Chfnh vi vdy, trong sudt thdi gian Chidn tranh lanh, chau Au trd thdnh ndi dupc My chu trpng mpi ngudn lflc trong trien khai chinh sach ddi ngogi nhim ngdn chfin anh hfldng cua Lidn Xd
Trang 1NHONG B I E N DONG TRONG CHiNH SACH CUA MY Otil VOU CHAU A - THAI BlNH DUVNG THAP N I C N D A U T H £ KY XXI:
COSOrTH^TliNVALtLUAN
NGUYEN T H A I YfeN HlTONG'
Nhiing nim d i u thdp l^y ^^i hai cua
thd ky XXI dang ching kidn nhflng
bidn ddng ddng cfi y nghia eiia My tgi khu
vflc ehdu A - Thdi Binh Dfldng, khdng chi
bing cfic ldi tuydn bd c i a Idnh dgo My
-trong thdng didp lidn bang thfing 2-2012,
Tdng thdng Barack Obama da nhflii mgnh
"nfldc My Ik mdt cfldng quoc Thfii Binh
Dudng" vd di kdm Id hdng logt ddng thdi
tao ndn mdi quan tfim trong gidi hogch
dinh ehfnh sfich v i nghien cflu trdn t b l
gifii Bdn canh diy tbeo chu ky nfldc My
hidn nay dang trong giai dogn chuIn bi cho
mdt cufie b i u c i mdi chua ro thing Ipi
thufic vd Dang Dfin chu hay Dang Cdng
hda, Tidp theo diln bidn gin ddy nhd't cua
My ddi vdi khu vi^c, trong gidi nghidn c i u
My d i cd ludng nhdn djnh eho r i n g My
dang chuyin hfldng sang kbu vi^c chfiu A
-Thdi Binh Dfldng Ludng y kidn t h i bai lgi
cho r i n g My vSn tidp ti^c sU ed m$t tai khu
vi^c, nhing h i n h ddng g i n ddy chi l i dilu
chinh theo hfldng tdng cfldng c b i khfing
phai 8\f chuydn hfldng Tuy nhidn cfic y
kiln ddu chia se Id khu vuc vd cu t b l l i
Vi§t Nam sd chju tdc ddng bdi nbiing dilu
chinh ho$c tilp tyc trong ehfnh sfich c i a
My ddi vdi khu vi^c D l gdp p h i n cfi dflpc dfinh gid mdt cflch khich quan vd diln b i ^ gin dfiy cd nhilu cfich tidp e^n v i giai thfch, cflch tilp cdn dfla vio Ijch s i v i cd sd
ly ludn l i muc dfch m i t i c gia bii vilt niy hfldng tdi
Trong sudt qud trlnh ljeh s i hinh thdnh
v i phfit t r i l n cua nfldc My mdt thi?c td khdng t b l p h i nhdn, da dflpc nhilu nhi
nghidn c i u My v i thd gidi chia a&, dd l i
nhdn t h i e cua ban thfin cfic n h i lanh dgo
My v i ndn tang ly lu^n tdc ddng tdi nh^Ln
t h i e chfnh tri c i a Chfnh phu MS ddi vdi
nbflng diln bidn xay ra trong hd thdng chfnh trj thd gidi da quydt djnh r i t nhilu ddn vide hp dfla ra nhiing phan iing nhu thd n i o d ^ vdi si^ thay ddi dang diln ra trdn thd gidi v i cflc khu v\tc khdc nhau Nhdn t h i e n i y ciing t i y thudc vdo tfic ddng
c i a cfich nhdn thflc t i c l i vide cdc nhd hogch djnh v i triln khai chfnh sfich x i sU nhu thd n i o dfii vdi bidn thijlc khfieb quan; dilu n i y lidn quan ddn quan nidm chfnh tri
c i a chfnh hp v i tiinh dp nh^n thie, t i c U cfich t h i e cfic ehfnh khfieb n i y t h i hidn nhdn t h i e cua minh trong q u i trinh trien khai theo mdt trinh tU nhU thd nio Vi vfiy,
TGS.TS Hpc v i ^ Ngogi giao
Trang 2d l hidu rfi dflpc b i t ky vide hogch dinh vd
triln khai cbfnh sfich cua My trong mdt
giai dogn cu thd ndo deu ndn dua vd 4 ydu
td trong chidn Iflpc ddi vfii khu vi^c eua My:
1) Tfl duy chfnh trj cua cdc n h i lanh dgo
My; 2) Thfl ti^ flu tiSn cua khu vi^c dd vfii
khu vi^c khfic trdn t b l gidi theo cfich tidp
cfin so sfinh trinh tt; flu tidn; 3) Mi^c tiSu
cia My dfii vdi khu vflc trong giai dogn cy
thd v i 4) Vide thijc hidn chidn Iflpc v i phgm
vi cbfnh sfich dflpc triln khai
1 Tit duy c h i n h t r i cua cfic n h i l i n h
dgo - ndn t&ng c h i n h sflch ddti ngogi My
Vide hogch djnh v i triln khai chidn lupc
an ninh v i dfii ngogi cua My tfly thudc d
mic dp ldn vio quan dilm cua gidi lanh
dgo My va thien hfldng cbfnh trj trong
chfnh quyen My Cho d i mi^c tidu ed ban
trong chien Iflpc an ninh cua My khdng
thay ddi, vide hoach djnh chinh adch eu t b l
nh^m dat dfldc myc tidu chien Iflpc phu
thufic vdo quan dilm cua bd mdy hogch
dinh chfnh sfich an ninh, ddi ngogi Ly do
chfnh Id vi ehfnh quyen phai dung hoi Ipi
fch gifla cdc phdi nhdm d l d l ra chfnh sfich
CO ldi nhfi't cho ldi ich qude gia cho giai cdp
thing tri My trong tiftig giai dogn lich s i
dhdt dinh Nhin tdng t h i co thd thdy tfl
duy cua cfic nhd hogch dinh cbinh afich cia
My chiu anh hfldng eua cdc trfldng phfii ly
ludn cd ban l i Chu nghia Bi^t Up, Chu
nghia Hidn thi^c, Chu nghia Tfl do, Chu
nghia tfin Hidn thi^c Mdt m§t, chidn iflpc
chfnh tri c i a My l i mdt svt kdt hpp cua bin
loai quan nidm chfnh tri ndy Didu n i y lim
cho chfnh adch vd h i n h vi cua My t b l hidn
ro cdc mdt khfic nhau Mfit khdc, anh
hfldng tUdng ddi c i a bdn trfldng phdi ly
luan CO ban ndy khdc nhau trong thdi ky
nhdt dinh Dfiy chinh U dilm cdt ldi lim
cbo cbfnh sdch eua My cfi tfnh quy luSit vd
Chu nghia Bidt lfip (1) Id mdt tfl duy chidn Iflpc ddi ngogi c i a My trong mdt thdi gian ddi v i sau ndy trd thdnh mfit xu budng trong chfnh sdeh dfii ngoai eia My
C h i ngbia Bidt Up l i xu bUfing mudn My ding ngoii cfic cdng vide eua qude tdvdi Up ludn r^ng "My ndn trfinh lidn minh Vinh viln vdi bd't ky khu vi^e ndo trdn thd gidi" Chu nghia Bi^t Up dflpc ra ddi trong bdi canh nfldc My mdi giinh dpc Idp, t h i v d lUc rd't ylu so vfii cdc d l qude chfiu Au, do d6 phai ddn li^c d l ciing cd ddc Up phfit triln
c h i nghia tu ban My v i gfiy dflng anh hfldng d Tfiy bfin elu Nim 1793 trfldc kbi rdi nhidm sd Tdng thdng G Washington tuyfin bd My "trung Up" d£fi vdi cudc chidn tranh Anh - Phfip "Lidn bang My cd y dinh thvic hidn m§t chfnh sdch thfin" Uli^n vd cdng b^ng, khfing thidn vi vdi edc cfldng qude dang tham chien" (2) Sau G, Washington, cfic chfnh quyin My thdi ky ndy diu rdt th^n trpng can du qude td, trfinh lidn minh, tranh gay k l t h i d l tfip trung vdo cung c l the chd chfnh tri v i thflc
\\fc eua nfldc My, Anh hfldng cua Chu nghia
Bidt U P U U nay tfldng ddi thd'p Trong lich
s i su t h i t bgi cua My tgi Vi^t Nam v i sau ndy Id tbfi't bai cua chfnh quyin tdng thdng Bush tgi Trung Dfing da t h i e diy Chu nghia Bidt Ifip trong chfnh sdch doi ngogi
My Cfi the ndi chfnh quyin Obama hidn nay se khdng v^n dung hpc thuyet ndy Cdn theo cdch tidp cdn c i a C h i nghia Hidn thvtc, hd thdng cbfnh trj qude tl" chiu tfic dfing eua ba vfi'n dl c h i dgo: 1) Cfic qude gia theo dudi Ipi fch, c h i khfing phai hfia binh; ndu chidn tranh xfim Iflpc v i cfic bidn pbdp khdc phuc vi^ ldi fch cua hp thi tim kidm hda binh chi cdn Id ao tfldng; 2)
S i c mgnh chfnh tri v i qudn sy l i nhiing ydu td chu dgo cua quyin lflc; 3) Trong khi
cdc wda d l khfic nhfl thfldng mai vd nhan
Trang 3tranh vd xfim Iflpc v&n n^m d trung tfim
chfldng trinh nghj si^ qude t l (3) An ninh
qude gia dflpc hilu c h i ydu Id an ninh qufln
a}f v i s i c mgnh qude gia dflpc ddnh gifi e h i
ydu trdn cd sd s i c mgnh qufin si^ Thuylt
Hidn thi^c mdi (4) di;la trdn n h i n g nguyin
ly cd ban c i a thuydt Hidn thi^c cd didn, tuy
nhiln nhln mgnh vio tfnh cd'u t r i e trong
quan hd qude t l coi cfic cfldng qude cd vai
trd trung tfim v i ddng thdi nhfl!n mgnh din
ba bd thdng ciu t r i e trong quan hd qude td,
gdm: ddn cijlc, hai ci^e v i da cijlc Bdn cgnh
dd'y, cfic nhd Tfin hidn thyc cung nhfi'n
mgnh tdi uy tfn, anh hfldng vd vj t b l cua
qude gia l i ylu td' khdng t b l thilu b l sung
cho sflc mgnh qufln svt Chu nghia Hidn
tbvlc v i nhflng quan didm c h i dgo c i a nd l i
trfldng phdi ly ludn cd anh budng ldn trong
sudt thdi ky Chiln tranh Ignh Xem xlt
trong mdt thdi p a n ddi nd l i dong chay
ehfnh c i a chfnh adch ddi ngoai My Dilu
niy lim cho chidn lUdc dd'i vdi ehdu A •
Thfii Binh Dudng g i i ving tfnh dn djnh
n h i t djnh,
C h i nghia TU do coi trong vai trd ciia
kinh td v i tfl do cd nhfln Chfnh vl v$y, s i c
mgnh qufic gia dupc nhln nhfin trfldc bdt v i
chu ydu t i sfl phdn thjnh kinh td c i a mdt
qufic gia v i svt truyin bfi cfic gifi trj dfln
cbi nh&n quyin kilu My nhfl tvt do cfl
nhfin (5) Si? truyin bfi cua cdc quyin ty do
dfin e h i theo Chu nghia Ty do l i mdt bd
phfin elu t h i n h quan trpng cua s i c mgnh
qude gia Khfic vdi cdc n h i hidn thyc,
n h i n g ngfldi theo Chu ngbia Ty do cho
ring cfic thidt c h l qude td cfi tlm quan
trpng d^c bidt v i hd qua tfi't ylu cua sy
phfit triln mgnh md c i a trlnh dd khoa hpc
edng nghd v i phfln cdng lao ddng qufic td l i
sy cin thidt phai hdi nhdp qude td, Mdt
dilm dflng c h i y khdc Id vide Chu nghia Ty
do cho rling s i e manh qufic gia cdn dflpc
dfln c b i vd kh& nfing t h i e d i y cdc qude gia khdc phfit triln thfldng mgi ty do Quan nidm vd s i c mgnh qufic gia c i a C h i nghia
Ty do vi vdy c i n g cd anh hfldng ddn ede
bidn pbdp chfnh sfich ddi ngoai Khdc v6i
C h i nghia Hidn thyc, C h i nghia Ty do khdng n h l n mgnh vide s i dyng cfic biln phfip cfldng ehd, s i dyng aflc mgnh qufin sy 1dm edng cy trong quan hd qude td Nbflng ngudi ty do thifin v l nhiing bidn phfip
"mdm", d i n g s i c mgnh kinh td, anh hfldng cbfnh trj v i cfic gifi trj dfln chu d l tfic ddng nh&m dgt dupe kdt qua roong mudn Chu ngbia ty do cfi lie sd ndng ldn thdnh lye Iflpng chu dgo, nhflng dS bj suy ydu, khfi klo dii, Trong thdi ky Tdng thdng Barack Obama vd dfii vdi chfiu A Thdi Binh DUPng C h i nghia Ty do s5 c6 djp phfit huy,
d My nbflng trUdng phfii tfl duy ddi ngogi niy lufin tdn tgi song song, anh hfldng lie mgnh hdn hay ylu di t i y thufic vdo tinh binh tCtng l i e v i mdt phin vio quan didm dang phfii cua mSi tdng thdng
My M$c d i c6 sy khfic bidt giia cde nhdm nhflng sy khfic nhau n i y chi U tfldng dfii cfi khi nbflng ngfldi thudc phfii ndy Ui cfi ngudn gdc tfl phfii kia v i trong qufi trinh phfit triln cd bd sung v i dilu chinh n h i t djnh Didu ndy 1dm eho ehfnh sdch eiia My
cd tfnh quy ludt v i tfnh dn djnh nhdt dinh
Theo y kidn cua nhilu n h i phfin tfch v i hpc gia, quan didm chu dgo ve s i c mgnh qufic gia cua cfic chfnh quyin My thdi ky sau Chiln tranh Ignh v i thdp >^ilii i^u thd ky XXI, l i sy pha trdn, kdt hpp gifla Chi ngbia Hi$n thyc v i Chu nghia Ty do, Nhbi chung cfic tdng thdng Dang Cdng hda thidn
v l tfl duy bidn thyc chfnh trj trong khi Dang Dfln chu tbiSn hdn v l C h i nghia Ty
do, song khfing cd chfnh quyin nio thuin
t i y theo c h i nghTa hidn thyc hay ty do Chfnh vl vdy ni$c d i chu nghia tan hidn thyc dang c6 chilu hfldng quay trd lai trong
Trang 4chinh sach cua My vdi chdu A - Thdi Binh
Dfldng do sfl xult bidn cua "nhdn td Trung
Qud'c", chinh sfich dd se dfla trfin sfl kdt hpp
khdo ldo gifla qufin sy vd s i c mgnh ngogi
giao v i cbi ding qudn sfl nhfl lidu phdp
eudi cflng Dfi Id sfl k i t hpp gifla ede nguydn
tic vd chu nghia thflc di^ng chfl khdng phai
tbeo y thflc hp cflng nhfic,
2 Thijf t y liu tidn cua k h u vijfc chfiu
A - Thai Binh Dticftig t r o n g chidn lifOc
toan cau cua My
Chinh sfich e i a My dfii vdi chfiu A - Thfii
Binh Dfldng n i m trong td'ng t b l chidn Iflpc
todn ciu c i a My k l t i trong thdi ky nfldc
My tham gia vdo bd thdng chinh tri thd
gidi Cho ddn nay, chie'n lupc todn ciu c i a
My triln kbai quanh luc dja Au - A, trong
tiing giai dogn nhd't djnh sfl flu tidn se "dao
ddng" gifla hai khu vyc cd tlm quan trpng
dja ehfnh trj ndy Cdc nhd dja chiln lUdc
My d cac thdi ky khac nhau tfl Alfred
Thayer Mahan den Brzezinski deu dua ra
nhflng quan dilm khac nhau vl sy hogch
dinh chfnh aaeh khu vflc va trinh tfl trpng
didm ehiln Ifldc doi vdi chfiu Au vd chau A
Khai nidm "luc dia Au - A" dflpc Brzezinski
(6), dua ra trong culn "Bdn cd ldn: Uu tidn
vd ldi fch dja chinh tri cua My" (7), Tuy
nhidn, tdc gia d i u tidn cua y tfldng gbdp
hai chdu luc n i y vdi nhau ed Id Id Mac
Kinder vd Nicholas Spykman Theo
Spykman: T h a i lya chpn mdt chfnh sfich
doi ngogi khiin cbo trdn luc dia Au • A
khfing nay sinh mfit quydn lye chi phfii cd
tinh fip dao d chau Au va Viln Ddng, cfi
nhfl vgy, n i n an ninh vd ddc Idp c i a quoc
gia ndy (nfldc My) mdi dfldc dam bao chic
chdn" (8) Ve dja ly tfl nhidn, hai chau luc
Au, A gidp Uen vdi nhau va ed nUdc Nga,
mfit cfldng qude cd lanh thd trai dii trdn ca
hai lye dia ndy, thdm chi ving lanh thd
c i a nfldc Nga Cfi y kidn cho ring, Trung A
Id ving d i t "trfii tim" cua bai chfiu luc Au,
A Vi vfiy, vi^c gfin hai chfiu lye Au, A vdi nhau trong cfic phfin tfch dia chiln lUpc
p h i hpp vdi thyc tiin quan hd quIc t l t i kbi xay ra Chidn tranh thd gidi thfl Hai ddn nay, ddc bidt Id trong bfii canb todn elu bod tfl cuoi thdky XX
Chdu Au gin bd vdi My khfing chi vi Ipi fch an ninh, m i cdn vi nhflng gin bfi vdn bda lfiu ddi, lidn b^ ching tdc truyin thdng Lich s i nhdp cfl e i a nfldc My Id bSng chflng gin gdc r l eua My chfnh Id t i chau
Au Sfl cfi mdt cua My tgi khu vflc da dflpc xfic U P tfl aau Chidn tranh thd gidi thfl Hai nhim tgo dilng vj trf cia My tgi khu vyc, ddng thdi nbu Henry Kissinger da tflng nhdn xdt "My vd chdu Au cfi mpt ldi ich chimg trong vide ngdn can cac chinh sdch dfin tdc khfing kiem che eua Dflc vd Nga tranh gidnh nhau trung tdm luc dja chdu
Au" (9) Chfnh vi vdy, trong sudt thdi gian
Chidn tranh lanh, chau Au trd thdnh ndi dupc My chu trpng mpi ngudn lflc trong trien khai chinh sach ddi ngogi nhim ngdn chfin anh hfldng cua Lidn Xd vd hd thdng
xa bpi c h i ngbia phoi hpp vfii vide kilm soat cdc nfldc ehdu Au cu (10) Cdc tong thdng cua thdi ky h^u Chidn tranh lanh nhfl Bush (cha), CUnton vd Bush (con) da the hidn sy dilu chinh chinh sfich cia My ddi vfii chfiu A - Thfii Bbih Dfldng Tuy nhidn, trong giai dogn ndy, dfii vdi nfldc
My, khu vyc Trung Dfing ciing Id mot khu vyc "ndng" thu hut nhieu sflc lflc O chfiu
Au, sy ra ddi vd cung ed Lidn minh chfiu
Au, vige cfic moi quan hp gifla cfic nUfic ldn
va edc qude gia tgi chdu Au khfing cdn cfing thfing vd phflc tgp v i ddng thdi Id mpt nfldc Nga tuy cd tilm lflc ldn nhflng hifin dang gfip kbd khdn, chfla thd Id ddi thu ngang hdng vdi My trong mdt vdi thdp ky tdi, ndn
Trang 5tdi kbu vyc ndy trong todn bd "tfnh todn
chidn lupc dfii vdi lye dja A-Au" cua My
DIu nfim 2011, My dfi tuyfin bd c i t gi&m
ngfin sfich qude phfing cho chfiu Au v i ding
thdi giSm bdt sd qufin ddi My tgi chfiu Au
Qufin ddi My sd r i t hai IQ doin bd binh v i
hai phi ddi khdng qufln, cflng vdi khoang
2.500 Ifnh bd trp, khdi chfiu Au tfl ndm
nay Hai l i doin b^ binh hgng n$ng v i mdt
phi ddi khfing qufin, gdm n h i n g chile phi
cd chidn d i u A-10 dflpc mdnh danh Id
"hung t h i n c i a xe tfing", hidn dfing tgi
Die Phi ddi khfing qufin cfin lgi dang ddn
t r i tgi Aviano, Italy Kd hogch r i t qufin
n i y sg giam tdng ad binh sT My d chfiu Au
t i gin 81,000 Ifnh nhu hidn nay xudng cfin
khoang 70.000 Ifnh Trong nhidm ky Tdng
thdng Obama, mfii quan hd gifla chfiu Au
vdi nudc My chu ydu dya trdn bdi canh
khung hoang kinh ttf v i ddi bfin cflng
chung nS lye dd giai quylt, Dilu niy da tgo
ndn quan tfim trong cfic bgn bd ddng minh
Uu ddi c i a My
VI Ijch s i nude My cd nhflng mdi lidn hd
lfiu ddi vdi chfiu A v l thuong mgi v i truyin
giao tfl thd ky XVIII Mflc d i v$y, khdng
lfiu sau kbi nfldc My ra ddi khu vyc chfiu A
• Thdi Bhib Dfldng nlu xlt v l ljeh s i phdt
triln, ngay sau Chiln tranh thd gidi t h i
Hai khfing dupe coi l i khu vyc trpng dilm
chidn lupc nhfl chfiu Au (11) Tuy nhiSn,
kbi cfich mgng Trung Qude thdnh cfing v i
nudc Cdng bda nhfin dfln Trung Hoa ra ddi
(1949) v i phong trio giai phdng dfin tdc
phfit tridn d khu vyc niy nhfi't t i d Vidt
Nam khu vyc ndy b i t d i u "nim trong tfnh
todn chidn lUpc c i a My" My vfi cing lo
ngai trflde anh hfldng ngdy cing lan rdng
eua chu nghia cdng san d chfiu A "nnh
hinh ndy da d&n ddn nhflng thay ddi cd ban
trong tfnh tofin chidn lupc c i a My d khu
vyc D$c bidt trong giai dogn hidn nay, bfii
canh tgi chfiu A hoin toin khdc vii "cflu
lye dja" chflu Au, Chflu A tilm I n nhilu thfleh t h i e an ninh v i chfla cd mdt cd chd hpp tfic an ninh toin khu vyc Lin ddu tidn trong Ijch s i , h l u nhfl todn bd n h i n g thfich thflc chu ydu ddi vdi hoi blnh v i dn djnh qude td Ii d chfiu A Nhilu di san cua Chidn tranh Ignh vin chfla dflpc giai quydt, l^nh hinb trdn bfin dao Trilu Tidn, xung ddt d eo biln Ddi Loan, chgy dua hgt nhfin d Nam A
vd hdn bdt l i sy trdi ddy cua Trung Qude l i
n h i n g thfich thflc an ninh ngin cung nhu dii bgn dCTi vdi My
Trong thdi gian d m quydn cua Tdng thdng Barack Obama c6 nhiing chuyin bidn mgnh md trong chfnh sfich ciia My ddi vfii khu vyc chflu A - Thfii Binh DUdng, nhflng cd t b l k h i n g djnh r i n g "cam kdt ed tfnh lich sii" c i a My ddi vdi chflu Au sd vin
Id tidp tyc Gin dfiy nbtft, d i u thfing
2-2012 Ngogi trfldng My H, Clinton da tuydn
bd "chfiu Au tidp tuc l i doi tflc hing diu cua My" (partner at first resort) (12) Tdng thdng Obama t h i a nh^n gifla My v i ehfiu
Au cd n h i n g bd't ddng vd chle chin sd cdn bd't ddng trong tfldng lai, nhflng "nfldc My khdng cd d^i tfic ndo tdt hdn l i chfiu Au",
Ly do chfnh l i vi t h i nhfi't, My cho ring chfiu Au nhfl thd l i tgm dn dfii vdi My v i
t h i hai, do cfin cdn quyin lye chfnh trj vi kmh td trSn thd gidi dang chuyin d i n sang chfiu A ndn vdi chfnh sfich thyc dyng ciia minh, My coi trpng chfiu A - Thfii Binh Dfldng hdn vl nd lidn quan afit sUdn din ldi fch an ninh v i kinh t d c i a My
Cd thd thfi'y mdt thyc td rd r i n g ring, chidn lupc an ninh ddi ngogi ddi vdi t b l gidi CUB nfldc My dflpc dya trdn vi^c thi hdnh chfnh sfich dao ddng qua lai gifla hai khu vyc quan trpng l i chfiu Au vd chfiu A tiy thudc vio Ipi fch v i tfnh tofin chiln Iflpc
c i a My tgi tCftig thdi dilm nhfift djnh Nhin tdng thi, chidn Iflpc chfiu A - Thfii Binh
Trang 6Dfldng ludn Id mdt bd phfin quan trpng
trong chidn Iflpc todn elu cua My Nd phyc
vu nhflng Ipi fch an ninh chu ydu cua My d
khu vyc ed t l m quan trpng ngiy cing tfing
ddi vdi My trong thdi ky sau Chidn tranh
lanh,
3 Chinh sfich cua My dfiTl vdi chflu A
- Thdi Binh Diftfng: lich suf v i h i | n tgi
Lich s i quan hd qude td dd cho thd'y
ring trong thdi ky Chiln tranh Ignh, tgi
ehdu A • Thfii Bhih Dfldng, chfnh sfich ddi
ngoai c i a My ddi vdi khu vyc thyc chit Id
sy "klo ddi" trdt ty chdu Au Sy "kdo ddi"
ndy mfit mfit phan finh tfl duy bfi quyin t h i
gidi c i a My, m$t khdc phan finh tfldng
quan lye Iflpng gifla hai phe "Ddng v i Tfiy"
do Lien Xfi v i My lanh dgo NhU trdn da
phan tfch, khi tUdng quan lye lupng cd Ipi
eho phong trdo cfich mgng vd giai phdng
dfin tfic chdu A, My quan tfim den chfiu A
-Thdi Binh Dfldng n h i m phdt triln anh
hudng d khu vflc niy, ngdn chdn l i n sdng
"edng san" va phong trio giai phdng ddn
tdc, tgo ndn afl ra ddi c i a Hpc thuyet
Domino do D Eiaenhower de xfldng Chau
A - Thfii Binh Dfldng da trd thinh ndi dl
My giai quydt nhflng mdu t h u i n vdi phe xa
bfii c h i nghia, chu ydu nhim bao vd v i duy
tri sfl lanh dao cua My tgi Tfiy Au tfl ban
chi nghia Vi vdy tuy khdng quan trpng
bing chdu Au trong chien Iflpc todn ciu eia
My, chfiu A - Thdi Binh Dfldng ciing l i mdt
dia bdn quan trpng di My xfic lfip quyin
lye v i anh hfldng Dd Id myc tiSu ed tfnh
chit xuydn sudt eua My d& vdi khu vyc
trong thdi ky Chidn tranh Ignh,
Am anh bdi sy ldn mgnh ciia Lidn Xd v i
cfic nfldc Dfing Au, My cho r i n g nlu khfing
sdm ed mdt dfii sfich, muc tidu hpp ly dfii vdi
chfiu A - Thfii Binh Dfldng chu nghia cdng
aan se trd thdnh mfit nguy cd khfing chi d
Ngay sau khi Chidn tranh thd gidi thfl Hai kdt t h i e cho din cufii thdp niSn 60 cia thd
ky XX, My hogch djnh chfnh sach an ninh ddi vdi kbu vyc chfiu A - Thdi Blnh Dfldng theo hudng v i a tranh t h i ddng minh d l thidt U P By hidn didn qudn afl vfla triln khai cfic bidn phfip ngfin chdn sy phfit triln cua chu nghia cdng san, t b l bidn ro n h i t qua chfnh sfich ciia My ddi vdi cfic nfldc Trung Qude, Nhdt Ban vi kbu vyc Ddng Nam A My d i n tlm cfich thay thd cdc nude
d l qude ehfiu Au d khu vyc thilt lfip quan
hd ddng minh tay ddi vdi mfit logt nfldc (Nh^t Philippines Thdi Lan, Nam Trilu Tidn, ), U P cfic khdi quan afl d khu vyc (ANZUS nira 1951 SEATO ndm 1954, ), sdn sing can thidp bing qufin sy dl ngdn ch$n anh hfldng cua Lidn Xfi vd cdc nUdc xa hdi, ay phdt triln eia phong trio giai phdng dfin tfic tidu bidu trong thdi ky ndy
Id hai cudc chidn tranh Trilu Tidn vd Vidt Nam
Thit bgi d Vidt Nam da 1dm dao lfin chidn Iflpc tofin elu cua My, bupc My phai thay ddi lgi nhdn thie gifla kha nfing v i tham vpng, tidn h i n h nhiing dieu chinh ldn
ve chiin Iflpc thfing qua "Hpc thuydt Nbcon", dd Id giam cam kdt d khu vyc, tdp trung Cling cd lgi s i c mgnh qude gia vd cdc trpng didm chiln Iflpc thidt ydu cia My
"Sau Vidt Nam", My chuyen chfnh sach dfii ngogi theo hUdng: t h i a n h | n thyc t l My khfing thd ty y '1dm dflpc td't ca" "cam kdt cfi chpn Ipc" nhiing ndi thupc ldi fch cua My (13); diy mgnh chdi "con bdi cdc nfldc ldn", ddng nghia vdi vide phai chia se quyin lye
trong cac wStn d l qufic td
Chidn tranh lanh kdt thie, tinh blnh t h i gidi v i khu vyc thay ddi cfin ban Vdi vide Lidn Xd v i hd thdng Xa hdi chu nghia Ddng
Au syp dd My trd thdnh sidu cUdng duy
Trang 7nbidu khfi khdn, thdch thflc phflc tgp Lin
diu tidn sau nhilu thfip ky can dy My
thyc sy trd thdnh cudng qude thdng trj todn
khu vyc chfiu A (14) vd tidp tyc cd nhflng
Ipi fch quan trpng vl kinh td, chfnh trj v i
v i an ninh trong khu vyc Ngon ed "kilm
c h l cdng san" khfing cdn gid trj tdp hpp lye
Iflpng, My budc tim kilm ehiln Iflpc kbdc
d l thfch i n g tinh blnh mdi, trong khi vin
tilp tyc theo dudi tham vpng bd c b i thd
gidi, Chidn lupc dfii ngogi "can dy" dUpc My
lya chpn
Chiln Iflpc "can dy" dupc t b l hidn kbd ro
ndt thfing qua chfnh sdch dfii ngogi c i a My
ddi vfii chfiu A - Thdi Binh Dfldng Sau
Chidn tranh Ignh, My g$p hai thfich t b i c
ldn d khu vflc: thfl nhit, nguy eO "Up
khoang trdng" do cac cfldng qude kbu vflc
Ipi dung My, Nga giam anh budng kbu vyc;
thi hai, xu the "khu vyc hod" cua cfic nfldc
trong khu vyc chfiu A cd t b l diy My ra
ngodi Muc tieu cua My lie niy la cung cd
anh budng, vai trd lanh dao vd tham gia
cdc vd'n di khu vyc; ngdn chdn vide mpt
nfldc hay nhdm nfldc ndi ldn khdng cbe,
thdch thflc vai tro My d khu vflc De thyc
hidn myc tieu ndy, My e h i trUdng "can dy"
cac vin d l cua khu vyc (tfl tham gia AEF,
chu dpng nim APEC, dfnh Ifu giai phfip
bfin dao Trilu Tidn, vfi'n d l Ddng Timor )
Vide cd cdu lgi quan hd cdc nfldc lfin, nhfi't
l i cfip My - Trung, d khu vyc t i gifla thdp
ky 90 cua thd ky XX, cdng khing djnh
chilu hfldng "can dfl" trong cbfnh sdch ddi
ngogi cua My d khu vyc Trong cfic bidn
phfip thyc hidn (kinh tl; qudn sy; dfin chi,
nhfin quyin) ddng c h i y lfi vipc My duy tri
100.000 qufin d khu vyc (ngang vdi ehfiu
Au) nhu mfit cdng cu hflu hidu vl sy bidn
di^n khfing thd thidu cua My d chfiu A
-Thdi Binh Dfldng Cy t b l trong linh vyc an
ninh, sy toin elu hda cfic thdch thflc an
ninh dfic biSt l i c b i nghia khung bd v i gia
tfing mdi lo nggi v l phd bidn vu khf l i hai thfich thflc an ninh lidn quan tryc tidp ddn
an ninh ndi dja e i a My, do vfiy vide duy tri
vd md rdng didn hpp tfic trong khufin khd ede lidn minh qufin ay aong phfldng cua My cdng trd nfin cin thidt Nhln chung, cfic chfnh quydn My thdi ky sau Chiln tranh Ignh diu coi cfic ddng minb qudn sy c i a My
Id mdt trong n h i n g try cdt trong cbfnh • sfich c i a My ddi vii khu vyc (15), Chfnh quyin Bush (con) nhfln manh vai trd cua edc lidn minh qufln afl dUdi sy lanh dgo cua My U try cdt ehfnh trj - an ninh trong kiln t r i e khu vyc bdn cgnh try cdt kinh t l • thUdng mgi (16) Quan hd ddng minb My - Nh^t (dupc ndng d p dfldi chfnh quydn CUnton nhflng ndm 1996-1997) tidp tyc dflpc cung ed hPn nfla, d^e bidt trong cudc chiln chdng khung bd do My lanh dgo Chfnh p h i Australia dfldi thdi Thu tfldng John Howard iing hp mgnh md cfic ehfnh sfich an ninh vfi bdnb ddng c i a My Dfii vfii cfic ddng minh ngoii NATO nhU Thfii Lan
vd Philippines, My t i n g cfldng quan hd ddng minh thfing qua cfic chfldng trinh
h u l n luydn chdng khung bd', cung d p ho trp vd trang thidt bj qufin sy tdng cfldng tham v l h vd an ninh vd trao ddi ngoai giao cd'p cao v l cfic v i n dd an ninh cing quan tfim, Quan hd d ^ tfic chiln Iflpc My - An Dd dupc t i n g cfldng mgnh mg Nfira 2005, My
vd An Dd da ky Hidp ^\dh Khung mdi vd
Hpp tdc qude phdng vd quan trpng nfla Id hai bdn da ky Hidp i i n b Hgt nhfin dfin sy Ngodi ra My ciing quan tfim ddn vi^c thie ddy hpp tfic an ninh vdi mpt sd nUdc quan trpng khfic trong khu vyc nhfl Indonesia vd Vidt Nam (17), Ddi thogi an ninh Vilt - My
da trd thdnh cd chd thfldng nidn gifla hai nfldc, Trao ddi gifla lanh dao qufln dfii hai nfldc trd nSn thfldng xuySn hdn vdi trpng tfim tim hidu cd hdi hdp tfic trong vide ddi phd vdi cdc vtfn d l an ninh phi truydn
Trang 8thdng Nhflng cbfnh sdch dflpc triln khai
trong gin bdn ndm d m quyin c i a chfnh
quydn Tdng thdng Barack Obama eho thiy
cd cdch tilp cdn hod giai vd ngoai giao, ldng
nghe hdn l i fip d$t, s i dyng ngogi giao bdn
Id quan sy, da pbUdng hOn l i ddn phfldng,
hpc bdi hdn l i dgy bao Cbfnh sfich ehfiu A
-Thfii Binh Dfldng c i a My hi^n nay t h i bidn
tinh lidn tyc vdi ehfnh sdch c i a chfnh
quydn trfldc, dd l i flu tidn quan hd vfii ddng
minh v i can dy vdi Trung Qude My da cd
nhflng biiu bidn coi trpng hdn ddi vdi khu
vflc thd bidn qua chuyin thfim cua Ngogi
trudng My Clinton tdi Nb§t Ban, Trung
Quoc, Hdn QuIc vd Indonesia ngay trong
nam diu tidn c i a chfnh quyin Obama,
Myc tidu cua chuydn cdng du ndy Id trfi'n
an cfic ddng minb v i doi tfic trong khu vyc
ring My se tiep tyc cam kdt vfii khu vflc vd
cac ddng minh vd mudn cfi mfit m^i quan hd
hpp tac vdi Trung Qude My da ky Hidp fldc
Thdn thidn vd Hpp tac d Dfing Nam A
CTAC), cam ket tiep tuc can dy d khu vyc
vd ciing co quan hd vdi dong minh ciing
dupc t b l hien qua ede phfit bidu vd cac
chuyen cfing du eiia Tdng thdng My Barack
Obama v i a qua (18) Cd the ndi ring, chfla
bao gid cdc quan chflc cd'p cao eua My lgi
nbaii manh ddn vai trd cua khu vyc chfiu A
- Thfii Binh Dfldng nhfl thdi gian gin day
Tgi h l u h i t cdc cudc hpp quoc td ciing nhu
trong nfldc, e h i de v l ehdu A - Thai Binh
Dfldng dflpc cac quan chflc My lidn tyc dl
cfip vd vdi t i n s u i t ngdy cing cao hdn Cfic
bidn phfip My triln khai da tfip trung vdo
ngoai giao song phfldng, da phfldng vfi
tham gia tich cyc vdo cfic thidt chl khu vyc
Dilu ndy da t b l hidn ro trong trien kbai
chinb sdch c i a My dfii vdi edc nfldc d khu
vyc My thd hidn qua hdng loat tuydn bd
chfnh sfich cua cfic nhd lanh dao cdp cao
trong thdi gian g i n ddy: tuydn bd 2009 eua
bd 2010 c i a Ngogi trfldng Clinton v i Thfing didp Lidn bang cua Tdng thing Obama thfing 2-2012 diu nhd'n manh cam kit cia
My vdi cfic ddng minh aong phUdng, tdng cudng sy cfi mdt qufin sy tgi cdc nfldc ddng minh truyin thing
Nhfl v^y cfi t b l thfi'y ring, vi tri chfnh sfich chfiu A - Thfii Binh Dudng thd hidn xu thd lidn tyc tdng lfin trong cfic chidn Ifldc an ninh qude gia cia My trong thdi ky sau Chidn tranh lanh M$e dii My khfing ngflng chuydn djch v i tdp trung afle manh vfio khu vyc, dfl xu thd chuyin dich niy bj nglt qudng do cudc chidn chdng khung bd, nhflng xdt vl lfiu ddi, chfiu A - Thfii Binh Dfldng ed xu thd trd thdnh vj tri quan trpng trong tfnh tofin chien Iflpc tofin elu cia My Trong thdi gian trfldc, trdn thyc te My chfla
de ra mfit chien Ifldc ehdu A toin didn Hogch djnh vd triln khai chfnh sdch eia
My ddi vdi khu vyc cbi tdp trung cbi ydu vao khu vyc Dong Bfie A - Nhfit Ban, Trung Qude, H i n Qude, Trilu Tidn v i gin dfiy l i
An Dp, Cd the thiy ring, d i My cd tilm ndng aic mgnh trong khu vyc, ehfnh sdch eua My vin khfing tgo dflpc kdt nfii cdc ndi dung cdt yeu thfinh mot ehiln Iflpc hdp ly
vd dn khdp Sang den giai doan diu t h i k y XXI, dfic bidt Id trong bdn nfim elm quyin eua Tfi'ng thdng Obama, My nh^n thflc dflde ring My khfing t h i r i t lui hay ddnh gifi qufi thd'p nhflng ldi fch cdn ban cua minb trong khu vyc bdt sflc quan trpng nfiy, Gid Id lie My ein t^p trung vao vide thyc bidn nhidm vu dfi
4 Cd sd tgo nSn aif dieu chinh hofic
t i n g cydng c h i n h sfich ddii ngoai c i a
My ddi vdi k h u viYc Tfnh quy lufit l i mdt dfic trflng trong hogch djnh chfnh sdch ddi ngoai eua My ndi chung v i ddi vdi khu vyc chdu A - Thdi
Trang 9ddi ngogi c i a My d i l i chfnh afich chung
hay ddi vfii t i n g khu vyc cy t b l ddu t b l
bidn mdi quan bd vfi tfic ddng lin nhau
giia cfic ydu t l quy djnh n i n chfnh sdch ddi
ngogi (Ipi fch qude gia; t b l v i lye cua My
trong eye didn chung cua thd gidi; sy v | n
ddng c i a mfii trUdng qude td ho§c kbu vyc
ddc t h i ; truyin thdng vfin hofi, xfi hdi;
chfnh trj ndi bd; dfldng ldi vfi tfl tfldng eua
giai cfi'p, dang phdi v i cfi nhfin tdng
thdng ) Sy dilu chinh chfnh sfich ddi
ngogi c i a My t i sau Chiln tranh thd gidi
t h i t h i Hai ddn nay U hd qui tlTt ylu cua
sy thay ddi vfi tdc ddng lin nhau gifla cfic
ydu td v i a ndu,
Tfnh k l t h i a v i dilu chinb chfnh sdch
ddi ngogi ndi chung v i khu vyc nfii ridng
cua cdc chiih quydn My dupc t h i hidn
thfing qua cdc nhfin td b^t bidn vd kha
biln Trong cdc nhfin trf bdt biln hdng diu
phai k l din l i thidt Up bd quydn cua My
trdn t b l gidi Dfiy l i myc tidu xuydn sudt
qua bao ddi Tdng thdng My, ngay t i khi
John Winthrop rdi Anh d l xfiy dyng "thinh
phd trdn dinh nui" vdi y tfldng xfiy dyng
manh dfit fing d4t chfin lim cbuin myc dgo
dflc cho toin bd t b l gidi Thidn Chia gido
-dd Id "khfing chi quan tfim -ddn nhflng gi l i
eua anh m i cdn ca nhiing gl l i cua ngudi
khac" (19) Trong thdi ky hidn tgi, myc tidu
cia My Id md rd^g b i quyin ra toin t b l
gifii, trdn ed sd bfi quyin v l chfnh trj My
mudn dam bao cho vi§c binh trUdng kinb
t l trdn todn d u dam bao vi tri thdng soil
cua My vd kinh td Vide truyin bfi n i n dfln
chu tfl san My, gifi trj vfin hofi My cing Ii
mdt bfi phflin etfu thdnh cua myc tidu bfi
c h i tofin elu
Cfi thd ndi r i n g Ipi fch chiln Iflpc ddi
ngogi c i a My trong thdi gian d i u cua tb^p
ky v i n Id duy tri vj tri cudng qude srf mdt
trong mdt thd gidi dang d i n d i n di ddn da
eye hofi t i dfi thilt Up mdt tr^t ty thd gifii
do My linb dgo, ngfin eh§n khfing dd cho ba't ky mdt nfldc n i o lgi cd thd trd t h i n h ddi thu ed k h i nflng de dog vj tri, vai trd v i ndn an ninh cua My Sy dilu chinh mdt ehiln Iflpc hay chfnh sfich ddi ngogi trong cfic giai dogn cy t b l cfin tuy thudc quan dilm c i a ding v i cfi nhfin Tdng thdng My, dflpc thd bidn rfi trong Ijch s i cbfnh afich ddi ngogi e i a My VI vdy, cbfnh afich ddi vdi chflu A - Thdi Blnh Dfldng Id bd phdn vi khfing thd vflpt qufi khufin khd chfnh sfich ddi ngogi chung cua My Tuy nhidn do didu kidn cd tfnh d$c trflng eua khu vyc, ehfnh sfich cua My ddi vdi khu vyc cd miu ale ridng
Thi nhdt My cd quan hd budn bfin vdi
khu vyc Dfing A t i trong ljeh s i ngay thdi
ky d i u U P qude, t i nfim 1784 tdu Empress
of China c i a New York dd thyc bi$n nhiing
chuydn budn bfin vdi Trung Qude Trong ljeh s i bidn dgi, ngay ca trong giai doan khiing being t i i chfnh 2008-2009, quan h$ kinh td gifla My v i khu vyc n i y vdn dupc duy tri, ASEAN chidm 153 ti USD d i u tu cua My - nhilu gfi'p ba Un m i c 45 ti USD vdo Trung Qudcvd g i n 10 lin mic 16 ti USD vio An Dd Nhilu dy dofin edn cho
r i n g tUdng lai cua n i n kinh td" thd gidi nim
d ving ldng chao Thfii Binh DflOng Do dd
My cfi Ipi fch to ldn trong vide phfit triln cfic quan bd kinh tl" vdi khu vyc vfi t b i c diy xu
t b l m i c i a v l kinb tlT d dfiy, Cbfnh gidi My cho ring, khai thfic mdt chfiu A - Thfii Binh Dfldng tfing trfldng v i nfing ddng l i trung tfim Ipi fch kinh td v i chidn lupc cua My, ddng thdi l i flu tidn quan trpng bdng diu ddi vfii Tdng thdng Obama Nhiing tbi trudng md d chfiu A cung cdp cho My
n h i n g cd bdi d i u tfl, giao thfldng vd tilp cdn cfing nghd tidn tidn chfla t i n g cd Phfit biiu c i a Tdng thrfng Obama trong thfing didp b ^ bang t h i hi^n ro mye tiSu ciia My
Trang 10hidn nay "Tdi se di ddn b i t c i ndi ndo trdn
thd gifii de md cfic tbj trfldng mfii cho san
phim eua My V i tdi se khdng ding ydn
khi cdc dSi thu cgnh tranh cua ching ta
khfing chdi ding ludt" (20)
Thi hai, cdc tuyin dudng biln quan
trpng nhfi't c i a thd gifii cde ddi tfic chfnh
trong nhiing nd lye chdng khiing brf, nbiing
lidn hd mang tfnh adng cfin ddi vdi trp giiip
nhfin dgo vd giam nhg thidn tai giim nhp
anh hfldng e i a sy bidn ddi khf bdu cua My
ddu nim tgi khu vyc ndy, Trong 5 khdng
gian chiln lupc m i cfic cfldng qurfc dang
cgnh tranh diu t h i ki XXI thi vide tranh
giinh quyin lflc biln diln ra sfii dfing nhl't
d khu vyc chfiu A-Thfii Binh Dfldng Tgi
khu vyc ndy, My cd mdt mgng Ifldi qudn ay
tfl Thfii Binh Dfldng sang An Dd Dfldng, tfl
Nam Cyc ldn Bic Cyc vdi 3 tuydn c h i ylu
DSng Nam A n i m gifla tuydn 1 gdm cfic cfin
c i quan sy tfl Nhfit Bin, Hdn Qude den dao
Diego Gacia trdn An Dfi Dfldng Dai cfin cfl
tiin duydn kieu chuSi dao n i y kilm sofit
cde eo biln, vung biln vd dfldng hing hai
ehiln iupe bdt afle quan trpng, trd thdnh Id
chfin tien duydn cho tuyen 2 gdm cfic dao
trung tfim Id Guam vfi cfic cfin cfl d
Australlia, New Zealand Tuydn 3 gdm cfic
cdn cfl tfl Hawai ddn Alaska vfi quin dao
Aleutian Trong mgng d u tnic ba tuydn
ndy My cfin coi Nh|lt Ban vd Australia l i
hai chide neo Nam Bic trong chidn Iflpc an
ninh chau A - Thai Binh Dfldng, cdn Dong
Nam A lfi elu noi gifla hai chile neo dd,
Trung tfim cua cym cfin c i Dfing Nam A
trfldc day l i cfin cfl hai qufin Subic v i cdn
c i khfing qufln Clark d PhiUppines nay Id
cfin c i hai qudn d Changyi d Singapo,
Thi ba, khu vyc chfiu A - Thfii Binh
Dudng l i ndi My cfi nhilu ddng minh chidn
lupc v i Ifiu bin, do l i Nhfit Ban, H i n Qude,
Australia, Philippines v i Thai Lan Cd t h i
nfii trong hdn n i a thd ky qua, quan hd ddng minh ndy dfi tgo ndn mdt cd chl an ninh khdng chfnh t h i e tdn tgi d khu vyc mfic d i cfi lie ndng lie Ignh t i y vio tfnh tofin c i a My vd cfic nfldc trong tfftig thdi dilm, Dfiy Id nin tang vflng chic cho My cfi thd dfldng diu vdi nhiing thfich thflc da
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vyc vfi Id m§t ed chd tao eho My cdn bing
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