Ve sau vdi nhieu myc dich khfie trong chinh sfich khai thfic thudc dia, ngfldi Phfip md rfng Sdng Ciu thftnh trung tfim phfit triin kinh t i - xa hpi b Phfl Yen.. •^ tudng quy ho^ch cang
Trang 1Tlf SONG cAu Bft'iV TIJY lldA - Sif TIIAY BOI Kiioi^o GiAi\ iMiAx nuj^i^ Kiivii T£' - x A H 6 I
d IMI1J \t^ (1»U7-I945)
N G O MINH SANG
1 S&ng c i u vft sU phfit t r i i n cua
t r u n g tfim do t h j dr P h u Y i n (1887-1921)
- Sdng Cdu vdi vai trd trung tdm
hdnh chinh
Viphia ehinh quyin bdo hd Phdp, thfing
1-1888, ngUdi Phfip chfnh thflc xfic Ifip hf
thong chinh quyen thue dfin cl Phfl Ydn
£)flng diu chfnh quyin bao bf 1ft vien Cdng
sfl nim gifl quyen cdng chinh vft thUdng
chinh, v i sau thue dfin Phfip ban hftnh
them quyin Ifinh sU, thay mft Khfim sfl
Trung Kf chi d^o mpi hoat dfng tfl tinh trd
xuong Giflp vifc cd vien Phd sfl vfi cfic
quan lai dflng d i u mdi sd, ngfinh chuySn
mdn nhu gifim binh, t h i y thuic, lye If, chu
sd Difn bfio, quan thfl y (1) 'Vidn Cdng sfl
din thy chflc d i u tien b Pbfl Ydn 1ft Tirant,
Phd sfl 1ft Groleau Giflp vifc cho toft Cdng
sfl cdn cd cfic quan l^i ngudi 'Vift giii chfle
vy tham tfi, phfin sU vfi thdng ngdn
Xufi't phfit tfl nhflng toan tfnh vi chfnh
tri, quSn sfl vft quyin lgi kinh ti, chfnh
quyen bao by chpn Vflng Lfim lfim ndi tpa
lac tda Cdng sfl diu tifin b Phfl Yfin Vung
Lim n^m trong vinh Xufin Dfii vfla lfi
thfldng cang vfi qufin cang quan trong b
Nam Trung K^ V i phfa tfiy, Viing L^m gifip vdi con dudng thidn 1^, fin ngfl trpng diim cua tinh giing nhU tfim dilm cua tryc tung hofinh vdi 4 hUdng Ddng, Tfiy, Nam, Bie Tfl dfiy vifc tiip flng cung nhu rflt lui eua chfnh quyin bao hf nhanh chdng khi ed nhflng cufc nii loan dfin ban xfl Mftt khfic, Vung Lim nSm bdn canh thfinh An Thi, phii ly Nam triiu xfiy dUng tfl thdi Minh Mang, cfla Ddng thftnh An T h i thdng ra vinh Xufin Dfti, sd hflu cfla hiln Tien Chfiu, ndi diin ra ho^t dfng trao dii, budn bfin tfi'p nf p gifla ngudi ban xfl vdi cfic Ifii budn ngo^i qudc Hft Lan, Phfip, Hoa K^, Bo Dfio Nha NhQng p h i budn bfin ngudi Hoa, dfin ban xfl goi 1ft Khfich trfl dvlng len khip cfic khu vyc thufc vjnh Xufin Dfti Tfl gifla nfim 1888, hf thong chinh quyin th\(e dfin tay sai ngfty cftng md rfng, ngucfi Phfip dy kiin xfiy dung din gifim binh, sd thUdng chfinh, cdng chfnh, y ti phye vy cfng cudc khai thfic thufc dia sfip
tdi, chfnh quyin bao hf nhfin ra Viing Lira
khdng phfl hpp d i dfit mft chfnh quyen quy
md ldn vft lfiu dfti Thftng 2-1889 (2), chinh quyin thuc dfin Phfip ddi tda Cdng sfl ra lfing Phflde L^ (Sdng Ciu) vft ddng 5 dfiy
Trang 2cho tdi ngfty thuc dan Phfip cfio chung Vifc
di ddi toft Cdng sfl cua chfnh quyin bao hf
nh^m phuc vu y do cai tri lfiu dfii, cflng vdi
do 1ft nhflng chfnh sfich khai thfic thufc dja
se dupc trien khai tren khfip dia bfin tinh
Phfl Yen
Su kifn nfiy kdo theo hftng loat cac sd
vdi nhiiu phdng, ban lin lUdt di ddi vi tinh
ly Sdng Ciu Sd gifim binh, dflng diu 1ft
viin quan chu sd, bdn dudi 1ft cfic din lfnh
khi xanh 6 mdi phu, huyfn vfi cl tfn thdn,
budn Dflng diu moi don 1ft vien quan Mft
hofic quan Hai, giflp vifc ed quan thdng
ngdn ngfldi Viet, bin dudi 1ft dpi lfnh ban
xfl do nhft cim quyin An Nam cung cfi'p Sd
thfldng chinh trUng dung nhiiu phdng phu
trfich cfic vfi'n d i nhu phdng quan ly xufi't
nhfip cang, phdng quan ly muoi, phdng
thui ve budn ban, n i u rUdu ThUe dfin
Phfip dat phdng quan ly xufi't nhfip cang 1
tham tfi, 1 thfla hftnh vft mpt so vien lai
giup viec thflc hifn thu thue, ve sau dSt
them ddi canh sat ve sinh
Ve phia chinh quyen An Nam, nfim
1888, chinh quyen bao hd dftt tda Cdng afl
tai Viing Lfim ndn tinh dudng phai ddi ra
lftng Tan Thanh (Xufin Thp II, Sdng Cau)
theo yeu ciu cua ngUdi Phap Nftm 1889,
tinh ly ddi v i lai thftnh An Tho Vft din
nfim 1899, tinh ly ddi ra thdn Long Binh
(Sdng Ciu), niim bdn canh tda Cdng sfl
Phu Ydn xip vfio hang tinh nhd, dflng
diu 1ft quan Tuin vfl, k i din quan An sat
Doc hpc, Lanh binh Theo Nghi dinh ngfty
27-3-1890, Toftn quyen Ddng DUdng sat
nhfip tinh Phfl Yen vft Binh Dinh thftnh
tinh Binh Phu do cdng sfl Qui Nhdn cai
quan Chfnh quyin An Nam thuyen chuyin
quan Tuin vfl Phfl Ydn ra Qui Nhdn giflp
vifc quan Tong doc Binh Phfl, hd' nhifm
quan Bo chfnh dflng diu tinh Nfim 1926,
thay t h i quan B i Chinh dflng diu tinh Phfl Yen 6 tinh dudng cd 2 ty: Ty phien vft
ty niit Dflng d i u ty phidn lfi quan Thdng phfin, bao gdm cac tfto lai, ll, hf, cdng, nhifm vy giflp vifc eho quan Tuin vu Ty niit giflp vifc cho quan an sfit, diu ty 1ft quan Kinh ljch Mdi ty c6 cac Thfla phfii vft Hftu bo giflp vifc Vi vd quan cd D i die, Chfinh phd Lftnh binh, Quan cd Suit dfi, Hifp quan, Ddi trudng Chiu trfich nhifm quan ly giao dye thi cfl trong tinh cd cfic quan: Doc hoc coi sdc ca tinh, Giao thy phu trfich phu vft Huft'n dao d cfi'p huyfn Nhu vfiy, ke tfl thfing 2-1889, Sdng Ciu trd thfinh tinh ly Phfl Yen, la trung tam hfinh chinh, ndi hfi tu eua quyen dieu hftnh cfic cfi'p khfie d Phfl Yen Ly giai ly do
vi sao chfnh quyin thUe dfin Phap chpn Sdng Ciu lfim tinh ly, theo chflng tdi, budc diu cd hai 1^ do khien ngudi Phfip di din quyit dinh nfty Thfl nhfi't, vi mfit so lUpng
quan lai ngudi Phap d Trung Kf trong
khoang thdi gian nay thiiu hut rfi't nhiiu
nen khdng du cai tri b Phfl Ydn, nen hp
quyit dinh di ddi toft Cdng sfl ve Sdng Ciu, ndi cfich Qui Nhdn hdn 60 cay so c6 thi h i trd eho nhau Thfl hai, ve dieu kifn khi hfiu
d Sdng Ciu, ndi dfiy cd khi hfiu khfi mfit me phfl hdp vdi ngUdi Au, vdi dfla vft dft't cfit, thudng cd nhflng mach nfldc ngim da lftm cho khi hfiu Sdng Ciu khae bift so vdi cfic vflng khfie trong tinh Phu Ydn Chfnh nhflng 1^ do nfty khiin ngudi Phap chon Sdng Ciu lftm tinh ly Ve sau vdi nhieu myc dich khfie trong chinh sfich khai thfic thudc dia, ngfldi Phfip md rfng Sdng Ciu thftnh trung tfim phfit triin kinh t i - xa hpi
b Phfl Yen
- Song cdu vdi vai tro trung tdm
kinh td
Sdng Ciu trd thanh tmng tfim kinh t i
Trang 3sach khai thfic thufc dja cua thyc dfin
Phfip Trong khoang thdi gian tH
1888-1921, chfnh quyin Phfip tht^c hifn chinh
afich then chit, nii hft lfi d i u tu phfit triin
cang th}, cy thi b Cfl Mdng vfi vjnh Xufin
Dfii trd thfinh hai cang "thiiOng mgi vd xudt
khdu" quan trpng b xfl Trung Kf
•^ tudng quy ho^ch cang thi b Phfl Yin
manh nha tfl nfim 1890, biiu hifn trong ldi
nhfn xit cua viin Cdng afl Tirant vi tim
quan trpng cua vinh Xufin Dfii (3): "V/n/i
Sdng Cdu Id mpt trong nhiing vinh d^p
nhdt trin todn thi gidi md 100 tdu c6 thi
din thd neo d ddy", aau dd dfch thfin dng ta
da d i nghi nhft cim quyin: "nd phdi dugc
thiia nhdn la hdi cdng chinh ciia miin
Trung An Nam" (4) Vinh Xufin Dfii cd vi trf
quan trpng doi vdi tinh Phfl Ydn trong lieh
stjl, 1ft ndi di tru vft lftm ftn eiia mft bd phfin
khdng nho ngUdi Hoa Kiiu b Vung Lim,
Tien Chfiu (nim trong Vinh Xufin Dfti), ndi
thufin Ipi eho sfl phfit trien dich vy vfn
chuyen dudng biin, nhfi't Ift trong dieu kifn
khd khfin vi giao thing dudng bd trong
khoang thdi gian nfty
Xdt vi quy md cua hai cang, Cfl Mdng vft
vinh Xufin Dfii khdng sfinh bing cfic hai
cang b Hai Phdng, Dfi Nftng, Sfti Gdn, nhung
xdt vi vai trd, vj trf vft tfnh chfi't, cbflng tdi
nhftn thft'y cd mft s i diim quan trong: Thd
nhdt hki cang Cfl Mdng, Xufin Dfti ddng vai
trd "cang trung gian", 1ft ndi trung chuyin
hftng hofi ndng san b khu vi^c Trung Kf,
tr^m tiip nhidn lifu vft lUdng thi^c cho cfic tftu ngoyi qu6c hofc tftu hftnh trinh Bic -Nam, ndi trfl i n an toftn khi thdi tiit diln
biirt xiu TTiii hai, cang thi Cfl Mdng vft
Xufin Dfti ddng vai trd quan trong trong chfnh sfich dfc quyin khai thfic vft tfich cao
nguydn ra khdi lftnh t h i Trung Kf cua thi^c
dftn Phfip Nhflng nguin Ipi tfti nguyfn,
hfing hofi ndng t h i san b eao nguydn vfn
chuyin b ^ g dudng bf qua tinh Phfl Ydn, sau dd vfn chuyin tdi vinh Xufin Dfti, Cfl Ming d i chuydn ch5 vfto cfic cang ldn
Tfl nhflng f tudng cua Tirant, sau thdi
gian tim hiiu vft triin khai cfic chinh sfich khai thfic thudc dia, chfnh quyin Phap tfp trung vfto phfit triin kinh t i Phfl Ygn theo hudng thUdng mai vft djch vy Chfnh quyln Phfip xfiy dung cftc tr^im t h u i quan, cU xfi cho cfic thuy thu, thiit Ifip phdng canh sfit
vf sinh hftng hai vft md tuyin dUdng thiiy npi dia, quic t i cl v^nh Xufin Dfti vfi Cfl Mdng Cy thi, vfio nfim 1911 thUc dfin Phfip da cho xfiy dyng 1 cfl xfi vdi nhft phy cho uy thfic viSn vft 1 cU xfi cho cfic thuy thu cl vinh Xufin Dfti V i sau do nhu ciu
gifl ^ n vf sinh cung nhu bao vf an ninh h
cfic cfla hiln, chfnh quyin thyc dfin da thiit Bfing 1: So lu^rng tftu t h u y i n cfp cftng d v|nh Xufin Dfti vft C^ Mong
(1904 -1909)
-£ftdn^ Th uS'quan
Xugn D M
Cu Mdng
C«ng
1904
489
265
744
1906
622
1907
1884
646
2430
1908
539
319
858
(Do: CM
1909
1682
676
2358
Ngudn: Tdng h(;p til cfic bfin bfio cfio Bapport ^onomique province de Phu Yen, Residence de Song Qui, aimfe
Trang 4Ifip phdng canh sfit vf sinh hftng hai b Cfl
MSng, Xufin Dfti vft Ding Trach
Song song vdi vifc d i u tU xfiy dflng cfic
cd sd phye vu khai thac thufc dia, chinh
quyin Phfip md cfic tuyin vfin tai hftng hai
dudng dfii Qui Nhdn • Sdng Ciu - Sfti Gdn
va ngUdc l^i Hfing Berthet - Charriere nhfn
thiu diu tien, hfing nfiy dUa ehiic tftu hdi
nUdc Hdldne hoat ddng thudng xuyen b vflng
bien Phfl Yen tfl nfim 1901 Chiic tfiu hdi
nUdc Hdldne vfin chuyin hfing hda tfl Sdng
Ciu - Qui Nhdn, Sdng Ciu • Sfti Gdn vft
ngUdc lai, cudi cflng bi mfic can cl vilng biin
Tuy Hda Nftm 1909, dng Dom Bazin nhfin
thiu vfin chuyen hftng hda dUdng dfii tfl
Viing Lira, Sdng Ciu di Sfii Gdn vdi ehiic
tftu hdi nUdc eua hang dng
Vdi vifc xfiy dung cd sd vftt chfi't tren,
thue dfin Phfip phfit trien quy md cang Cfl
Mong, Vung Lfim, Sdng Ciu trd thfinh
"cdng trung gian" vfin ehuyen hfing hoa
khdng chi b Vift Nam mft vUdn ra tftn khu
vuc Ding Nam A vft Ddng A Theo kit qua
thing ke cua Phdng T h u i quan Cfl Mdng
vfi Xufin Dai thi lUdng tftu thuyin eftp cang
tfl nftm 1904-1909 1ft 7.012 chiic, trong dd
thuyin ghe ngUdi Vift khoang 6.911 chiic,
tftu thuy ngoai quic lfi 83 chiic; lUpng tfiu
xuat cang b Phfl Yen 1ft 6.522 cbiic (5)
Gdp phin thflc diy sU phat triln giao
thdng dudng bien phai k i den so lUdng ldn
ghe thuyen ngudi ban xfl, hdn 6.911 chiic
ghe biu ngudi ban xfl cfip cang Viing Lfim,
Sdng Cau, Cfl Mdng tfl nfim 1904-1909,
chia lftm 3 loai: ghe thuyen cua cac lai
thUdng ngudi Vift vft ngudi Hoa; ghe
thuyin vfn chuyin hftng hda do ngudi
Phfip thue; ghe thuyin dfinh ca cua ngU
dfin Trong quy^ III nfim 1908, cdng sfl Phfl
Yfn da cfi'p 800 gifi'y thdng hfinh cho loai
ghe nfty Hoat ddng cua loai ghe thuyin
san vfi thdi gian boat dfng cua gid miia Ddng Bic vft Tfiy Nam Vfio mfla thu hoach ndng t h i san vft muii, thuyin eua efie Ifii
thUdng cfip cang Cfl Mdng, Vung Lim vft
Sdng Ciu thu mua, sau dd vfin chuyin din cac tinh Nam K^ (ehu yiu Cin Thd, Rach Gifi, My Tho, Vinh Long, Sfii Gdn), Trung
KJ (Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Phan Rang, Binh Thuf n) vft Bfic K^
Trong thdi gian nfty hoat dpng thUdng
m^i b Cfl Mong vft Vflng Lim dupe diy
manh Theo thong ke cua phdng Gifim thu Xufin Dfti vfi Cii Mdng, hoat dfng thUdng mai nfim 1909: Xuft't khiu 8.338 tfi'n vdi gifi tri 2,3 trifu Franc (fr), mfit hftng xufi't khiu ehu yiu dudng mfit, cau, di gom, dfla khd,
ca khd, muii, da dfng vfit, dfiu Ifi'y diu; nhfip khiu 3.552 tfi'n vdi gifi tri 1,1 trifu fr, mfit hfing nhfip khiu nhU cfi khd vfi thit muii, chd Trung Hoa, gd'm Nam Ky, vai, chi cotton, gao trang; so lupng tfiu thuyen cfip cang 1ft 2.307 chiee (tau ngoai quoc 1ft
13 chiic, tau An Nam 2.285 chiic) Theo kit qua thing ke cua Sd ThUdng chinh thi tong lUdng hfing xuft't khiu tai cang Cfl Mdng, Viing Lim vfi Sdng Ciu tfl nftm 1904-1909 lfi 36,1 trieu tfiii vdi gia tri 9,4 trieu fr vftng, trong dd phdng thue quan Cfl Mdng 1ft 11 trifu t i n vdi gifi tri 2,6 fr, Xufin Dfti lfi 25,1 trifu tfi'n vdi gifi trj 6,8 trifu fr vfing Nhflng mfit hftng xuit khiu chu yiu d Phfl Yen trong thdi k^ nfty gom gia sue, muoi, dUdng mfit, cau, dfla khd, da dfng vft, lua g^o, cfi khd, nUdc mfim, do gom, go vfi cfic lo^i dfiu do
Hoat ddng thUdng mai quan trpng vft cd tinh chfi't phfle tap tfic ding den nin kinh
te thuc dan b Phfl Yen tfl 1887 - 1921 1ft
viec xufi't k h i u gia sflc Thdi ky diu, xufi't khiu gia sflc 5 Phfl Y6n do cfic Ifii thUdng
Nam Kf thUc hifn, vdi tinh chit nhd le ndn
Trang 5ydu ciu cua dng Schoss, nhft tu sfin ngfldi
MJ b Sfti Gdn gfli din nhft cim quyln Phfip
vi vifc thu mua a i lflt?ng gia sflc tfl 1.000
-1.200 con vft mft s i gia cim cl Phfl Ydn thi
tu ban Phfip mdi quan tfim din nguin Ipi
nfty Sau dng Schoss, nhilu nhfi tu san din
tfl Philippin df ddn xin trUng mua gia sflc
dl xufi't cang vft mft s i xin trUng thufi dfi't
diu tu chfin tha gia sflc Trudc tinh hlnh
trdn, chfnh quyin thi^c dfin dfi ban hfinh
raft vfin ban qui dinh v i vifc xuit cang gia
sflc cl cfic tinh Trung K^ vfto nfim 1900,
theo dd tu ban Phfip cho phip cfic nhft tu
san thfldng m^i dfic quyin thu mua gia sflc
b Phu Yen xufi't cang sang Philippin (6)
Ki tfl nfim 1900, boat dfng xufi't khiu
gia sue b Phfl Yen chu yiu sang Philippin
vfi lo^i gia sflc xufi't k h i u lfi trfiu bd Theo
so lifu thing kd Sd ThUdng chfnh thi s i
lupng trfiu bd xufi't cang sang Manila tfl
nfim 1906-1908 gin 6.878 tfi'n, rieng nfim
1908 xufi't cang vdi s i lupng 4.101459 kg
vdi Ipi nhufln gin 2 trifu fr vftng Gifi xufi't
khiu moi loai gia sue ed sU eh§nh lfch gifla
ngUa vft trfiu bd, gia ngUa thfldng eao gfi'p
2-3 lin gifi trfiu bd, thdng thudng gifi xufi't
khiu trfiu bd loai 1 tfl 23-25 dong/con, gifi
trfiu bd loai 2 tfl 18-20 dong/eon; gifi ngUa
loai 1 tfl 80-100 dong/eon, gifi ngfla loai 2
40-60 ding/eon (7)
Theo cae ban bfio cfio kinh t i cua tofi
cdng sfl Sdng Ciu cho biit tfl nfim
1900-1908 cd hdn 9 nhft tu san vft hifp hfi din Phfl Ydn thu mua vft d i u tU vfto linh vUc chfin nuoi gia sue gim nhfi tu san Jose Gerenacoi, Daniel de Movellan, Matheu (Qui Nhdn), Houdetot (Nha Trang), Defert 1ft' nhflng nhft tU san trUng mua trfiu bd xuft't sang Philippin; Montpezat, Lyard 1ft nhUng nhft tu san thud d i t chftn tha gia sflc cl miin tfiy Phfl Ydn Trong so nhflng nhft tfl san trdn, dng Defert d^i difn hifp hfi thu mua gia sflc Ynchanssi dUdc chfnh quyin Phfip Uu tifin vi mft s i quyln h^n
vl tfUng mua trfiu bd cl Phfl Y&n, nhft tu san Philippin nfty Ifip mft thUdng diim vft
dinh cU lfiu dfti b Viing Lfim, dng thu mua trfiu bd b Phu Ydn vfin chuyin vl Philippin
b^ing tftu hdi nUdc t^i q^ng Vflng Lfim Sau mft thdi gian x u i t cang, tu ban Phfip nhfin ra nhflng bfi't cfip trong vifc xufi't cang trfiu bd sang Manila Niu con s i xufi't cang trfiu bd m5i nfim 1ft 2.292,7 tin, thi trung binh mdi nftra tinh Phu Yen xuit khiu sang Philippin 6.550 con, tfnh lien tyc trong vdng 10 nfim len din 65.550 con LUdng gia sflc cung flng xufi't khiu moi nftm
s i khdng dii, nhflng Ifii thUdng Phihppin phai mua trfiu bd cfii vft bd mong d i xuit khiu, vi vfiy dftn trfiu bd cua tinh khdng cd kha nfing phuc hoi vft se tuyft chung Thdm vfto dd, trau bd 1ft tu lifu san xufi^t ehinh khdng ehl cho ndng dfin Phfl Yen mft ca khu vyc Nam Trung K^ Diiu nfty de dpa din nin an ninh lUdng thi;lc cung nhU nen kinh Bfing 2: Tinh hiM^ xufift k h i u gia sue d Phu YSn nftm 1908
(Sdn vi: kg)
Qu*
Soluong
Cong
I 618.260
II 702.130
III
1.641.164 4,101.469
Ngufin: Rapport ^conomique province de Phu Yen, R^idcnce dc Song Cau, ann& 1908
Trang 6t i Phfl Yfin Nhftn thflc dupc vfi'n di trgn, tfl
nfim 1909 chinh quyen thUe dfin Phap da
cfi'm chi xufi't khfiu trfiu bd sang Philippin vfi
tich thu giiy ph6p mfi nhft cim quyin dft
cip cho cac nhft tu san b Philippin trudc dd
Vdi nhflng chfnh khai thfic thufc dia cua
thUe dfin Phfip trong khoang thdi gian
1887-1921 cho thiy chfnh quyin Phfip Uu tien
Sdng Ciu vdi vai trd lfi trung tam kinh t i
Phfl Ydn, phfit triln theo hfldng khai thfic
cac mftt hftng ndng san dl xufi't khiu, tfin
dyng yiu to' biin dl phfit triln dich vu vfin
tai vfi xufi't khiu Dilu nfiy t h i hifn dung
vdi ban chit vd vdt cua chfnh quyin thi^c
dfin Phfip trong giai doan khai thfic thufc
dia lin thfl nhfi't, nhung thdng qua dd phan
finh l§n mpt dieu chinh quyin Phap tfin
dyng yiu t i biin di phat trien dich vy vfin
tai bien vft xuft't k h i u b Phfl Yen
- Song Cdu vdi vai trd trung tdm vdn
hoa, gido due d Phu Yen
Nhflng nfim d i u t h i ky XX, hf thd'ng
chinh quyin thUc dfin vft chfnh afich khai
thfic thudc dia eua Phap ngfty cang md rfng
b Phfl Yen, ddi hdi phai bo sung lUdng cdng
chflc hfinh chinh Tfiy hpe phye vuc d cfic cd
quan chinh quyln bao hf, ding thdi thUc
hifn fim mUu vdi tay den tfin cft'p xa thdn
Ngudi Phap bdt d i u trien khai chUdng
trinh gifio due Phap - Viet b Phu Yen Theo
nguon tu lifu chflng tdi tiip cfin thi chfnh
thflc nfim Jipc 1908-1909, chinh quyln bao
hf Phap da eho thfl nghifm chUdng trinh
hpe nfiy t^i Sdng Ciu, mdi d i u chi cd 1 ldp
vdi 3 thiy giao vfi 32 hoc sinh, dUpc hpc
ling ghip vdi cae ldp theo hf thing gifio
dye cu do ngfin sach chfnh quyin Nam
triiu dfii thp
Sau nfim 1916, chinh quyin thi^c dfin
Phap chinh thflc trien khai chUdng trinh
giao due tilu hpe Phftp - Vift d Phfl Yfin vdi
3 cip hpc Den nfim 1917, ehinh quyln
dfinh cho nfl sinh (^cole franco - annamite des jeunes files), trUdng d^y nfl sinh nhfp chung vdi trudng Sd hpc Phfip - Vift dftnh cho nam ainh cl Sdng Ciu ChUdng trinh hpc doi vdi ldp nam sinh gom 3 ldp: Ding fi'u, Du bj vft Sd dSng, nfi dyng dUa theo
chUdng trinh Hgc quy dUpc ban hftnh nfim
1906 eua chfnh quyln thyc dfin Phfip Dii vdi nfl, chfnh quyin thUe Phap day tiing me
de gim tfp viit, tfip doc, hpc tfnh, lufin \f, vf
ainh vfi chUdng trinh thUc tfp gom gia chfinh (khfiu vfi, gift giu, niu fin ), nhflng nghi thu cdng dfinh cho phy nfl (thSu, dan, det, lfim bfinh, lftm vudn ) Cbo din nfim
1918, lupng gifio vien day cl trudng Sd hoc Song Ciu 1ft 3 ngUdi, trong dd 1 hifu trUdng,
1 thiy gifio giang day (instituteur auxiliaire) vft 1 gifio vien nfl (institutrice) (8) Sau Chien tranh t h i gidi thfl Nhfi't, ehinh quyen thUc dfin Phfip tiip tuc thiJc hien chfnh sfich cung eo vfi phfit trien hf thing giao due thuc dfin d Phfl Yen Thdi
kf nfty, ehinh quyin bao hp triln khai nin
"Hgc chinh tdng quy" tfl cfi'p phu, huyfn
din td'ng, xa vdi hftng loat cfic trUdng tieu hpc Phap - Vift ra ddi 6 Phu Ydn Bfic hoc cao nhit d Phfl Ydn la Tilu hpc vdi 3 loai trudng; Tilu hpc toftn cfi'p (^cole Primaire
de plein exereice) Ifp cl tinh, Sd ding Tilu hoc Creole Primaire dlimentaire) Ifip d phu, huyfn vfi Sd hoc cl cfic tong, xfi (^coles eantonales et communales)
Vfto nftm 1921, trUdng Sd ddng tilu hpc Sdng Ciu dd'i thftnh trUdng Tiiu hpc toftn
cft'p vdi 5 cfi'p hoc, gom: Dong fi'u, Gxf bi, Sd
ddng Tilu hpc, Trung ding Tilu hpc vft Cao ding Tiiu hpc, sau dd dUpc thftng ldn trudng tinh Su kifn nfty tao ra mft bude ngofit doi vdi n i n gifio dye Phu Yen thdi thudc Phfip Hf thing gifio due phong kiin chinh thflc chfi'm dflt vai trd dfto t^o nguon nhfin lue, cung vdi nd 1ft hf thong gifto dye Phfip - Vift ehi phSi vft quyet dinh din vifc
Trang 7dfto tpo dfi ngu tri thflc b Phu Yin Ding
thdi tinh ly Sdng Ciu trd thftnh trung tftm
dfio tyo dfi ngu trf thflc d Phfl Ydn
2 Tuy HoA vfi sU t h a y dd'i t r u n g tflm
phfit trion k i n h t i - xa h^i d P h u Y i n
(1921-1945)
Thoo nghj djnh ngfty 17-10-1921, chfnh
quyen Phfip tfich tinh Phfl Ydn trd thftnh
tinh dfc Ifp vfi khdng edn If thufc vfto tinh
Binh Djnh Sy chia tfich nfty ed f nghia
quan trpng, tinh I'hu Ydn trd vi ddn vj
hfinh chtnh cfi'p tinh vft dupc d i u tU nhu
mpt tinh ly khfic b khu vyc Trung Kf Cung
sau nghi dinh nfty, dfinh dfi'u mft sy thay
do'i ldn vc chfnh sfich khai thfic thufc dia
vfi khong gian phfit trien kmh t i • xa hfi b
Phfl Yen, Luc nfty, chfnh quyln Phfip triln
khai hftng loat cfic chfnh sftch diu tu khai
thac b khu vUc phfa nam tinh Phfl Yen
Dfldi dfiy chflng toi xin neu mft vai nhfin to
chinh yiu dftn den sU dich chuyin tfl Sdng
Ciu din Tuy Hda:
Xdy dgng ddp Dong Cam vd biidc
chuyen ddi cd cdu kinh ti'dPhu Yen, cac dl
an nghien cflu ve vifc xfiy dUng mft hf
thing thuy ndng tren sdng Dft R^ng bfit
diu vfio nfim 1889, nhUng khdng dUpe chfi'p
thuan do thiiu hyt vl nguon kinh phf vft
nhan cdng Din nfim 1904, dofin kf aU
ngUdi Phap gdm Fayard vft Desbos lftm ky
sU trudng tiep tue thftm sat, lin nfty phai
doftn lftm vifc nghiem tflc vft nhin nhfn lai
kit qua khao sftt trudc dd Dofin da tham
sfit bfii dfi Tuy Phong, sau dd kjf aU Desbos
Ifip ra mpt bang ke hoach cho vifc xfiy dyng
dfip trinh len Sd Cdng chfnh (Travaux
publics), nhung khdng duyc chfi'p thufin
Mai den nfim 1920, vien ky sU Nordey tiip
tye nghien cflu cdng trinh xfiy dUng dip
thuy ndng trSn sdng Ba, dUdi sU diiu hfinh
cua ky sU trudng Jjcfevre Den ngfty
30-11-Cam (Tuy Phong) ddgc Toftn quyln D6ng
Dudng chfi'p nhftn (9)
Hf thing thuy ndng Ding Cam hoftn thftnh da t^o ra nhflng thay dii ldn trong
linh v^c kinh t i ndng nghifp b Phfl Yfn,
budc d i u dfto tao dfi ngfl cfin bf kJ thufit ngUdi Vift lao dfng trong linh vyc ning nghifp vft nhiiu iTnh vi^c khfic Vifc du nhfp nhilu trang thiit bi hifn dgii, cflng vdi lai tpo nhilu giing cfiy tring gdp phin thflc diy ngfinh ndng nghifp Phfl Ydn phfit triln, nfing s u i t vft san lupng dupc cai thifn, chfi't lUdng cua aan phim ndng nghifp dat kit qua eao dfip flng nhu ciu xufi't k h i u ciia chfnh quyin thUc dfin Cflng vdi dd 1ft sU biin dii tinh hinh sd hflu rufng dfi't tfl sau khi xay dUng dfip Dong Cam da din din sU phfin hda ldn trong cfic giai
ting xa hdi b Phfl Ydn
Nfim 1928, hai chuyen gia ngudi Phap 1ft
M Chauvin vfi De Visme thyc hifn chuySn khao sat nghien cflu thfinh phin dfi't 5 Phu Yen (10) Hai dng tiin hftnh khao sfit tfl Sdng Ciu vfio den Tuy Hda, trong dd hai ong
chfl f nhfi't lfi nghien ciiu thftnh phin dit dai, dja hinh b cac vflng ta ngan vfi hflu
ngpn sdng Dfi R ^ g Ket qua cua cudc khao sfit phye vy eho chfnh sach khai thfic thufc dia vft eho thfi'y sU thay doi cua chfnh sfich diu tu khai thfic eua thue dfin Phfip Vdi nhflng phfin tich vi diiu kifn dit dai, khf hfu, dia hinh vfi sfl thufn ldi vifc tudi tieu nUde khi hf thong thuy ndng Dong Cam hofin thfinh 6 vflng Ding Bd vft Bftn Thpch, dng Hunegolz quyit dinh diu tfl xfiy di^ng nhft mfiy c h i biin theo ky nghf
Tfiy Au dfit b lftng Trung LUdng Vdi nhflng
CO ging cua dng, thfing 12-1927, nhfi mfiy
c h i biin dudng duyc thfinh Ifp vdi tfin gpi Nhft mfiy dudng Vift Nam (Sucrier Viet Nam), day 1ft nhft mfiy c h i biin dfldng theo phUdng phap ky nghf hifn dai thdi b i y gid
Trang 8Thdi kf diu cdng sufi't eiia nhft mfiy thfi'p
khoang 60 tfi'n/ngfiy (1931), aau thdi gian
md rpng difn tfeh vft cai thifn cfic giing
mfa nhfp tfl Java vdi phUOng thflc tring
theo hf thing Reynoso d vflng Tuy Hofi vfi
Sdn Hofi da cai thifn c6ng sufi't cua nhft
mfiy, tfing ISn 300 - 400 tfi'n/ngfiy vfio nftm
1936 Theo dd, aan lUpng dudng cua nhft
mfiy cung thay dd'i thfi't thudng, dinh dilm
vfio nftm 1942 nhft mfiy san xufi't dUde 6000
tin Trong tfic phim Dia dii Phd Yin,
Nguyin Dinh Cim vfi Trin Si dfi md ta
tinh hinh san xufi't dudng cua nhft may nhU
sau: "Cach lfim dudng bAng mfiy mdc vfi
theo kilu hofi hpc tii tfin Ho dflng din
hftng ngftn cong thd, moi ngfty ra din mft'y
mUdi tfiji dudng Dudng tring mft gifi Ipi re
cho nen tieu thy rfi't d l dftng"
Vdi chu trinh san xuit hifn dai cua Nhfi
mfiy dudng Vift Nam dfinh diu budc tiin
ldn trong ngfinh dai ky nghf d Phfl Yen, lin
diu tien nhfin dfin Phfl Yen tiep xflc vdi mfiy
mdc vfi dfiy chuyin san xuit edng nghifp
hifn dai, tfin mfit nhin thiy nhflng san
phim dflye e h i bien tfl ky nghf hifn dai
Chinh quyin thUc dfin Phap phfic hpa
doan dudng sfit xuygn Vift ch^y qua dia
phfin tinh Phfl Yen chu yiu dUa trSn ket
qua nghien cflu khao sfit cfla Dai uy Dunal
tiin hfinh tfl nfim 1900-1904 vdi chiiu dfii
hdn 100km vUpt qua hai day nfli Cfl Mdng,
Ddo Ca vfi nhiiu sdng, sudi (song Cfii, Dfi
R ^ g , Bftn Thyeh ) Den cuoi nfim 1928,
du an xfiy dflng dudng sfit di qua dia phfin
Phu Ydn dUdc phe duyft, dopn dudng s i t cl
phia bic tinh Phfl Yen thiit k i chpy dpc
theo dudng lidn tinh Chf Thpnh - Phudc
Lanh, men theo sdng Cfii vft thung liing
sdng Co, vU0t qua duSng h i m Dfio Thi ^^n
Vfin Canh (Binh Dinh), dopn dudng s i t nfiy
dfii trfin 30km, Km 1134 (ga Myc Thinh)
din Km 1171 (ga Chfnh Thanh) chay qua
B^ng, Phong Nign vft Chf Thanh Dopn
dudng s i t b vflng trung tfim tinh tfl Chf
Thpnh din Tuy Hda (tfl Km 1171 din Km 1198) dupc xfiy dung dpc theo dudng thufc dja, di qua cfic ga vfi nhfi chd Pbfl Tan, My Phu, Hda Da, Chfnh Nghia, Minh Chfnh vfi Tuy Hda Din dopn dutfng s i t 5 phfa nam tinh di qua 2 cfla sdng ldn Dft R^ng vft Dfi Ndng, dfc bift phai di qua day nui Dgo Ca, ngudi Phfip da xfiy di^g 3 cfiy ciu bfic qua adng Chfla, Dfi Ring vfi Bftn Thpeh, dUdc thiit k i dflng chung cho dudng bd vfi doan dudng s i t ehui qua 7 dudng him tai vflng nui Dai Lanh vft mdt dUdng him dfti trln 1km vupt qua day nfli Dfio Ca (12) Din ngfty 2-9-1936, tuyin dudng sfit Bic - Nam lftm le ndi ray tai Km 1222 phfa nam ga Hao Sdn Hoat dfng vftn chuyin dudng sit qua dia phftn Phfl Ydn chinh thflc tfl ngfiy
29-9-1936 vdi lich tfiu Hft Ndi - Tuy Hda vfi ngfiy 1-10-1936 chuyin tftu diu tidn tfl Hft Nfi den ga Tuy Hda vfto luc 11 gid 30 phflt Vifc hoftn thfinh doan dfldng s i t xuyen Vift dfinh dft'u budc chuyin biin ldn trong linh vUc giao thong ndi rieng vfi linh vUc kinh t i - xa hfi Phfl Ydn ndi chung trong giai dopn Phfip thudc, dich vy vfin tai dudng s i t vfi dudng bf phfit triin, mang lai
sU giao lUu kinh t i , vfin hofi, xa hfi vfi gifio dye gifla Phfl Yen vdi cfic vflng miin trong
ca nUdc, tfl day Phfl Yen md rdng gftn kit vdi cac xfl ben ngofti mft trUdc dfiy dupe
xem 1ft "mdt cdi phdng rdng ba bikin
mif-Vi chinh sdch gido due, nfim 1922, ehinh
quyen Phfip cho xfiy dUng 2 trUdng Sd ding Tilu hpc d Tuy Hda vft Tuy An Ve sau do nhu ciu chinh sfich khai thfic thufc dia vft
vi tri ngfty cftng quan trong eua dd thi Tuy Hoft, tfl ban Phap cho md them 2 ldp Trung ding Tilu hpc (ldp Nhi) vft Cao ding Tiiu hoc (ldp Nhft't) fi Tuy Hda vfto nfim 1929, ding thdi cae hpe ainh ci Tuy H6a vft Sdn Hda sS tham dU k^ thi Iiy bing Ri me tai
Trang 9dfiy Si^ kifn nfty dfinh dfi'u hf thing gifio
dye d Tuy Hda ngang bing vdi hf thing gifio
dye b tinh ly Sdng Ciu Thdi k^ nfty, b Phfl
Yin cd 2 trUdng t i chflc thi Ifi'y bing So hpc
yiu lupc vft Sd ding Turn hpc Phfip - Vift
gim tntdng Tiiu hoc Sdng Ciu (Sdng Clu)
vfi Tilu hoc Tuy Hoft (phu Tuy Hofi), ngofti
ra edn trUdng Sd ding Tilu hpc Tuy An cflng
t i chflc kf thi Ifi'y bing Sd hpc yiu lUpc Sau
khi tit nghifp trUJng Tilu hpc toftn cfi'p, cfic
hpc sinh Phfl Ydn muin hpc lfin bfc Trung
hpc phai ra Bmh Djnh, theo hpc tyi trudng
Cao ding Tilu hpe Qui Nhdn (CoUdgo Qui
Nhdn)
Vi dia ly nhdn vdn, mft yiu t i c u n g gdp
phin quan trpng vfto si^ dich chuyin khing
gian phfit triln kinh t i - xft hfi Phfl Ydn tfl
sau nfim 1921, dd 1ft trfn bfio nfim Gifip T^
(23-10-1924) Trong tfic phim Bia dii tinh
Phu Yen, hai tfic gia Trin Si vft Nguyin
Dinh Cim dft md ta vi diln biin edn bao
nfty nhu mdt trfin sdng thin Chflng tdi xin
trich Ipi nhflng ghi ehfip cua hai dng vi cdn
bao dac bift nfiy: "Dfi ba ngay trdi mUa t i m
ta Nudc sdng Tam Giang len qua cao Toi
22 thang 10, mUa cftng to, trdi den nhu
mUc, gid b i t diu thii dfl 12 gid khuya,
mUa ngdt nhUng gid thdi cftng manh, mpi
ngudi diu sd cd cdn bfio to" Vft vfto bud'i
sang ngfty 23-10: "Nudc biin cfl theo chfin
trang vfto Ngon gid ndm nhfi nh^ dUa vfio
Ai nfi'y diu la to: nUde dfing Thinh linh
nghe mft tiing rim rfi't ldn, rii tfl dd gid
thoi manh, mpnh xfip mfi'y lin ban dfim
Nudc cfl dang mfii, dfing mft each mau
chdng lp thUdng" Hf qua 1ft Sdng Ciu bi
tftn pha nghiem trpng: 'Thftnh p h i Sdng
Ciu khi xUa dpp biet bao, mft bfiy gid, cfiy
gay, ciu trdi, nhft sfip, ngUdi vft thfl vftt
chit khdng chd chfln, k l sing sdt khflng cdm fin fio mfe, trong gifiy phflt mfi dfi thfinh mft canh didu tfin thfi tham" (13) Cdn bfio Gifip T^ dfi tfic dfng din nhflng
dii thay vl mpi mft b tinh ly Sdng Ciu
Sau nfim 1924, mft lfin sdng di dfin cua ngudi Hoa vfio Tuy Hda, ndn dfin so d dfiy
tfing ldn vl mfit cd hpc S\^ di cU eua ngfldi
Hoa da t i e dfng khflng nhd din si^ phfit triln Clia Tuy Hda vfi BV tftn tyi cua Sflng Ciu, Vung Lim Nhflng thay doi vi mfit dia 1^ nhfin vftn cung tac dfng khdng nhd din phfit triln mft vflng dftt Qua vifc phfin tfch nfty gpi md cho chflng ta nhiiu hudng nghidn cflu vft dfinh gia vi sU phat trien eua vflng dfi't Phfl Yen
3 Ket lueln Qua vifc phfin tfch vi si^ thay doi khing gian phat triln kinh t i - xfi hgi cl Phfl Ydn tfl nfim 1887 - 1945, chung ta nh^n thfi'y rd
BU thay dii nfi tai trong khing gian phfit
trien kinh t i - xfi hfi b Phfl Yen, d6 1ft dich
chuyin eua hai trung tfim ldn trong thdi Phfip thupc Sy dich chuyin nfiy the hifn
hudng kinh t i phfit triln vi phia nam b
Phfl Yen Nhflng nhfin t i d&n din sU dich chuyin nfty, n i m trong npi tai lfin nhflng tfic dfng ngopi tai dUa din sU di chuyin
mang tfnh chfi't budc ngofit b Phfl Yfn
Sdng Ciu phfit triln kinh t i theo hUdng dich vy vfn tai bien vfi xufi't khiu, phfl hpp vdl cfic chinh afich cua Phfip, nen trong cd cft'u kinh t i Phfl Ydn thdi k^ 1887-1921 1ft yiu to dieh vy, xufi't k h i u vft cang biin quyit dinh K i tfl sau nftm 1921, Tuy Hda
trd thftnh trung tam kinh t i - vftn hda b Phu Yfin, nen trong cd cft'u kinh t i b Phu
Yen, yiu to then chit 1ft ndng nghifp vdi hai cfiy trong: cfiy Ma vft cfiy mia
Trang 10CHU THICH
(1) Chung toi dSn theo tfic ph£m cua Tr£n Si,
Nguyin Mnh Cim Dia dU tinh Phi Yin tr 34 vft
theo b&i vi^t Hi thdng chinh quyin vd chinh sdch
cai tri cua thgc ddn Phdp d Phu Yin (tit 1887 din
ddu nhiing ndm XX), T^p cU Khoa h9c xS hfi, a6
4/2008
(2) Chiing t6i cftn cul vfto Paris C, "Voyage
d'exploration de Hue en Coehinchine par la route
mandarine" Bulletin admimsstratif de TAnnam,
Emeat Leroux, Paria, 1898, p l 7 1
(3) Theo chiing tfii vinh Xufin Dfti raft cfing ail
Tirant nhftc cl dfiy 1ft vinh Xufin Dfti bfiy gi6, n6 bao
gom cfic cang Vung Utm, bfti Tifin Chfiu, cang
Song CSu,
(4) D&n trong bfti viS't cua tac gia A Laborde
(1929), La province de Phu Yen, BAVH, T&p 16, eo
4, (Knh Phii Yen), Ban dich, Thuftn H6a, 2003 tr
438
(5) Tong hdp tii cfic ban bfio cfio cua Cong sii
Phii Yen: Rapport tconomique province de Phu
Yen, ann^e 1904-1909
(6) D5n trong Rapport Economique province de
Phu Yen, ann6e 1900, 1901
(7) Tong hop tu cfic ban bao cfio ciia Cong afl
Phii Yen: Rapport Economique province de Phu
Yen, annfie 1906-1908
(8) ('Province de Binh Dinh", Annuaire
general de L'indochine, anfie 1918)
(9), Chung t6i tS'ng hi?p tCr bfio cfio vifc xfiy dyng dfip Thuy n6ng Tuy Hfia lfin Sfl thuy
nfing Dflng DuOng Irrigations du Phu Yen (R4seau de Tuy Hoa), Hy draulique agricole en
Indochine, annefi 1932, Ha Noi, NgUcli djch ky
B\l NguySn Trong Giai, H? thong thuy nfing
Tuy H6a
(10) Theo tfic phjim Massif de Phu Yen (Dilu
kifn ty nhien tinh Phd Yfin) dfing tr6n T^p chf
Indochine du Sud nftm 1928
(11) DSn trong tfic phim Nhd mdy ditdng Tuy Hba • NhOng chang duifng lich sit Chfnh tri Quoc
gia, HfiN$i, 1999
(12) Chung toi tdng hOp tii cfic vfin ban lUu triJ
hfinh chinh ciia chinh quyln Phfip: Chemin de fer: Khanh Hoa - Tourane - Hue, Phan Thiet Main d'oeuvre • Indeminite de deguerrissement Rapport des cheyaa de mission d'etude 1901-1903 RSA/HC 594; Projet de classement des routes d'accis au gares du chemin de fer 1936 RSA/HC
3327
(13) D5n trong tfic philm cua T r i n Si vft
NguySn Dinh Cim Dia dU tinh Phd Yin Qui
Nhon, 1937, tr 10