Thuy Xd d phia ddng nui ay, phia ddng gidp don Phuc SOn, tinh Phu An, phia nam thi Id mdn quen thupc d Thach Thdnh trong Thach Thdnh cd tiiOng dd gpi Id Ho Vuang thdnh vudng Udc 4 m
Trang 1VAN DE BIEN GIOTI - LANH THO' G I O A VIET NAM VA CAMPUCHIA TAI TRUNG KY VAO NUTA SAU THE KY XIX
L £ TRUNG D C N G *
doan tai Trung K^ Id doan bien gidi
di tit nga ba bien gidi Ldo Campuchia
-Vi§t Nam, thupc dia phdn cac tinh Kon
Turn, Gia Lai, Dak LSk va Dak Nong ngdy
nay Net dde thii ciia vung bien gidi nay Id
nhidu niii cao, rting gi^ che phii vd dan cU
thua thdt
Khu vUc ndy vdn la dia ban cU t n i cua
nhieu bp lac thupc cac s4c tpc khac nhau,
doi khi lien kdt lai trong cac lien minh bp
lac dpc lap, ma sOl eu cua ta thudng goi Id
"nUdc" va "chila bao gid ket hOp lai thdnh
quoc gia" (1) Tii sau nam 1471, sau khi
ddnh thdng Chi§m Thanh, vua L6 Thanh
Tdng chia dd't nUdc ndy thanh 3 qude gia:
Chiem Thdnh, Hoa Anh, Nam Bdn vd ap
dung chinh sach chU hdu ddi vdi hp (2) Hai
nUdc Hoa Anh va Nam Ban tUdng ting hdu
nhu hoan toan vdi toan bp viing cao nguyen
cac tinh Nam Trung Bp ngdy nay, bao gom:
Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Phii
Yen, Khdnh Hda, Binh Thudn, trai ddi tdi
tdn Boloven (Lao) d phia Tay (3) Tuy
nhiSn, quydn ton chu cua D^i Vi$t ap ddt d
day chi Id ve 1^ thuyet Trdn thpc td, cac bp lac, cU dan ban dia d day vdn chUa c6 lien h$ hdnh chfnh vdi chfnh quyen cua Dai Viet Cho tai ndm 1819, Le Vdn Duygt, theo
lenh Gia Long, Vdn phai dap Tvah Man
Trudng Luy, nay thudng goi Id TrUdng luy Quang Ngai, noi tC( huyen Ha Dong (Quang Nam tdi huy§n Bong Sdn (Binh Dinh) de phan dinh lanh th^ Nha Nguyen vdi lanh thd cua cac ddn tpc Tay Nguy§n Trong sd cac sdc tpe vung Tay Nguyen, sii cu Viet Nam thudng nhac tdi hai "nUdc" Thuy Xa va Hoa Xa, Id hai thupc quoc cua Dai ViSt, nam cl khu vpc tinh Gia Lai va Dak Lak, Dak Nong ngdy nay
Sach Phu bien tap luc cua Le Quy^ Don,
viet vdo ndm 1776, cho biet:
"Hai vi Thuy Vuong vd Hoa ViiOng nUdc Nam Bdn, nUdc ndy cd 50 Idng le thupc trong do cd nui Bd Nam Ndi rat cao vd Idn, lam trdn son cho mptphUdng
Thuy Vuang d vi phia ddng ndi Bd Nam, cdn Hoa Vuang d ve phia tdy nui, cd dia phdn rieng vd Idm nhd gdc bang go de
d, bp ha cd den may tram ngiibi" (4)
•PGS.TS Vi^n Stt hpc
Trang 2Le Quy Don cdn chi ro v\ trf cua Thuy
Xa vd Hoa Xa:
"Tii ngudn An Lac di Iin cdc thdn Hd
Nghieu, Ddt Cdy, qua deo La Hai gidp ddt
phu Phu Yen, den cdc xiC Sdng L6i, NUdc
Nong, Thuang Nhd din ngudn Hd L6i Id
chS cdc Sdch ngUdi De, ngUifi Man d (tiic
gpi De Id ngiidi Chdm, Man Id ngiidi Mpi)
cpng 3 ngdy, lai tii ddy cho ngiidi Man tiin
bdo hp ddn theo diidng nui md di hdt 14
ngdy thi den ndi hai vua Thuy Xd vd Hoa
Xd nude Nam Bdn Thdy Vuong d phia
Bdng nui, Hoa Vuong dphia Tdy nui" (5)
Dai Nam nhdt thong chi chi ro hdn: "Tit
huyen ly (Ddng Xudn - Phu Yen) di vi phia
Tdy 20 dam den xd PhUdc Diic, lai di 2
dam den thdn Phu Thdnh, lai di 1 dam den
thdn Ci^ Phu, lai di them 5 dam de'n thdn
Vdn Hda, tie ddy di ve phia Tdy sudt din
dia gidi niidc Thuy Xd, Hoa Xd Hai bin
dudng cd nhieu trai sdch ngUdi Man, nui
khe hiem trd, lai cd nhiiu cop" (6)
Dai Viet dia dii todn biin cua Nguyin
Vdn Sieu ciing cho biet vd vi tri hai nUdc
Thuy Xa, Hoa Xa: "Thuy Xd, Hoa Xd d
ngodi coi Nam Bdn nUdc Chiim Thdnh cd
Bdy gid trong Thiidng dao tinh Phii An cd
nui Bd Nam rat cao Thuy Xd d phia ddng
nui ay, phia ddng gidp don Phuc SOn, tinh
Phu An, phia nam thi Id mdn quen thupc d
Thach Thdnh (trong Thach Thdnh cd tiiOng
dd gpi Id Ho Vuang thdnh vudng Udc 4
mdu), phia bdc thi mdn la d tinh Chiim
(Binh Dinh) Hoa Xd d phia tdy nui dy,
phia tdy tiep gidp vdi SOn Bdc sd nam nUdc
Chdn Lap, phia nam thi Id lac man phia
trin la sdng Dai Giang, phia dudi Id sdng
Ba Giang Idm gidi han bd coi 2 nUdc dy"
(7)
Vd vi trf cua Hda Xa, Dai Nam Thiic luc
chdp ndm 1829 vidt: "Gidi han Hoa Xd:
niidc Ldo, nam gidp thudc man Binh Hba, bdc gidp thudc man Binh Dinh" (8) Dg,i Nam ThUc It^c con xde djnh vi tri
cua Hda Xd vd Thuy Xd so vdi Trdn Tay Thdnh (Campuchia thdi Minh Mang) Theo
dd, ndu xudt phdt tC( huygn Sdn Bdc (9)
"hudng vi phia ddng tim duifng md di, qua
15 ngdy mdi din cho d cua Qude trUdng Thuy Xd Ddt nUdc dy ddng gidp nUdc Hod
Xd, tdy gidp huyin San Bob, nam gidp man Diin Diin, bdc gidp Lai Man Nudc Hod
Xd chd Qu6c trudng d cdch nUdc Thuy Xd 3 ngdy dudng" (10)
Ngay sau do, Dai Nam Thi/c luc chi ra mpt hdnh trinh khac: " hdnh trinh tii
huyin San Bob din cho Quoc trUdng [Thuy Xd} d, udc dp 6 ngdy, cdch cho cf cda Quoc trudng Hod Xd dp 2 ngdy dUifng Ddt nUdc
dy, ddng gidp nUdc Hod Xd, tdy gidp man Phu Npn, tiep gidp vdi cdc huyin Sdn Phu, San Bdc, Que Ldm; nam bdc tidp gidp cdc
bp lac ngudi man khdng biet den tdn ddu
xa dy ddu nhieu nui khe cdng chi thdp be khdng cd hinh thi'danh san dai xuyen" (11)
Trong bdi viet "Hoi iHc vi tb Du thdnh
lap mpt ngdi chUa, hay Id vdn di vi Hda Vuang vd Thuy Vuon^', Lecldre Adhdmar,
Khdm sU Phap h Campuchia vdo ndm
1903, cho bidt, Thuy VUdng vd Hoa VUdng
Id hai thu Bnh eua ngudi Jarai, dinh cU h phfa B&c cao nguyen giQa song SrSpok h
phia Tdy vd TrUdng Sdn cua Vi$t Nam 5 phfa Dong Tpa dp chfnh xdc ciia khu vpc ndy Id giiia eae Vi tuydn 13-14 vd cde Kinh tuydn 105 - 106 (12) Chiing toi da trUc tidp tra eiiu tpa dp n&y tr§n ban do Ddng dUdng
1886 (Map of Indo-China showing proposed Burma - Siam - China railway (13)) v^ thdy r i n g vdng Vi tuydn 13-14 di qua viing Dak L5k eiia Viet Nam v^ Stung Treng- cua Campuchia, phfa B i c eua
Trang 3106 tr§n ban dd nky lai di qua xa v l phfa
Tay, vUdt ea sang bd Tfiy song Mekong
Didu nky khong phP hpp vdi nhQng mo ta
khac vd vi tri cua Thuy Xa vh Hoa Xa Li§u
c6 phai ky thuat ve ban do v^o nhiing nSm
80 the ky XIX cdn cd n h i l u sai adt? Mftc dii
vky, kdt hdp vdi mP ta eua Besnard, chu
tinh Dak L^k, theo dd, Thuy Xk vk Hda X&
n i m giQa sdng Ayoun vk Sdng Ba (14),
chiing tPi cho r i n g vPng ddt Thuy X&, Hoa
Xd ed t h i k6o dM tH Dak Lak d phfa D6ng
va an sau hdn nQa vao lanh tho Campuchia
hi§n nay
Nhu vay, cdc nguon sii lieu deu thdng
nhdt r i n g viing ddt Hoa Xa va Thuy Xa
n i m b Tay Nguygn, ndi giap gidi vdi Phu
Yen ve hUdng Dong Tuy nhien, vi trf chfnh
xSc cua tiing nUdc so vdi nhau thi cac ^
kidn khong thdng nhS't Mot sd ngUdi (Le
Quy Don, Nguyen Van Sieu) cho rang Thiiy
Xa d phfa Dong, Hda Xa d phfa TSy; Dai
Nam Thuc liic thi cho rang Hoa Xa 6 phia
Dong, Thuy Xa b phfa Tay Day cung la f
kien cua Hoai Dung trong mpt bai vidt vd
Thiiy Xa, Hoa Xa cong bo^ tren Tap chf Tri
Tdn s d 9 8 , nSm 1943 (15)
Tom lai, tvt cu6i t h d ky XV, do kdt qua
ciia viec Chi§m Thanh bi chia cat, vung cao
nguyen Kontum - Dak Lak, ndi cU tru ciia
Hoa Xa va Thuy Xa, la mpt vung dpc lap,
nhUng cd quan h$ thdn thudc vdi Viet Nam
Lien quan den Ddk Lak va quan h§ ciia
v^ng nay vdi Campuchia, nam 1964, hoc
gia va n h a hoat ddng chinh tri Campuchia
Sarin Chhak bao v$ luan an tidn sy luat
hpe tai Paris vdi di tai ve cac dUdng biSn
gidi cua Campuchia Trong Phdn thii nhdt
cua luan an, co tdn la "Biin gidi ciia tinh
Stung Tren^, khi ph§ phan viec Phap, sau
khi Idy lai tii tay Xiem mpt viing rpng Idn
cua Campuchia thupc ta ngan song
phdn Idn nhiing vUng da't a'y vd cho Lao va sau dd cho Viet Nam trong nhQng nam
1893 - 1904, Sarin Chhak cho r i n g viing Dak Lak, dupc tra vd Vi$t Nam, vdn thupc lanh thd Campuchia (16) Dl minh hoa cho quan dilm nay, dng dfin ra mot tdm ban d l dudng bien gidi ciia Campuchia vdi 5 dilm
ma ong ta cho la vdn ciia Campuchia bi c l t cho cdc nudc Idng gilng, trong dd dilm I la khu vUc tmh Dak L l k ngSy nay ciia Vi^t
Nam {xem bdn dd 1)
B&n d o n 1: 6 v u n g lanh t h o difpc Sarin
Chhak c h o \k c u a Campuchia, bi s&p nhSp v&o ckc nii6c l^ng gi^ng
(vilng difoc ddnh d£(u 11^ vClng da^l lhu6c D ^ Lik cOa
^ Viet Nam)
Ngudn; Oiann Qihak, Cdc dudng biin gidj ciia Campuchia vdi cdc nude cii trong Lien bang Ddng Duong - Ldo vd V'Kt Nam (NamKyvdTrungK^)
Didu edn lUu y la, trong khi kh4ng dinh
viing ddt nay la "vung lanh tho cua
Campuchia" chU "khdng phdi cua ngUdi Annam" (17), Sarin Chhak khong dUa ra
ba't cCt mpt ludn cut nao de chUng minh cho quan dilm cua minh Tai lieu duy nhdt dupc d§n ra de chUng minh cho nhan dinh
nay la ta'm Bdn dd Chinh tri Ddng Duang
eiia Francois Delonele phat hanh vao thang
10>1889, dUa theo cac nguon: Bdn do qudn
sU, tdi liiu chinh thUc cua Viet Nam, Midn Diin, Xiim cUng nhu tdi lieu cua cdc nhd
Trang 4Bkn d d 2: B&n d l c h i n h t r j D 6 n g DUcfng
cjia Frnn^ioig Delonele - nfim 1889
Ngudn: Oiann Chhak, - Cdc dudng biin giai cua Campuchia vdi
cdc nu<'rc cu trong Utn bang Ddng Duong - Ldo vd Vi^l Nam
(NamKyvdTrungKy)
Chiing toi khong cho r i n g Bdn do qudn
sU c6 dpa vao nhflng tai liSu chfnh thflc ciia
Viet Nam Cd sd cho kdt luan nay la vi$c,
cac tac gia cua ban do da vach ra mpt khu
vUc tUdng dm rpng Idn, dupc gpi la
Campuchia cU (ancien Cambodge), gdm
mpt sd viing lanh tho cua Campuchia, Lao,
Thai Lan va Viet Nam ngay nay, trong dP,
bien gidi gifla Campuchia (ke ca
Campuchia cd vfla npi) vdi Viet Nam dUpc
m5 phdng la mpt dudng vuong goc (xem
tren ban do) - mpt didu hoan toan khdng
t h i cd trong thuc ti§n quan hd bien gidi
-lanh thd cua da phdn cac nfldc tren thd
gidi, dac bi$t la d vilng Dong Nam A thdi k^
tien thupc dia Dfldng bien giPi vudng g6c
kieu nay, theo chiing toi, la dac trflng cho
bien gidi dUdc cac nfldc thflc dan chdu Au
tfl vach ra d l phan chia nhau thu^c dia,
trflde hdt la 6 ehfiu Phi Mat khac, phfa
ddng eua ranh gidi nay dflpc cac tac gia chii
thich ro la Viing Hoa Xd (pays de Hoa Xa)
Didu nay d§ dUa ngfldi xem tdi quan ni$m
eho r i n g viing Thuy Xa thupc lanh thd
Chan Lgp (Campuchia) Day b i n ciing la
quan niem cua Sarin Chhak
D l tim h i i u thflc - hfl xung quanh vdn
dd nay, theo ehiing toi, ta edn di ngupc ddng ljch sfl, tim c^ch xdc dinh quan h§ gifla Chfln Lap vdi Lam Ap - Chigm Thanh
va Thiiy Xk, Hoa Xa cung nhfl gifla hai
"nfldc" nay vdi Vi$t Nam
Nhfl da bidt, nfldc Lam Ap (tfl thd ky DC
la ChiSm Thanh) dupc hinh thanh tfl nSm
190 do kdt qua cua ckc eudc nli day cua
ngfldi ddn viing Tflpng Lam (ngay nay la cac tinh Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh)
chdng lai kch thdng tri Nha Hkn Trung tam
ciia Lam Ap n i m d vflng Binh - Tri - Thi§n ngay nay Nguydn Van Huy trong bai vidt
TYm hieu cdng dong ngUdi Chdm tai Viet
Nam cho bidt, gifla thd ky V, "Vuang quSc Ldm Ap tidp ttic duac ndi rdng xudng phia nam ddn tdn sdng Ba (Tuy Hba), thuoc lanh thdAryaru (Phu Yin) vd viing nui rwnphia tdy l&n can (cao nguyin Kontum, Darlac), vd phia tdy tdi Champassak (Nam Ldo), nhiiu
bp lac Thuang song trin ddy TrUdng Sdn cdng theo vi trieu con^ (18) Po Dharma,
mpt nha nghi§n cflu ngfldi Cham tai Phap cung cong nhan, vao cudi thd ky V, Lfim Ap bao trflm ca vflng Champassak d Lao (19) M|ic dfl khong bidt cu t h i v l biSn gidi phfa
Tay cua Lam Ap thdi k^ nky, tuy nhifin,
theo sii U^u Trung Quoc chung ta dU0c bidt
r i n g vao thd ky IV, Chan L^p nIm d phfa Tfiy Nam Lam Ap Tren cd sd nghidn cflu bia
da Vat Luong Kau cua Chan L^p, hpc gia Phap Georges Coed^s k h l n g dinh ring, vdo cudi thd ky V, Chan Lap tfi'n cdng xdm lUpc
Lam Ap b khu vflc Champassak (L&o ngiy
nay) (20) Day c6 thd la Idn ddu ti6n Chan L^p ed dudng bign gidi 5 khu vi^c nay Tuy nhi6n, theo Nguyin Van Huy, tii ddu thdky
VI, LSm Ap gianh dfldc dpc l§p va l^i trd nen hflng thinh (21)
Tfl niia cum the ky DC, Lam AP mang
Trang 5v a n Huy va D G E Hall, trong 2 thd ky
XII va XIII, Chiem Thanh ft nha't 2 l l n trd
thanh thupc dia ciia ChSn Lap va chi gianh
dupc dpc lap hoan toan vao ddu thd ky XIV,
d l phat t r i l n tdi dinh cao vao thdi ky tri vi
ciia Che Bdng Nga (1360 - 1390) (22) Tfl
thdi d i l m nay, l;ch sii khdng n h l c tdi ba't
cit cupc chidn tranh nao thdn tfnh iSnh thd
lan nhau gifla Chan L^p va Champa Va lai,
cung tfl thd ky XV, do vfldng vao cac cupc
da'u tranh gianh quydn Iflc, VUdng qude
Angkor nhanh chdng suy ydu va trd thanh
nan nhfin ciia chfnh sach banh trfldng cua
Ayutthaya (Xi§m sau nky), do dd, khong con
dii Iflc de c6 t h i tdh cong, thon tfnh cac nfldc
lang gidng Chiing ta ciing ddu biet, ngay tfl
nam 1353, Pha Ngflm, mpt lanh t p Lao da
l^p ra nha nfldc Lan Xang, thdng nhdt nfldc
Lao vdi kinh dd la Xieng Dong Xieng Thong
5 muang Sua eu (23) Ddt nude Lan Xang
trai dai tfl bien gidi phia b l c vdi Trung Qu6c
tdi Sambor phia dfldi Stung Treng (thupc
Campuchia ngay nay) b phfa Nam, va tfl
bien gidi vdi Dai ViSt b phfa dong tdi cao
nguyen Khorat b phia tay Didu nky cung la
nguyen nhan ddy Ifli bi§n gidi ciia de quoc
Khmer xudng phfa Nam (24)
Dieu nay cho thdy vflng ddt D i k L i k
ngay nay khong t h i \itng la lanh tho
Campuchia NhSn dinh neu tren cung phfl
hdp vdi mpt sd ban dd cfl trfl ciia ngUdi
Khmers do ngUdi Phap dpng theo mpt so bi
ky da dfldc xac dinh nien d^i, cdng bd trgn
T^p chi BEFEO nSm 1916 (25)
Ngfldi t a cflng cd thd d^t lai vdn dl: vay
thi Hda Xa va Thuy Xa la nhflng lanh tho
thdn thuoc ctia Chan L^p!
Vd vdn dd nay, n a m 1903, vien Kham sfl
Phap tai Campuchia Leeldre Adhdmar,
trong bai vidt cua minh, da chflng minh didu
hodn toan ngflpc lai Theo dng, ngfldi
Campuchia va ngfldi J a r a i thfldng cho r i n g
hp ed quan h$ vdi nhau tfl thdi xa xfla M6t
sd ngfldi edn cho bidt, trflde do khoang 40 nam, quoc vfldng Campuchia cdn giii cong vdt (tribut) cho Hoa Vudng va Thuy Vudng Dap 1^, qu6c vUdng Campuchia gcd bidu Hda Vfldng va Thuy Vudng mdt ft nga voi, mpt chide sflng te giac, va sdp ong l^m hiiu
hi$n tflpng nky, Adh^mar da phat hi^n ra
mpt td Dp (Charte) ciia vua Campuchia
Saupor hoac Sauriyopor, dflpc Iflu gifl tai
mpt ngdi chfla h lang Sambok n I m ben bd
trai song M6kong Td Dp cho bidt, tfl nam
1601, Sambok dflpc coi nhfl Canh cdng cua Campchia, ndi d6n nhan thii tii ngoai giao ciia cac nfldc Lao giii cho qu6c vUdng Campuchia, cung nhfl ndi 3 nSm mpt Idn chuyin cdng vat cua Qu6c Vfldng Campuchia cho Hda VUdng va Thiiy VUdng
(26) Td Du c6 mdt phdn mang ten "Quy
dinh vi nh&ng vdt chuyen cho Hoa VuOng vd Thuy Vuan^' (loi relative aux objets qu'on
conduira au roi du Feu et au roi de I'Eau), trong do li^t ke mpt danh sach dai cac vat dpng moi Idn Campuchia phai chuyin cho 2
vi vua nay Ngoai ra, Du cdn cho bidt, trong trudng hdp mot trong 2 vi vua dflpc cdng nap qua ddi, Quoc vfldng Campuchia phai ctt mot doan mang theo mot voi dflc va mpt voi cai sang phuc vp tang 16 (27) Du cung md ta tfnh chdt rdt trang trpng va thanh kfnh ciia nghi 1§ chuyen dd cdng
Nhflng thdng tin v l bflc Du n§u tren hdu nhu trflng hdp hoan toan vdi nguon sii
li^u Vi§t Nam Dai Nam Thifi: luc, ch6p vao
nam Minh Mdnh thfl 21 (1840), vidt:
"Bpn Tudng qudn TrUang Minh Gidng thdnh Trdn Tdy tdu ndi: cd! phu SOn Tinh bdo: cd man trUdng nUdc Thuy Xd tin Id Tiet dem theo hai ngudi cudi hai thdt voi, den man Phu Npn cho tiep gidp huyin Son Bdc (ISdn B6c - Sambok?^, sai ngUbi noi vdi Huyin uy Id tin Liet mudn de'n hoi tham
Trang 6trudng kia vdn quen bii't Phien vUang, cvl 3
ndm 1 Idn di'n, Phiin vUang lai cho cua cai
Bdi vi nd cd quy thudt, he di de'n ddu, ngUdi
ta thudng Idy cua cai tiin no Chuyin ndy
nd den, chdng qua mudn cdu cua cai, khdng
coy gi khac" (28)
Sfl qua lai "hdi tham" cua vua Thiiy Xd
tdi ChSn Lap vao thdi dilm khi Chan Lap
da chfnh thflc trd thanh mpt Trdn (Trdn
Tfiy) cua Dai Nam tfl 5 nflm trflde (1835),
dudi anh sang cua bflc Du do Lecldre
Adh6mar cdng bd, chi c6 t h i dflpc coi nhfl
vigc tdi nhfin cdng vat 3 nfim mdt Idn, nhU
ca 2 ngudn tai li^u khac nhau da n h i c tdi
Neu nhfl Sdn Bdc qua ddng la Sambok thi
thdng tin Adh6mar cung cdp la hoan toan
chinh xac
Toan bp dieu nay cho ph6p ta k h i n g
dinh quan h$ gifla Thuy Xa, Hoa Xa va
Campuchia hoan toan khdng phai la quan
he ciia nhflng nfldc thdn thupc d6i vdi nfldc
ton chii, neu khdng ndi ddn dieu ngflpc lai
Va lai, trong lich sii cung da xay ra nhflng
hidn tapng tfldng tfl, khi mpt nfldc, dupc coi
la de qude Idn, hung manh phai ndp cdng
cho nhfliig qude gia nhd b6 hdn Dd la
trfldng hdp nha Tong b Trung Quoc trong
quan he vdi cac nha nfldc Tay Ha d phfa
Tay va Khiet Dan d phfa Ddng (29)
Ve quan he gifla hai nfldc Thiiy Xa, Hda
Xa vdi Dai Vidt, nhfl da bidt, vflng ddt nay
da cd quan hd thdn thupc doi v6i Vi$t Nam
tfl thdi Le Mac dfl khdng dflpc thfldng
xuydn, mdi quan hS thdn thudc nay vdn
tidp tuc va trd nen d l u dSn vao thdi cdc
chua Nguyen va nha Nguydn Dieu nay
dflpc cac ngudn sfl chfnh thdng cua Vi$t
Nam ghi nhSn
Dai Nam thUc luc tiin biin ghi nhdn vao
nam 1711 "Don vUang vd Nga vuang d hai
ra man Nam Bdn vd Trd Lai (gidp gidi Phd
Yen vd Binh Dinh, hinh nhU thupc vi Hoa
qude, nhUng khdng Idy ldm dich xdc) sai sii de'n ddng sdn vdt dia phuang vd trinh bdy rdng ddn ho khdng chiu dong thud, nin khdng Idy gi di cd'ng, xin phdt qudn ra oat Chua (30) cho rdng ky thudc Id Kiim DiKc (khdng ro hp) dd tdng di chiiu du hai rp Man, quen hidu thoi Man, nin cho dem thu di'n hieu du nhStng til trUdng, cho do sa do doan vd do dong dd si2, lai lay nghia ke trin ngudi dudi khuyin bao ddn Man, dinh ra ihue le, khidn phdi npp cho Man trudng Ngudi Man khdng ai khdng theo minh" (31)
Qua nhflng tai li^u nghidn cflu thuc dia, tae gia Nguydn Qude Lpc khfing dinh ring Don Vfldng va Nga Vfldng chfnh la vua Thiiy Xa va Hda Xa, ma ngfldi J a r a i goi la Pdtao Ea va Pdtao Apui (32) Didu nay trflng I3p vdi ^ kidn ciia M H Besnard,
vien chu tinh Dak L l k , trong bai vidt Les
populations Moidu Darlac (33)
Trflde dd, theo Hoai Dflng, tfl nam 1579, Nguyen Hoang, sau khi binh dinh dflpc midn Dai Chiem, Dd Ban (Binh Dinh), chidu tap Iflu dan vao khai khdn ddt Phii Yen Ngfldi ciia Thuy Xa va Hoa Xa thfldng xudng qudy n h i l u Iflu dfin Nguyin Hoang cii ngfldi mang qua Idn tfing cho vua Thiiy
Xa, Hoa Xa va du v l hang Vua Thuy Xk,
Hda xa tiep rfldc sfl ra't tii td, rdi dfla qud lam san nhd sfl dem v l dang ehfla Nguyin
di to long thdn phyc Tfl d6 cfl 5 nam mdt
Idn, sfl gia ciia chua Nguyen lai mang do v4t Ien t a n g Thuy Xk, Hoa Xa (34)
v a o thdi Chua Va Nguyen Phuc Khoat
(1714-1765), nam 1751, ThUc luc ghi nh^n
tidp quan hd t r i l u cdng cua Thuy Xd va Hoa x a ddi vdi chfnh quyln chfla Nguyin Sach eon lam ro hdn nhfliig mdi quan h$ nay tfl nhiing nam ddu ciia chd dp chfla
Nguyin: "Budi qude sa, vi cd hp gidp gidi
vdi Phu Yin, cii 5 ndm mpt lan sai ngUdi
Trang 7dong, chdo sdt vd chin dia bdng sH) Vua
hai nUdc dy nhdn dUpc vdt cho, tiic thi sdm
sita pham vdt dia phUOng (ky nam, sdp
ong, nhung huau, mat gdu, voi diic) de
hien Tdi ddy sai sU sang cd'ng Chua hdu
tii rdi cho vi' (35)
Tfl thdi Gia Long, quan h$ cdng nap
gifla Thiiy Xa, Hoa Xa doi vdi Nha Nguyin
trd nen thfldng xuyen hdn va kdo dai tdi
nam 1885, dfldi thdi Ham Nghi
- Nam 1803, sfl thdn Thiiy Xa, Hoa Xa
den Phu Yen xin dang cdng p h l m , dflpc
vua ban thfldng roi cho v l
• Dau ddi Minh Mang, vua Thuy Xa Ma At
den ddn Phirdc Sdn, Phii Ydn xin nop cdng
- N5m 1823, vua mdi Thuy Xa Ma Mra sai
sfl thdn di trieu cdng, nhflng khdng thanh
- Nam 1829, sfl thdn Thuy Xa Ma Dien
va Ma XuSn dem 1 cai nga voi xin tidn cdng
- Nam 1831, sfl gia hai nxldc Thiiy Xa,
Hda x a de'n Phfl Yen dang cong pham
- Nam 1837, vua mdi Hoa Xa Ma Liet
sai sfl sang trieu cdng
- Nam 1840, n h a n dip le Dai khanh ngu
tudn cua vua Minh Mang, vua nfldc Hda Xa
sai sfl mang Id vat ddn mtUig va nop cdng
- Nam 1841, vua Thidu Tri chudn dinh cho
hai nfldc Thuy Xa, Hda Xa cflng nop cdng vat
- Nam 1843, sfl bp hai nfldc Thuy Xa va
Hoa Xa mang Id vat den P h u Ydn tidn cdng
Tuy nhidn, do hai nfldc g l p n a n ddi, Thidu
Tri cho phdp bai vpng tai Phu Ydn, xong
vide cho vd nfldc
- Nam Thieu Tri thfl 5 (1845), nhan
Thi^u Tri sinh n h a t 40 tudi, hai nfldc sang
dang l l vat mflng va ndp cd'ng
- Nam 1848, nfldc Thuy Xa giii tang
phdm vao nghi l l hfldng thdm
- Nam 1868, n h a n l l tfl tudn ciia Tp
lay mflng Vua l$nh cho Phfl Yen nhan l l v&t va cho hai nfldc khdi ddn kinh lam ll
- Nam 1884, nfldc Thuy Xa va Hda Xa sai cac sfl thdn ve kinh lam l l tidn hfldng (36) Theo tae gia Dl Bang, xdt theo sd Ifldng cdng vat hai nfldc dfing nop tfl ddi Thi^u Tri ddn ddi Tfl Dflc, Thuy Xa dflpc xem la quan trpng hdn Hoa Xa Hoa Xa nhidu Idn
d$ ngh} tang Iflpng cdng vat cho ngang
b l n g vdi Thuy Xa, n h i m thd hien sfl binh
d i n g gifla cac phidn vfldng va vi thd cua nfldc minh Nhflng tridu dinh Hud khdng chdp nhan (37)
Sau khi nhan cdng vat, cac vua Nguyin thfldng tang lai cho vua Thuy Xa, Hoa Xa va cac sfl thdn mpt sdqua tang cd gia tri (38) Mpt trong nhflng cii chi the hien ro nhdt quan he tdn chii - thdn thudc gifla Nha Nguyin va Thiiy Xa, Hda Xa la vide cac vua Nguyen ban hp, tdn cho cac vua Thuy Xa, Hoa Xa va sfl bd (39):
- Nam 1834, Minh Mang ban cho vua Hoa x a hp Vinh ten Bao va sfl bo hp Vinh ten Tai
- Nam 1837, Minh Mang ban ten Vinh Lidt cho vua Thiiy Xa va phd sfl hp Sdn ten But
- Nam 1841, Thieu Tri ban tdn Ciiu Lai cho vua Thuy Xa
Nam 1875, Tfl Dflc ban tdn Vinh Thuan, Vinh Khic cho cac vua Thuy Xa, Hda Xa
- Nam 1885, Ham Nghi ban ten Vinh Thfla cho vua mdi ciia Thuy Xa Day cung
la Idn cudi cung chfnh sfl Vidt Nam n h l c tdi Thuy Xa
Theo tdc gia Nguyin Minh Tfldng va Ngd Vfl Hai H i n g , vide cac vua Nguyin
ban hp Vinh cho Thuy Vfldng, Hoa Vfldng cung mang ddy dn y (40) Chfl Vinh b day
cd t h i Idy tfl chfl VTnh, chfl cudL cflng trong
Trang 8Bao Vinh"), dflpc vua Minh Mang s i dpng
ldm tdn ddm cho cdc thd h§ con chau hoang
tpc Dilu nay vfla ndi Idn sfl coi trpng ciia
cdc vua Nguyin ddi vdi Thuy Xd va Hda
x a , vfla chflng td dja vj b l trdn cua vua
Nguyin
Dfldng nhfl vi§c Phkp xkm Iflpc Trung
Ky va B l e Ky cung nhfl phong trao Cdn
Vfldng cho'ng Phkp vk sp banh trfldng ciia
Xiem sau sang bd trfii Mekong vao nhflng
nam 80 thd'ky XIX lam dflt doan m^i quan
h$ nay Didu nay t^o ra mpt khoang trdng
quydn Iflc tai vflng d&'t Tay Nguydn va lam
phflc tap thdm toan canh chu quydn trdn
vflng da't nay
T6m lai, quan he thdn phuc ciia cao
nguydn Kontum - D l k L l k ddi vdi Vidt
Nam, khdi ddu tfl cudi t h d k y XV, dflpc khdi
phuc va trd ndn thfldng xuyen dttdi thdi cde
chfla Nguyin va nha Nguyin Tuy nhidn,
nhu da ndi, quyen tdn chu cua nha Nguyin
ddi vdi viing ddt Tay Nguydn td ra ra't hinh
thflc, va the hidn ehu ydu dfldi hinh thflc
trilu cdng dinh ky Hdn nfla, co nhflng bd
lac trong vung luc thdn phuc, lue ba't thdn
phuc Dai Nam, khidn cho bflc tranh v l chu
quydn tren vflng da't nay cang phflc t^p
them Hoang Hflu Xflng, khi dang sdch
"Dai Nam quoc cuang gidi vUng bien" cho
vua Ddng Khanh c6 trdn tinh vd vi^c nay
Dai Nam ThUc luc chdp Idi ciia ong: "nhU
Man Thach Bich, hoac cdc Man tiiu diiu
lan trai linh tinh, tuy hoac chung doi vdi
ta, khi theo, khi phdn bdt thUitn^' Dilu
nay h i n la ly do khidn cd nha nghidn cflu
xdp quan hd thdn thupc nay vao h$ thdng
quyen Iflc Mandala (41), dac trflng cho
vflng Ddng Nam A
Cung cdn Iflu y r i n g , dfldng nhfl ngfldi
Phap khdng bidt, hoSe khdng cdng nhan,
quan hd thdn thudc gifla cac bp lac Tay
Nguyen vdi tridu (finh Hud Dieu nay dflpc
t h i hidn trflde h i t b nhflng tdm ban dd do ngfldi chfiu Au vd nhfl: Bdn do Taberd nkm
1838, Bdn dd chinh tri Ddng Duang ciia
Francois Delonele nfim 1889, da gidi tbi^u trdn, va hdu h i t cde tdm ban dd ciing thdi khac ma chflng tdi tidp cdn dflpc Trdn nhflng tdm ban dd nay, mde dfl cae tdc gia cdng nhan dfldng bien gidi phia Tay ciia dd
quoc Dai Nam vko gifla thd ky XIX tidn tdi
ca phfa Tay sdng Mdkong, nhflng khu vUc cao nguydn Kontum - D i k L l k Vi$t Nam vdn dupc chfl la khu vflc ciia edc ddn tpc ban dja (Moi) nhU: Da Vach, Da Han, Vi, Ba Rja, nfldc Stieng (42) Vi^e David Mayrena, m$t
kd phidu lUu ngfldi Phap, dflpc sfl iing h$ ciia cae gido sy Phdp, va chfnh quydn thUc
dan b Ddng dfldng, dflng nen cai gpi la
"Vfldng qude Sedang dde lap" (43), tdn tai vao nhflng nam 1888 - 1889 trdn vflng Tfiy Nguyen, doan tfl Quang Nam tdi Binh Thuan, va mdt phdn viing Nam Lao, Blc Campuchia ngay nay (xem ban dd 3) cung cho thdy, it nha't la 1 nam sau khi Lidn bang Ddng Dfldng dflpc thanh lap (1887), chfnh quyen thpc dSn Phap vdn chfla coi viing Tfiy Nguydn thupc dia gidi Vi§t Nam
B&n A& 3: B&n A6 ViAftig qufc Sedang
Ngu6n B ^ d6 d nh kfem \A \€ Ngudi Tttu^tg in ,
Trang 9Mac dfl vfiy, ngfldi Phap cung khdng coi
ndi nay Id lanh thd Campuchia Sau
chuydn tham hiem tdi vflng nay vao nam
1891, Pavie nhan xdt: "Bdn Ddn duac dUng
trin mpt hbn dao giQa sdng Se bang Khan,
vi vay co thd noi ddy Id cdng cua viing
hoang sa nay, dUOc cdch biit vdi
Campuchia bang 200 km sa mac Noi ddy
trUdc kia cd lien lac vdi cdc trung tdm viing
sdng Me Khong vd Id nai giao lUu vdi cdc
sac tpc td phia Ddng Vdo mua nUdc Iin,
con sdng trd thdnh con dUdng thuy di tdi
tdn Stung Treng Chu quyin cda
Campuchia ndm xa han vi hUdng Bdc (44)
Mpt con dudng bp tdt ddn tdi Annam" (45)
Gifla luc d6, tfl nhflng vflng chidm dfldc
ciia Lao va Campuchia trong niia ddu the ky
XDC, Xiem xam nhap sau sang bd trai sdng
Mekong chiem tidp mdt phdn lanh tho cua
Campuchia, hau nhfl toan bp lanh tho Lao,
va mdt sd vflng dat Vidt Nam d phfa Tdy
Trfldng Sdn, tfl Nghe An tdi Quang Tri (46)
Nam 1888, trong thfl giii Tong thdng Phap,
vua Ddng Khanh dd nghi Phap giup Idy lai
nhflng vung ddt Tay Nguyen bi Xidm chiem
Dai Nam ThUc luc chdp:
"Cdc xd Cam Mon, Cam Cat thupc dia
gidi nddc tdi; gdn ddy nhdn nUdc Xiem mao
nhdn lan tranh, dem qudn ddng don, nay
thuang quoc chiiu diiu Udc tinh lieu the
ndo, dinUdc toi khong mdt gidi han dy Hai
khodn dy dd bdn vdi quy Tdng thdng tdu
Iin giup, mong dUac giup ngay cho may
duac theo Idng mong mudn, de nUdc tdi
duac nhiiu an hue ban cho, khdng nhiing la
may cho tdi, thdc Id may eho thdn ddn ed
nddc tdi" (47)
Xa hdn chut nfla vd hfldng Nam, ddu
nam 1891, trong eudc tham hilm ndi t i i n g
ciia Pavie, vien dai uy Phap M Cupet tidn
hdnh khao sat tfl khu vflc Stung Treng
thang 2-3/1891, tai khu vflc gdn Ban Ddn (thupc D i k L l k ngay nay), Cupet da ngan chan dflpc mdt toan qufin Xidm dfldi sfl d i n dat cua Luang Sakhone tham nhdp vao vflng nay vdi y djnh chidm gifl vflng Ban D6n (48)
Sfl xam nhap cua Xidm sdu sang bd trdi sdng Mekong de doa trflc tidp lpi fch cua
Phap b Lidn bang Ddng Dfldng, cdn gpi la
Ddng DdOng thudc Phdp hoac D6ng Phdp,
thanh lap tfl nam 1887 (khi dd mdi gdm 3 xfl Vidt Nam va Campuchia) (49) Dilu nay khien Phap phai nhanh chdng hanh dpng, tim cfich ddy Xidm sang bd phai Mdkong va thdn tfnh lanh tho Lao hidn nay Sau mdt loat nhflng cang t h i n g trong quan he Phdp
- Xiem, thang 7-1893, Phap dua tdu chidn tdi Bangkok uy hidp Xidm, ddng thdi Pavie di/a tdi hdu thfl ddi Xidm phai rut toan bp khoi ta ngan Mekong va nop bdi thfldng 3 tridu quan Phap (50) Khdng nhfin diJpc trd giup ciia Anh, ngay 5-8, Xiem budc phai nhfldng bp Ngay 3-10-1893, Phap va Xiem
ky mpt hidp fldc, theo dd, Xidm budc phai tfl
bd mpi yeu sach doi vdi toan bd vflng bd trai sdng Mekong (dilu 1) (51) Tuy nhien, phdn ddt thu hoi lai va vflng cao nguyen Kontum
- D i k Lak bi chfnh quyln thflc ddn cho sap nhfip vao Lao trong qua t n n h td chflc lai nfldc Lao Mai ddn thang 11-1904, toan bd vung Tay Nguyen mdi di/dc chuyen vd cho Viet Nam (52)
N h u vay, c6 t h i ndi, vao nfla sau t h i
ky XIX, bidn gidi gifla Trung Ky va Campuchia la rd't map md, khdng ro rang Thflc te nay xufi't phat tfl nhflng
d i l m sau:
Sfl dflt doan trong quan he tdn ehu -thdn phuc gifla Viet Nam va eae sac tdc trong vflng, cung nhfl sfl tuyen bd chu
Trang 10C a m p u c h i a d o i v d i v f l n g D i k L l k , m a t h e o
e h u n g tdi, q u a n d i l m c u a C a m p u c h i a
( S a r i n C h h a k ) t o r a k h d n g cd cd sd
- Sfl k h d n g c d n g n h f i n e i i a P h d p d d i v d i
q u a n h § t h d n t h u p c gifla Tfiy N g u y d n
( T h u y x a , H d a X d ) v a D ^ i N a m , xufi't p h f i t
tfl k h o a n g t r d n g q u y l n Iflc, dflpc t ^ o r a s a u
k h i q u a n h § t r i l u c d n g c i i a v f l n g n d y d d i
vdi n h a N g u y i n h\ dflt do^in
- Sfl b a n h t r f l d n g s a n g p h f a D d n g c i i a
CHU THiCH
(1) Xem Nguyin Vfln Huy C^ng ddng ngUiti
Thuang tren cao nguySn Vi^t Nam, Sfich di§n tilt
(2) Xem Khdm dinh Vi^t sd thdng gidm cUang
muc Nxb Gi6o dye, H4 N5i, 1998, tr 524
(3) Nguyen T h ^ Anh Le Nam TYen dans les
textea vietnamiens, trong Les frontUres du Vietnam
Histoire des frontiires de la peninsule
indochinoise, (sous la direction de P B Lafont),
Editions L'Harmattan, Paris, 1989, p 124
(4), (5) Li Quy Ddn todn tap t§p 1: Phu biin tap
luc, Nxb Khoa hoc xa h6i Ha N6i, 1997, tr 122
(6) Bai Nam Nhdt thdng chi Nxb Thufin h6a,
Tap 3, 2006, tr 74-75
(7) PhUdng (finh Nguyin VSn Sieu Dat vi4t dia
du todn biin, Nxb Vftn h6a, Hk N6i, 1997, tr 332
(8) Dai Nam ThUc l^c, t^p II, Nxb Gi6o dye,
Ha Noi, 2004, tr 838
(9) Sdn Bcfc c6 t h i la Sambour (ho$c Sambor),
mdt huy^n n I m bt!n bd sdng Mekong thu^c tinh
Kratifi, Campuchia ngfty nay
(10), (11), (28) D^i Nam Thi^ luc, t$p V, Nxb
Giao dye H i Noi, 2004, tr 708, 707-708
(12) liecldre Adh^mar Mtfmoire sur une charte
de fondation d'un monastdre bouddhique oil il est
question du roi du Feu et du roi de I'Eau Trong:
Comptes-rendus des seances de I'Academie des
Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 47e ann6e, N 4,
1903 pp 369 t r l n t r a n g web
http://www.per8ee.fr/web/revue8/home/prescript/ar
X i d m tfl gifla n h f l n g n f i m 8 0 t h d k y XIX, cung nhfl sp chuyin giao nhflng lanh thd
la'y \^\ tfl Xidm va vflng Tfiy Nguydn nfim
1893 cho Lfio
Sp mfip md, khdng ro rfing v l vflng bidn
gidi Vidt Nam - Campuchia b khu vflc nay
vao nfla cu^i t h d ky XDC t^o thdnh mpt trong nhflng ed sd cho cdc ydu sfich ciia Campuchia vd bidn gidi trong nhflng nfim
60 t h d k y XX
(13) Xem tr#n http://en wikipedia.0rg/w1ki/File:Indochina_map_l
886jpg (14) Besnard H "Les populations Moi du Darlac" In: Bulletin de I'Ecole fran^aise d'Extr§me-Orient Tome 7, 1907 p 64
(15) Ho4i Dung, Lich-sHky sU: Vi^c thAuphifc nude Thuy-Xd vd Hoa-Xd Tri Tfin, srf 98 & 99
T h a n g 6 / 1 9 4 3 , tr 7
(16), (17) Charin Chhak, Cac dUifng biin gidi cua Campuchia vdi cdc nUdc cu trong IMn bang D6ng Duong - Ldo vd Viet Nam (Nam IQ iti Trung Ky),
Ban BiSn gi6i BO Ngo^i giao, tr 31-40,19 vft 39
(18), (21) Xem Nguyen Vfin Huy, Tim hieu cpng ddng ngudi Cham t^i Vi^l Nam, s&ch di?n
tii
(19) Theo Po Dharma, Les frontHres du Campa (dernier etat des recherches), trong Les frontiires
du Vietnam, da d&n, tr 128 - 129
(20) Xem Coedds Georges Nouvellea donnees sur les origines du royaume khmir: la stile de Vat Luong Kdu pris de Vat P'hu trong: Bulletin de I'^lcoU frantaise d'Extrime-Orient Tome 48 N"!,
1956 pp 214-215
(22) N g u y i n Vfin Huy, Tim hidu cpng ding ngi^ Chdm tai Vi^tNam, sfich di^n tijtvfi D G E
Hall Lich SI? Bdng Nam A Nxb Chfnh trj Qu6c
gia, Hfi N§i, 1997 tr 293 - 307