Ki tfl khi nUdc C H l ^ Trung Hoa nUdc Trung Quoc mdi ra ddi eho din khi Chiin tranh lanh k i t thflc, quan hf gifla hai nfldc Trung Quie vfi Lien Xd da trai qua mft chfing dudng quanh c
Trang 1N H O N G D I E U C H I N H C H I I N Lime VA CHJNH SACH NGOAI GIAO CUA TRUNG QUOC OOl Vdfl NGA TUT 1949 DEN NAY
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Lien bang Nga 1ft qu6c gia lang giing
ldn nhfi't cua Trung Quoc Nfim
1991, trudc khi Lidn Xo tan ra, thi Lien
bang Cdng hda Xfi hdi Chu nghia
(CHXHCN) Xd Viit (Lien Xo) vft Cfng hoft
Nhfin dan (CHND) Trung Hoa 1ft hai quic
gia xa hdi ehu nghia (XHCN) ldn nhfi't trfin
thi gidi Ki tfl khi nUdc C H l ^ Trung Hoa
(nUdc Trung Quoc mdi) ra ddi eho din khi
Chiin tranh lanh k i t thflc, quan hf gifla
hai nfldc Trung Quie vfi Lien Xd da trai
qua mft chfing dudng quanh co phflc tgp,
tit ban sang thfl r i i sau dd lai binh thudng
hofi quan hf Din nfim 1992, khi Lien bang
Nga chinh thflc lfi quoc gia dgi dien cho
Lien Xd cu, thi tfl dd tdi nay, quan hf gifla
Trung Quoc vfi Nga mdi thue sU bUde vfio
mot giai dogn phat triln on dinh, vilng
chde Nhin lai quft trinh diiu chinh chiin
lUdc vft chfnh sach ngogi giao cua Trung
Quie ddi vdi Lidn Xd trudc day vft nude Nga
hien nay ed t h i dUde chia lftm hai giai
doan, dd lfi giai doan trUdc Chiin tranh
Ignh kit thflc vft giai doan sau tfl Chiin
tranh lanh den nay
I Giai d o ^ triidc khi Chien tranh
ket thtic: 1949-1991
Chiin liidc "nhdt biin ddo" nghiing han viphia Liin Xd
Kl tfl khi nudc Trung Quic mdi ra ddi cho tdi diu thftp nien 60 t h i ky XX, ngoai giao Trung Quoc da fip dung chien lUpc
"nhfi't bien dao" nghifing h i n vl phfa Lidn
Xd Dfiy 1ft thdi ky quan hf mftt thiet mft ljch sfl gpi 1ft thdi kj^ "trfing mfit" eua quan
hf gifla Trung Quoc vfi Lien Xd Ngfty 1-10-1949, nfldc CHND Triing Hoa dupe thftnh lfip, da chpn con dudng di len CNXH lfi muc tieu phfin dft'u lau dfii ciia minh Ngay aau dd, ngfty 3-10, Lien bang CHXHCN Xd Viit lfi quoe gia diu tifin da thiit lap quan hf ngoai giao chinh thflc vdi nfldc Trung Quoc mdi
Nude Trung Quie mdi ra ddi dflng trfldc tinh hinh dfi't nude vfla trai qua cufc chiin tranh giai phdng, chong chit diy diy nhflng khd khfin, vi vfy, nhifm vy quan trpng hftng diu dd 1ft vifc khdi phye kinh
ti, thuc hifn cdng nghifp hofi de lftm cho dfin giftu nfldc manh Trong Iflc dd, tinh hinh quic t i tfl sau Chien tranh t h i gidi lin thfl Hai da phfin chia thfinh hai ci^c M j
- Xd vft chiin tranh lanh eiing da b^t diu Nudc Trung Quic mdi dudi sU Ifinh dgo cua
Trang 2Dang Cfng san, mft chinh Dang cd tu duy
f thflc hf tfldng ddng vdi Dang Cfng san
Lidn Xd, trong khi dd Trung Quic lgi 1ft dSi
thu eua My trong cufc chiin tranh cfieh
mgng do Dang Cfng s4n vft nhfin dfin
Trung Quie tiin hftnh VI vfy, khi nude
Trung Quic mdi ra ddi, dl bao vf thfinh
qua cfieh mgng eua minh, thi dilu kifn bdn
ngofii v6 cflng quan trpng dd 1ft py tin tgi
vft sU trp giflp cua Lidn Xo Dfiy chfnh 1ft
nguyin nhfin cd ban cua chiin lupc "nhfi't
bidn dao" nghieng hSn vl phfa Liin Xd
cua-ngoai giao Trung Quie trong thdi k^ diu
dyng nUdc
Cym tfl "nhfi't bidn dao" lin diu tifin
xufi't hifn trong bfti phfit bilu cua Cbu Uch
Trung Quic Mao Trgeh Ddng ngay sau khi
nUdc CHND Trung Hoa ra ddi khi dng ndi
ve nen "chuydn chinh dfin chu nhfin dfin"
Trong bfti phat bieu cua minh, sau khi chi
trich "My muin bfi chiim toftn t h i gidi,
dung vu khf dl hd trp Tudng Gidi Thgch,
tftn sat hftng trftm van ngudi Trung Quoc",
Chu tieh Trung Quoc Mao Trgeh Ddng sau
dd da trinh trpng tuyen bo Trung Quoe s6
nga ve phia Lien Xd; "Nhft't bien dao 1ft bfti
hpe tfl 40 nfim kinh nghifm cua Tdn Trung
Sdn vft 28 nfim kinh nghifm cua Dang
Cfng san d l lai cho chflng ta, nhfin thflc rd
r^ng muin giftnh dupc thing lpi vft gifl
vflng thing lpi, cin phai nhft't bidn dao
Tfch luy kinh nghifm 40 nfim vft 28 nfim,
Trung Quoc khong nga v i phe ehu nghia d i
quie (CNDQ) thi cCing phai nga vi phe
CNXH chfl khing ed lUa chpn nfto khfie
Chung ta phan doi bd phfii phan dfng
Tudng Gidi Thach nga theo phe CNDQ,
chflng ta Cling phan doi ao tudng vi con
dudng thfl ba" (1)
Cd t h i thft'y rling "nhfi't bien dao" da
giflp Trung Quoc tim ra dUde dong minh
Xd vft Trung Quie da k^ k i t "Hifp Udc ding minh hflu nghi vfi tUdng try Trung - X6" Vdi hifp Udc nfiy, ay sinh t i n ciia nUdc CHND Trung Hoa giftnh dflpc ai;( bao dam vflng ch&c Trong nhflng nftm diu khi nu6c Trung Quic mdi vfla thftnh lfip, nhflng khoan vifn trp cua Lifin Xd dft giflp Trung Quic xfiy d\(ng dU0c nhflng ed sd diu tifin eho vifc tiin hftnh cdng cufc cdng nghifp hofi d i t nUdc Din nfim 1957, Trung Quic vft Lidn XO k^ kit "Hifp dinh ky thuftt quic phdng Trung - Xd" trong dd Lidn X5 hfla afi giflp dd Trung Quic phfit triln vu khi hat nhfin, tfl dd lftm cho quan hf Trung - Xd ngfiy cftng thfim gfin bd vfi trd thftnh mii quan hf tot dgp nhtft trong ljch sfl quan hf Trung - X6 Nhung cung chfnh trong thdi gian nfty da bfit d i u xufi't hifn mft vfii aU kifn gfiy bfi't dong, anh hudng din quan hf gifla bai nUde, dd lfi Lidn Xd ngay sau dd da ddn phfldng huy bd "Hifp dinh ky thuft quic phdng Trung - Xd" vfla ky kit nflm 1957; lfi vifc Lien Xd c6 nhiing phan doi vl
mft so phong trfto b Trung Quoc nhU phong
trfto "dgi nhay vot", phong trfto cdng xa nhfin dfin vfi vfto thfing 7 nfim 1957, gifla Trung Quie vft An Dd da n i ra cudc xung dft tren hifin gidi gifla hai nude, Lidn Xd Iflc dd, vdi myc dich thi^c hifn ring rfii chiin lupc "hoft binh" da khdng t h i hifn ro lfip trUdng eua minh vft gpi si^ kifn nfty 1ft mft vifc "dau long" trong tuyen bo cua TASS Do nhflng eufe trao doi vft thUdng lU0ng gifla Trung Qud'c vft Lidn Xd khdng
du tfeh ct^c dfi d i n d i n mfiu thuftn gifla hai bin ngfty cftng sfiu sfic Bfi't dong gifla hai bdn d i n d i n cdng khai hoa
Chiin luge phdn dot "ehu nghia xet lgi Liin Xd
Tfl cuii nhflng nfim 50 t h i ky XX, quan
hf Trung - Xd d i n d i n xufi't hien mfiu
t h u i n ldn rii di din lufn chien vft cuii
Trang 3Tai Dai hfi l i n thfl XX cfla Dang Cfng
san Lien Xd vfto thang 2 nftm 1956, Bf thu
thfl nhfi't Dang Cfng san Lien Xfi Nikita
Khrushchev dfi dpc bao cfio ting kit cua
Ban Chfi'p hftnh Trung Udng Dang Bfio cfio
dua ra nhiiu quan dilm mdi vl phong trfto
Cpng san quic t i vft tinh hinh chinh tri t b i
gidi, dUa ra dudng ldi "chung aing hda
binh, cgnh tranh hda hinh, qufi df hda
binh" Phfa Trung Quoc dfi khdng dong f
vdi quan dilm nfty Trung Quoe cho ring
day 1ft "dl cao ehu nghia tu ban, eoi thudng
chu nghia xa hfi" Cfic bft't ding cftng dupe
phan finh rd rftng hdn tai Hdi nghj Mfitcdva
nfim 1957, hai ben Trung Quoc vfi Lien Xd
da bfi't dong nghidm trpng ve mft chi dao tu
tudng doi vdi tinh hinh ehinh tri t h i gidi vft
quan hf quic ti
Cung tgi Dai hfi l i n thfl XX Dang Cfng
san Lien Xd, Khrushchev da dpc bfio cfio
mftt (vi khing chinh thflc dUdc dfing tai
tren bfi't kf phUdng tien truyen thong nao)
hoan toan phu nhftn vai trd eua Stalin,
ciing cd nghia 1ft phfl nhfin hofin toftn lieh
sfl Lidn Xd vft ehuyen chinh cua giai cfi'p vd
san Doi vdi Trung Quoc thi vai trd cua
Stalin doi vdi Lien Xd cung giong nhu cua
Alao Trgeh Ddng doi vdi Trung Quic Vl
vfy ban bfio cao khien cho cac nhft lao
thftnh each mgng cua Dang Cong san
Trung Quic phan doi va canh gific vdi Lien
Xd
Bfi't dong Trung - Xd edn tiip tyc tgi cfic
Dai hdi tiip theo cua Dang Cfng san Lien
X3 ciing nhu cua Dgi hdi Dang Cfng san
Trung Quic sau dd Phia Trung Quoc thi
cho ring LiSn Xd di theo con dUdng chii
nghia xit lgi, cdn Lidn Xd lgi ldn an Dang
Cpng san Trung Quoc 1ft chu nghia gifio
diiu, gifio phfii, chu nghia mao hilm ta
khuynh, dfic bift 1ft v & d i "Ai 1ft dai difn
Vi vfy Ifp trudng cua hai bdn ngfty cftng cfieh xa nhau
Tfl gifla thfip nidn 60 t h i ky XX, Trung Quie ludn trong trgng thfii dii khang vdi LiSn Xd, gUdng cao ngpn cd chong chu nghia sd vanh nUdc ldn, chu nghia xdt lgi vft chu nghia ba quyln Lifin Xi Nfim 1966, hai Dang Cfng aan Trung Quic vft Lidn X5 cit dflt quan hf Cung
trong nflm 1966, tai kf hpp Trung Udng lin
thfl 11 khofi 8, trong edng tfic dii nfi, Trung Quoc quyit dinh tiin hftnh cufc "Dai Cfich mgng vftn hofi vd san" Vl d6i ngoai, Trung Quoc vfla phan dw 'Tfip doftn chu nghia xdt lai hifn dgi" do Lien Xo dflng diu, vfla phan doi CIWQ My, tflc 1ft
"giUdng cung vi hai phia" My vft Lifin Xd Vdi chiin lupc ngogi giao "giUdng cimg vl hai phia" nfty da khiin cho ngogi giao Trung Quoc rdi vao mft eye difn hi co lfip chUa tflng thfi'y Viec giUdng eao la ed y thflc hf vfi lpi fch quoc gia phfit sinh mfiu thufin cd ban Vi lpi fch an ninh hofic la cdn dang tiim i n hoflc 1ft da the hien ro dd la: phfa Bie 1ft Lien Xd; phia Nam thi ed An Dp; phia Ddng la Nhfit Ban, cdn tren Thai Binh Dfldng thi eo My Ve lpi ich kinh ti: cfic con dudng giao luu kinh ti, mfiu dich doi ngogi cua Trung Quoe hofin toan bi phong tda, khien eho mpi sU phat trien trong nUdc hi kim ham, nln kinh te quoc
dfin dflng bfin bd cua sU ayp d6 Ngfiy
23-3-1969, Mao Trgeh Ddng lin diu tien thfla nhfin: "Bfiy gid chung ta hi cd Ifp roi, khong cdn ai quan tfim din chung ta nfla roi" (2)
Chiin luge "mdt tuyin" liin kdt vdi My chdng Lien Xd
Chiin Iflpe ngogi giao lftm cfich mang
t h i gidi cl thftp ky 60 t h i ky XX dft lftm cho nhflng nhft lanh dgo Trung Quoc nhftn thflc dupe hoftn canh khd khftn cua minh, nhit
Trang 4Trung - Xd thfing 3-1969, Mao Trgeh Ddng
lin diu tien thfla nhfn "chflng ta dang bj
bao vfiy" sau dd dUa ra quyit dofin "trong
hai nfldc bfi quyln (Liin Xd vft My) chflng
ta phai tranh thu Ift'y mft, khdng t h i eflng
Iflc chiin dfi'u trdn hai trfin tuyin"
Nfim 1972, Td'ng thing Uf Nixon tiin
hftnh chuyin viing thfim ljch sfl din Trung
Quie Hai bfin Trung - My dgt dupe ay hpp
tfic chiin lupc Ngogi giao Trung Quie cung
diiu chinh tfl chiin lupc "giUdng cung vi
hai phfa" aang chiin luyc "mft tuyin" (mft
con dudng), thyc chfi't lfi thftnh Ifp mft mfit
trfn thing nhft't quoe t i bao gim ca My,
Nhfit Ban vft Tfiy Au D i chong lgi Lidn
Xfi
"Mft tuyin" lfi tu tudng chi dgo cd ban
chiin lupc dii ngoai cua Trung Quie cho
den cuii nhflng nfim 70, d i u nhflng nfim 80
t h i ky XX Trong thdi k^ nfiy, nhflng bfti
ndi chuyfn eua cfic nhft lanh dgo Trung
Quoc hay nhflng bfti viit trfin bfio chf
Trung Quoc deu coi chu nghia bfi quyln
Lien Xd 1ft uy hiip ldn nhfi't dSi vdi hda
binh t h i gidi Trong bfti phat bieu cua Dftng
Tieu Binh ngfiy 1-1-1979 ndi ring: Trong
cdng vifc quoc te cua cbflng ta v5n tufin
theo ehinh sfich cd ban dupe Mao Trgeh
Ddng vfi Chu An Lai Iflc sinh thdi de ra,
nhung cfic vi dd chua kip thUe hifn da tg
thi Chflng ta thuc hifn mft phin f
nguyfn cua cfic vj dd d l lgi Vifc kf kit
Hifp Udc Hofi binh Hflu nghj Trung - Nhft
vfi vifc binh thudng hofi quan hf Trung
-My se ed lpi cho hoft binh vft on dinh t h i
gidi, cd lpi eho su nghifp ching bfi quyin
(tflc lfi chong Lien Xd) (3)
Thuc tiin trong khoang 10 nfim da
chflng minh chiin lupc ngoai giao ciia
Trung Quoc thdi kf nfiy da dgt dUpc nhOng
thftnh cdng nhft't dinh Dudi nhflng no lijlc
thifn quan hf vdi My Trung vft My dS xfiy dyng mdi quan hf hpp tfic chiin lUpc, chfnh phu Reagan thftm chf cdn lift Trung Quic vfto danh sfich cfic "nUde phi dong minh hflu hio"
Nfim 1978, Trung Quic tiin hftnh cai cfich vft md cfla Tfl dfiy chiin lupc ngo^
giao cua Trung Quic Igi b i t diu ed a\f diiu
chinh tfl chiin lUpc "mft tuyin" sang chiin lupc ngogi giao "dfc Ifp, ty chu" Dgi hfi lin thfl XII Dang Cfng aan Trung Quic hpp vfto thfing 9 nfim 1982 dU^c eoi lfi m6c chuyin dii quan trpng chfnh thflc trong lich sfl ngogi giao Trung Quic thdi ky mdi Dgi hfi khing dinh dudng Idi chfnh sfich dii ngogi cua Trung Qudc Ift "hoft hlnh, dfc Ifp, ty chu" vft chu trUdng "kiin dinh md cfla vdi nude ngofti trdn cd sd binh ding cflng cd lpi" Nhifm vy then chot n h i t trong chfnh afich dii ngogi cua Trung Quic Iflc nfty 1ft n h i m bao dam nhflng diiu kifn bdn
ngofti thufn lpi di die sflc phfit triin kinh
te, xfiy dyng mft Trung Qu6c hiing mgnh, hifn dgi, trd thfinh mft trong nhflng trung tfim chfnh tr; vft kinh t i hftng diu eiia t h i gidi
Chinh afich d6i ngogi ciia Trung QuSc dfi tfic dfng mgnh din quan hf vdi cfic nudc ldn vfi cac nUdc lfing giing xung quanh Trung Quic Vl quan hf Trung - XS, lanh dgo Trung QuSc Dfng Tilu Binh da cd nhflng bfii phfit biiu, xfic dinh nguydn tic trong quan hf giOa hai nudc, nfiu len cfic bifn phfip cy t h i d l eai thifn quan hf song phUdng, ding thdi tiltng budc tfing cUdng cfic chuyin thfim hdi l i n nhau giOa cfic cip CuSi cflng, ngfiy 16-5-1989, tgi Dgi iS dudng Nhfin dfin Bfic Kinh da diln ra mft cufc g$p m$t ljch sii gifla nhfi lanh dao Trung QuSc Dfng Tiiu Binh vft Ting Bf thu Dang Cfng san Lidn X6 Gorbachev Tgi
Trang 5vfi Lien Xd da chinh thflc thdng qua vifc
binh thudng hofi quan hf gifla hai nude
Vdi phfldng chfim "chi b i t tay, khdng dm
hdn nhau", Ifinh dao Trung Quic Dfing
Tilu Binh dfi dinh vj cho quan hf Trung
Quoc vdi Lien Xd trong thdi ky mdi dd lfi
hai ben khong ky ket lidn minh qufin sU va
lien minh chfnh tri, gifl cho dupc tfnh linh
hoat vft tinh dfc lfip d mflc cao nhfi't trUde
mpi biin ddng cua tinh hinh the gidi
Trong vfi sau cupc gyp cfi'p cao nfty, ngudi
ta tha'y vang ldn cfiu "kit thflc qufi khfl, md
ra tUdng lai" (4)
Sau cudc gfip gd cfi'p cao Trung - Xd nfim
1989, hai ben dfi di den vifc ky kit binh
thudng hofi quan hf, thi eye difn qud'c t i lai
xay ra nhflng biin ddng b Dong Au, nftm
1991 sau "aU kien 19-8", ngfty 25-12-1991
Lifin bang CHXHCN Xo viet tuyen bo giai
thi Ngay 27-12-1991 Lien bang Nga ra
ddi Ciing ngfty, hai nUdc Trung Quoc vft
Lien bang Nga ky "Ky yeu hdi dfim" tai
Matxedva, chfnh thflc thiit Ifip quan hf
ngoai giao gifla hai nUde Trung - Nga
2 Quan h e doi tftc htfp tfic chien
lUtfc Trung - Nga tit sau Chien t r a n h
Ignh
Sau khi Lidn xd tan ra, Chien tranh
lanh kit thflc, Trung Quoe vfi Lifin bang
Nga (nudc dai difn cho Lien xd eu) da tflng
budc xfic lfip "Quan hf doi tftc hdp tfic chiin
lupc binh dfing vfi tin cfy l i n nhau" Hai
nudc tiin hftnh'hpp tfic trfin nhilu linh vUe
tfl quan bf song phUdng din hpp tfic khu
VUc vft giai quyit nhiing vfi'n de tofin ciu
Gifla thang 12 nfim 1992, Ting thing
Nga B.Yeltsin thfim Trung Quoc lin diu
tifin theo ldi mdi cfla Chu tich Trung Quoc
Dudng ThUdng Cdn Trong chuyin tham
nfiy, hai ben dfi ra "Tuyfin bo chung" dUa
phfit triln quan hf Ifing giing hflu nghi, hpp tfic eflng c6 lpi, tdn trpng quyln tfl do li^a chpn con dudng phat triln cua moi nudc Thfing 9 nfim 1994, Chu tjch Trung Quie Giang Trgeh Dfin thfim chfnh thflc Nga Lanh dgo hai nude da ky tuydn b i chung ve xfiy dung quan hf doi tae hUdng tdi t h i ky XXI, bfiy to hai ben "eflng eoi nhau 1ft nhfin to nude ldn quan trpng bao vf hoft binh vft on dinh trong quft trinh hinh thfinh hf thong the gidi da cUc, tfing cUdng hpp tfic trong cdng vifc quoc ti, bao gim hpp tac trong giai quyit nhflng vfi'n de mang tinh tofin ciu"
Phai thfi'y r i n g thfip nien 90 t h i k y XX,
t h i gidi dupe chflng kiin sfl nong ft'm trd lgi trong quan hf Trung - Nga Bflde aang t b i
ky XXI, dilm nii bftt nhit trong quan hf gifla Trung Quoe vft Lien bang Nga dd 1ft vifc hai nUdc da nfing quan hf ldn tfim dii tfic chien lUpc, diiu chUa tiing diln ra trong lich sfl quan he gifla hai nUdc
Ngay tfl nhiing nfim diu cua the ky XXI, hai nUde Trung Quoc vfi Nga da tiin hftnh nhflng budc di vflng chic de thiit lfip moi quan he doi tfic chien Ifldc
Ngay 16-7-2001, tai Matxedva, nhiing ngfldi dflng diu hai nfldc Trung Quoc vfi Nga da ky "Hiep Udc lang giing hflu nghi vft hpp tac Nga - Trung" vdi thdi han 20 nftm Hifp Udc nfty da dfit nen tang cho sU phfit triln mil quan hf doi tac chiin lUdc tofin difn gifla Trung Quoc vfi Nga trong nhflng thfip nien diu the ky XXI Day cdn dupe gpi lfi "Hifp Udc t h i ky" Hifp Ude da
cy the hofi y nguyen eiia hai nUde 1ft cflng nhau thuc diy moi quan he bang giao tot dep gifla hai nude, triln khai hdp tfic rfng rfii gifla hai bfin tren cd ad tdn trpng sU toftn ven lanh tho ciia nhau, khong xam phgm vfi can thifp vfio edng vifc npi bp cua
Trang 6khfic ao vdi Hifp fldc hflu nghj Trung • Xd
mft hai nude Trung Quie vft Lidn Xd trudc
day ky vfto nhflng nftm 50 cua t h i ky trfldc,
Iflc dd lfi aU kit thftnh lidn minh gifla hai
quo'c gia c6 t h i c h i chfnh tri tUdng ding
Cdn Hifp Udc lin nfty 1ft sU hpp tfic trdn cd
sd khdng kit thanh lien minh, khdng nhim
vfto nudc thfl ba (5)
Bfio "Trud" (Lao dfng) cua Nga dflng bfti
"Su Igc quan cdn khidm nhudng nhung dft
minh chflng", bfii bfio viit' "Vifc ky Hifp
Udc lfing giing thfin thifn, hflu nghi vfi hpp
tfic Nga - Trung vft Tuydn b i chfnh tri
Mfitxcdva cua nguyfin thu hai nUde c6 t h i
trd thfinh bUdc ngofit thfit sU trong quan hf
dii tfic chiin lude gifla hai nudc" (6)
Qua vifc ky kit hifp flde ed t h i thfi'y
ring: Thii nhdt, cfic nhft lanh dgo CHND
Trung Hoa vft Lidn bang Nga nhfin thiy
cin thiit phai tao dUng cd sd phfip ly bin
vflng vfi lau dfti cbo doi tac chien lUdc
Trung - Nga Thii hai, hifp Udc da fi'n dinh
va tao cd sd eho mfi hinh quan hf mdi gifla
2 quic gia co chu quyln ldn Nguyen tfic
ebiin lUdc cflng phfit triln trd thftnh cd sd
phoi hdp Trung - Nga eho nhilu nfim tdi
Dieu nfty cung tao ra md binh quan hf quic
te mdi (Vf dy vifc thftnh lfip t i chflc
ThUdng Hai (SCO) 1ft mft trong nhflng yiu
to cd y nghia quic t i vi sU phoi hpp chiin
lupc gifla Trung Quoc vft Nga Nhflng
nguyfin tic nfiy lin diu tidn dupc ghi vfto
Hifp Udc Thii ba, trfin cd ad hifp udc, ca
Trung Quic vft Nga diu nhfn thflc dupe aU
tUdng dong dfti ban, bo xung lin nhau, ay
trflng hdp vft gin gfli vi lpi ich chiin lupc
Cd sd cho sU hiiu biit lin nhau da dUde
xay dyng tren ed ad nfiy,
Hifp Ude t h i hien sU khdi d i u cho giai
doan mdi mang tinh nguyen tie trong hdp
tac hai nude vi r i n g dieu ehu yiu dfi dupc
phSi hpp gifla hai quic gia n h i m duy trt nln hoft binh vfi on dinh, thflc diy cflng phfit triin trdn ca cip df khu vUc lin trdn cip df tofin ciu
Tuyfn b i chung cua CHND Trung Hoa vft Lifin bang Nga ngfty 2-12-2002 trong chuyin thfim cua Tong thing Nga V.V.Putin, nhin mgnh r i n g Hifp Udc nfim
2001 "cd f nghia lich sfl vfi thUe tiln quan
trpng, 1ft n l n tang viing chic cho sU phfit triln Iftnh mgnh vft i n djnh mSi quan hf lfing giing vft hflu nghj gifla hai quSc gia Hifp Ude Ift tfti lifu mang tfnh cUdng linh,
cd sflc mgnh to ldn n h i m dam bao phfit triin mgnh m6 khdng ngiing quan hf song phUdng, md ra chfin trdi mdi tfing cudng quan hf chiin lu^c giiia hai nUdc trfin t i t
ca mpi ITnh vUe khdng cd ngoai trfl" (7) Cfich tiip cfin dii tfic chiin lupc giiia Trung Quoc vft Nga 1ft hai nUde tdn trpng si^ lUa chpn cua m5i nUdc, khSng can thifp vfto cdng vifc nfi bf eua nhau, tftng cudng dSi thogi giiia cac nen vftn minh, xfiy dung
t h i gidi da trung tfim, ung hf da cue, ching chu nghia bfi quyin, vi sU nghifp ciing c i
t h i c h i Clia Lien hpp quoe vft luftt phfip quic ti, thyc hifn hpp tfic cilng ed lpi tren
Cd sd binh ding, bo xung lin nhau vfi cilng phfit triln
Nhilu binh luf n quic t i cho ring: Niu nhfl hai nudc Trung - Nga khong cd sU thing nhfi't thi vi t h i chiin lupc cua hp se
bi yiu di rfi't nhilu Vft ngflpc lai, niu cd sU ling hf lfin nhau thi vi t h i chiin lUdc cua bai cUdng quie sS dflpc tfing cUdng rfi't nhiiu (8)
Thang 5-2008, Tong thing Nga Madvedev din thfim Trung Quie sau khi nhflm chflc duyc nfla thfing Td'ng thing Nga vfi Chii tieh Trung Quic Ho Cim Dfto dfi dfinh gifi cao vifc xay dUng vft phfit trien
Trang 7tri dong y tiep tuc cilng nd Iflc thflc diy
quan hf dSi tfic hpp tfic chiin lupc Trung
-Nga Hai bfin da ky tuyen b i chung Trung
- Nga ve cfic vfi'n de quic t i trpng dgi
Tuydn bS" chung ndu ro: Tufin thu "Tuyfin
b i chung CHND Trung Hoa vft Liin bang
Nga vi da cue hofi t h i gidi vft xfiy dyng
trfit tu quie t i mdi" ngfty 23-4-2007 vft
"Tuyen b i chung CHND Trung Hoa vft
Lifin bang Nga ve trftt tu qud'c t i t h i ky
XXI" ngfty 1-7-2005, hai bfin nhfi'n mgnh
Trung Quic vft Nga xfiy dUng quan hf doi
tfic hpp tftc chiin lupc vfi "Hifp Udc lfing
gifi^ng hflu nghj hpp tfic Trung - Nga" ngfiy
16-7-2001 1ft nhflng vfin kifn cd f nghia
lich sfl rfi't quan trpng Hai bfin hoan
nghenh vifc xay dUng ed c h i hdp tfic gifla
cfic cd efi'u nha't t h i hda khu vuc, dfic bift 1ft tftng cudng hdp tfic khu vUc Dong A, md rfng dit thogi chfnh tri, ^^P tfic kinh te,
giao lUu vfin hofi, xa hfi b khu vi^c Trung
Quic ung hf Nga hfi nhftp.tfeh cue hdn nfla vfto tiin trinh nhfi't t h i hoa Ddng A" (9)
Nhu vfiy, chiin lUpc vft chfnh sach ngogi giao Clia CHND Trung Hoa doi vdi Lien bang CHXHCN Xd Viet trUdc day trai qua mft chflng dudng quanh eo, lien tuc cd nhflng diiu ehinh Idn Nhung ke tfl khi Chiin tranh Ignh kit thflc din nay, quan
hf Trung - Nga (nUde dgi difn cho Lifin XS)
da thofit khdi dupc phong ba trong lich afl, tiin trfin con dudng phfit triln toan difn hudng tdi the ky XXI
CHUTHtCH
(1) Tuyin tdp Mao Trach D6ng, Nxb Nhfin
dfin, B£C Kinh 1994, quyln 4 tr 1472, 1473
(2) Mao Trach Ddng vd nin ngoai giao ndi
chinh nudc Trung Quoc mdi Nxb Thanh nien
(Tnmg Qu6c), 2003, tr 23
(3) Phi5 Di$u Ti, T r i n Sinh Qufin Nghi thuat
ngoai giao D^ng Tiiu Binh: Xudt phdt tie lgi ich
chien luac ldu ddi, thiii lap quan h4 ngo^i giao vdi
My Nxb Tnlctng Dang Trung Udng Dang Cft«
san Trung Qufic, Bic Kinh, 1999, tr 147
(4) Le Vftn My: Ddng Tiiu Binh vd vdn di binh
thudng hod quan h4 Trung - Xd T?p cW Nghien
ahi Lich si, afi" 7 nftm 2005
(5) Nhdn ddn nhdt bdo fTrung QuS^c) ngfiy
17-7-2001
(6) TTXVN, Tfti lifu tham khao dfic bift, ngfiy 25-11-2001
(7) 'Thfing cfio chung Lien bang Nga va CHND Trung Hoa" ngfty 2-12-002 Tap chf Nhiing vfiii de Vign Dfing (Nga) 2003, So 1
(8) Titarenko M: Y nghia dia chinh tri viing
Viin Ddng: NUdc Nga, Trung Qudc vd cdc nUdc chdu A MfitxcOva, 2008, tr 245
(9) "Tuyfin hS Trung - Nga vl cfic vfi'n de qufic
tg" tr^ng dai" TTXVN, Tfii ligu tham khao dfic bift, ngfiy 28-5-2008
Trang 8VAI MET v £ LICH St I^GlTdl MlJdiVG
d iiuYiiM B A TinTdr, xii^iH THAI^H H 6 A
NGUYEN VAN B A N G '
MAIVANTfJNG"
B& Thudc lfi mft huyfn miin nfli tinh
Thanh Hda, cd difn tfch tM nhidn lfi
771,01km', cfich Thfinh p h i Thanh Hda
108km vl phfa Tfiy B^c Phia Bic Bfi
Thudc gifip vdi tinh Hda Binh, phfa Tfiy
gifip vdi huyfn Quan Hda, Quan Sdn; phfa
Nam gifip vdi huyfn Lang Chfinh; phia
Ddng giap vdi cfic huyfn Ngoc Lfc, Cim
Thuy vft Thach Thfinh 6 vi tri dia 1;^ nfty
tao thufin Ipi cho Ba Thude giao lUu ldnh
ti, -vftn hda - xa hdi vdi cfic dia phUdng
khfie thdng qua efie Quie If £17, 15A vfi
dudng H i Chf Minh
Huyfn Ba Thfldc 1ft vflng dft't cd lieh sfl
binh thftnh vft phftt triin tfl rf't adm Thufc
Hfu kf Dfi eu cfich ngfiy nay hfing vyn
nfim, cfic nhft khao co hpc da tim thft'y b
nhflng hang dfng, mfii dfi hfing ehyc dfi'u
tfeh cua ngUdi nguyen thuy, tieu biiu n h i t
lfi mfii Da Dilu, mfii Dfi Nudc, hang Lftng
Trang (Lfim Xa) Cflng vdi qufi trtnh vfn
dfng vft phfit triln khdng ngflng cua Uch
sfl, Bfi Thude da cd nhiiu thay dii v i dia
danh Tfl thdi Hflng Vfldng, An Dfldng
Vfldng din nhflng nfim diu Cdng nguydn,
Bfi Thfldc thufc huyfn Dd Lung ciia bf Ciiu Chfin rii qufin Ciiu Chfin Thdi thufc Dudng (thi ky VII), Bfi ThUdc thufc huyfn Trudng Lfim Trai qua cfic triiu dyi Dinh,
Tiin Lfi, Lf T r i n ( t h i ky X - XIV), Bfi
Thudc cd tfin 1ft Lfii Giang, mft trong 14 huyfn cua Thanh Hda Iflc biy gid Thdi Ld
Sd (1428 - 1527), Bfi Thfldc thufc huyfn Quang Binh, phu Thifu Thifin Nfim Minh Mfnh thfl 12 (1831), thufc chfiu Quan Hda, phu Thp Xufin Nfim T^ Dflc thfl 3 (1851), chia 4 td'ng: Sa Lung, Thiit 6ng, C i LOng vft Diin Lu thufc chfiu Quan Hda Nfim Khai Djnh thfl 3 (1925), 4 ting tren dUpc
c i t chuyin d l Ifp chfiu mdi 1ft chfiu Tfin Hda gim 30 xa vft 221 chdm Sau Cfich myng thfing Tfim, ly ad chfiu Tfin Hda ddng tyi La Hfin (xa Ban Cdng) Thfing 10-1945,
chfiu Tfin Hda dxKfc dii tfn thftnh Bfi Thudc
dl ghi nhd cdng lao cua Cim Bfi ThUdc,
mft thu linh ngudi Thfii qu6 b Thfldng
Xufin trong phong trfto C i n VUdng ching Phfip Thfing 3-1948, Chu tjch H i Chi Minh da k^ S&c lfnh so 148-SL, ddn vi
hfinh chfnh chfiu Bfi Thude dxlpc d^i thftnh
' ThS Trudng D^i hpc Su phym Hft Nfi
Trang 9huyfn Bfi Thudc Huyen Bfi ThUdc Iflc diu
cd 7 xfi 1ft: Quo'c Thftnh, Vftn Nho, Thiit
Ong, Hi Diin, Quy Ludng, Long Vfin vft Ban
Cdng Ly sd ddng tai Cftnh Nfing Ngfty
2-5-1964, theo Quyit dinh eua Bf Nfi vu, chia 5
xa Qu;^ Ludng, H i Diln, Long Van, Vfin Nho
vfi Quic Thftnh thftnh 18 xa Nftm 1965, xa
Tan Lfip dUpc thfinh Ifp, nfim 1984 xfi Diln
Lu dfldc chia thftnh 2 xa Diin Lu vft Diin
Trung Nftm 1994, thftnh Ifp Tbi trfiii Cftnh
Nfing tren ed sd cua xft Lfim Xa
Hien nay, Bfi ThUde gim cd 1 thi trfi'n
(Cftnh Nfing) vfi 22 xa, 1ft huyfn miln nfli
da tfc ngUdi, vdi td'ng dfin so 1ft 103.449
ngUdi (nfim 2007), trong dd ngudi Mudng
chiim 51%, ngUdi Thfii chiim 32%, ngudi
Kinh vfi mdt s i dan tpc khac chiim 17%
dfin si
Lich sU hinh thdnh
Ngudi Mudng la mdt trong 54 dfin tpe b
Vift Nam Trong ddi s6hg, ciing nhU trong
y thflc tu gific tfc ngudi, dong bfio Mudng tU
nhfin minh lfi Moi, Mon, Mui Ngudi
Mudng d Tbanh Hda song rai rfic d 11
huyfn miin nfli vft mft so xa mien xudi
Tfp trung dong nhfi't b cfic huyfn Thach
Thftnh, Cim Thuy, Bfi ThUdc, Ngpc Lftc,
Nhu Thanh
Dia bftn cU trfl cua ngudi Mudng Thanh
Hoa chu yeu 1ft vflng ban sdn dia, ven cfic
llfu vUc sdng Ma, sdng Chu, sdng Am, adng
Ciu Chfty, sdng Budi, sdng Muc 0 khu vUc
nfty CO nhflng thung lung ldn, dfi't dai mfiu
md, cfi nhflng hfii bii ven sdng Bdi vfiy con
ngudi din ty cU tfl rfi't lfiu ddi vft phfit triln
sdm nghi ndng trong lua nUde Bdn canh
canh tfic rudng nUdc ngUdi Mudng cdn kit
hdp canh tfic nUdng rfty Ngofti ra, khai
thfic tu nhidn nhU sfin b^t, hai lupm, dfinh
cfi ciing 1ft hoat dpng kinh t i gifl vi tri quan
trpng trong xa hdi truyin thing
Trudc kia, k l ea gin dfiy, ngUdi MUdng b Thanh Hofi ndi chung vfi b Ba ThUdc ndl rieng v5n nhfin minh lfi ngUdi b "trdn
Mudng" de phfin bift vdi ngudi d "dudi
Chp", tflc ngudi b dudi ddng bSng (miin
xudi) mft lfiu nay ngUdi Mudng quen gpi lfi ngUdi Kinh trong khai nifm "kinh k^ ke chp" Hofic tfl nhftn lfi ngUdi d mudng Khd, mUdng Ong
Theo tac gia Trin Quic Vupng vft Nguyin DUdng Binh thi tfl "Mudng" xufi't hifn vfio khoang t h i ky thfl XVII Sfic lfnh eua Kinh lupc sfl Bic Kj^ Nguyin Trong
Hifp di ngfty 2 thfing 6 nfim Dong Khanh
(23-6-1888), tai diiu 1 c6 ghi: "Lap mot tinh gim cac dfi't (cua dan Mudng) xUa thudc cfic tinh Hung Hofi, Sdn Tfiy, Hft Ndi, Ninh Binh" Dfiy c6 the lfi vfin ban chinh thflc diu tien cua Nhft nUdc phong kiin Vift Nam dflng danh tfl Mudng dl chi nhom cU dfin nfiy (1)
Cho din trUdc Cfich mang thang Tfim nfim 1945, Ba ThUdc 1ft dia bftn sinh ty cbu yiu cua hai dfin tfc Mudng vfi Thai NgUdi Mudng sing tfip trung chu yiu trong 15 mudng, trong dd cd 8 mUdng ldn: mfldng Khodng, mudng Kho, mUdng Lau, mudng
Kf, mudng Ong, mUdng Ai, mudng Diln,
mUdng Khddng Bay mUdng nhd la mUdng
Pa Khan, mUdng Doi, mudng Dfio, mUdng D6n, mudng Rim, mUdng Am, mUdng Chfiu Hp cua ngudi Mudng 1ft cac hp Hft, TrUdng, Pham, Cao, Qufich, Le, Bfli NgUdi Mudng Bfi Thudc thufc nhdm Mfldng Trong (Mudng goc/ban dia Thanh Hda) cd dfic dilm rieng ve ngdn ngfl, trang phye, phong tue so vdi Mudng Ngofii (3 eac tinh phia B^c) Mudng Trong dUde phfin thfinh hai nhdm: mUdng Ong (mfldng que ngoai) vft mudng Ai (mudng que ndi) diu 1ft mft goc eua ngudi Mudng Trong
Trang 10Nhin chung, Bfi Thfldc 1ft vflng dit cd
ljch afl hlnh thfinh vfi phfit triln tfl rfi't
sdm, 1ft dja bfin sinh ty chu yiu cua hai dfin
tfc Mudng vft Thfii Trong dd, ngudi Mudng
1ft eU dfin ban dja cd nln vfin hofi dfc aic
Dd 1ft nin vfin hofi thung Iflng g^n liin vdi
ho^it dfng kinh t i Ifla nfldc, nUdng rfiy vft
khai thfic lfim t h i san Ngofti ra cdn luu gifl
jihiiu dfi'u fi'n vfin hda Vift ci
Vied'u true miidng
Lftng xdm cua ngudi Mudng thfldng dfl^c
xfiy dyng b chfin dii, chfin nfli, ndi dfi't
thoai, gin sdng, suii TrUdc dfiy, mdi lftng
cua ngUdi Mudng c6 khoang vfti ehyc nde
nhfi, lftng nfto ddng dflc thi khoang bin,
nfim chye nde nhft Nhin tfl xa, lfing cua
ngudi Mudng thudng i n minh trong nhiing
Iflm cfiy quanh lfing, nhiiu ndi cd nhiing
rfing tre bao bpc, nhUng i n tUdng hdn ca 1ft
h i u bet cac lftng mUdng dfldc t i dilm bing
nhiing-hfing eau cao vflt
NgUcli Mudng 6 Ba ThUdc, Cim Thuy,
Lang Chanh ndi rieng vft Thanh Hofi ndi
chung gpi lftng lfi lung (2) Dfiy lfi ddn vi cd
ad cua xfi hpi Mfldng gim nhiiu tiiu gia
dinh phy quyln Lfing cdn 1ft mft khii cU
dfin lfim thftnh mft ddn vj cd ddi song rieng
v i nhilu mftt Trong xa hfi truyin thing
(trUdc nftm 1945), lftng (lung) thufc a^
quan If eua mudng Mudng (miidng) Ift ddn
vi to chfle xfi hfi, tfip hdp nhilu lftng trong
eflng mft thung lung, hay nhiiu thung
lung liln k i nhau Ddn vi t i chflc mudng
dft dudi sy quan 1^' cua mft ddng hp qu^
tfc, gpi 1ft lang (f(io Cy t h i nhU lftng Cha,
lfing Ki, lfing Chiing Cie trudc nfim 1946
thufc mudng Ong, dudi ay quan ly eua
ddng hp Phgm Cdng; cac lftng Chiing Triu,
Chiing L§m, lftng Cd, lftng Xfim, lftng Sio
thudc mudng Khd, dudi sU quan ly eua
ddng ho Hft Cdng (3)
Trong xfi hfi truyin thing, ngudi Mudng ndi chung 1ft cU dfin lftm ndng nghifp, kinh
t i ehu dyo 1ft cfty Ifla nfldc, vi t h i dia bftn ty
cu cua hp gfin liin vdi hf sinh thai thung iQng Do dd, khi tim dft't Iftp mUdng, ngUdi Mudng chpn nhflng khu vyc thung lung hfi
ty diy du cfic diiu kifn cin thiit nhU cd nUdc dl sinh hoyt, san xuit vft khai thfic thuy san, dfi't trflng d l lftm rudng, cd rflng
d l khai thfic ngudn lfim san, cd t h i dit cao b^ng d i dung nhft, hudng d i t thoang dfing vfi di lyi giao lUu vdi cfic viing lfin cfn phai thufin tifn
Qua nghidn cflu khao sfit cfic mudng trfin dja bfin huyfn Bfi Thudc vfi vflng lfin cfn budc d i u chujig tdi thiy, thdng thudng
mft mUdng c i trudc dfiy dupc ciu thfinh b
trong dd ft n h i t 3 lftng co djnh, dd 1ft lftng Chu (Chiing), lftng Ngooc (Ngpc) vft lftng Coc (Goc, Cdc) BSn canh 3 lfing nfiy cdn cd cfic lftng khfie, nhiiu hay ft la tfly theo difn tfch dfi't dai, hch afl hinh thftnh, t i n tai vft phfit triln cua tiing mudng
Ba loyi lfing k l trfin g i n Uin vdi aU hinh thftnh vft ton tai ciia tflng mfldng Bao gid trong mft mfldng eiing cd nhiSng ngudi din d}nh cu vft Ifp lftng d i u tidn, nhflng lftng dd thudng dupe gpi tdn 1ft lftng Cdc, cd ndi sau nfty gpi trfch di 1ft Gic hay Cpe NhUng Cie, Gic hay Cfc d i u cd nghia 1ft gdc, 1ft diu tidn C6 t h i lift kd ra mft s i tftn lftng tren dia bftn huyfn Bfi ThUdc vft mdt s i khu vyc cua huyfn Cim Thuy d l thiy sU tUdng d6ng:
O mUdng Ong cd lftng Lung Cdc (4) (lftng Cic), nay thupe xa Thiit 6ng
6 mudng Ai ed lftng Lung Cfc, nay dii ten thfinh lfing Mot thupc xa Lam Xa
O mudng Khd ciing cd lftng Lung Cfc, nay 1ft mft bf phftn cua Lftng Am thufc xa Diin Quang