sit dyng trong
hg thong d o van ban hidn cdn cua tac
phdm Thdm chi cd nhflng vfin ban ding
thdi x u i t hign ca hai tgn gpi Bai Viit thdng
sa vd Tien triiu thdng sa Cy t h i , cac vfin
ban s^ dung tdn ggi Bai Viit thdng sa gom
d c ban vdi so ky hieu A.18, VHv 1685,
VHv 1555, HV.176/1-2, VS-15, 6A^AH; cdc
ban CO tgn sdch Id Bai Viet thdng sa, nhUng
ben trong lai x u i t hidn khd nhieu ten gpi
Tiin trieu thdng sa gim A 1389, A.2759,
VHv.1330/2 Rigng tdn gpiZ^ trUu thdng sa
vd Hodng Viet thdng sa cd s i ldn sfl dung khd han ehe, trong dd Li triiu thdng sa chi xua't hidn trong Lich triiu hidn chUOng loai
chi eua Phan Huy Chd d giai doan ddu ddi
Nguyen, cdn Hodng Viit thdng su! ehi dUdc
ait dung duy nhd't mot ldn trong truyin ban
A 1389
Tren ed sd tinh hinh ndu trdn, ten gpi
md gidi nghien cflu trUdc nay dung dl gpi tgn tae p h i m nay ciing k h i n g hoan toan thing n h i t NhUng do phdn Idn van ban
hien cdn cua tac phdm deu l i y tgn gpi Bai
Viet thdng sA, ngn ngodi Phan Huy Chii,
Trdn Van Giap, ehu tnidng sfl dyng ten
gpi Li triin thdng sa, phdn ldn eac hgc gia diu sfl dyng ten gpi Bai Viet thdng sa
Vl v i n de nay, sd di ehung toi chii
trUdng ndn dung ten gpi Le triiu thdng si
Id bdi mpt so nguygn nhdn sau ddy:
TrUdc hi't, xlt tgn gpi Tiin triiu thdng
sa, chiing ta d i u bilt, ede vdn ban hi^n cdn
ciia Li triiu thdng sa t i t ea diu dUdc sao
Trang 2chep dudi triiu Nguyin Trong quan ni$m
eua eac hpc gia dudi trieu Nguyen, trieu dai
trfldc hg khdng phai nhd Nguyin Tdy Sdn
cua Nguyin Hue, md Id trieu Le T h i nen,
tdn gpi Tiin triiu thong sa thUe chit eiing
chinh la Li triiu thdng sa Yky tgn gpi Tiin
triiu thdng sa ra ddi Id do dau? Chflng tli
eho rang, ngUdi sao chdp trong mpt so
trfldng hdp cd t h i hoan toan khong phai la
ngfldi ehu tnidng thay doi ten gpi tfl Z^ triiu
thdng sa sang Bai Viit thdng sa, eho nen
trong qua trinh sao chdp, ngodi ten tac phdm
d bia sach va mot so vi tri el y thiic chdp theo
ngUdi trUdc, van d nhiing liic ngudi chdp hi
anh hudng bdi thdi quen dg'n tfl quan niem
ciing nhu each nhin nh^n ciia ngUdi sd'ng
dudi trieu Nguyin doi vdi triiu d ^ trUde, nen
mdt s i ten gpi Li triiu thdng sa xuit hi^n
trong sach, hi ngUdi sao chdp vo tinh chuyen
doi thanh T^in triiu thdng sa
ThU hai, ehung ta deu bilt, vao nam
1804, Nguygn Anh chinh thflc doi ten nUde
tfl Dai Vigt thdnh Vidt Nam Khi tgn nUdc
da dd'i thdnh Vidt Nam, lieh sfl triiu Lg
trong quan niem cua ngUdi ddi Nguyen t i t
ylu se dupe xem Id lich sfl ciia Dai Vidt
trong quan h i dm sdch vdi lich siJI ciia trieu
Nguyin, tflc Vidt Nam Hon nfla, Li triiu
thdng sa CO phdn chi kha quan trpng, trong
do d cac myc nhU thign vfin, ngu hdnh, ludt
lich, dia ly, hd efl, lg nghi, nh^c, nghi v§, du
phuc, tuyIn efl, chfle quan, ngh^ vfin,
ngodi phdn ghi chip chinh sU eua trieu Le
d phdn dudi, d phdn trdn tac gia ghi chip
them chinh sU cua triiu Ly, triiu Trdn de
ngudi dpe tipn so sdnh (1)
Tfl hai khia eanh ngu trgn, cd t h i thiy
ro mit s i nguyen nhdn quan trpng khid'n
ngUdi ddi Nguyen dem Li triiu thdng sa dd'i
thdnh Bgi Viit thdng su! T h i nhflng, nhU
chung ta diu bie't, quoc hidu Dai Vi$t cua
sfl dung vao nfim 1054, va quIc hi^u nay dupe sfl dung eho mai den nfim 1802, ngn hodn toan khong t h i dong hda lieh sit trieu
Lg vdi lieh sfl eua nhd nfldc Dai Vigt; thgm
vao dd, Le triiu thdng sa cua Ld Quy Din
ro rang ehi chdp vige trieu Le (thi hign ro
n h i t d phdn ban ky va liet truy$n), vide chdp them chinh sU cae triiu Ly, Trdn d phdn Chi elt d l tign Ipi cho ngUdi dpe trong viec ndm bat qud trinh bie'n thien cua n l n chinh sU eua nUde nhd md thoi Vdy ngn,
viec dem Li triiu thdng sa doi thdnh Bai
Viet thdng sa Id hoan tofin khong phfl hdp Tha ba, Phan Huy Chfl trong mue Vdn tich chi, quyen so' 42, sach Lich trieu hii'n chuong loai chi chip: "Sach Li triiu thdng
sa, 30 quyin, do cy Bang nhdn Didn Hd Id Le
Quy Don soan Bl sach cua cu bien chip r i t ddy dii ro rdng, cd the xem Id mot bp todn sfl eua mdt triiu dai (2) Chiing ta diu bilt, d giai doan ddu triiu Nguyin, khi Phan Huy
Chii soan Lich trieu hii'n chUOng loai chi, sdch Le trieu thdng sa cua Le Quy Don v&n
chua bi t h i t lac, Ing Id ngUdi cd cd h$i dpe todn bg trUde tde eua Ld Quy Din, ding thdi dUa ra kha nhilu nhdn xdt xae dang Tfl gdc
dd ndy, ed t h i thiy ro, tgn gpi Li triiu thdng
sa md hpc gia Phan Huy Chu diing Id hodn
todn ed cd sd vd dang tin cly
Tfl nhiing nguyen nhan neu tren, chiing toi cho rdng, tnidc tde sfl hgc nfiy eiia Le Quy
Don ban ddu hodn todn khong ed ten gpi Bg.i
Viet thdng sa, Tiin tridu tiidng sa, d hai tdn
ndy diu la san phim cua ngudi ddi Nguyen, tgn ggi md Le Quy Ddn d^t cho tae phim cua
minh phai la Li triiu tfidng sa
Ve thdi dilm va qud trinh bign so^n, ban than Lg Quy Don sau khi d l ddu d trudng thi Sdn Nam, ong dd nhilu ldn trd lai Kinh dd tham dii cac ky thi Hgi, cy t h i vao cac nfim Quy Hpi (1743), Binh Ddn
Trang 3danh hdng 6 thdi dilm ndy, Ing chu y l u d
nha vie't sdch vd day hpc, sach ong vilt c6
din hfing trdm thign, trong do bao gim ca
Li triiu thdng sa Xdt ldi tiia do chinh Le
Quy Ddn trong Li triiu thdng sa, 6 phdn
cuoi Idi tua tde gia ghi rd: "Canh HUng thap
nign, Ky Ty, thu trpng, Dign Ha Q u i
Dudng Le Quy Don, Doan Hdu tU" (3)
Nghia Id: "Thang 8 nam Ky Ty (1749) ddi
vua Canh HUng thfl 10, Le Quy Don, tdn tfl
la Doan Hdu, hieu la Que DUdng, ngUdi d i t
Dign Ha de tUa." Xlt cong trinh cua eac hgc
gia tien boi nhu Phan Huy Chu, Trdn Van
Giap, Ngd The Long tat ea diu khong
mpt Idi di nghi ve thdi diem Ld Quy Don
vilt trong ldi tiia
Vdy Li triiu thdng sa hodn thanh vdo
thdi dilm trude hay sau thdng 8 nfim 1749?
Tim hilu ve egi nguon cua ngdnh thU
tich hpc Trung Quoc, ehung ta deu bilt,
ngdy xua sach e l thudng dung the tre (tnie
gian t t l ^ ) hay vai lua (quydn bach $^ft)
1dm chit lidu d l vie't Tre k i t thdnh thien,
lua cuin thdnh quyen, nhUng nhin chung,
b i t k l dung tre hay lua d i u khong t h i qua
nhieu, hofie qua ddi, dong thdi lUpng chfl
dUde ghi chip tren do thUdng cung h i t sflc
ban ehe' Mot cuo'n sdch vdi lupng chfl tUdng
dli ldn, thudng phai phan thdnh nhilu
thien hay nhieu quyin khae nhau Sau khi
sdch hodn thdnh, tac gia se bat tay vao viet
ldi tfla (ty), gidi thilu ehung ve sdch, thudt
ngfl ndy ban ddu con dupe cha eon Luu
Hudng, LUu Ham gpi la "lye" hofie "myc
luc", t h i ndn ldi tUa trong sach xUa thudng
nkm d cull sdch VI du, thign TU qudi
truyen Ci^#-f^) trong sach Chu dich; thien
Thien hg ( ^ T ; ^ ) trong sach Nam Hoa
kinh cua Trang Tit; thign Thdi sa cdng tU
tu (:*: j&^ i ff) trong sdch Sa ky ciia Tu Ma
Thign; thign Tu truyen (^^) trong Hdn
thu eua Ban Co, Trong dd Tu qudi truyin
trong sach Chu dich dUdc xem la sdm nhit,
eac sach khae thflc c h i t ciing phong theo
t h i 1$ dd ma ra Lu Vfin Thieu, mot hpc gia
ddi Thanh ndi: "Ta nghi, thign TU qudi
truyen trong sdch Chu dich hd chdng phai
ldi tfla eua 64 que hay sao? Ldi tUa trong
sa ky, Hdn thU thflc eung bat nguon tfl d6"
(4) Hay hai bdi tfla p h u d cuoi sach, hai tde gia Tfl Ma Thidn, Ban Co' khong ehi 'thudt lai gia thg' ciia chinh minh, md con dem thfl
tu cdc thign liet kg, d i n g thdi cdn gidi thidu, binh phdm khd ky v l n l i dung eua tflng thign
Do ldi tUa Id ldi gidi thigu ehung ve sdch, thdm chi edn hUdng ddn ngudi dpe each tilp cdn ngi dung sdch, ngn dflpc xem la bl phan d u thdnh khong t h i thig'u ciia sach, thudng dupc dinh cflng vdi sdch T h i nhflng, cflng t i l n bp cua ky thudt I n loat, cing thdm sU bien d l i v l hinh thflc ciia thfl tich, vdi muc dich tien Ipi cho vige dpe vd tra cflu, ngudi ta ddn cd thdi quen dem ldi tfla chuyin len ddu sdch, vd the thflc trinh bay m$t cuon sdch da dflpc dinh hinh nhu hi^n nay
Lai xdt thdi quen vilt ldi tUa eiia ngUdi hien d ^ hodn toan cd the khdng dinh, trong
b i t Igf tinh huong ndo, viec vie't; ldi tUa cho sach ciia ngUdi hidn dai deu dien ra sau khi sach da hodn thdnh Rieng vdi nhflng ngfldi vilt ldi tfla eho sdch cua ngUcd khdc, trUde khi bdt tay vdo vilt, t i t yeii phai dge qua va ndm todn b l ngi dung cua sach
Nhfl vdy, c6 t h i khdng dinh, thdi diem thdng 8 nfim 1749 ehinh Id moc thdi gian danh d i u vi$c Le Quy Don soan xong Lg trieu thgng sfl T h i nhUng, vdn cdn mot vin d l kha hdc bfla edn bdn, dd Id, Ld Quy Don bdt ddu bign soan Lg triiu thong sii tfl khi ndo? Theo Phan Huy Chu, ngUdi c6 cd hpi dpe
todn bg trUdc tde Li trieu thdng sa khi sach
Trang 4Le triiu thdng sa, 30 quyin, do ey Bang
nhan Didn Ha Id Le Quy Din soan Bp
sdch eua cu bidn chep r i t ddy du ro rdng,
c6 t h i xem la mot bp todn sfl cua mit triiu
dai" (5) Xdt ngi dung phdn Bdn ky trong Li
triiu thdng sa, trong mye Thong sfl pham
le phy d phan ddu sdch, Le Quy Don ghi ro:
"Nay soan bp sfl ndy, eh6p tfl thdi vua Thai
To Cao Hoang de, cho dg'n h i t thdi vua Le
Cung Hodng lam Bdn k^' Xdt lich sfl triiu
Le tfl khi vua Lg Thai To' khdi binh ndm Mdu
Tult 1418, trai qua 11 ddi vua, dgh nam
Dinh Hpi 1527, Mae Dfing Dung ep vua Le
Cung Hodng nhfldng ngoi, ldp ra triiu Mac,
to'ng cpng 110 nfim; nhflng 6 phdn Li&t
truyen, myc Nghich thdn truyin, Le Quy Don
lai chdp todn bg sfl kidn lich sfl, xay ra dUdi
10 triiu vua Mae, tfl Mac Dang Dung de'n
Mac Kinh Vu ( d ban chdp Kinh Hodn), tong
cpng gdn 70 ndm Nhu vay, c6 thi ndi, Li
trieu thdng sa chep sU kien lich sfl klo dai
gdn 200 nfim Mpt bp thdng sfl cua mot trieu
dai, dupc chip theo loi ky truydn, do so nhU
thg', at kh6ng t h i hodn thdnh trong mdt
khoang thdi gian ngdn
Vl khoang thdi gian Le Quy Don dflng
vdo vide soan Li triiu thong sU, ban thdn
tae gia khdng h i d l cdp, eac hpc gia tien boi
cung khong he nhae tdi Trong Nidn pho
cung chi chdp: "Nam 18 tuoi, Lg Quy D6n
tham du ky thi hflOng, gianh danh hieu
Giai nguyen; thdi gian nay ong viet sach
rd't nhieu, trUde tde cd de'n hdng tram
thien, sT tfl trong thidn ha tdi theo hpc r i t
nhieu" Tinh tfl ndm Quy Hpi (1743), Le
Quy Don 18 tuli, do ddu ky thi hUdng 6
trUdng thi Sdn Nam, de'n thang 8 ndm
1749, khi ong hoan thanh Li trieu thdng
sa, thdi gian khoang gdn 6 nam Trong
khoang thdi gian do, Ing vfla lo giang day
hgc tro, lo viec den sach chuan hi cho ede ky
thi hpi, vfla phai lo vi$c tnidc thudt Nhiing
s6 nhu Li triiu thdng sa, vide bign soan cd
le con dupe bat ddu sdm hon ca thdi dilm
1743 Nhflng thdi dilm dl tac gia doe toan
bp tinh luc d l hodn thdnh eong trinh, chac chdn Id vao khoang mpt vai nam trfldc thdi dilm thang 8 nam 1749
Ve nguyen nhdn cua vide bien soan Le
triiu thdng sa, Le Quy D6n dl cdp kha nhieu
vd ciing kha cy thi Cy t h i trong ldi tU de tfla
d ddu sdch Li trieu thdng sa, ong viet:
"Nflde Viet ta dflng nUdc, dat quan 1dm sfl, nm tiep nhau diu diing thd bign nign de chdp vigc, nhu sfl ddi Ly eua Le Vfin Hflu, sfl ddi Tran cua Phan Phu Tign, gpn gdng dung ddn cd t h i dflng dUdc, nhUng v l diln chUdng cua mot trieu dai thi bd nhilu khong thd'y chip, ngUdi xUa phai Id'y 1dm tile Tign triiu dflng nUde, Thai To Id bdc thdn vo md mang cd nghiep Thai Tong la bdc anh minh noi gifl cd do, Thudn Hodng thi tdi lupc khde thudng, dfi'i mdi mpi viec Hiln Milu thi kinh trdi khoan hdu, theo gifl n i p xUa, mo liet h u l n cao r i t nhilu, vfin vat dien chUdng r i t dep, khong kdm gi Trung QuIc, t h i ma xdt trong thflc lye thi khong thd'y chdp Den ddi Hong Dflc, T l tflu Ngo Si Lign chdp tfl ddi Thudn Thidn de'n ddi Dien Ninh lam Tam trieu ban ky,
k l vigc cung ky va co moi giudng Bd'y gid kdn chpn sfl quan r i t cdn trgng nhU sfl quan Le Nghia chip thdng gifl ngay, ed khi tilt nhfl ed' nhan, nhiing sach chip viec hang ngfiy dd nay khong eon nfla Dg'n ddi Hong Thudn [1509 - 1516] thi To'ng tai Vu Quynh mdi chip tfl ddi Quang Thudn [1460
- 1469] den ddi Doan Khanh [1505 - 1509] lam Tfl trieu ban ky, sac lenh va dilu 1^ thi hoi du, cdn eong viee b l dyng va sd t i u ciia cac quan thi eon s6t nhilu Tfl ddi Hong Thuan trd di, din ddi Dfldng Dflc [1672 -1673] buoi ddu trung hUng, cdc sfl thdn bign chip tiep theo, tra xdt gdp nhfit khong dupe rpng, y nghia vd t h i lg chdp chfla tinh
Trang 528
Cong viec hang hdn trfim ndm, md bien
soan von khong phai m i t ngfldi, the md
chip sd sdi nhu thg'
Nhflng vua thanh toi h i l n ciing nhau
gay dUng cd do, gifl gin ng'p cii, md nhiing
dflc hanh tot, ldi n l i hay, mUu bi mat, k l
ldn lao d i u lu md khong to ro, bi ehe Up
khong noi len, d l cho nhflng tinh trang cua
ke gian giao hung dc, bpn khoe lai gian
thdn, nhd do md dflpc che gilu ddng phdn
ndn thay!
Dai d l phIp lam sfl la phai: moi sfl kiln
diu nhat du khong bd sdt, de eho ngudi ta
sau khi md sach ra xem, rd dupc manh moi,
biet dupe ddu duoi, tuy khdng dflpc mdt
tha'y tai nghe, md rd rang nhU ehinh minh
dupc thd'y Hay noi qua nhflng dilu dai y l u
nhU: diem trdi Idnh dfl, vdn d i t doi thay,
phai chdp; chid'u lenh ban xuong, te t h i n
ta'u len, sd ciia eac quan, phai chdp; vi^c
dflng hay bai cae cing khanh thi tilng, viee
bo hay doi cac t r i n ve tfldng thdn, vide sai
phai cdc quan vdn vo trong ngodi, vide
thfing thfldng d c tdn t h i t huan thich, d i u
phai chdp thuc ca Bdn trong thi dflng Ign
hay bai bd mpt phdp dl, nhfl d e viec tuyen
cfl, quan chg', binh chinh, qud'c dyng, binh
quyen, thue khda, tien te; bdn ngoai thi
vigc bang giao tot hay xiu, nhfl cae viec sai
sfl sang Trung QuIc, vigc nUdc Chigm, nUde
Ldo cing hig'n, gily td qua lai, p h i m vdt
ban cho; ea nhiing vide ddnh Chiem Thdnh,
Bon Man, Lao Qua; le nhac, didn cdch, thi
nhu eae vide te' trdi dd't, t l t i n g milu, t l nfli
sdng, di$u mua bai nh£ic, nghi le trong
triiu va trong qudn; ddng doi danh hieu thi
nhu vile phong tfldc hp ngoai hp nli; ddng
ddi nhd vua ciing Id ddng doi eong thdn, tuy
la viec thfldng, eo nhign khdng ngn chip
rudm, nhiing n l u cd vigc gi thu^c v l nghi
ludn quan trgng vd e h i tae to ldn thi d i u
phai theo tiing viec ma chdp du ngay
thang Theo the lg dy ma ndi thi sfl cu chip mUdi phdn ehUa dupe mpt phdn, ngUdi muon tim xlt ddi xUa, muon bdn bae vile nUde, d n biet khao eflu vdo dau? Xem trong Nhi thdp nha't sfl, nhU eac trieu Chu,
Te, Ludng, Trdn d mot xd heo Idnh, chinh sfl klUi coi, lam vua khong lau, chi dUpc nfim mfldi nfim, hofie hdn hai mUdi ndm, ba mUdi nfim, the md nhflng hpc gia Ve sau con tim tdi thao ludn, chip lam sii eua mpt ddi, d l cho sU nghiep vfin hoa dUdc ro rdng dg'n ddi sau Huong chi nfldc Dai Vigt ta tri binh hdn tram nfim, xdy dflng sfla sang ro
rgt nhu t h i , md sit sach bign chdp lai vfing
ve nhu t h i , chdng phai dang then vdi ddi tnidc ru? Toi khong tfl x l t minh kem coi, muon bat chudc the ky truygn, ch6p theo sii loai, ehia ra tflng dieu vfi tdm lai mpt loi, lai phy thgm nhiing ldi bdn tan thudt bdy theo y rieng cua minh V l d o ehi thi phdng
theo t h i Id cdc sdch T^y thU, Tdn thU CUP
Ngyy Tning chep them ca chinh sU ede ddi
Ly Trdn b tren t h i Id cua triiu trude (chi
triiu Le sd), soan thdnh thong sii, de Idm dai diln eua mpt ddi (6)
Vdi td't ea nhiing dilu tac gia trinh bdy trgn ddy, c6 t h i t h i y rdng, nguyen fly cua
viee soan sach da dUde trinh bay khd ro 0
day chiing tdi chi c6 m i y y mang tinh chit tdm lupc nhu sau: X u i t phdt tfl thUc t l chinh sU eiia thanh trieu trong qud trinh bien chip hi bo sdt qua nhilu; x u i t phat tfl thflc t l t h i 1$ chip sfl cua Viet Nam, hinh thflc chdp sil theo loi bien nien' da bpc l§
k h i n g it b i t e l p (it nhl't la tfl gde dp ea nhdn tac gia), trong khi dd the thflc chdp sii theo 111 ky truyen hfla hen r i t nhieu kha nfing vUdt troi; x u i t phdt tfl tUdng quan so sanh gifla thanh trieu vdi n l n tri binh hdng trfim nfim cflng mot so nfldc cd thdi
gian ton tai ngdn ngui b Trung QuIc thdi
Trang 6the thflc chip sfl theo lH ky truyen, cung Id
l£fi chdp sfl dflpc danh gia cao n h i t cua sit
hpc Trung Quoc thdi ky e l dai, sau dd diing
t i t ca tam Iflc, tri Ifle cua d nhan d l hodn
thdnh trUde tac, xiing lam "thong sfl", lam
"dai diln" cua mit ddi
2 T h e le sach
TrUdc h i t cdn thanh minh, Li triiu
thdng sa hodn todn khong phai mpt trUde
tde ly ludn sfl hpc, tuy nhien viee trfldc
thudt xUa nay luon yeu cdu ngUdi trUde tac
trUde khi b i t tay vdo sang tac phai dinh ro
t h i lg hofie ton chi cua sach, dfic biet vdi
loai sdch bidn ch6p lich sfl, ygu cau ndy
cdng trd ndn quan trpng Trong Li triiu
thdng sa, b phdn ddu sdch, ngodi ldi tfla, Le
Quy Don cdn phy them hai mue 7'dc sayi'u
chi (t6n chi, y nghia trpng ylu ciia vide
soan sit) vd Thing sfl phdm Id (thi lg ehung
cua vi^c bien chip) Dilu nay chiing td, Li
triiu thdng sa dUdc tde gia tiln hdnh bidn
chdp vdi thai dl edn trpng va tinh thdn
thUe sU mong muo^n dem den sU each tan d
phUdng didn t h i 1^ cho sfl hgc Vigt Nam
Vl t i n chi va y nghia trgng yeu eua vide
soan sfl, theo thdng le, cdc sach sfl Trung
QuIc ngoai phdn npi dung, d phdn ddu
thudng chi phu them ldi tUa va t h i lg bidn
chdp Nhu tren day da d$ cdp, xud't phdt tfl
thai dp cdn trpng va tinh thdn thUe sU
mong muo'n dem ddn sU each tan d phUdng
di$n t h i Id cho sfl hpc Viet Nam, trong Li
triiu thdng sa, b phdn ddu sach, Le Quy
D6n cdn phy thdm mue Tde sayi'u chi (ton
chi, y nghia trpng ylu cua vide soan sfl) vdi
11 doan vfin tU eua 11 sfl gia n l i tilng thdi
CO trung dai Trung QuIc, tigu bilu cho tdn
chi vfi y nghla trpng ye'u ciia viee soan sfl
trong n l n sfl hpc Trung Quoc Dl thd'y ro
chii trfldng cflng nhiing sdng tao, pha each
eua Le Quy Don t h i hidn trong Li triiu
ciia thudt ngfl "sfl", myc dich ton tai cua
"sfl" va nguygn tde lam "sii" tflng hinh thdnh trong nen sfl hpc Trung Quoc Sdch Thuyet vfin giai tu eiia Hfla Thdn ddi Dong Han giai thich nghia ciia chfl "sfl"
nhu sau: "Sfl, 'ky sU gia da Tflng hflu, chip
trung Trung, chinh da." [5t iB $ #
^ )k X e x BP ^ ) ; ^ t + IE
Ife, ehi ngfldi chuyen ghi chdp sfl vide "Sit"
la chfl hpi y, chfl "sfl" l i y nghia cua chfl
"hUu" ("hUu" chi hinh bdn tay) vd nghia eua chfl "tmng", tflc "chinh" (chanh), chi viec chdp sfl phai dflng tren ldp trUdng
chinh nghia.] Sdch Nggc thien cua hp Co
chdp: "Sfl, chudng thu chi quan da"
[$,, ^ ^ i t ^ (Sfl, ehi chfle quan
chuyen quan ly sach vd eua triiu dinh)]
Sach Chu li muc Thiin quan, tilu muc Td
phu chdp: "Sfl, chfldng quan thu di tan t4" [^, '^ t "^ U ^ ^ "Sfl", ehi ngudi
ehuygn qudn sach vd, dong thdi dflng sach
vd dl trp cho viec tri nfldc]
Xet ba ndt nghia ngu trdn, cd the thd'y
rd, theo quan niem eua ngUdi Trung QuIc cung nhu sfl hpc Trung Quoc co dEii, "sfl" chinh Id ngudi "chuydn quan ly sach vd",
"ghi chdp sU viec" phye vu cho nln chinh tri cua cdc vua ehua phong kiln thdi xUa (7) Ydu cdu t i l quan trpng vdi nhiem vu "ghi chip sU vigc" cua chfle quan ndy Id, phai liy sU "trung chinh eong bang" Idm goc, vay ndn xdt tfl gdc d l vdn tU, chfl "sfl" mdi cd cd'u tao la hinh mpt ban tay ndm gifl 16
d n g bdng trung chinh Chfl "hiiu" cdn mang ndt nghia ciia chfl "hflu" (phai, bgn phai), ttie ban tay bgn phai, bdi theo le thfldng ngfldi ta khi vdn but "ghi chdp sU vide" at phai diing tay phai, va ehi khi nao viee ghi chip dam bao dupc dieu "tnmg", tflc ngoi but eua tac gia phai trung thi^c, phai dflng tren ldp trUdng "trung chinh
d n g bang" thi mdi dflng tinh thdn eiia "sii"
Trang 7Ngay xfla quan chep sfl nUde Tan ddi Xudn
Thu Ding H i dupc Khong Tfl ton xUng Id
"lUdng sfl" (quan chip sfl gioi), ngUdi ddi
nay con khong ngiing truyen tung thdnh
ngfl "but phap Dong Ho" chinh bdi trong
qua trinh ghi chip sU vi$c, Dong Ho da gifl
dfldc sfl trung thflc va dflng tren ldp trfldng
"trung chinh eong bang"
Ngoai ra, nhiing ghi chip ciia sfl quan
Cling can thilt phai phat huy tac dyng phy
trp cho nen chinh sU cua quoc gia, cua dd't
nUdc, dilu ndy chinh hdn quan dg'n myc
dieh ton tai eua "sfl", sfl hpc trong n l n vdn
hoa Trung QuIc Lien quan de'n npi dung
ndy, sfl gia Luu Tri Cd ddi DUdng trong
trUde tae ly ludn sfl hgc hang ddu Trung
Qud'c Sfl thong tong kg't thdnh mpt so khia
eanh nhu sau:
"Con ngUdi ta song d ddi, sinh menh
ngan ngui khac ndo kilp phu du sdm sinh
toi diet, lai nhu bdng eau qua cfla, thodng
choc da m i t hiit Thg' nhUng con ngfldi ta
khSng vi the ma khong xem trpng cing
danh, hp vdn Id'y thud trang nidn khong lo
ldp cong danh lam nhuc, thay deu lo sp sau
khi che't thanh danh mai mpt eiing thdn
xdc Tren tfl bdc D l vUOng, dudi tdi ddn
thudng; g i n thi eac quan dai thdn trong
triiu, xa Id bdc eao si I n dat cho'n sdn lam,
thdt khong ai khong d l tdm vao hai chfl
eong danh Tai sao lai nhu vdy? Ay la bdi
moi ngUdi d i u muo'n lap eong nghiep to ldn
cho rieng minh, khien ten tud'i minh ed t h i
trUdng ton theo thdi gian Vdy lam t h i nao
mdi cd the khiln tdn tuoi eon ngUdi ta b i t
tfl? Dd chinh Id lam t h i ndo c6 the khien
ten tuoi minh dflpc chdp vdo thanh sfl Gia
nhu thdi xUa khong cd sfl sach, khong cd sut
quan, t h i thi bae thdnh minh nhfl Nghieu
ThuIn, ke bao tdn nhU Kiet Tru; ngudi gioi
tai pho trp nhu Y Doan, Chu Cong, ke sodn
ngii doat vi nhu Vudng Mang, Dong Trae;
lam loan nhfl Dao Chich, Trang Kiln; ngUdi het Idng vi h i l u nhU Tfing Sdm, Mdn Ton, ke bao ngUdc gilt hai vua eha nhfl ThUdng Thdn, Mao Don; mdt khi chit di, tdn t u l i lap tflc eiing tigu tan cung thdn xdc Thdm chi d i t m l eon chfla kho thi ngudi thien ke dc, ngUdi tot ke xl'u da bi ngUdi ddi qudn s^ch T h i nhflng bdi cdc triiu dai thay deu dfit quan chip sfl, sii
sach dfldc ehii y gifl gin, t h i ndn ngfldi xfla
da m i t , than t h i vdt c h i t dd tieu biln tfl lau, nhflng mpi vide md hp tflng lam trong ddi lai dflpc ngUdi sau bilt tdi, sdng td khac nao cac vi tinh tu trfing sao Vfiy ngn, hpc gia ddi sau thong qua vide dpe sfl sach co
t h i giao iUu vdi c l nhdn b linh viic tfl
tudng; ch^ng cdn ra khoi cfla ma cd the to
t h i n g vige the' sU d i n hdng ngdn nfim NgUdi ddi sau mpt khi dpe sach sfl, thiy gflOng h i l n dflc, hp b i n hpc theo; t h i y ke bao ngUpc tha't dflc, hp c6 t h i tu rut ra cho minh bfii hpc kinh nghiem Con nhU sdch
Xudn Thu vfla soan xong, bgn nghich thdn
tde tfl bdi sp tilng x i u VEin nfim md phai can nhde hdnh d i n g bao ngflde eiia chinh minh, khdng nhflng thg', sdch d'y ding thoi con xdc ldp tinh thdn trung thflc ("binh but tnie thli") trong ghi chip cho sit gia ddi sau Vigc Thoi Trfl gilt vua, quan chdp sfl ghi lai vide d'y hi gig't, em ong Ign thay vdn ghi lai vide ly, eiing bi gig't, mpt ngfldi em khdc len thay eiing vfin ghi lai vige ly Nam Sii thi sau khi nghe vile l y eung quyet diing tinh mang cua minh bao ve ton ehi trong ghi chip khong g i l u di edi dc cua sfl gia Sii gia ghi chip sfl thflc lich sfl cdn thflc sU cdu thi, khong t l ve, k h i n g gilu dc, v l mfit khaeh quan cd t h i c6 tac dyng khuyin khieh dieu thien, trflng tri, rdn de cdi ac trong thidn ha Nhin tfl gde dp ndy, cd the
t h i y tac dung xa hpi cua sfl sach Id eUc ky
to ldn NgUiJi binh ddn tfl do cd t h i tim
t h i y ta'm gUdng eho thflc t l ' dli nhdn xfl t h i
Trang 8ciia chinh minh, giai d p thong tri tfl dd c6
t h i n i t ra nhflng bdi hpc kinh nghiem ve le
thinh suy, hUng vong T h i ndn sdch sfl b i t
ke doi vdi ngfldi dan hay doi vdi quoc gia
deu cue ky quan trpng, tuygt dm khong t h i
thilu vdy" (8)
Ve nguygn tae Idm "sfl", tflc thUe t l khi
bat tay vdo vide bien chdp sfl ligu, can thiet
phai theo nhiing nguyen tde ndo? Tieu chi
eho viec liy bo sfl lieu la gi? ThUc ra vdi ten
de muc "Tac sfl yeu chi", dilu ma Le Quy
Don muln hudng tdi nhd't ehinh Id nguyen
tac Idm sfl, nhUng do b muc nay nhiing
doan van tU ma tac gia trich d i n lai bao
hdm rd't nhieu npi dung khac, kha phfle
tap, ndn chiing toi phai di vdo trinh bay hai
npi dung trdn day Dong thdi cd le ciing vi
t h i ma dich gia Ngo T h i Long khi dieh de
mye ndi trgn khdng dich la "Nguyen tae
soan sfl", ma quye't dinh dich theo loi nam
bat thuc t l npi dung dUpe trinh bay la "Tin
chi va y nghia trpng yeu eua viee soan sfl"
Trong so 11 doan van tu Lg Quy Ddn
trich ddn, co thg tam diem qua npi dung
cfla moi doan nhfl sau:
Bogn 1, chdp ldi sfl gia Tuan Duyet,
ngfldi ddi Dong Han, nhde den coi nguin
eua truyen thd'ng chip sfl Trung Quoc "ta
Sfl ky ngfin, hflu Sfl ky sU" (quan chip sfl
ngoi ben trai chuyen ghi chdp Idi ndi cfla
vua, quan chdp sfl ngdi ben phai ehuygn
ghi chdp nhflng sU vigc xay ra noi trieu
dinh), dong thdi sO lUde qua v l tac dyng
cfla sfl sach eung nguyen tde chep sfl
Bogn 2, x u i t phdt tfl quan dilm "Luc
kinh giai sfl" (Lye kinh diu Id sach sfl), Ld
Quy Ddn d i n ldi sfl gia ddi Tfly Van Trung
Tfl (VflOng Thdng), cho rdng, Thi, ThU,
Xudn Thu thupc ba the loai hoan todn khdc
nhau 6 day Thu kinh ghi chdp ldi cfla eae
bdc d l vUdng (ta Sfl ky ngin), Xudn Thu
thfl tu thdi gian, gan lien vdi nidn dai tri vi ciia d c de vUOng (hflu Sfl ky sU)
Bogn 3, x u i t phat tfl nhflng b i t cdp
trong thflc te chep sfl, tac gia ddn Idi Vien Son Tflng, ndu ra 5 dilm b i t cdp gom rUdm (philn tap), tyc, t h i t thUe, khen chd kh6ng dung vd kha nang bilu dat, hdnh van kdm
Boon 4, trgn cd sd npi dung ngu ra b
doan 3, ddn Idi sfl gia LUu Tri Cd ddi Dudng, ygu cdu ngUdi soan sfl can hpi du
ba sd trUdng gIm tdi ndng, hpc vd'n vd sU
nhanh nhay trong nam bat va xfl tri v l h di
(thflc), ddc bidt nhflng va'n d l thupc pham trfl sfl hpc
Bogn 5, ddn Idi sfl gia ddi Dudng la Ly
Cao, phe phan thflc te' chep sfl thieu chan thUc eua cac sach sfl dUdng thdi, khiln khen chd, thign dc, t i t xiu, dung sai Iln Ion, trdt tfl xa hpi dao Ipn, khfing cdn bd't efl mpt chudn mflc ndo, cdn thie't phai sdm cd bidn phap chin chinh
Bogn 6, dfin ldi sfl gia TrUdng Bdt ddi Bdc
Tlhg, neu cu t h i to' chit cdn cd cua mpt sfl quan, chiic trach cua hg cung nhU nhiing nguyen tae edn theo trong vide soan sfl
Bogn 7, ddn Idi Au Dudng Tu phe phan
loi chdp sfl qua fl gian lUde, sd sdi, nhflng
sU the quan trpng cua quIc gia ghi chep trfim khdng dupc mpt, dae biet khSng ddm ghi chdp nhiing dilu tai nghe mat thiy, nhflng chinh kiln eua ca nhan
Bogn 8, ddn Idi Tfing Cung d l cdp to
chd't cdn cd cua mpt sfl gia Uu tu (lUdng sfl), ngodi "minh" (sang suo't), "dao" (thdng dao ly), "tri" (tri tue), cdn thilt "ve vfin at du d l diln dat nhflng tinh huo'ng kho khfin trong vide bilu dat" (9)
Bogn 9, dfin ldi sfl gia ddi LflOng la
Giang Dflc Tao, de cap mfit so nguyen tfic trong vigc chip sfl, ddc bigt sU viec can di
h i n ylu t l thdi gian, co't dl ngUdi sau di
Trang 9Boan 10, ddn ldi Lye Du ban v l cde
nguIn sii lidu md d e sfl quan edn chu y
sflu tdp vd cdc thao tac xfl tri eae sfl lieu
trfldc khi chip vdo sach sfl
Bogn cudi cung, dfin Idi sfl gia Yet H i
Tu ddi Nguyen, d l cdp de'n v i n de t l chd't
edn ed cua mpt sii quan
Vdi npi dung 11 doan vdn tU da neu tren
ddy, d t h i t h i y ro mpt dieu, 5 ddy thoat nhin
mpi ngUdi diu chi nghi Le Quy Don da dan
quan dilm eua cdc sfl gia Trung Qufic, nhUng
thiie t l Ing da dfin nhiing ldi nfiy d l I n chflng
cho quan diem chip sfl ciia chinh minh,
nhiing dieu nay xdt cho ciing ciing ehinh la
nhflng dilu Lg Quy Din tdm dde vd quylt
iing dyng vao qud trinh bidn soan Le trieu
thdng sa, dong thdi ddy eung Id nhiing each
tan, nhflng sang tao cua Le Quy Ddn cfi'ng
hiln eho n l n sfl hpc nude nhd nhUng dUde
t h i hi^n mpt each hg't sflc thong minh,
uyen chuyen vfi khon khdo
Ve t h i thflc bign chep vd b l cyc cua Li
trieu thdng sa, Le Quy Don trong ldi tfl de
tfla sach chip:
Sfl CO hai t h i , sach ThUOng thU moi vile
chdp rigng, du ca dau cuoi tiing vigc, the ky
truygn ddi sau la goc d dd; sdch Xudn Thu
gpp ca cong viec tflng nam, d l t h i y ro viec
trfldc vipc sau, t h i bien nien ddi sau Id
nguIn tfl dd Ddi Chiln Quoc trfldc nha Tdn
thi ed nhflng sdch True thU ky niin La thi
Xudn Thu deu dung the bidn nign Tu Ma
Thidn ddi Han lam ra Sa ky, bIy gid mdi ed
t h i ky truyen, ve sau d e ong hp Ban (Co),
hp Pham (Vigp), hp Tran (Thp), hp Thdm
(Ude) thay deu bat chudc t h i l y ma bign
soan Sdch Vdn hii'n thdng khdo ligt sach
cua hg vao loai chinh sfl Sach bign nien
nhu Hdn ky cua Tudn Duyet, DuOng Thu
cua Ton Thinh, B udng gidm ciia To Vu,
thinh thoang cung cd, nhUng hgc gia bIy
xet minh k6m cdi, muon b i t chfldc the ky truyen, chip theo sU loai, chia ra tflng dilu
va tdm lai mot lli, lai phy them nhflng ldi
ban tan thudt bdy theo y rieng cua minh
VI eac chi thi phong theo t h i lg cac sach
Tdy thu, Tdn thii cua Ngyy Trflng chip
thgm ca ehinh sfl cac ddi Ly Trdn d tren t h i
le eiia trieu trUdc (chi trieu Le sd), soan thanh thong sfl, de 1dm dai dien cua mpt ddi (10)
Sfl gia Lflu Tri Cd ddi Dudng Id ngudi tinh thong phfldng phdp lam sfl, trong bg Iy
ludn sfl hpc sa thdng eua minh, cdn efl tren
cd sd t h i I§ bign chip cua d c bp sfl trfldc
dd, tac gia da dem sfl thU phan thdnh sau
nha ("lye gia"), bao gom mpt ThUOng thii
gia (cdn gpi "ky ngon gia", tflc nhd chuydn
ghi chip ldi, ngon luan), hai Xudn Thu gia
(cdn gpi "ky sU gia", tflc nha ehuygn ghi
chdp sU viec), ba Td truyen gia (cdn ggi
"bign nign gia", tflc hinh thflc chdp sfl liy
thdi gian Idm cUdng), bo'n Qudc nga gia
(con gpi "quo'e biet gia", tflc hinh thflc chdp sfl gdp sfl eua n h i l u nfldc vdo ehung m6t
sdch, vi du Quoc ngS, Chii'n Quoc sdch, ), nfim sa ky gia (con ggi "thong eo ky truyen
gia", tflc diing the ky truyen soan thfing
sfl), sau Hdn thU gia (cdn gpi "doan dai ky
truygn gia", tflc dung t h i ky truydn de ghi chip sfl eua mpt trieu dai) Tig'p do tde gia lai quy "lyc gia" v l hai loai ldn Id, bidn nien the va ky truyen t h i Dong thdi ong eon chi
ra rang: "Ta Khau Minh 1dm truyen eho
Xudn Thu, Tfl Trfldng soan thdnh Sa ky,
the 11 chdp sit dg'n ddy c6 t h i xem Id hoan
hi vdy" (11) Dem dieu ndy so sdnh vdi nhflng ghi chdp eua Le Quy Don tren day,
cy t h i "sfl e6 hai t h i , sach Thuang thU moi
viec chdp rigng, du ea ddu cuoi tflng viec,
t h i ky truygn ddi sau la goc d dd; sach
Xudn Thu gpp ca cong vi$c tiing nfim, de
t h i y rd vi$e trfldc vipc sau, t h i bien nign ddi sau Id nguon tfl d6" Nhfl vdy, nguIn
Trang 10glc trong quan diem ludn sfl cua Le Quy
Dfin dd ro
Thflc ra quan dilm eho Sa ky cua Tfl Ma
Thidn la khdi dilm cua t h i thflc chip sfl
theo lo'i ky truyen khfing phai Ifi quan dilm
rigng ciia Luu Tri Cd, md trUde ong, sfl gia
Ngyy TrUng da phdt bilu dilu ndy trong
Tdy thu Sach Tdy thu mye Kinh tich chi tU
chdp: "The hflu tnidc thudt, giai nghi Ban
Ma, di vi chinh sfl" (tH: W ^ i i , g' KI
Jtt ^ LU ^ IE 5t Phdn ldn cae sach sfl
b ddi thay deu m l phong theo Sa ky eua Tfl
Ma Thien va Hdn thu cua Ban Co, dong
thdi xem dd la ehinh sfl.) Chi cd dilu tfl sau
khi Luu Tri Cd ndu ra va quy Sa ky ciia TU
Ma Thign va Xudn Thu cua Khing Tfl (?) la
coi nguon cua hai t h i thflc ch6p sii quan
trgng nhd't trong sfl hpc Trung Quoc, quan
didm nay da dUde dai da sd' sfl gia Trung
QuIc dong tinh va dflngtheo
Ve t h i lg cfla Sa ky, Tfl Ma Thien trong
Bdo Nham An thU vilt: "Toi khfing bilt ty
khidm tfi'n, gdn ddy dflng ldi vfin tho thien
cua minh vdo vide ghi chdp nhflng cdu
ehuygn lich sfl lUu truyin trong thien h?,
tam khao qua tinh ehdn thflc eua cdu
chuyen, xep dat eho cd ddu co cuoi, lai khao
cflu le thanh bai, hUng p h i ciia moi viee,
tren bdt ddu tfl thdi Hodng Dl, dudi cho
din tdn ngay nay, soan thanh ban ky 12
thidn, bilu 10 thidn, thU 8 thien, the gia 30
thign, liet truygn 70 thien, tong cpng 130
thien Muo'n dflng vao viec nghign eflu moi
quan hg gifla tfl nhien vd con ngfldi, thflng
hilu sU biln chuyen cua el'* kim, d ^ bilu
cho quan diem cua mpt nhd" (12) Trong dd
ban ky trgn cd sd Id'y thdi gian lam cUdng,
ghi chgp qua trinh hUng p h i eua cde d l
vUdng; vdi nhflng thdi dilm cd t h i khao
dupe, tac gia phdn thdnh thfl tfl ndm,
thang, ngay, gid; vdi thdi gian khong t h i
khao cflu, tac gia phdn thdnh cdc ddi khac
nhau Bilu Id dflng hinh thflc bilu do d l
mo ta nidn dai, thg' he vd cac nhfin vdt lich sfl, dae bigt eac moc quan trpng trong suo't tiln trinh hch sfl ThU ehu ylu ghi chip c h i
dp diln ehUdng eua eac trieu dai, d^c bigt Id tiln trinh phat trien qua cae trieu dai tfl co din kim t h i hien 5 mpt s i linh vfle nhfl l l nhac, lieh s i ("ludt hch") phong thidn, sing cdu ("ha cii"), tdi chinh T h i gia chu yeu chdp truyen eua cae vua ehU hdu, Ligt truygn chfl yeu chep truyen eiia cdc danh nhan, nhiing nhan vdt lieh sit cd anh hUdng ldn trong xa hpi va sU tich, phong tyc tdp quan cua cac nUde n g o ^ bang ("tfl di")-Vdi tfl edeh Id mpt bp thing sfl, t h i le
chdp theo ldi ky truyen cua Sa ky khi ehuyin sang Hdn thU eua Ban Co', vdi tfl
each mpt bp sfl cua mfit triiu dai ("doan dai sfl") da ed mpt so' dieu chinh nhd't dinh trUdc khi trd thanh the thflc eo' dinh ("vinh chi*', con gpi "cue chi") dflng cho t h i Id bign
chdp nay Cu thi, "thu" sang Hdn thU
chuyin thdnh "chf'; "t h i gia" nhdp chung vdo "Met truyen" Thfl tU bien chip trong
sa ky bdt d i u tien vdi "ban ky", k l din
"bieu", ke den "thu", k l din "thi gia" vfi
c u ^ cflng Id "lipt truyen" X6t thfl tfl bidn
chdp trong Hdn thu, ngodi phdn "the gia" bi
khuyet do da nhdp vdo "ligt truydn", cac mye cdn lai thay diu tUdng dong vdi thfl tU
cua sa ky Nhfl vdy, thfl tfl bign chdp ban
ky, bilu, chi, ligt truyen da trd thanh quy each d dinh cfla the thflc chdp sfl theo loi
ky truyen, cdc bp chinh sfl ddi sau phdn ldn diu tudn thu theo quy each nay
Vl the le eua Li triiu thdng sa, myc
Thdng sa phdm le trong sach chdp: "Nay
soan bp sfl nay, chip tfl thdi vua Thai To Cao Hodng dl, cho din h i t thdi vua Lg Cung Hodng lata ban ky, Idm chi, Idm Udt
truygn" (13) Li triiu thdng sa xdt v l bo cue
ehi gom ha phdn, ban ky, chi vd lidt truypn,