Rd't nhilu trong so chflng dUiJc quy dinh bdi hodn cinh khdeh quan vd nhflng dieu kign vdt chd't nhu mdi trfldng vd chfnh phu, t h i gidi chia re thdnh nhilu qude gia, quy Iudt phdt trie
Trang 1MOT SO V€U TO TRC DONG Tdi
NHRN THI/C AN NINH 6 DONG ri
HOANG K H A C NAM"
1 Mddau
Vd'n de an ninh ton tai do nhilu nguygn
nhdn vd dieu kign khde nhau Rd't nhilu
trong so chflng dUiJc quy dinh bdi hodn
cinh khdeh quan vd nhflng dieu kign vdt
chd't nhu mdi trfldng vd chfnh phu, t h i gidi
chia re thdnh nhilu qude gia, quy Iudt phdt
trien khdng deu, ddc tfnh da dang cua con
ngudi, xu hfldng tranh gidnh quyin lflc,
xung dot Idi fch vdt chd't,
Bgn canh cdc nguygn nhdn khdeh quan
vd dilu kien vdt chd't, nhdn thflc ddng vai
trd khdng h i nhd trong viec ton tai cic vd'n
d l an ninh Nhdn thflc cd the Id nguygn
nhdn sinh ra vd'n d l an ninh, cd t h i Id dilu
ki$n duy trt sfl cdng t h i n g an ninh vd ed
thg Id yg'u td tde dpng ldm phflc tap thgm
vd'n de an ninh Day Id dilu thudng gap
trong lich sfl quan he qud'c t l t h i gidi cung
nhu trong lich sfl Ddng A
Nhdn thflc an ninh dfldc hinh thdnh vd
vdn ddng bdi hodn cinh khdeh quan vd cac
dilu kien vdt chd't, nhflng cung chiu t i c
dpng khdng nhd cua cde yeu to tinh t h i n
Cic yeu to ndy ddng vai trd nhU mot thfl
mdi trudng tinh t h i n bao quanh nhdn thflc
an ninh Chflng gdp p h i n Idm ngn phfldng
dign chu quan trong nhdn thflc an ninh
Thflc ra, nhdn thflc an ninh d dau cung diu ft nhilu chiu tdc ddng eua cdc ylu to tinh t h i n Tuy nhign, ylu to ndy d cac ndi thudng khdng gio'ng nhau, tdc ddng Ien nhdn thflc an ninh cung khdng nhu nhau Vd'n de an ninh d Dong A khdng chi da dang vd phflc tap md edn de big'n ddi, khd Ifldng vd khd giii quyg't NhQng ddc diem nay cd trong c i sil nhin nhdn cac vd'n de an ninh Idn cdch thflc giii quylt chflng Theo chflng toi, tfnh de biln doi, khd Ifldng vd khd giai quylt trong vd'n d l an ninh d Ddng
A dUdc quy dinh khdng ft bdi cde ylu td tinh t h i n trong nhdn thflc an ninh eua cdc nude trong khu vile Va eung chfnh cdc ylu
to ndy da gdp p h i n ldm ndn tfnh ddc thfl trong vd'n d l an ninh d Ddng A
Xud't phat tfl quan dilm tren, bdi vilt ndy khdng n h i m Idm rd nhdn thflc an ninh cua cdc nude trong khu vile hign nay nhfl
t h i ndo md chi cd ging chi ra mpt sd yeu to tinh t h i n dang tac dpng khdng cd Idi tdi nhdn thflc an ninh d Ddng A Bdi vilt ciing gidi han trong viec tdp trung vdo cic ylu td
cd tfnh tinh t h i n vd xem xgt chflng dfldi gdc
dp Uch sfl Viec xem xgt chflng chu yeu dfldc tiln hdnh qua ldng kfnh kinh nghigm ngn ehl mang tfnh bfldc diu Chflng tdi hi vpng
cd t h i ddng gdp them mdt khfa canh nhd
•PGS.TS Khoa Quoc te hpc - TrUdng DH KHXH&NV - DHQG HN
Trang 2arpt sg ygu tg tte dQng 55
trong nghign cflu vi^n d l an ninh d Ddng A,
gdp p h i n eho vigc cii thign bflc tranh an
ninh d day theo hfldng on dinh vd hda binh
Cdc yeu td tinh t h i n tdc dpng den nhdn
Nlu xgt trgn ba tieu chi cd b i n cua quoc
gia Id cfl ddn, lanh tho vd nhd nfldc, cdc
qude gia d khu vile Ddng A xud't hien kha
sdm Qud trtnh quoc gia cua nhilu nfldc
Ddng A Id m0t ddng chay tfldng ddl Ugn tuc
dfl ed nhflng di dich v l dia Iy vd nhflng dflt
doan v l Uch sfl Da p h i n cac nude Ddng A
ngdy nay deu Id sfl phat t r i l n tfl than tfl
nhflng qude gia co trung dai md ft chiu sfl
sdp ddt hay can thigp tfl bgn ngodi Vdi mdt
qua trtnh quoc gia nhfl vdy, ehu nghia qude
gia d Ddng A cflng dfldc hinh thdnh tfl Idu
vd dflijc cung co qua Uch sii Bgn canh dd,
sfl phat t r i l n tUdng ddl biet ldp cung khiln
chu nghia qude gia d day dflpc xdc dinh ro
rdng hdn vd cd tfnh khgp ki'n nhilu hdn
Dong thdi, Uch sfl dd'u tranh chong ngoai
xdm ciing gdp p h i n tao ngn sflc sing manh
mg vd tfnh hfldng ndi eao eho chu nghia
qudc gia d Ddng A
Mdt qua trinh sdm, Idu ddi vdi nhflng ddc
thfl nhfl vdy da khie'n chu nghia quoc gia d
Ddng A cd m$t n i n t i n g Uch sfl khd viing
chde d i n tdn ngdy nay Khdng the phu nhdn
vai trd to ldn cua chu nghia qudc gia ddl vdi
cdng cudc xdy diing vdo bao vg dd't nfldc cua
cac qudc gia Ddng A Tuy nhien, do Uch sfl
khdng ddn giin Id sfl tilp tue cua eii dd cd,
do tinh hinh lii$n nay da khdng cdn nhfl
trfldc, chu nghia qudc gia ndy dang gdp
p h i n tao ngn nhflng t i c dpng nhd't dinh ddl
vdi nhdn thflc v l an ninh khu vflc
Sil manh me vd tfnh hudng ndi cao cua chu nghia quoc gia d Ddng A thfldng ddn den quan niem tdp trung cao dp vdo qudc gia va tuygt ddi hda Idi fch qudc gia Chu nghia ndy d l cao chu quyin quoc gia nhu nhflng gii tri thigng ligng Doi vdi nhilu ngfldi, chu quyin quoc gia Id mdt khdi niem bd't di bd't dich, cde gid tri vd Idi fch qudic gia Id khdng t h i thda hiep Vi the, chu nghia quoc gia da t i c dpng tdi tfnh khdng khoan nhfldng trong nhdn thflc v l an ninh, ddc biet ddl vdi cdc vd'n d l lign quan den chfl quyen quoc gia Viec giii quyet cic vd'n
d l an ninh nhU tranh chd'p Idnh tho thudng khd tim thd'y Idi thoat chfnh bdi ly do ndy Chu nghia qude gia manh mg vd hfldng ndi eao da ft nhilu eoi nhe k h i ndng dung hda vdi ldi fch nfldc khde vd thdm chf Id c i ldi fch khu vflc Ldi fch khu vflc chi dupe eoi
Id thfl nguyen hodc ddn t h u i n Id sfl tilp tuc eua Idi fch quoc gia chfl khong cd tfnh ddc ldp nhd't dinh Sil fch ky vdn ngu tri trong chfnh sich ddl ngoai eua nhieu nfldc Sfl nhdn nhfldng trong cdc vd'n de an ninh hgn quan din ehu quyen nhilu khi dfldc eoi Id sfl md't mdt hdn Id do'i chac Hien nay, cdch tilp edn khu vflc Id nhd bg vd each tilp cdn qudc gia vdn Id bao trflm trong chfnh sich
an ninh d Ddng A Ddy Id mdt Iy do Idm cho cdc nude Ddng A khdng chi khd khdn trong viec tim tig'ng ndi chung, khd khdn trong viec giii quylt cic vd'n de ton tai md nhilu khi cdn Idm n i y sinh nhflng vd'n d l mdi trong quan he Nhilu sdng kiln hdp tdc da phfldng da thd't bai, nhilu the che khu vflc khdng higu q u i cung chfnh bdi Iy do ndy Chu nghia qud'c gia dfldc cd k i t trong lich Sii ngn hfldng nhilu v l q u i khfl vd de nhay cam doi vdi cde vd'n d l cd Uen quan
d i n q u i khfl Sil ton thfldng eua ehu nghia qudc gia trong Uch sfl Iudn Id dieu khd quen Chu nghia ndy dfldc thfl thdch vd
Trang 356 Rghien cflu Lich siSr sg 6.2012 chflng td trong qua trtnh dd'u tranh chong
ngoai xdm ngn cdng dl "di iing" vdi nhiing
vd'n d l vd nguy cd tfl bgn ngodi Mat khde d
Ddng A, do tinh t h i n qudc gia manh me
nen chu nghia qudc gia nhieu khi eung
dUdc sfl dung de huy ddng sfl ung hd trong
nfldc trong viec giai quyet cdc mau thudn
doi ngoai C i hai dieu nay deu Idm tdng
nguy cd ddl d i u hdn Id hoa giii trong viec
giii quyet cdc vd'n d l an ninh Ngodi ra, sil
tiep tiic cac gia tri lich sfl cua chu nghia
quo'c gia cung i n h hudng ft nhilu tdi tfnh
bao thu trong ddnh gia tinh hinh, hoach
dinh chfnh sdch, nhdn dinh doi thu,
Chu nghia qude gia d Dong A phd' bien
c i trong gidi hoach dinh chinh sach Idn
trong cdng chflng Sfl dn sdu trong nhdn
thflc khig'n nd khd linh hoat vd ludn tao ra
mpt i p liic manh mg Ien chfnh sdch doi
ngoai, Ign viec nhdn dien vd giii quyg't cdc
vd'n d l an ninh (1)
3 N h a n thflc lich sii
Cung nhu nhilu khu vflc khae tren the
gidi, lich sfl quan he qud'c t l d Ddng A cd ca
hda binh ldn chig'n tranh, c i hdp tie vd
xung dot, e i hflu nghi Idn hdn thfl Tuy
nhign, Uch sfl chig'n tranh, xung dot va han
thfl dudng nhu tdc dpng dg'n nhdn thflc an
ninh hien tai nhieu hdn Id lich sfl hda binh,
hdp tdc, hflu nghi
O Dong A, chig'n tranh vd xung dot gifla
cdc qudc gia trong lich sfl thfldng dai dang
Nhieu cudc chig'n tranh vd xung dot kdo ddi
tfl the' ky nay qua t h i ky khac Viec k i t
thflc ehien tranh thfldng giii quye't theo
cdng thflc "td'ng so bang 0", tflc Id cai dfldc
cua bgn ndy Id cdi md't cfla ben kia Xung
dot nay chd'm dflt, xung dot khac lai xud't
hien Chien tranh cd the chd'm dflt v l hinh
thflc song nguygn nhdn cua nd vdn khdng
dfldc giii quyet Chi'nh Uch sfl chien tranh
kgo ddi vd ldp di ldp lai nhu vdy dd gdp
phan tao ra cdch nWn tiln trtnh lich sfl vdn ddng cd tfnh chu ky - hg't cupc xung dot nay den cupc xung dot khae Cach nhin Uch sfl nhu vdy vdn dang tdn tai pho bien d Ddng A Vdi cdch nghi nhfl vdy, xung dot di dUde eoi Id khgng tranh khdi vd chiln tranh hodn todn cd t h i lap lai trong tUdng lai Tfl
dd, cac bien phdp chfnh sdch de dfldc hfldng tdi viec chd'p nhdn vd sdn sdng dUdng diu vdi cde vd'n de an ninh hdn Id tim each ngdn chdn chung trudc
Khdng nhflng thg', chie'n tranh d Ddng A nhilu khi cung khd bao tdn vdi nhQng thon tfnh Idnh tho, tdn phd dd't nfldc vd gilt hai ddn thudng Chiln tranh d ddy Id khdng cd chudn mflc ngn de bi eudn theo nhflng tinh cam tigu cflc cua con ngfldi Lich sfl xung dot nhfl vdy thudng de lai Idng hdn thfl Dudc chu nghia qudc gia tig'p sflc, sfl hdn thfl cua chig'n tranh de ddng dfldc pho bien vd ton tai xuygn thdi gian, d l lai nhflng "Vet h i n tam
ly ddn tpc" vd nhflng "dinh kiln lich sii" Lich sfl xung dot cdng tan bao, sil dc cim cdng Idn, sfl nghi ky cdng kgo ddi Tam Iy ac cim gifla cdng ddng nay vdi cpng dong kia Id hien tfldng k h i pho big'n d Ddng A Tdm Iy
dc cim cua cdng dong tao dp lflc khdng Idi cho chfnh sdch hUdng tdi tUdng lai vi hdp tac
vd hpi nhdp d Ddng A
H i u h i t cdc cudc chien tranh vd xung dot trong Uch sfl Ddng A Id song phfldng, chu yeu x i y ra gifla cic nfldc cd chung bign gidi vdi ddl tfldng cii t h i ndo dd Sfl tdp trung cua Uch sfl xung dot, sil kgo ddi eua chien tranh, tfnh bao tan cua vu lflc, cdng vdi long tfl hdo ddn tde cao khiln cho "ke thfl Uch sfl" thudng Id cu t h i vdi nhilu vd'n
d l an ninh cu the do lich sfl de lai nhfl tranh chd'p ldnh tho, vd sil nghi ky Idn nhau Mpt khi "ke thfl Uch sfl" Id cu the, vd'n
de Uch sfl de' lai cung cu the, ngUdi ta cdng khd quen di Gifla cac nfldc ndy, k h i ndng
Trang 4HlOt sg ygu tg tac dgng 57
"xung dot tinh t h i n qudc gia" gifla chflng Id
khd cao vd vi th^ mdu thudn dfldng nhu khd
md't di k l c i trong thdi binh Cdc vd'n de an
ninh vfla nhieu, vfla giii quydt khd khan
ddc bigt gifla nhflng nude nay
Lich sfl da Idm tdng thgm tfnh phflc tap
cua vd'n d l an ninh hien nay d Ddng A Mdt
thdi quen trong tam tfnh ngfldi Ddng A Id
hfldng nhilu v l qua khfl ndn Uch sfl chiln
tranh vd xung dot nhfl vdy eung i n h hfldng
tdi tinh cim vd nhdn thflc an ninh d day
Td't c i nhflng dilu ndy dang dfldc long ghep
vdo cde vd'n de an ninh hien nay vd Idm cho
chflng de bi t r i m trpng hdn vd khd giii
quyet hdn B l ddy Uch sfl xung dot cdng ldn,
'Vit b i n tdm 1^ dan tdc" cdng sdu i m i n h
cua qua khfl xung dot nudi dudng sil nghi
ngd Sfl nghi ngd han che sfl hieu biet vd sfl
tin edy Idn nhau Hien nay, sfl nghi ngd vdn
ngfl tri d Ddng A, ke c i trong cdng chflng ldn
gidi tinh hoa xa hdi Sfl nghi ngd dang kg
nhd't Id gifla nhQng "ke thfl Uch sfl"
Trgn thflc tg', chiln tranh vd xung dot
khdng phai Id hinh thflc quan hg duy nhd't
d Ddng A nhflng dd'u d'n eua chflng trong
tdm Iy hign tai Id rd rang N i n hda binh
gifla cde qud'c gia Ddng A chu ylu Id hda
binh phi quan he Dd Id trang thai hda binh
nhflng khdng hdp t i c va ft quan he Dieu
ndy khdng giflp gi nhilu trong viec giim
tdc ddng cua Uch sfl chig'n tranh tdi nhdn
thflc an ninh ngdy nay trong khu vflc Nhin
chung, d Ddng A, thie'u n i n t i n g quan he
tao ngn sfl kgm hieu b i l t ldn nhau, sfl de
ndng cua qud khfl xung dot tao ngn sil
thig'u tin cdy Idn nhau (2)
4 Tfl t i / d n g t r i e t h o c - c h i n h t r i
Trong nhdn thflc v l vd'n de an ninh, tfl
tfldng trie't hpc-ehinh tri Id yg'u to ehi phdi
nhilu hdnh vi doi ngoai eua qudc gia Nd
tao nen nhan sinh quan vd t h i gidi quan
trong vi$e giii quyg't cic v i n d l an ninh Sfl
tfldng dong hay khic biet v l tu tudng trilt hpc-ehinh tri cd k h i ndng t i e ddng din sfl ehia re hay hdp tdc gifla cdc qudc gia NhUng trong Uch sfl Dong A, da khdng ton tai mdt n i n trilt hpe-chfnh tri ehung eo
vu eho sfl hdp tdc xuygn quoc gia Trong khu vflc cd hai nen trilt hpe ldn cua Trung Quoc vd An Dp H i u h^t cdc nfldc cdn lai khdng ed n i n triet hpc-chfnh tri cua rigng minh Mdc dfl gifla hai n i n triet hpc Trung Qudic vd An Dp cd sil tidp thu ldn nhau nhflng sfl khic biet gifla chflng vdn Id ldn,
e i v l nhdn thflc ludn ldn b i n the ludn, ea
v l phong cich tu duy vd hinh thflc tu duy (3) B i n than moi n i n trilt hpe lai bao gom nhieu trudng phdi khde nhau Chfnh sfl khac biet v l tfl tfldng vd da dang ve trfldng phdi da ngdn c i n viec hinh thdnh ngn tfnh chung trong tfl tfldng trilt hpc-chfnh tri cho khu vflc Ddng A, trong dd cd nhdn thflc
vd quan niem v l an ninh
Tfl cuoi the ky XIX, n i n triet hpc-chfnh tri d Ddng A cdn chiu i n h hfldng cfla hdng loat trfldng phai tfl tfldng tfl bdn ngodi
H i u hg't cac nude Idn diu ed mdt tai khu vflc ndy vd dem vao ddy cdc tu tfldng chfnh tri vd'n dd rd't phong phfl cua minh Cdc tu tfldng nay dUde du nhdp vd cii biln trong nhflng dieu kien Uch sfl khde nhau, bdi cdc lflc Ifldng khde nhau ngn cdng da dang
T i n g Idp eUte vd gidi tri thflc dUde ddo tao tfl nhilu nguon khde nhau, trong nhflng
nen vdn hda khde nhau, diiOc tilp thu cae
luong tfl tfldng khac nhau ngn bflc tranh tfl tfldng chfnh tri Ddng A thdm phdn phflc tap Cd le khdng khu vflc nao phii chiu i n h hfldng eua nhilu luong tfl tfldng da dang vd khic nhau d i n nhfl vdy N i n vdn hda chfnh tri khu vflc tiep tue duy tri sfl da didn da sic, tao ngn tfnh phflc tap vd da chilu trong viee nhin nhdn, giii quyet vd'n d l an ninh trong khu vflc
Trang 558 Rghien ciru Lich sit sg 6.2012
Khdng ehl cd sfl khic biet, trong ede tfl
tudng Idn cua Ddng A cung chfla dflng
nhiing ylu to cd tfnh chia re quan he gifla
cae dan tpc, qudi:; gia Vi du nhfl trfldng hdp
Nho giao - vdn hay dUdc nhdc den nhfl mpt
yg'u td^ ehung tao ngn "sfl t h i n k^ Chau A"
trong nhflng ndm 80 t h i ky XX Nhflng
cung chfnh dao Khong lai khuyin khfch cdc
gii tri thig'u ddn chu trong quan he xa hdi,
tfl tfldng bdnh tnldng trong quan hg gifla
cdc dan tdc, ha thd'p vai trd cua thfldng mai
vdn cd k h i ndng thflc d i y hdp tdc Id mpt
hpc thuydt chfnh tri-xa hdi nhieu hdn Id tu
tfldng tdn giao, Nho gido khuyg'n khfch chu
nghia quoc gia vd trong chflng mflc ndo dd,
da ddt chu nghia quoc gia ddl ldp vdi ehu
nghia qudc td, chu nghia khu vflc Dd Id
nhflng quan niem khdng cd Idi cho'vige giii
quylt cac vd'n d l an ninh
De'n thdi hien dai, do giao Iuu phdt
triln, tfnh chung trong nhdn thflc v l an
ninh da tdng Ign d Ddng A Tuy nhign, mpt
trong nhflng tf'nh chung ndy lai Id sil pho
big'n cua each nghi theo quan nigm cua
Chu nghia Hien thflc {Realism) Day Id Iy
thuygt vd'n d l cao an ninh qud'c gia, eoi
xung ddt Id b i n chd't cua quan hg qud'c te
vd tfl dd khuyg'n khfch mUu tim quyin liic
hdn Id sfl hdp tdc de giii quyg't vd'n d l an
ninh quoc gia Sfl chi phdi cfla tu tfldng
Chu nghia Hien thflc da dUdc cung ed'thgm
bdi chu nghia quoc gia manh me vd Uch sfl
chie'n tranh kgo ddi trong khu vflc Mdc dfl
cac cd gdng giii quyg't an ninh theo tinh
t h i n cua Chu nghia Tfl do Mdi
{Neoliberalism) vd Chu nghia Kiln tao
{Constructivism) nhu xdy diing the che vd
b i n sic cdng dong, thuc diy giao Iuu kinh
t l vd van hda-xd hdi, da dupe thue diy
nhflng xem chulig chUa dem lai nhieu hieu
q u i vd chUa l i n at dUijc sfl chi phdi cua
each nghi theo Chu nghia Hign thflc
Nhu vdy, trong lich sfl Ddng A, da khong ton tai mdt nen t r i l t hpe-chfnh tri vdi nhQng gid tri chung dUdc e i khu vflc chia
se Trong khi dd tinh chung trong trilt ly
ve an ninh vfla ft, vfla mudn, lai chiu inh hfldng cua Chu nghia Hign thflc Sfl hpp
t i e an ninh-ehfnh tri gifla cae nfldc Ddng A yg'u dt trong lich sfl, khd khdn trong hidn tai cd p h i n bdi ylu tdndy (4)
6 Mot so y e u t o k h a c t r o n g tinh
e a c h ngtfdfi A D o n g Day khdng hodn todn Id nhflng gid tri pho bid^n nhflng vdn Id thflc t l khdng nhd d Ddng A Chiing khdng thfldng xuygn do nhilu khi bi ly tri kilm e h l nhflng vdn bilu
Id trong khdng ft tnldng h<?p Chflng khdng hodn toan la tigu cflc nhflng vdn cd t h i c6
t i e ddng d i n nhdn thflc, ldm eho cdc vd'n dl
an ninh d Ddng A thgm phflc tap, khd ludng vd khd giii quylt
Thd nhdt, dd Id ehu nghia kinh nghigm
trong hoach dinh chfnh sdch an ninh Sfl
i n h hudng dang k l cua ehu nghia kinh nghigm trong vd'n de ndy d Ddng A dfldc quy dinh bdi tu duy von trpng kinh nghigm cua n i n vdn minh ndng nghigp kdo ddi, bdi qud trtnh cdng nghiep hda vd khoa hpc chfla Idu vd nhd't Id bdi mdt Uch sfl quan hg qudc tg' hodn todn dila trgn sfl flng xfl bing kinh nghigm Kinh nghiem thfldng da dang
vd khdng cd gid tri pho quit Kinh nghigm eflng thudng cd tfnh tinh hudng hdn Id phfl hdp vdi chiln lUdc lau dai Dd Id chfla k l kinh nghiem ddl ngoai due rflt d Ddng A thudng thign nhilu v l ddi phd ddn phfldng vdi xung dot an ninh hdn Id hdp tdc ngdn chdn hay giii quylt ehung Cho ndn, mpt khi kinh nghiem cdn Id cd sd hodc ft nhd't cdn hien dien nhilu trong qua trinh hoach dinh chfnh sdeh, sfl khae nhau vd tfnh di thay doi trong nhdn thflc an ninh cung nhfl each giii quyet Id dieu de thd'y
Trang 6^gLggygu td tac dgng 59
Thd hai, do Id tfnh chu quan trong nhdn
thflc an ninh 6 Ddng A, da sd cae xa hdi
thieu cd chd p h i n bien chfnh sdch ddi ngoai
theo kilu phudng Tay \ ^ thi, cac quyet
dinh chfnh sach an ninh thudng dfldc
hoach dinh trong mdt nhdm nhd cim
quyin Dilu ndy khien cho chi'nh sdeh an
ninh de chiu tdc ddng tfl trtnh dp, quan
nigm, tam 1^, tfnh each, kinh nghiem vd sd
thfch, sd ghgt, cua nhflng ngudi trong
nhdm dd, tflc Id de mang tfnh ehu quan
Tfnh chu quan lai cdng de trd ngn Idn hdn
trong bdi c i n h ngoai giao bf mdt vd hoach
dinh chfnh sach an ninh ft cdng khai vd'n
dang pho biln d Ddng A Khi tinh chu quan
Idn, lai edng thgm chu nghia kinh nghigm,
vd'n de an ninh lai edng trd ngn khd ludng
Dg'n Ifldt minh, tfnh khd Ifldng diu dfldc cde
ben big't e i ngn de gay e i m giic bd't an, va
tfl dd Id sfl phflc tap vd cdng t h i n g hdn
trong cic vd'n d l an ninh
Thd ba, dd Id sfl chfl trpng tdi than phdn
dia vi Sfl chfl trpng ndy d Ddng A Id khd
cao, nhd't Id trong nhflng xa hdi i n h hfldng
nhilu cua Nho gido vd cd lich sfl de chg' Su
chu trpng tdi thdn phdn dia vi hay sinh ra
quan dilm thfl bdc, bd't binh ding, thieu
tdn trpng ldn nhau, ddc biet la cua nfldc ldn
ddl vdi nfldc nhd Than phdn dia vi khi
dfldc chu trpng qua mflc thi trd thdnh mdt
thfl ldi fch Idn Ddi khi, ngfldi ta sdn sdng
chd'p nhdn xung dot hay sfl "dn milng, t r i
mig'ng" de thda man long tfl tdn vd gifl the
dien Tfnh cdch ndy vi the md trd thdnh
mpt t i e nhdn ldm tdng hodc gay kgo ddi
xung dpt Thdm chf, ddi khi sil cam thd'y
thdn phdn dia vi bi td'n thUdng lai trd
thdnh nguyen nhdn gay ra mau thudn The
di$n qua eao ddi khi cung Idm anh hudng
d i n sfl thda hiep, nhdn nhUdng trong viec
giai quyg't cie vd'n d l ir ninh Dieu ndy
dfldc the hidn ro nhd't trong quan he nude
Idn-nfldc nhd khi cic nude Idn thudng cim
thd'y khd nhdn nhfldng hdn trong cdc tranh chd'p vdi cic nUde nhd
Thd tu, dd Id tfnh d i tfl di Ngfldi Ddng
A cd y chf nhflng tdm Iy thudng khong vflng eho ngn de til di 6 Ddng A, cim gide bi xflc pham vd bi eoi thfldng deu nhflng cdi de ddn d i n tfl ai Tfl di hay ddn dd^n ndng gidn Sfl tfl ai vd ndng gidn doi khi khiln ngudi ta bd't chd'p cac tfnh todn ly tri ldi hai
vd sfl nhudng nhin d l bd qua eae cd hpi hda giii Tfl di cdn d i sinh ra sil chd'p vdt, khien nhfliig vd'n d l nhd ed the trd thdnh
to Thdm chf tu i i cdn chfla dung k h i nSng tung he vd bd cupc trong hdp tdc giii quyet cic vd'n d l an ninh Til di Id chfnh Id mdt trong nhflng tdc nhan ldm cho vd'n de an ninh trong khu vile ddi khi trd ngn de thay doi vd khd ludng Tfl i i cung ldm giam k h i ndng thda higp, nhdn nhUdng Ngodi ra, tfnh d l til di cao diu dUdc ede bgn biet c i cung ddi khi Idm giim sil Iila chpn va khien viee giii quylt mdu thudn an ninh them phflc tap, kgo ddi Nhin chung, sfl tfl ai mdt khi dd xay ra se Idm vd'n d l an ninh trd ngn khd giii quy^t hdn
Thd nam, dd Id tfnh thfl dai O Ddng A,
do sfl chi phdi cua lich sfl vd tam tfnh hfldng v l qua khfl, ngfldi ta thudng khd quen nhflng dilu dau kho, tui nhiic, thfl
h i n do ngfldi khac dem lai trong qua khfl hdn la nhflng dilu vui, dilu tot Dieu ndy
cdn dvtOc nudi dUdng trong thdi hien tai khi
giio "'.UC Uch sfl thudng hfldng tdi xung dot hdn la hdp tde, theo tinh t h i n ta dflng cdn ngfldi khac sai Tfnh thfl dai de tao ra dinh kiln vd c i sfl nghi ngd ddl vdi ke thfl cu
D i n lUdt minh, dinh kiln vd c i sfl nghi ngd thfldng dem lai i m i n h trong nhdn thflc v l xung dot hdn Id hdp tdc, tam ly eoi ddl tfldng Id ddl thu hdn ddl tdc Tinh thfl dai
Id yg'u td kfch thfch xung dot vd di ldm giim y chf hdp tic Ndi each khac, tfnh thfl dai Id dudng ddn qud khfl xung dot vdo
Trang 760 Rghien ciiru Lich sfl sg 6.2012 trong nhdn thflc an ninh cua hien tai Vdi
mdt Uch sfl chien tranh vd xung dot eua
Ddng A nhu trgn da d l cdp, tfnh thfl dai la
mdt ylu td gay khd khan cho viee khgp lai
qud khfl, hfldng tdi tfldng lai
6 Ket l u a n
Nhu vdy, d Ddng A, nhdn thflc an ninh
eua cdc nude trong khu vUe edn chiu t i e
dpng cua nhieu yeu td tfl mdi trfldng tinh
thin Cic ylu td ndy cd nhilu nhflng trong
khudn k h i cua bdi vi^t mdi ehi budc d i u d l
cdp din mdt sdyeu td Dd la chu nghia qudic
gia manh mg, nhdn thflc lich sfl sdu sic, da
dang tu tudng triet hpc-chfnh tri vd mdt so
diem trong tfnh cdch eua ngudi A Ddng
O Ddng A, nhiing hign tupng ndy khdng
phii Id nhieu nhung cflng khdng phii ft
Chung dang ton tai vd vdn du sflc ndng d l
tac ddng ding k l Ign nhdn thflc an ninh
trong khu vflc Cdc yg'u to ndy la ed tfnh hai
mdt nhflng nhflng mdt trdi eua chung dang
i n h hudng khdng ldi cho nhdn thflc an
ninh d khu vflc Nhdn thflc an ninh chiu
i n h hudng cua eae yeu td nhU vdy dang gdp
phin ldm tdng tinh trang phflc tap, tfnh
khd ludng vd khd giii quyg't hdn trong cdc
vin d l an ninh
Khi khd thay ddi nhanh chdng hodn
cinh khach quan, khi viec thay doi nhdn
thflc cung khdng the mdt sdm mdt chieu,
viee nhdn biet cdc yeu to tinh t h i n t i e ddng
CHU THICH
(1), (2) Tham khao thfm Hoing Khic Nam,
H0) tdc Ddng A - nhitng trd nggi cda lich si Tap
chi Nghien citu Nhgt Bdn vd Ddng Bdc A, sd 5 (47),
2003, tr 68-74
(3) Din theo GS Hi Vin Ti'n "Mi'y suy nghi
vd ljch sii Viet Nam vi tu tudng Vift Nam", Gido
tieu cilc tdi nhdn thflc an ninh cd lg cung cdn thilt nhu mdt phfldng cdch giai quylt vd'n d l an ninh trong khu vflc Bdi le, khi cac ylu to nay dU(3e giim bdt, nhdn thflc an ninh sg dfldc cii thien theo hfldng tfch cflc hdn, vd'n d l an ninh theo dd se bdt cdng
t h i n g hdn va viec giii quylt vi t h i cung se
cd t h i thay doi hodc ldm giim bdt chflng
Dd Id p h i t trien hdp t i e d l tao ra nhilu gia tri ehung khu vflc, dilu chinh giao due vd hdp t i c gido due eho t h i he tre de giflp thay doi nhdn thflc, tdng cfldng giao Iflu gifla gidi tri thflc d l nhdn thflc tfch cflc lan truyin trong xa hpi vd Ign gidi hoach dinh chfnh sdch, thuc d i y hdn nfla cdc bien phap xay dflng long tin, tdng cudng giao Iflu vdn hda-xd hpi d l tdng thdm sfl hieu bilt lin nhau, thuc day nhdn thflc Ugn chu the trong khu vile v l vd'n d l an ninh,
Khi dd, chflng ta cd t h i hi vpng nhilu hdn v l mdt nen an ninh thuc sfl cho Ddng
A
sU sd hgc Hd Vdn Tdn, Nxb Dai hpc Qudc gia Hi
Npi, H i Noi 1997, tr 95-108
(4) Tham khao them Hoing Khic Nam, Vdn
di vdn hod trong chu nghia khu vifc Ddng A, T^p
chf Nghiin cUu Nhdt Bdn vd Ddng Bdc A, sd 1 (65),
-005, tr 34-39
Trang 8MINH VIAJNG NGUYEN PHUC CHU VA CONG NGHIEP
m MANG BOr COI, PHAT TRIEN PHAT GIAO DANG TRONG
TA Q U d c KHANH"
Ngdy Bfnh Than, thang Gieng ndm
Tan Mfli (1691) Nguyin Phuc Chu
- con trudng cua chfla Nghia, Nguyin Phflc
Trdn len kg' nghiep d Ddng Trong (1) Khi
d6 ngdi mdi 17 tudi nhUng da co dflc tfnh
tdt, big't chieu hien dai si, biet nghe Idi can
gian, bd xa hoa, nhe thud md sigu dich cho
dan, dUdc dan chflng ygu quy, thudng gpi
ngdi Id Quoc chfla hay chua Minh Noi
gUdng cdc tien chua, chua Minh da chu
trpng md rpng bd eoi vd phUdng Nam ddn
tdn Hd Tign vd ke tfl d i u the ky XVIII, dd't
nfldc ta c6 mpt hinh t h i g i n nhu ngay nay,
trd thdnh mpt qude gia Idn trong khu vUc
Khong nhflng the, Minh vUdng con la vi
chua c6 sU quan tam dac biet tdi viec phat
trign Phdt giao Dudi thdi tai vi cua ong,
rd't nhidu chfla, thap d Ddng Trong dUdc
xay dung, trflng tu, ban sic tfl md diln
hinh nhd't la viec trflng tu Qude tfl Thign
Mu Day Id thdi ky md d Thudn Hoa "chiia
chiin khap xd, sdi vdi ddy dodn" (2), nhieu
su tdng Trung Quoc cung sang hodng phdp,
tao ngn mpt dien mao mdi cho Phdt gido
Id con trudng cua chfla Nghia Nguyin Phuc Thai, me Id Hidu Nghia hodng hdu ho
Tong Sdch Dgi Nam thiic lue (tiin bien) ghi lai ring: "nam Gidp Ddn (3), miia thu,
d phuang Tdy Nam trin trdi md ra mpt 16,
CO mdy sdc van quanh, gida mpt luong dnh sdng riie trdi toa ngay vdo cho nhd mdu hgu d, ngudi thdc gid cho Id diim thdnh Ndm sau ehda ddng ky gidng sinh, miii tham ndc nhd Ldn lin hgc chdm, chd tdt,
du tdi luge van vo Ddu dUOc phong Td binh dinh phd tUdng To TrUdng hdu, ldm phu di d CO Td binh" (4)
Chfla Nguyin Phflc Chu Id ngfldi co tfl chd't th6ng minh tfl thud nhd vdi tdi kigm van v6 Thlch Dai San da e6 nhflng ddng
nhdn xgt d i u tign v l 6ng nhfl sau: "xu&n
thu chUa mdy md phd tinh thdng minh, dp lugng khoan hda, dung mgo doan chinh"
(5) Nam 17 tudi (ndm 1691), dng dfldc biy
tdi (vdng di menh) ton Ign Idm Tii't che
thuy bp chu dinh kiem tdng npi ngogi binh chuang qudn qude trgng sU thdi bdo To qugn cong (6) Len ndl nghigp chua, dng da
' ThS Vign Bao tdn di tfch - Bp Van hoa The thao vd Du lich
Trang 9Iginh vuong Rguygn Phuc Chu 21
ap dung nhidu chinh sach "chieu hiin ddi
si, cau ldi hay, ngp ldi can gidn, bo xa hoa,
it ehi phi, nhe thue md giao dich, bdt viic
hinh nguc, tram hg khdng ai la khong vui
mdng- (7) Ndm Ky Sflu (1709), Chua sai
dflc Qu6c bao Do la chide d'n khic chfl "Dai
Viet Nguyin chfla Vinh trd'n chi bao" (8)
Ngay ndm d i u ndl nghigp ong dd "mien
nda thuerupng ndm dy" (9) vd chinh sach
do kgo ddi 12 ndm, tdi tdn ndm Quy Mfli
(1703) mdi trd lai thu nhfl cu Do Id viec
Idm thiet thflc, dem lai ldi ich trflc tiep cho
ngfldi nong ddn Khdng chi vdy, chua
Minh cung thfldng khuyen nhu cac tfldng
linh phai big't cham lo, thfldng ygu nhdn
dan trong xfl minh cai quan, chfl khong
ngn chi mflu ldi cho ban than Chua cflng
ha lenh tra xgt lai cac tpi nhan con bi giam
trong nguc, neu tpi nhe thi phong thfch, tpi
ndng thi dUdc giam an nen k h i p xfl mpi
ngfldi dan ddu ca tung Ld vi chua d ngoi
cao nhflng dng vdn td ra Id ngudi binh di,
sdn sdng ganh vac nhflng cong viec ndng
nhpc, thdm chf Id nguy higm Sdch Hdi
ngogi ky sU c6 ghi sU kien khi Minh chua
dang ngdi tie'p chuygn hda thfldng Thach
Ligm khi co tin bdo chdy, ong voi vdng chay
di chfla chay md khdng nghi dg'n sfl an
nguy cua ban than bdi nhu Idi chua ndi
"mdi ldn chdy lan den mdy dam, ni'u chang
cdu, nhd ddn se ra tro het" (10)
De cung cd vd gifl ygn cUdng vflc, chua
Minh da c6 nhflng hdnh dpng cflng r i n ,
cfldng quyet vdi nhflng the lflc cho'ng doi
Chfnh sfl cdn ghi sfl kien ndm Gidp Tud't
(1694), Chfldng cd Hug vd Thong am mflu
ndi loan bi nhd chua dep ygn, ca Hue,
Thong vd ddng bpn gdm 7 ngfldi ddu bi giet
Tiep dd ndm 1695, dep yen be dang Linh
vfldng am mflu ndi ddy d vflng Quang Nam,
Quang Ngai, tieu diet todn bp nhflng ke
c i m d i u Ndm Ky Sflu (1709), dep ygn dm
muu tao phan cua bg lu To'ng Phudc Thieu cflng Nguyen Cflu Khdm, Trinh Nghe, Tfldng Van, rieng Tdng Phudc Thieu nguygn Id Npi hflu pho ma bi mien lam thudng dan, 3 tgn con lai deu bi giet d l ldm gUdng Tuy nhign, doi khi chi mpt bflc thu cua chfla md nan binh dao dfldc hoa giai, nhan dan ygn dn lam an Chfnh sfl cung ghi sfl kign ndm 1713, Ndc Thu d nude Chan Lap dm mUu tao phan, dUa quan qud'y nhiiu vflng bign cUdng Chfla viet thu
cho Ndc Thu, khuygn nhu "nen thi' Ibng ta,
ditng quin thdn phuc, khii'n biin cdnh nhd
do md tat mdi can qua, cho sinh ddn nhd
dd md yin vui dong rupng, trong ngodi dugc vo sU ddi ddi"; Ndc Thu nhdn dUdc thU
da tfl bd y dinh Idm phan, hai nUdc tranh dupe mpt phen binh Ifla
Trong thdi gian tri vi, Minh vUdng da co mpt loat cai each cd che td chflc trung Udng; dinh lai quan tUdc, p h i m ham NhQng vdn
vo, quan vign ddu dUdc thdng trdt theo thfl bdc vd b i t d i u tfl ddi Minh vfldng, b i y t6i phu trach bign khdn dUdc cho d'n ddng va kigu den Ndm Quy Ddu (1693), sau khi viec quo'c midu da xong, dinh t h i n td chflc
Ii mijtng vd td'n tdn chua Idm Thdi pho Quoc c6ng vd dang ton hieu Quoc chua Tfl
do, cdc sic lenh d i u ghi Id Qude chua Cung ndm 1693, ddt trd'n Thudn Thanh (sau Id phu Binh Thudn); ndm 1698, ddt phu Gia Dinh, (tflc Sdi Gon), phu Phuc Long (tflc Ddng Nai), dflng dinh Trd'n Bien (tflc Bign Hda); thidt Idp xa thon, phudng, d'p, chia
c i t gidi phdn Minh vfldng cung da nhieu
l i n cho ve ban do nhflng vflng dd't minh cai quan: "ndm Tdn Ty (1701) sai eoi khdp
nhiing hinh the ddu non, cda bien, dUdng
sd xa gdn, nui song hiem de, ve do bdn ddng trinh" (11); ndm 1711, cho ngfldi ve
ban dd bai Trfldng Sa (bdi cdt ddi d vflng Quang Binh, Quang Tri); rdi cho ddt ddng
Trang 1022 Rghien cflu Lich sfl sg 6.2012
hd trong cdc dudng sd d chdu Bo' Chfnh de
tfnh khoang each, tien viec giao thong
O Dang Trong thdi bd'y gid, khuynh
hudng "be quan tda cang'' c6 tfl ddi cdc chua
trUdc vdn con dUdc duy tri Rieng chua
Nguyin Phuc Chu la mot ngUdi c6 t i m
nhin rpng Trong thdi gian chfla cai tri, rd't
nhilu thudng thuyin Tay phUdng ra vdo
bu6n ban, trao ddi hdng hoa thudng xuygn
Cung trong thdi gian ndy, nhieu thudng
cang d Ddng Trong nhU Hpi An (Quang
Nam), Cfl Lao Phd (Ddng Nai) hay My Tho
(Tien Giang) da trd ngn sim ud't, nhilu
thfldng thuyin Trung Hoa, Nhdt Ban, Ma
Lai va mot sd tdu buon chdu Au da vao ra
buon ban, hinh thanh ngn nhflng khu phd
ngoai qude
Chua lai bidt ldi dving ngudi Tay Au d l
hud'n luyen binh phdp vd ky thudt qudn
dpi: dflng Jean de Arnedo de md rpng ve
khoa hpc vd ky thudt Dflng ngfldi v l t h i n
phuc nhu Hodng Tig'n, DUdng Ngan Dich,
Mac Cflu di khai k h i n dd't hoang Sfl dung
cac tudng tdi nhfl Nguygn Hflu Canh, Trin
Dinh An, Nguyin Khoa Chigm, Mai Cong
Hudng, Nguyin Dflc Bao trong viec cung
cd chfnh quydn, md mang bd eoi Dfldi thdi
chua, nhd thudng xuygn thao luyen md
qudn dpi da dupe td chflc thdnh mpt lUc
lUdng hflng manh vdi d i y du cac dpi ky
binh, tfldng binh, chien thuydn va trpng
phao G i n nhu ndm nao cung td chflc cdc
cupc thi vo nghe, e6 chua tham du vd ban
thudng Sflng dng, qudn gidi dfldc kigm tra
thudng xuygn Chfnh nhd c6 lUc lUdng qudn
sU vflng manh md bien cUdng cdc vflng gidp
nhflng nude Nam Ban, Hda Xd (tflc nhflng
vflng Thudng nhu Tdy Nguyen ) tuy ddi
lan bi cudp hoc, qud'y nhiiu nhung diu
nhanh chong dUdc dep yen
Minh vUdng cung Id mpt vi chfla quan
tdm den nen Nho hpc, thudng xuyen td
chflc cac khoa thi cfl, tuyen dung nhan tdi
Ong Id ngfldi d l ra chu trUdng cU nho mp
thieh Ndm 1692, cho sfla Vdn Mie'u d Trieu
Sdn, nam 1715, cho dflng vdn mieu Trd'n Bien Ndm 1694, td chflc thi Nhieu hpc, Id'y dupe 133 ngUdi trflng cdch v l chfnh dd, 92 ngUdi trung cdch vd hoa vdn Ndm 1695 thi Id'y 5 ngudi triing each vd chfnh dd lam giam sinh (ldm Vdn chflc vd Tri huyen), 8 ngfldi lam sinh dd (bd ldm Hud'n dao), 15 ngudi ldm nhigu hpc (bd Idm le sinh), 22 ngUdi trung each ve hoa vdn (b6 gifl chflc tudng T h i n tai ty vd Lenh sfl ty), 10 ngudi trflng each v l tham phong (bd gifl chflc Xa sai ty) Rdi tie'p do la mpt loat cac khoa thi nam 1698, 1701, 1703, 1707; dac biet ndm
1713 md 2 ky thi, trong d6 k$ thi de nhi co
130 hpc tro thi chfnh do nhflng do quan
gidm khao bd't hda ngn ddnh trfldt hdt, chfla cho r i n g cac quan qua k b i t khe, khong phan anh trung thflc chd't lUdng cupc thi nen cho thi lai, chua dfch thdn ra de bdi Tuy nhign, k^ thi Nhigu hpc ndm Qu^
Mao (1723), "quan gidm khdo ldy trdng
cdch 77 ngudi, dU lugn hgc trb bdn tdn rdt soi ndi Chda ra linh md ky thi khdo hgch lgi vd khong mpt si td ndo lam dugc bdi nen bi chua phi trugt het" (12) C6 t h i thd'y,
dfl td chflc thi nhidu, Id'y dfldc nhilu ngfldi tdi gidi nhflng chfla cung r i t nghigm khic trong vigc thi cfl d l mong chpn dfldc ngfldi thflc tdi Ddc biet chfla da ddt ra ky thi Vdn chflc vd thi Tam ty d l thfldng xuyen kilm tra kha ndng cua cdc quan lai dang tai chflc
Nhflng quan trpng hdn ca Id chua
da thflc hien dfldc viec md rpng bd eoi; bao
ve td quoc va ddt nen mong vflng chic cho
ca vflng dd't nam Trung Bp vd Nam Bp xfla Nam Nhdm Than (1692), c6 tin vua Chigm
Id Bd Tranh gay roi lam loan d phu Dign Ninh, Minh vfldng da sai cai cd Nguyin Hflu Canh dua quan di bit Diu ndm 1693,
Trang 11fflinh vuong Rguygn Phflc Chu 23
qudn cua chfla t h i n g trdn, vua Bd Tranh
phai bd trdn vd nhan do Minh vUdng ddi
nude Chiem Thdnh ldm trd'n Thudn Thdnh,
eoi hai huygn An PhUdc vd Hoa Da
(13) Ndm Dinh Sflu (1697), chfla ddt phu
Binh Thudn, Id'y dd't Phan Ly (Phan Rf),
Phan Lang (Phan Rang) ldm huygn Yen
Phuc vd huygn Hoa Da Ddc biet, sau khi
thu phuc phu Binh Thudn, chfla lai phong
vfldng cho Ke Bd Tfl vd giao cho cai quan
vflng dd't dd, hdng ndm trilu cdng Kd Bd
Tfl chfnh Id mpt vi tfldng ngudi Chiem
Thdnh dudi trfldng cua vua Bd Tranh bi
qudn Minh vfldng b i t Idm tfl binh trong
khi giao tranh Didu d6 cho thd'y an dflc
cung nhu tdi tri dan, tri nude cua Minh
vfldng
Ndm Mdu D i n (1698), chfla sai Nguyin
Hflu Canh vdo chia dd't Dong Phd thdnh
hai mien, Id'y xfl Lpc Da (Ddng Nai) ldm
huygn Phfldc Long, ldp dinh Trd'n Bign
(Bign Hoa), Id'y xfl Sdi C6n Idm huyen Tdn
Binh, ldp dinh Phign Trd'n (tflc Gia Dinh)
Moi dinh ddu ddt quan cai tri vd quan Iy
Ldp ldng d'p, dinh thud khda (14)
Ndm Nhdm Ngp (1702), C6ng ty D6ng
An Anh do Allen Catchpole dem 200 quan
vd 8 chide thuydn chiem dao Cdn L6n cua
nfldc ta Chfla ra lenh cho Trd'n Phu dinh
Trd'n Bign Id TrUdng Phuc Phan tfly lieu
doi phd Mfla dong ndm Quy Mfli (1703),
Trfldng Phflc Phan tuyin mp 15 ngfldi Chd
Vd (ddn dao Java), sai hp dflng ke trd hdng
de len vdo dd't dieh Quan Anh khdng lo
lieu d l phdng, vi thd nfla dgm nhdm ngfldi
Chd Vd theo mflu cua Trfldng Phflc Phan
ndi Ifla dd't trai, ddm chet nhflng tgn chi
huy, b i t dflpc mpt sd thupe ha, sd khde
chay thodt ra bien trdn, lidn bi thuy binh ta
truy dudi tieu digt Ndm Mdu Ty (1708),
bd'y gid c6 Mac Cflu ngudi Quang Dong
khdng phpc nhd Thanh, bd chay sang Chdn
Lap, dupe vua Chan Lap cho Idm chflc 6c Nha Mac Cflu khai hoang lap dUdc 7 xd d
Hd Tign Sau d6, ra Thudn Hoa dang thd Ign Quoc chfla, xin dem dd't do quy thudn nude ta Quoc chfla nhdn Idi vd giao cho Mac Cflu gifl chflc Tdng Binh, trd'n gifl Ha Tign (15) K l tfl ndm do, nude ta md rpng
bd eoi den Ha Tign
PHAT TRIEN PHAT GIAO XU" DANG TRONG
Khong ehl Id mpt vi chfla vdi nhflng chig'n c6ng md mang bd eoi, gifl ygn cUdng vUc, trpng dung nhan tai, Minh vUdng Nguyin Phuc Chu con Id mpt ngudi rd't ham mp dao Phdt, da c6 nhflng hdnh dpng thidt thflc trong viec xay dung chfla thdp, phdt trien Phdt gido Dang Trong Ndm Nham Than (1692), chua cho sfla chfla nfli
My An (tflc nfli Thuy Van) ddng thdi sdc cho td sfl Nguygn Thidu tru tri chfla Hd Trung Chua Minh cung phong thien su Qua Hoing ldm qud'c sU, giao tru tri chfla Tam Thai
Sfl sdch khi nhic mdi lUdng duygn cua Minh vfldng vdi Phdt giao ddu khong bd qua sfl kien chua thinh dfldc Dai lao Hda thUdng Thfch Dai San Gd de tfl ddi thfl 29 cfla phdi Tdo Dpng (16)) tfl Trung Hoa sang Thflc ra thi tfl ndm 1689, Ngai Vfldng
da cfl nhd sfl Nguygn Thidu sang Trung Qude thinh danh tdng Thach Liem Mac dfl chfla mdi dfldc Thach Ligm sang ngay ndm
dd nhflng Nguygn Thilu cung da mang vd nhidu chuong, tfldng, phdp khf, gop c5ng ldn trong vige hoang dUdng phdt phdp xfl Thudn Hod Nguyin Phuc Chu noi nghiep
da hai l i n viet thu thinh Thach Ligm hoa thfldng vd ndm d't Hdi (1695), da don dfldc ngdi Minh vUdng dd cho thd'y minh Id mpt ngUdi rd't hdm mp phdt phdp, ngdi tijtag ndi
vdi Thach Liem hoa thupng: "di td td be
nghe hai chd "phdt phdp'' dd sinh long kinh
Trang 1224 Rghien cuu Lich sfl sg 6.2012
ngudng, moi luc gap tu si do lam dd sinh
long hoan hy ' (17) Khi Hda thfldng tdi
VUdng phu, chfla dflng don d thim, d i t vdo
trong cung va ndi d cua chfla cung dUdc bdi
trf tUdng Phdt, cd phudn, chuong mo nhU
mpt ngoi chfla Chfla s i p xg'p cho hoa
thudng Thach Ligm nghi tai chfla Thien
Lam nhflng khi bidt ngoi chfla nay cdn nhd
hep, kh6ng du cho cho dodn khach, chua da
ngay ldp tflc cfl hdn nghin ngUdi dem theo
nguyen vdt lieu va chi trong 3 ngdy da
dung dUdc mpt toa phudng trUdng 5 gian
gom 32 cot, bdn mdt ddu co hanh lang, vdch
tudng, r i m thUdng, r i m ha ddu bang vdn,
lai thgm mpt toa hdu Ueu 5 gian 20 cot (18)
Thdng 3 ndm 1695, d l c6 chd cho hoa
thudng Thach Ligm md dai gidi ddn, Minh
vUdng da phg chuin cho sfla chfla, md
mang chfla Thien Ldm trd thdnh mot dai
danh lam vdi "Van tru, Thiin dUdng, Vdn
Thuy dudng dUng len phia td; Thi liiu,
TYai dudng, Dpc Lugt dUdng, Am chu lieu
dung d phia hdu d gida ldm mpt gidi
ddn ' (19), cong trudng nay huy dpng tdi
hdn 2000 ngudi vd sau khi hodn thanh,
chfla Thien Lam trd thdnh mpt To dinh cua
Thien phdi Tdo Dong, mpt trUdng ha cho sU
tdng ca hai dao Thudn - Quang
C6 the noi, ke tfl khi Nguyin Hodng vdo
trd'n nhdm dd't Thudn Hoa, dac biet tfl sau
khi chfla Tign cho trflng kie'n chfla Thign
Mu (ndm 1601) vd tiep do vdi sU ngoai hp
cua cdc vi chua, Phdt gido xfl Ddng Trong
dd phdt trien manh mg dg ddn cudi the ky
XVII thi "thdn ddn trong nUde thdy diu quy
y Tam bdo chua chiin khdp xd, sai vdi
ddy dodn ' dung nhfl nhdn xgt cua Hoa
thfldng Thach Ligm Tuy nhign, ddn thdi
chua Nguyin Phuc Chu, Phdt phdp xfl nay
c6 lg da bi suy ddi, mpt p h i n do chfnh sdch
phu quan, b i t h'nh cua nhd ehua, khien
"cha me sO eon phdi di linh, vda ldn lin dd
eho vdo ehua ldm sdi, hdu mong trd'n trdnh
viec quan, do dd bgn khode do nha ehiia rdt dong, phdt phdp trd nin hon loan, chang nhiing "ton phdi" khong hoi din md cdc viic
"Lugt", "Lugn" edng diu xep xd, bo qua, den nhiing ke mao ni - do trang md net hU, tat xdu " (20) Nhdn thflc dUdc dilu do nen
chfla dd hai l i n thinh Thach Liem hoa thudng sang truyin gido, chfla lai phat lenh bdi di cdc phu, trieu hdi tdng dd dem
vd chiu dfl 3 ddn phap gidi mdi cd'p gidi diep, lai lenh cho quyen thuoc, quan vien ai
cd tfn tam co t h i xin lam de tfl, chiu Bo Tat gidi, ddt phdp danh, dao hieu
Khi cong viec tu sfla, md mang chfla Thiin Ldm hoan thdnh, ngdy mflng 1 thang 4 ndm 1695, Hoa thfldng Thach Liem td chflc l i truyen Sa di gidi, Qude chua md dan chay dang le vd mdi Hoa thudng Dai Sdn thUdng dan thuyg't phap Ngay mflng 6 thdng 4 (ndm 1695), td chflc truyen Ty kheo gidi, co Quo'c mdu vd vUdng huynh dat tiec chay vd cflng ghi chgp cac ldi phap ngfl Cung ngdy mflng 6 do, Phdt vien trong vUdng cung dUdc khdnh thdnh, Hoa thUdng Thach Ligm da tdng cho mpt
bflc hoanh phi "Gide viin npi vien" cflng doi
cdu ddi treo trUdc dai dien:
"Dang gide dia vi Diiu gide dia, thanh tdm minh tdm, ddng nhi tam ma tri tui ehdn nhU tgng
Nguyin vUOng eung kien Phgm vUOng eung, tgi the xudt the, tdng thdnh nhdt phiin nhdn td dgi dgo trUdng"
(Ndi Dang giae ddi Idm ndi Dieu giae, long thdnh, Idng sdng ddng vdo nhu tri tue chdn nhu,
Cung Nguyen vUdng xay dflng cung Pham vUdng, ddi tuc, ddi tu, hdp mot trUdng nhdn tfl dai dao)
Cau ddi d6 da thd'u td tfl tfldng "cfl t r i n lac dao" cfla Minh vfldng - tu tudng md dng
dd kd thfla mpt each sang tao tfl Dflc vua
Trang 13HIinh vucmg Rguyen Phflc Chu 25
Phdt hodng T r i n Nhan T6ng d the ky
Xin
Sang ngay l i Phdt dan (mdng 8 thang
4), Qude chfla khai dan d N6i vien, co quoc
mdu, c6ng chua, hdu cung, quyen thupe
ddng thp Bd tat gidi Chfla quoc ddt mpt
dan rigng vd do trdi n i n g git, chfla quy lau
ngn md hoi fldt thd'm md'y Idp do nhUng khi
ngUdi dang l i bao ngdi nghi thi ngdi khong
chiu vd ndi "ta it tudi, vui Ibng chiu gidi
phgm, ehang ldy thi'ldm mif Long thanh
cua chfla da cam dpng tdi Thach Ligm hda
thudng, ong viet "nay mdng thdy nhd vua,
thdn d ngoi vua md linh nguyin ehang bi
md toi, y nhiin hdnh dpng nhU ke tu hdnh;
dy diu do mam bdt nha kie'p trUde boi ddp
cao ddy, cho nin tudi tre tot bgc gidu sang,
trong trudng toi lgc, vdn gid dugc niim tin
bin vdng nhU the Chi mpt chd "tin' cdng
du diet trd phiin ndo, thang vdo eoi NhU
/ai " (21)
Ngdy mflng 9 thang 4, Hoa thupng
Thach Liem md gidi dan de tiep tuc truyen
thu Bd tdt gidi cho hdn 1400 tang nhan
Den ngdy 24 thdng 4, chfla cho mdi Hoa
thfldng Thach Liem cflng cdc dg tfl, tang
chung den md mpt kj> xdm tung Dgi bi dd
la ni Nhdn dip dd, chfla co tham vd'n y
kig'n cua Hoa thfldng vd nhflng viec nen
ldm Hda thfldng dap rang: "Viee trai gidi
chdng phdi chi de gid cho sach mieng, sgeh
minh, tU tudng trong sgeh ma thoi Viic
trai gidi cua nhd vua, cdn phdi dem viic
qud'c gia tren dUdi thanh ly chinh ti, khong
mpt ngUdi ndo ehUa dUOc yin sd, khong mpt
vice ndo chUa dUOc thoa ddng, nhU thi mdi
ggi la vien mdn Nay trUde hi't, nin thanh
ly oan nguc, tha tu bi giam edm, chdn edp
ki ngheo thieu, khdi dung ke yim tre, bdi bo
diiu edm nghiem khde, thUOng xdt ke buon
bdn, thi dn cho thg thdy Ndi torn lgi, nin
dem tdt cd cdc viic giup ngUdi lai vdt, chdm
ehude ed hdnh Den nhU nghi li dan trudng, tang chung y bdt, vgt dung hUOng hao se ki dan che biin " (22)
Trong hdn mpt ndm d lai Thuan Hod, hoat dpng chfnh cua Hoa thUdng Thach Ligm da giup chua trieu tdp tang chflng todn quoc, md ba phdp dan truyen giao C6ng viec do da co tac dung chd'n hung Phdt gido, thanh trflng nhflng phin tfl truy lac va cung de dap lai Idi than philn cua chfla Nguyin Phuc Chu ngu Ign vl nhilng te doan trong gidi Phdt giao thdi d'y Nhdn dip do chua cflng me vd con gai quy y, thp Bd Tat Gidi vd nhdn phap danh do sU dat ra Ngodi nhflng hoat dpng Phdt phap, co le didu giflp fch nhd't cho chua Nguyen Phuc Chu Id nhflng chi vg, de nghi lien quan den viec tri nUdc trong nhflng l i n doi bgn ddm dao Cu6l quyin hai cfla Hai ngoai ky sfl viet ring:" Ta ben dem nhflng viec chfnh tri bdn Iudn md'y ngdy nay, chgp ra tflng dieu mpt, ldm thdnh ban dieu t r i n "Ldp quoc chfnh Udc" gdm 18 didu, deu Id nhflng chuygn thUdng h'nh, ygu dan, thong thUdng Idi qude, ky cUdng phap dp, chgp tflng chi tie't ro rdng Vudng dpc xong mflng rd, bao Npi quan Chudng SU rdng "Phap dp, dan tinh nUdc ta deu chUa dUdc dung din, nay nhd lao Hod ThUdng dem phgp Ii Trung Quoc chi day, liet k l 18 dieu, ngn khic yet Ign cfla phu, hilu du quan ddn diu bidt, vd khic 24 the bdi, chia loai ro rang H i ai lam trdi dilu le, pham phgp, cho ke bi thiet hai cim the bdi den keu Bd't k l Id quan dan, hodng than qude thfch ddu theo phdp Iudt md tri tpi Vinh viin Id'y do Idm qudic chanh vdy ' Ngodi ra, khi mdi ddt chdn ddn Thudn Hod, sU dang Ign cho chua ban didu t r i n "Didu t r i n v l viec cua nUdc Dai Viet" c6 npi dung ro rdng nhfl sau:
1 Ngn tien cdng Trung tridu de chi'nh danh hieu
Trang 1426 Rghien cflu Lich sfl sg 6.2012
2 Ddt ddn thfl d l cung cdbien thuy
3 Thfldng yeu quan si d l cd vu long
trung dung
4 Md mang trfldng hpc d l giao due nhdn
tdi
Xem bai Tfla chua viet trong Hdi ngogi
ky sU "Td luc de'n vdo mtia xudn ndm dt
Hgi cho tdi miia hg nam Binh Ty, duge gdn
gUi cung dudng Ngodi chuyin ngdy dim
gidng dgy dgo ly, con ehl bdo cUOng ky ludn
thudng Td chuyin to di'n chuyin nho diu
vgeh ldi chi dUdng, phdn tich ro rdng mgeh
lgc, khde ndo dan ddt ngUdi td nOi tdi tam
ra nOi dnh sdng, gidp ich cho ta trong cong
viic chinh cUOng tri nUdc biet ehiing ndo "
chung ta co t h i thd'y anh hudng cua hda
thUdng doi vdi hoat dpng an dan, tri quo'c
cua chua Nguyin Phflc Chu nhfl thd ndo
Khi Thach Ligm - Thfch Dai San vd nUdc,
chua Minh tu nhdn minh Id de tfl ddi thfl
30 cfla phai Tdo Dpng, tidp tuc co nhilu
hdnh dpng thidt thiic gop p h i n xiln dUdng
Phdt giao Ddng Trong
Ndm 1715, chfla lai cho trflng tu chfla
Kfnh Thign d Thudn Trach, ddng thdi ban
cho hodnh phi, cdu ddi ngfl chg' Nam 1721,
Idp chfla Hodng Giae d xa Hiln Si (huyen
Phong Dien - Thfla Thign Hue) Dfldi thdi
chfla Nguyin Phuc Chu (1691-1725) dao
Phdt da truyen ba vdo dd't Nam Ky vdi
nhidu ngoi chfla dupe xay dUng, trflng tu nhfl:
chfla Van An, d Phfldc Tuy, kie'n tao ndm
1711, chfla Tam Bao, d Ha Tien, do Mae Cxlu
ldp khoang nhflng nam 1708 - 1725
Nhflng ngdi chfla quan trpng nhd't dfldc
Minh vfldng quan tam trflng tu, md mang
chfnh Id Quo'c tu Thien Mu Ndm 1710,
nhan le Phdt dan, ehua cho due dai hdng
chung tai chfla Thien Mu, ddng thdi Idm
mpt bdi minh khde vdo chudng vdi tdm
nguygn: "Chda Dgi Viet Nguyin Phuc Chu,
noi dang Dpng thUOng ehdnh tong ddi thd
30, phdp danh Hung Long due chudng idn ndy nang 3285 edn de vdo chua Thiin Mu, cung Tam Bdo lau ddi Nguyin edu gid hba mUa thugn, nUdc thinh ddn an, chung sanh trong phdp gidi diu duge ven todn tri tui"
Thdng 6 ndm 1714, chfla cho trflng tu chfla Thign Mu Sfl kien do dUdc ghi lai trong
nhieu bp chinh sfl dUdng thdi nhu Dgi Nam
thiic luc hay Dgi Nam nhdt thdng chi:
"Hien Tong ndm Canh Ddn thU 19 (1710), due chudng ldn, nam Gidp Ngg (1714) lgi sda lgi Quy chi' td cda ehua vao Id diin Thiin vUOng, diin Nggc Hodng, bdo diin Dgi Hung, nhd Thuyet Phdp, lau Tdng Kinh, diin Thgp Vuong, nhd Thuy Vdn, nhd Tri Vi, diin Dgi Bi, diin Duoc Su, nhd Tdng, nha Thiin vdi mUOi sd, phia sau chua dung cdc sd Ti da vien vd PhUOng TrUOng edng den vdi mUOi sd Ndm At Miii (1715) chua thugng thdn ldm van bia khac vdo dd dUng d trUde ehua, bd sdng thi dUng ddi cdu, ehua thUOng thdn di'n chOi xem phong cdnh" (23) Sdch Phu biin tgp luc
cua Lg Quy D6n cung ghi: "Ndm Gidp Ngo
(1714), sda lgi chiia Thien Mu rdt Id rpng dep, qua mpt ndm mdi xong, chda tU lam bdi minh khde chuong, chda tU xiing la Bgi Viet qude vUOng, d vUctn Con Gia trong ehiia mpt thdng, sai ngUdi dem vdng bgc sang phu Chiet Giang - Trung Quo'c mua kinh Dgi tgng, cung Lugt vd Lugn hOn mUdi nghin bp dem vi did trong chua" (24)
Thang 7 (ndm 1714), cong vigc trflng tu hoan thdnh va de danh dd'u su kign quan trong do, chua Idm van bia, md dai trai ddn
vd phat chan cho ngudi nghgo sudt ca thang Vua Chigm Id Ke Bd Tfl cflng hodng gia Chiem cung dUdc mdi dfl, dUdc chua phong tfldc h i u cho ca ba ngudi con (25)
* Tfl tfldng tri nfldc, an dan cua Minh vfldng Nguyen Phuc Chu dUdc ong t h i hien