Trong kJ thi Hgi, Phd bang lfi hoc vi dfinh cho nhflng ngudi cd ktft qua thi thtfp hdn Titfn si 1 vfi thdng thudng d u ^ btf nhiem chflc vu thfi'p hdn nhiing ngfldi dd Titfn si.. Phd chu
Trang 1C H K « I SACH GIAO DIJC T l l d l I^GUYfilV: Tifi'p CAN Tir DANII HIEIJ PHO BANG
D 6 T H I HiroNG T H A O '
Trong lich sfl gifio due khoa cfl cua
Vidt Nam thdi cd trung dgi, Phd
bang la danh higu duy nhfi't chi xufi't hign
dudi thdi Nguy§n - giai doan cufil cflng cua
nen giao due Nho hpe Viet Nam Trong kJ
thi Hgi, Phd bang lfi hoc vi dfinh cho nhflng
ngudi cd ktft qua thi thtfp hdn Titfn si (1) vfi
thdng thudng d u ^ btf nhiem chflc vu thfi'p
hdn nhiing ngfldi dd Titfn si Bdi vitft nfiy
chpn danh higu Phd hang difdi thdi Nguyen
Ifim dfii tUdng nghien cflu d l tim h i l u
nguydn nhan vi sao nha NguySn dfit them
danh higu Phd bang Ben canh dd, trgn cd
sd nghien cflu nhflng thay doi trong each
thflc t u y i n lua, ban fin dien vfi vigc bo dung
Phd bang gifl cac vi tri trong bd may chinh
quydn, bfii vitft se IJ giai phdn nao quan
diem, chinh saeh giao due eua nhfi Nguyen,
dgc bigt la giai dogn tfl niia cuoi nhfi
Nguyin trd di Mot cai nhin hd thtfng ve
hpe vi Phd bang trong suot gtfn mot thtf ky
(tfl dtfu the ky XIX dtfn dtfu thtf ky XX) se
iam rd hdn chfnh sach "ndi long" trong
khoa cfl cua n h a Nguyen d l dfip flng nhu
ctfu t u y i n lUa va sfl dung nhfin sU cho bd
may chfnh quydn trai dfii trdn tofin lanh
thd tfl B i c dtfn Nam
1 P h d b a n g - Svf r a ddi va nhflng tien
d e c u a nd Sau khi thfinh Ifip, trieu Nguyen doi
mfit vdi nhu ciu cfi'p thitft nhanh chdng xay
dflng dtft nudc thong nhfi't vfi mot trong nhieu bien phap nham xfiy dUng va cung ctf da't nudc mfi nha Nguyen thUc hien lfi phat trien giao due Nho hpe, tuyin Ifla nhfin tai
bd sung cho bd may cua trieu dinh Nhan thfi'y viec khoa cfl tuyen chpn nhfin tai lfi cdn thitft nen chi 5 nam sau khi len ngdi, nfim 1807, Gia Long da cho td' chflc khoa thi Hudng d i u tien de tuyen lUa nhan tfii, nhung kJ thi nfiy mdi chi ttf chflc cho cac trudng thi tfl Nghe An trd ra Bfic
Vi lfi vi vua dtfu tien cua tridu Nguyen, phai ddn nhieu tfim sfle cho vigc xfiy dung dfi't nUdc tren cae iTnh vi^c kinh te', nong nghiep, an ninh, qutfc phdng , nen dudi thdi vua Gia Long cac hogt dpng hdn quan dtfn giao due dien ra cdn rdi rac, khoang cfich gifla cac k J thi Hfldng la 6 nfim mdt Itfn vfi chfla cd ky thi Hdi nfio dupc td chflc Thdi Minh Mang, khoa cfl trd nen quy
cu hdn Dinh Ig thi HUdng dUdc quy chudn thanh 3 nfim 1 ldn, cfl nfim trUdc thi HUdng
Trang 2(2) thi nfim sau thi Hgi (3) vfi ducjc duy tri
trong sutft lich sfl khoa cfl thdi Nguydn
Nfim 1822, ddi vua Minh Mang nfim thfl 3,
khoa thi Hgi vfi thi Dinh ddu tidn eua nhfi
Nguyin dflpc ttf chflc, Itfy dd 8 ngfldi
Tfl nfim 1829, d l md rgng thfim Ifldng
ngfldi Ifi'y do, hdn cgnh danh higu Titfn si,
vua Minh Mgng dfi Itfy thdm danh higu
Pho bdng cho nhflng ngudi dd thi Hdi (4)
Phd chudn Itfy danh higu Phd bdng cua
Minh Mgng dfla trdn dtf nghj cua Bg L§ cho
r4ng "ngofii nhflng quyln trflng cfich, l f l
vfin quyln nao ddy du, tuy khdng b i n g
ngUdi cd tgn trong chfnh bang, nhUng cflng
cd thyc hpe thi xin vfio Phd bang" d l "khfing
d l sdt nhfin tfii" (5) 'VI vfiy, trong lich sfl
khoa cfl thdi Nguydn, nfira 1829 lfi khoa thi
ddu tidn nhfi Nguydn lfi'y Phd bang Bfin
cgnh 9 Titfn si, khoa nfiy lfi'y thfim 5 Phd
bang (6) dfla tong so ngfldi do cfla khoa thi
nfiy len dtfn 14 ngUdi
De hieu rd hdn ve danh higu Phd bang
cua thdi Nguyen, chflng ta cdn xem xit
them ve danh higu nfiy d Trung Qufic, ndi
rafi nen giao due khoa cfl Nho hpe cua Vi^t
Nam chiu nhieu anh hudng Theo A.B
Woodside, d Trung Qutfc, Phu bdng Ifi danh
hi$u cd tfl thdi Thanh, dfl0e tritfu dinh fip
dung doi vdi nhflng trfldng thi Hfldng ho$c
nhi2ng dia phfldng mfi cd stf lfl<?ng si tfl dfl
thi ldn, cd nhitfu si tfl gidi, cd nfing Iflc, vfl^t
qua giai nggch ifi'y dd mfi tritfu dinh cho
phdp dfil vdi nhflng trfldng thi ho$c dja
phfldng dd NhQng si tfl nfiy se dvttjc nhtfn
danh higu thfi'p hdn so vdi hoc vi Cfl nhfln,
dd Ifi Phu bang Tai cac trfldng thi Hfldng d
Trung Qufic, cfl 5 Cfl nhfin thi lai cd 1
ngfldi dfl^c chpn vfio danh sach Phi;i bang
Cac Phu bang cua cac trfldng thi Hfldng
nfiy se dtfn Bfic Kinh di thi k i l m tra kitfn
thflc Nam 1726, theo quy djnh cua nhfi
thi sd dfl<?c chuyin thfinh Cfl nhfin Vfi sau
dd, hp dflijc t h a m dfl k J thi Hdi (7) Nhfl vtfy, vigc nhfi Nguydn d$t danh hidu Phd bang cho nhflng ngfldi dd kJ thi Hdi nhflng ft d i l m hdn so vdi nhflng ngudi chfnh hang ft nhitfu cd tfldng ddng vdi Trung Qudc nhUng cfich ap di^ng thi hofin tofin khfic, theo mdt k i l u rifing Ntfu 5 Trung Qutfc, Phy bang thtfp hdn danh hi^u Cfl nhfin thi d Vigt Nam, Phd hang thtfp hdn danh hidu Titfn si nhflng lgi cao hdn Cfl nhfin Thdi Nguydn, trong ttfng stf 544 ngfldi dd trflng each thi cd 303 ngudi trung Chfinh bang va 241 ngfldi do Phd bang (8) Theo stf Hgu ntfy, stf ngfldi dd Phd bang chitfm 44.3% tdng stf nhflng ngfldi dd thi Hpi vtf thi Dinh, gdn mgt nfla ttfng stf ngfldi
dd dgi khoa dfldi thdi Nguydn Stf Hgu
thtfng kg tfl Quoc triiu khoa bdng liic cua
Cao Xutfn Due cho thtfy stf lU0ng ngudi do Phd bang dudi thdi Nguydn ngfiy cfing tfing ddn Trong vdng 18 nfim ciia thdi vua Minh Mgng vfi vua Thigu Trj cd 51 ngfldi do Phd bang; trong 36 nfim cua thdi Tfl Dfle cd 100 Phd bang vfi trong 30 nfim cufii cCUig qua tritfu Nguygn ed 90 ngfldi dd Phd hang (9) D$t gia thitft, ntfu nhfi Nguydn khdng d$t thdm hoc v; nfiy, stf ngfldi dS dgi khoa ciia nhfi Nguydn se giam mgt nfla so vdi con stf thflc ttf c ; cd trong lich sfl, ditfu nfiy ddng nghia vdi vi^c stf nhfin sfl nhfi Nguyin cd thd t u y i n chpn vfio bg may nhfi nfldc ciing
se giam tfldng tfl
Cd nhQng IJ do vfi titfn dtf nhfi't dinh khitfn nhfi Nguydn thyc hign tfii da cac hidn phfip nhtfm khdng bd sdt nhflng ngfldi thi
dd trong dd cd vigc dinh thdm hoc vj Phd bang
Sau khi thtfng nhfi't dtft nfldc, nhfi Nguydn dflng trfldc nhu ctfu cdn phai xfiy dyng dtfi ngfl quan lgi d l quan IJ dtft nfldc
Trang 3lanh thd rdng nhfi't tfl trudc dtfn nay VI the
phat t r i l n giao dye Nho hpe, tim kitfm
nhfin lflc cho bd may ehfnh quytfn lfi vfi'n dd
ctfp thitft Tuy nhign, vigc phat t r i l n gifio
dye cua nhfi Nguydn cung gfip phai nhflng
khd khfin hign tgi vfi nhflng vtfn dd do lich
sfl di lai
Trfldc het lfi vfi'n de do Uch sfl di lgi
Theo chflng tdi, ed hai vtfn dtf ndi bgt cdn
Iflu J Thijt nhdit, nhk Nguydn phat t r i l n
gifio dye Nho hoc trong hofin canh phai ktf
thfla mgt ntfn giao dye da suy giam do su
khung hoang cua Nho giao Vigt Nam thtf
ky XVII-XVIII x a hgi Dgi Vigt thdi Le
Trung hflng chflng kitfn n h i l u hifin tUdng
ytfu kdm, tifiu eye didn ra trong khoa cfl
nhfl: hoc trd di thi mua nhflng bai Ifim sdn,
hpe thudc ldng, gitfu dem vfio trUdng; quan
trfldng nhfin hfii Ip, chfi'm thi may mde cfl
theo vfin mfi lfi'y dd nen ngfldi dd khdng cd
thflc tai Sy suy giara cua giao due khoa
cfl da trd thfinh mdt "nguy ed, mdt lflc tfic
ddng lam suy ytfu Nho gifio, Ifim tha hda
Nho phong si khf' (10) thdi Le Trung hUng
Didu nfiy anh hfldng khong nhd tdi viec nha
Nguyen J thflc rd rang rfing Nho gifio, Nho
hpe vfi Nho si lfi cho dfla tfl tfldng, xa hdi
cua nhfi nfldc mfi tritfu dinh muon ehfi'n
chinh, phat huy ThU hai, sau khi lfin ngdi,
nhfi Nguyin muon xfiy dflng mpt dpi ngu
quan lgi thdng qua giao dye khoa cfl d l
phye vu bd mfiy nhfi nUdc trong vigc quan
IJ, xay dflng va phat t r i l n dtft nfldc Mfic dfl
viec sfl dung quan lgi vfio bd may chfnh
quytfn thong qua titfn cfl hofic bao cii vSn
dflpc sfl dung nhflng rd rfing khoa cfl vfin lfi
each thflc chu ddng, thfldng xuyen va mang
tfnh '.Tthach quan" hdn mfi nhfi Nguyin
mutfn sfl dyng Tuy nhien, d mitfn Bfic, nha
Nguyen diing trfldc thflc ttf lfi gidi si phu
Bfic Hfi ft chiu quy phye, tfl tfldng "hofii Ld"
vdn cdn in dtfu k h a dgm trong tfim tudng
len cdm quyfi'n, trong nfim 1802, Gia Long lifin titfp ra cfic chitfu dy dfii vdi cUu thdn nhfi Lfi vfi cac hfio myc Bfic Hfi de keu gpi
hp tham gia vfio bg may quan IJ cua trifiu dinh Ktft qua lfi m^ic dfl dfi ed mgt so Nho
si Bfic Ha hudng flng Idi kfiu goi, mgt stf quan lgi eflu tritfu xufi't thfin tfl khoa bang
da gia nhfip vao hang ngu quan Igi cua nhfi Nguyin, nhflng stf Ifldng rfi't han chtf Vific cac Nho SI Bac Ha khdng hudng flng manh
me vdo bg mfiy quan lai ciia nhfi Nguyin khitfn vua Minh Mgng khi ra Bdc da tflng ndi vdi quan cdn thdn rfing:
"Tfl song Linh trd ve Bfic, von la dfi't vkn
hoc, nfim ngofii xutfng ehifi'u cdu hidn, ma den nay chfla cd ai ra flng cfl Nay trfim
dflng chan b Bfic Thfinh da hang thang, ma
sao vfing lang khfing thfi'y gi, cd phai tfl td chitfu dua xuong cfl ngfldi Men tai, ma khdng ai dfim dfldng vdi cai danh tfl tfy chfing?" (12)
Tie'p tuc sfl dung cfic Nho si Bac Ha da thdng qua dfio tao va khoa cfl la bien phap thitft thye va higu qua, nhung tren thye te stf lUdng nay khong du d l dap flng nhu cdu quan IJ xa hpi (va eung khdng d l huy
dpng) Vi vfiy, mfic du dfi cd mot so' Ifldng
nhfi't dinh Nho si Bfic Hfi tham gia vfio dpi ngu quan lgi d budi ddu trieu Nguyin, nhUng nhfi Nguyen v i n mutfn dflng nhflng ngUdi do trifi'u dgi minh dfio tao vao lam vigc cho chinh quyen mdi (13)
Ngoai khd khfin do lich sfl d l lgi nhU da ndi d trfin, nhfi Nguyin edn phai dtfi mfit vdi vtfn dtf hien tai la vigc thieu ngudn nhfin luc tri thflc Nho hpe d phia Nam va ngfldi Nam bd vtfn tfl lau da ft quan tfim dtfn giao due khoa cfl
Song d Iflu vflc sdng Mekong, ngfldi Nam
Bg dfldc hfldng sfl flu dfii hdn ca tfl thien nhifin so vdi ngitdi mitfn Bfic vfi mien
Trang 4Trung, ngudi Nam Bd khdng phai ddi m$t
vdi nhflng khfic nghiet cua thifin tai, dfi't
dai mfiu md, sinh stfng dd dfing, "dflng sfle
ft mfi lpi nhifiV (14) Chfnh nhd nhflng flu
dai tfl thifin nhign hay ndi cfich khfic Ifi
didu kign kinh ttf thugn Ipi cua ngudi Nam
bg khifin cho cU dfin ndi dfiy khdng chpn
each thfle "hpe d l Ifim quan" Ifim myc dfeh
stfng Choi Byung Wook da nhgn xdt: "Nhilu
ed hgi md ra cho thanh nifin Nam bd d l hp cd
mgt cugc stfng an nhfin h4ng cfic nghd kinh
doanh thay vi phai eflc cung tgn tyy phye vy
trifi'u chfnh" (15) Do vfiy, stf lUpng si tfl vfi stf
Iui?ng nhiJng ngfldi do dgt tfl khoa cfl d Nam
Bp chitfm ty le khifim ttfn
Theo A B Woodside dfldi thdi Minh
Mang, tridu dinh thfle su mong mud'n "tdng
them $d' tiiang quan chiJtc trong bg may
quan lifiu" (16), nhung do thUc ttf nhfi
Nguyin dflng chfin d vflng dfi't Thufin Hda
la vflng ngoai vi, ft chiu anh hudng chfnh
sach "Nho giao hda" cua Lfi Thfinh Tong vfi
rafic dfl nha Nguyin "sii dyng hg thtfng thi
cfl Nho hpe nhfl lfi phUdng tien di t u y i n
chpn quan lgi, thi hg thtfng nfiy khfing bao
gid cd t h i so sanh vdi hg thtfng thi cfl da
tflng tdn tgi d Bfic bg" (17) Chfnh vi vfiy,
ngay trong kJ thi Hfldng ddu tidn dUdi thdi
vua Gia Long, td chflc nfim 1807, "khdng ed
trfldng thi Hfldng nfio d phfa Nam dflpc td
chflc" (18) Nfim 1826, sau khi xera xdt ktft
qua kJ thi Hdi vdi 9 ngfldi do ddu lfi ngUdi
Bfic, vua Minh Mgng da ndi r i n g :
"Nay thien ha mpt nhfi, Nam Bfic dfiu lfi
tdi con cua t r i m , cho nfin Nam hitfn thi
dflng Nam, Bfic hitfn thi dflng B^c, khdng
phai cd thifin tfl Va lai hoc trd Nam Bfic
de'u la ngudi d trong giao dye, hoc lUc tfldng
cung khdng hdn kdm nhau, thtf ma nay 9
quyen do dfi'u la ngfldi Bfic lfi sao thfi? Nfin
lya Itfy 1, 2 ngudi tfl Thfla Thifin vfio Nam
Tfl dy nfiy cua vua Minh Mgng vdi J dinh btf sung ngfldi dd dat d phfa Nam, Phan Thanh Gian vi Titfn si khai khoa cua vflng dfi't Nam Bd da dflpc "dd vdt" trong kJ thi nfiy Tinh hinh nfiy dtfn thdi vua Ty Dfle cflng khdng thay dtfi nhitfu Itfm Ban thfin vua Ty Dfle cflng nhfln sy ytfu vfi thitfu truydn thtfng khoa cfl d phfa Nam Trong ban Dy cua mlnh vitft nfim 1853, nhfi vua cho rtfng: "Gdn dfiy trong Chtf khoa, Hgi khoa tfl Quang Blnh trd vtf nam,
ft ngfldi trflng bang Trong dd tfl Phfl Yfin dtfn Hfi Tifin lgi cfing thua thdt" (20)
Rd rfing r i n g vigc md rgng lfinh thtf quiSc gia vtf phfa Nam khdng ty Ig thufln vdi v i ^ gia tfing stf lupng ngfldi dd dat d mitfn Nam Hdn nfla, t u y i n lua, btf sung ngfldi vfio cac
vi tri quan IJ bp may dfl't nfldc d trung fldng vfi dia phfldng Ifi nhu cdu thflc ttf ma nhfi nha Nguyin cdn dap iing DCmg trfldc nhflng thach thflc dd, nhfi Nguyin da cd nhflng chfnh sach rifing cho phfl hdp mfi trong dd dinh them hoc v) Phd bang la mgt trong nhflng chfnh sach dd Trong phdn titfp theo, chung tdi t$p trung di sflu phfin tfch, so sfinh d l Ifim rd efieh thflc nhfi Nguyin tflng thdm stf Iflyng quan chflc cua
bg may nhfi nfldc thdng qua vigc "ndi long" cac ditfu ki$n t u y i n chpn vfi "gia tfing" cac chflc vu btf nhigm cho Phd hang
2 Cflc d i l u k i e n c h p n P h 6 b a n g va xu hfldng g i a m b d t ditfu k i e n quytft dinh
h p e vi P h 6 b&ng t r o n g giai d o a n nufa
s a u c u a t r i e u Nguytfn Trudc khi bfin dtfn xu hfldng giam bdt ditfu kitfn quytft dinh hoc vi Phd bang chflng ta cdn xem xdt cac Phd bang du^c chpn theo tifiu chutfn nfio Theo quy dinh thi cfl cua thdi Nguyin, vigc danh gia ktft
q u i bfii thi Htfi dfla theo phfin stf Triiu lfinh quy djnh nhiing ngudi du diem thi
Trang 5each, nhflng ngudi cd stf dilm ft hdn so vdi
nhflng ngudi triing cdeh nhung dgt stf dilm
chutfn nhtft dinh nfio dfi raa tritfu dinh dUa
ra thi gpi la thii triing each (hay phd trflng
each) Phd bdng lfi nhflng ngfldi dd thti
triing cdch
Dudi day lfi nhiing quy dinh, each thflc
chpn Phd bdng cua nhfi Nguyin qua cac
thdi kJ
Tfl nara 1832 trd di, vua Minh Mgng ddi
tfl phdp thi tu! trii(Jng (4 kJ) sang phdp thi
tam tmdng (3 kJ), gdm bfii thi Chtf nghia 8
vtf (21) d trudng thfl nhfl't; bfii thi thd, phu d
trfldng thfl hai (22), vfi bfii thi vfin sach d
trudng thfl ba Cach tfnh dilm nhU sau: bai
thi nfio van IJ "3 k J dupc 30 phfin trd xuong
vfi 10 phan trd len dupc xtfp vao hgng
chanh trung each; 1 k J khong dfldc phan
nfio raa 2 k J tinh suot dupe 10 phfin trd len
vfi 3 k J tfnh sud't khdng du 10 phfin mfi vfin
t h i ddy du, ti'nh suot dupe 3-4 phfin trd len
dtfn 9 phan thi lfi'y Ifim Phd bang" (23)
Nflm Thigu Tri thfl 2 (1842), cac bfii thi
Hdi du 10 p h a n hofic 9 phan trd len lfi
chanh bang, 8 phan trd xutfng lfi Pho bdng
(24) Dtfn nfim Thidu Tri thfl 4 (1844), trieu
^ n h ddi sang quy dinh ntfu btfi thi nfio vfin
IJ 3 k J tfnh sutft dfldc 10 phfin trd lfin xtfp
vfio hang trflng each; ba k J tfnh suot dfldc 4
phan trd len dtfn 9 phfin vfi 1 k J khfing
dfldc 1 phfin mfi 2 k J tfnh sutft dflpc 10
phfin trd len mdi dfldc Itfy Ifim Phd bang
Cd the thfi'y, dfldi thdi Minh Menh vfi
Thigu Tri, Phd bang la nhflng ngfldi cd
dilm stf (ho^c phan so dilm) ft hdn nhflng
ngfldi do chanh t n i n g each va dflng lai d kJ
thi Hpi, ehi cd nhiing ngfldi dd hang trflng
each mdi titfp tuc dfl k J thi Dinh di phan
dinh thfinh cfic hang Dfi nhtft, Dfi nhi va Dfi
tara giap ddng Titfn si xutft thfin
Tfl ddi vua Tfl Dfle (1847-1884) trd di,
quy dinh chpn Phd bang da thay doi ca ve
quy dinh phan stf dilm iSn each thflc dU thi
t h i hign mong mutfn tim kitfm them nhan tfii cua tridu cfinh Trong giai doan nfiy, nhflng ngudi trflng thi Hpi dflpc xtfp thfinh 2 hgng: chanh trflng each vfi phd trflng each,
diu dUdc dii thi Binh (tuy nhifin nhflng quy
dinh lifin quan dtfn vific Phd bang dupe tham
dy kJ thi Dign eflng vdi cfic Titfn sT lfi khfing hdn tyc) vfi Phd bang dfldc xfic dinh hpe vi dya tren ktft qua eua kJ thi Dinh, Nfira 1851, ddi vua Tfl Dfle nfim thfl 4,
sau gdn 20 nfim thfle hifin phdp thi tam triicfng, vific td ehfle thi Hudng vfi thi Hpi lgi quay vtf phdp thi tii triidng, gdm: kJ de
nhfi't thi Ngu Kinh vfi Tfl thfl; kJ dg nhi thi mpt bfii dgo sach vfi'n de kiem tra kitfn thflc; kJ dfi tam thi chtf, chitfu, bieu mfii thfl
1 bfii vfi kJ de tfl thi thd, phfl moi thfl 1 bai (25) Vdi 4 kJ thi nay, nhflng ngudi cd bai thi Hoi 4 kJ deu do ea tfl 8 phan trd len lfi hang trung cfich; 3 kJ dUdc 9 phan trd len chudn cho eflng vdi nhflng ngudi trflng each
deu vdo thi Bien Ngfiy thi Dign, nha vua
quytft dinh hpe vi Tien si cho nhflng quyln thi tren 4 diem, vfi hpe vi Phd bang cho nhflng quyln thi tfl 3 diera trd xutfng (26) Vfio nhflng nam tiep theo, nhflng quy dinh lfi'y dd dfinh eho Phd bang trong kJ thi Dinh nhidu ldn dUdc vua Tfl Dfle difiu ehinh theo xu hudng giam phan so' dilm Nfim 1858, nhflng ngfldi dfldc 3 dilm trd lfin trong k J thi Dinh dfldc ban danh higu Titfn SI, 2 dilm trd xuong dflpc ban danh higu Phd bang (27) Nam 1865, theo tinh thdn "khoa nfio stf trflng cfich It se lfi'y them Phd bang vfio thi Dinh" (28) cua Tu Dfle, trfldng hpp khoa nfio ed stf ngfldi do ft, cd
t h i lfi'y them Phd bang b i n g each cho thi
lgi ntfu dfldc tfl 3 phan trd lfin cho vfio hang
chanh bang, edn tfl 1 dtfn 2 phan "truaf
lara Phd bang (29) Thang 5 cua nam nay, vua Ty Dfle dfla ra quy dinh mdi dfii vdi
Trang 6Phd bang Nhflng ngfldi thi dd 4 kJ ed phfin
so dilm tfl 7 phfln dfi'n 4 phfin vfi 3 kJ dfl0c
10 phfin lfi thU trung each, cflng vitft chung
mdt bang vfi dtfu cho vfio thi Dinh Trong
lflc dy thi Dinh thi khdng gpi lfi Phd bang,
dpi sau khi thi Dinh xong mdi djnh Chfinh
vfi Phd bang (30)
Dtfn day chflng ta cd t h i thfi'y, trfldc dfiy
Phd bang dflpc djnh ngay tfl khi thi Hdi,
khdng vdo diC thi Binh, nhflng tfl nfla sau
eua thtf ky XIX, Phd bang cflng vdi nhflng
ngfldi trflng 4 kJ thi Hpi eflng vfio dfl thi
Dinh Rd rfing eho dtfn thdi dilm nfiy, nhfi
Nguyin da efi chfnh sach ndi long trong
difi'u kign thara dU kJ thi cutfi cflng Thi
Dinh trd thfinh kJ thi chung eho ca Titfn si
vfi Phd bang
Tuy nhien, vigc ndi Idng dieu kifin tham
dy k J thi Dinh cua vua Tfl Dfle cung khfing
Ifim thay do'i cd ban vigc t u y i n chpn thfira
nhfin tfii vfio giai doan cuoi cua the ky XIX,
khi ma Nho hoc dfi di vao chieu hUdng suy
giam Nfim 1874, chfnh vua TU Dfle da phai
sfic cho Bp L l rfing:
"Qufic trieu ta ve khoa thi Tien si nfim
trudc mdi khoa Itfy dd nhidu tlfl hdn 10 ngfldi,
it ciing 7 - 8 ngfldi; thtf mfi gdn day ngfldi dd
it, thfira chf cd khoa chi cd 3 - 4 ngUdi, cd Id
hpe nghigp khdng b i n g trfldc, hay lfi cfiu ng
ve mflc thfldc qufi mfi thtf chfing ? Khdng
the thi trudc kia Phd bang theo Ig khdng
dUdc phue thf [thi Dign], mfi ngudi dd cao
sao lgi the; gdn dfiy, chudn cho Phd bang
cung dfldc phflc thf, sao Itfy dd lgi ngfiy kdm
di" (31) v a dd nghi bg L l bfin dinh lgi phdp
thi Theo dd, quy dinh mdi nhflng ngfldi thi
4 kJ dfldc 8 phfin dUtjc xtfp vfio hang trflng
each, thi Dinh khdng phai trufi't nfla vfi 4
ky dfldc 4 phfin dtfn 7 phfin vfi 3 k J dfldc 10
phan lfi Pho bdng (32) Nhflng tren thflc te,
kJ thi phflc hach Cfl nhfin trflng cfich nfim
1875 vi so trflng each ft nfin cac quyln thi 4
k J 4 phfln trd lfin vfi 3 k J 7 phfin dtfu dflijc xtfp vfio thfl trflng cfich vfi cho vfio thi Dinh (33) Ntfu 80 sflnh quy dinh nfiy vdi nhflng quy djnh trUdc dd thi d i l m khflc bi$t cd t h i nhgn thfi'y lfi phfln stf dilm d l trd thfinh
thfl trflng each trong k J thi Hfii gidm ddng kdtti 10 phfln, xutfng 9, 8 phfln vfi cho dtfn
nflm 1875 xutfng cdn cd 7 phfin
Sau k J thi H^i td ehfle vfio thfing 3 nfim
1877, vi stf trflng eflch qufi ft, quan trfldng dtf nghj nhfi vua chtfp nhfln cho nhflng ai dgt 6 phfin trd lfin lfi trflng cfich, 6 phfin trd xutfng lfi thfl trung cfich, tfi't ca ddu dUpc phflc thf vfi ntfu dgt 3 phfln trd lfin thi xtfp
hgng Titfn si, 2 ph&n trd xudng Id xdp hgng Phd bdng (34)
Nfira 1879, quy dinh cho Phd bang vfio
dy thi Dinh da bi bai vi IJ do ^i trfldc day
do sd triing it nfin cho Phd bang vfio thi
Dinh vi khfing rautfn bd sdt nhfin tfii nhflng
"lfi'y nhidu khdng the khdng Igm" (35) Dtfn nfim 1880, quy dinh nay dfl^c nfiu ro them:
"hgng trflng each dflpc thi phuc haeh 6 didn, Phd bang thi mien thi phflc hach" (36) Quy dinh lfi vfiy, nhflng trfin thflc ttf,
do nfira fi'y, ca stf ngfldi trflng efieh vfi Phd bang lfi 13 ngfldi, vua Ty Dfle cho lfi ft nen
"dfi'u cho tfi't ca vfio thi Dinh" (37) Thdi vua Kitfn Phuc (1884), quy dinh
Phd bang khdng dfldc dfl kJ thi Hinh vfin
titfp tyc duy tri vfi nhQng ngUdi cd ktft qua thi 4 kJ thdng tfnh dU0c 5, 6 phfln vfi 3 kJ thfing tinh dfl^c 7 phfin dflye cdng nhfln Phd bang (38) Trudng h(?p Phd bang khdng dy
kJ thi Dinh thi tfin tudi eua hp se dfldc quan
trfldng ytft bang sau khi thi db Vigc dUa Phd
bang trd lgi tham dfl 1^ thi EHnh dfldc thyc hign dfldi thdi vua Hfim Nghi Nflm 1885,13 ngfldi trflng each vfi thfl trflng cfich ciia kJ thi Hpi ddu thara dy k J thi EHnh, sau dd nhfi vua mdi dinh chanh bang vfi Phd bang (39) Quy djnh nfiy duyc titfp tyc duy tri tdi thdi vua Thfinh Thfii (40)
Trang 7Nhflng gi da trinh bfiy 5 trfin cho thfi'y
nha Nguyin cd xu hUdng giam cflc ditfu
kign trong vigc lya chpn Phd bang Tuy
Bdng 1 Cdc khoa thi cd aiPhd bdng bdng aiTtin si
Khoa thi
1838
1849
1851
1880
Ti^n si
10
12
10
5
Phfi binR
10
12
10
5
Bangs Cdc khoa thi c6 aiPhd bdng liy nhiiu han Tiin ul
Khoa thi
1844
1848
1865
1868
1871
1884
1895
1898
1901
1910
1919
T i ^ n a i
10
8
3
4
3
3
8
8
9
4
7
Ph6 bfinn
16
14
13
12
5
4
12
9
13
19
16
Ngudn: Cao XuAn Due (2001), QuA: irifu khoa hdng luc, Nxb VAn hoc,
Ha Nai
nhifin, stf ligu thtfng kfi vtf stf ngUdi d l Titfn
SI vfi Phd bang vfi so sanh tUdng quan thi
cd t h i thfi'y rd tfl sau thdi vua Ty Dfle trd di
so ngfldi lfi'y Phd bang lgi tfing lfin
Hai bang tren cho thtfy cd 4 khoa thi
(vfio cac nam 1838, 1849, 1851 va 1880)
tritfu dinh Itfy so Phd bang vfi Titfn si lfi
tUdng dUdng nhau; 11 khoa thi cd stf Phd
bang nhitfu hdn so Titfn si, nhfl cac khoa thi
nfira 1844 Ifl'y do 15 Phd bang trong khi ehi
Itfy ed 10 Titfn si (ty lfi Phd bang - Titfn si lfi
15-10), khoa thi 1848 ty lfi nfiy lfi 14-8,
rifing khoa thi nfim 1865 vfi 1868 stf Phd
bang dflyc chpn gtfp 3 ldn hofic g i n 3 ldn so
Titfn SI theo ty lfi: 13-3 vfi 12-4, t h a m ehf
nfim 1910 stf Phd bang gtfp gdn 5 ldn so
Titfn si vdi ty lfi 19 Phd bang va 4 Titfn si
Mfic dfl cd 2 khoa thi lfi 1889 vfi 1892 nhfi
Nguyin khdng Itfy mfit vi Phd bang nfio ca nhflng stf lidu eho thfi'y tfl thdi vua Minh Mgng, Thidu Tri da cd nhflng trUdng h^p stf ngfldi do thfl trung each nhitfu bing stf ngudi do trflng etfeh, va sang dtfn thdi vua Ty Dfle trd di thi ed tdi gdn 1/3 stf khoa thi (10/34 khoa thi) ed stf Phd bang nhifi'u hdn stf Titfn si Nhu vfiy, tfl nfla sau thdi Nguyin trd di chflng ta bfit gfip thyc ttf lfi stf Ifldng Phfi bang dfldc trifi'u dinh lya chon tfing lfin trong khi difi'u kifin chpn Phd bang cd xu hfldng giam di Cd le nhfim cung ctf hdn vi tri, vai trd eua Phd hang, nhfi Nguyin khfing dflng lgi d viee giam didu kign, tfing stf lupng lfi'y
do rafi edn gia tfing thfim fin diln dfinh eho nhiing ngUdi do Phd bang
ma chflng tfii se trinh bay d phdn titfp theo
3 A n d i e n va q u a n chuTc
d a n h c b o P h o b a n g n g a y c a n g gia t a n g
Thfing thudng, ctfc fin diln ma tridu (finh dfinh cho ngfldi thi do Titfn si ndi chung gdm cd ghi ten trfin bang vfing, khfie tfin trfin bia Titfn si, fin ytfn, thfim vudn thuyng uyin, vinh quy bfii to vfi ban cho chflc tflde, bong Idc An diln eua trifi'u Nguyen doi vdi Phd bang ban ddu ed nhiing khac bigt nhfl't dinh nhung theo thdi gian, nhQng fln diln nfiy ngay cfing cd xu hUdng gdn gitfng vdi fin dien dfinh cho Titfn si
Sy phfln bigt fln diln gifla nhflng ngfldi
do Titfn si vfi Phd bang trfldc htft t h i hien d ngfiy truydn Id vfi vi tri treo bang Nhiing ngudi dd Titfn si dUdc ghi tfin vfio danh stfch Hoang bang, vitft trfin gitfy long d i n g hofic
long tifin; nhiing ngudi dh Phd bang dude
ghi tfin vfio danh sach Phd bang, viet tren gitfy hdng ditfu Ngfiy truytfn Id, bang ghi
Trang 8tfin ngudi do Titfn si (Hofing bang) dfl^c d^t
d dign Thai Hda, vfi bang ghi tfin ngfldi dd
Phd bdng dgt d Ta Dai Lgu Vign Sau khi
truyfi'n lfi, Hofing bang dU0e treo d Phu Vfin
Lfiu, Phfi bang dfl(?e dUa tfl T i Dai Lgu
Vion ra theo efla ta eiia Ngp Mdn theo
Hofing bang de'n Phu Vfin Lfiu nhUng treo d
gian hflu (41) Cd t h i hilu \k Titfn sT dUfjfc
ghi ten d bang mfiu vfing vfi Phd bang dii(fc
de ten d bang mfiu dd, cflng treo trfin Phu
Vfin Lfiu trflde Ngp Mfin (42) nhflng khac
mdt chflt ve vi tri
Cfing d giai dogn sau eiia tridu Nguyin,
Phd bang cfing dfinh dU0e sfl quan tfim, tdn
vinh nha't dinh eua trifi'u dinh Nfim Tfl
Dfle thfl 1 (1848), Phd bang dflpc cho vinh
quy bdi td gid'ng nhfl nhflng vi do Titfn si
(43) Den nfira Tu Dfle thfl 4 (1851), nhflng
ngudi dd Phd bang deu dupe dfl thi Chtf
khoa vfi ngfldi do dUde gpi lfi Bac hpe hofinh
tfl dg nha't (de nW hay dg tam) giap eat si
cfip de hay xutft than Mu ao cua Cat si so
vdi Tien si deu gia lfin mdt bfic Kfi't qua eua
khoa thi nfiy, Phd bang Vfl Duy Thanh do
Bae hpe hofinh tfl de nhtft gifip Cfit si cfip
dg dg nhi danh vfi Phd bang Nguyin Thfti
do Dfi nhi gifip Cat si cfip dg dg nhi danh
(44) Ddi vua Thfinh Thai nfim thfl 13
(1901), Phd bang eung diictc cdp mil do
(gdm 1 mu Ddng Pha, 1 ao giao lanh, 1
qudn xanh eflng htft khfln vfi gifiy tfi't) va
ngiia trgm vinh quy (45) Cang ve sau, fin
diln cua trieu dinh dfinh cho Phd bang
cfing gdn gitfng vdi Titfn sT
Sau khi thi dd, Phd bang dU0c trifi'u dinh
bd dyng vfio bd may quan chflc nhfi nfldc
Xit ve thfl bflc chflc vy, phdm hfim, Phd
bang luon dflng sau ngUdi do D$ tam giap
ddng Tifi'n si xutft thfin rapt ctfp tfnh tfl
xufi't phat dilm ddu tifin, Vf du, theo quy
dinh nfim 1865, rafic dfl do cflng khoa thi,
trong khi Phd bang dfl^c bd nhigra chflc
Bifin tu (tfldng dfldng phtfra hfim 7a) thi nhflng ngfldi dd Dg tam giflp ddng Titfn si xufi't thfln dfldc btf nhigm chflc Tu sogn (tfldng dfldng p h i m hfim 6a) (46) Ntfu nhfl
d phdn trfin chflng ta tha'y cflc ditfu kign xfit chpn Phd bang ngfiy cang giara ddn theo thdi gian, d^c bigt lfi tfl nfla cudi thdi Nguydn trd di, thi trong phdn nfiy, qua cac phfln tfch vtf vigc btf nhigra Phd bang vfi so sfinh phdra hfira, chflng tfii ctf gfing Ifim ro chfnh sach gia tfing fln diln cua nhfi Nguyin trong vigc bd dyng quan Igi vdi Phfi bang qua cfic thdi kJ
6 thdi kJ ddu, theo quy dinh cua Minh Mgng, nflm 1829, nhflng ngfldi do Phd bang dflye bd Ifim Hfin lara vign Kilm thao (47),
tUdng dudng tdng thdt phdm (7b) vfi trd
thfinh Ig vinh viln (48) Tuy nhifin, trfin thUc ttf, theo tira h i l u cua chung tfli, Ig nfiy
"khflng trd thfinh vinh vien" vfi cfing vd sau Phd bang dfi duye bd nhigra nhiing chflc vy vfi phtfra hfira cao hdn Va cd nhflng trfldng hpp, tfl xutft phat ban ddu lfl Phd bang, nhitfu ngUdi da ddn ddn thflng titfn theo thdi gian vfi nfim gifl nhitfu ehfle vy trpng trfieh trong trifiu dinh
Dilm ddu tifin d l nhfin thfl'y lfi chi 9 nflm sau quy dinh Phd bang dU0c bo Hfin Ifim Vign kilra thao, tfl nflm 1838, nhiing ngudi do Phd bang dflpc btf Ifin tdi ddng Tri
phu, tupng dfldng tdng ngU phdm (5b) vfi Id
nfly dflpe duy tri cho dtfn nflm Thigu Tri thfl 2 (1842) NSm 1836, efie Phd hang lfi
Vu Ngpc Gifi vfi Dinh Vfin Minh da dfl^c bo tfl Kiem thao lfin tdi Ddng Tri phii (49) Dtfn nfim Thigu Tri thfl 4 (1844), cfic
chflc Hoc chfnh (tr&t tbng ttJt phdm 4b), Giao t h y (trgt tbng ngU phdm 5b) dtfu Itfy
Phd bang xufi't thfin bd vfio (50) Dtfn thfing
9 cflng nfim, Thigu Tri lai cho dinh lai lfi b l thy Phfi bang Ntfu nhu trudc kia Phfi hang
da giQ cac chflc Kilm thao se dfldc thfing
Trang 9ddng Tri phu hofic thy ddng Tri phii thi dtfn
day sfl phan bo dupe ro rfing hdn: Phd bang
thflng btf Tri huygn, coi nhu thy ddng Tri
phii bd ngay Tri huygn hang ddu (51) tflc la
tfldng dfldng chanh lyc phdm (6a) Vf dy
cho dinh Ig nay la trudng hpp Phd bang Lfi
Dang Trac, tfl ehd lfi Hfin Ifim vign Kilm
thao, ddng Tri phu, flng duye thfing btf Hfin
Iflm vign Tu sogn, quytfn Tri huygn huygn
Quang Difi'n (52) tflc Ifi thflng tfl ham tdng
tha't phdm (7b) len tdng Iyc phdm (6b)
Den nfim Ty Dfle thfl 1 (1848), nhQng
dia phudng khuyfi't chflc Dd'c hpe (chanh
ngu phdm 5a) thi cd t h i lfi'y Phd bang btf
vfio (53) Nfira 1850, Tfin sinh dfl trflng Phfi
bang bfit ddu cho hfira Hfin Ifim vign Bien
tu (7a), gap khi cd khuyfi't chflc Tri phu thi
se bd thy Chu sU thfing quyln Tri phu (5b)
(54) Nfira Tfl Dfle nfim thfl 8 (1855), cfic
Phd bang, ntfu trfldc kia dflpc bd thy ddng
Tri phii hoac Tri huyen thi deu thong nhfi't
bd ddng Tri huyfin (6a) (55) Nfim 1856, nhfi
Nguyin dinh le cfl'p lUdng cho Tien si vfi
Phd bang trong dd, Phd bang bd Kiem thao
va Titfn si dg tara giap bo Bifin tu deu dupe
ctfp moi vien 3 quan 5 tien, 3 efin ddu dtft
ddn (56)
Tfl nfira Tfl Dfle thfl 15 (1862), Phd bang
bfit ddu dude trao hfira Tu soan (6b) trong
khi trflng Tara gifip thi b i t ddu trao cho
hfim Trfldc tfic (6a), do Dg nhi gifip trao cho
hfim Thfla ehi (5b) (57) Ba nfira sau, 1865,
Ty Dfle dfinh lai lfi bd quan, theo dd ngfldi
do Phd bang t h y hfim Kilm thao (7b), ddy 1
nfim thflng Tri huygn (6b), thy Ddng Tri
phu hofle thfl Ddng tri phu linh huygn
dflng ddu trong tinh (6a) (58) Thang 6 cua
nflm nfiy, Tfl Dfle lai dinh lfi, nhflng ngfldi
do Phd bang bat ddu eho thy hfim Bifin tu
(7a)
Mac dfl sau nhifi'u ldn thay doi quy dinh
trong vific bo nhifim vi tri quan chflc cho
Phfi bang theo xu hfldng tfing lfin, thi dtfn gdn euoi thdi Ty Dfle, Phd bang Igi quay trd
vd nhgn hfim Bifin tu (7a) cho xufi't phat dilm ddu tifin nhflng vfln cao hdn quy dinh thdi Minh Mgng chi tfldng dfldng phdm hfim 7b
Vfi xdt d vi tri bd nhidm quan chflc, chflng ta cd t h i thfl'y r i n g , mfic dfl efing vtf
sau, diiu ki^n ldy dd Phd bdng edng gidm
nhUng vi tri chflc vy mfi cac Phd bang nhan
d\ic}c ngfiy cfing cao hdn Bang thtfng kfi cac
chflc quan ma tritfu Nguyen bo nhifim cho cac Phd bang dUdi day cho thfi'y c6 Ie Phd bang khdng phai la "rfio can" de nhQng ngUdi do dgt nfim efie vi tri eao trong trifi'u dinh (xem bang 3) (59)
Chflc vu eao nhtft rafi nhflng ngudi xutft thfin tfl Phd bang da tflng nfim gifl trong bd
mfiy trieu dinh thdi Nguyen lfi ThiiOng thu,
hfim chanh nhi phdm (2a) Do Dfing De (dfi khoa 1842), Le Ba Thfin (dfl khoa 1848), Dofin v a n Binh" (1848), Dfing Dfle Dich (dl khoa 1849), Bfli Vfin Di (do khoa 1865), Hfi Vfin Quan (do khoa 1865), Nguyen Thufit (do khoa 1868) lfi 7 ngudi gifl chflc Thfldng thfl cac hd (bd Ll, bfl Lai, bd Cfing, bfl Binh) vfi Cao Xuan Tieu (do khoa 1895) la ngfldi dfldc nhfin hfira Thfldng thfl Dd lfi chua k l tdi Lara Chutfn, dd khoa thi nam 1868, lfi Tham tri bd Cdng, sung Hai phdng sfl efla
b l Thufin An tuSn titft, dflpe truy phong Thfldng thu (60) Xfit vtf khoa thi thi ca 9 vi gifl chflc, hfim Thfldng thfl hay truy phong Thfldng thu deu la nhflng ngfldi dd Phd bang tfl thdi vua Ty Dfle trd di Ditfu nfiy cho phfip ehung ta nghi tdi gia thitft trudc
dd, thdi vua Thigu Tri vfi Minh Mang, Phd bang chfla dUdc bd nhifim dtfn hfim chfinh nhi phdjn- Ben canh ThUdng thU, stf lupng
efie Phd bang gifl chflc Tdng ddc, NgU su", Tham tri, Tudn phu thufic hfim nhi phdm
eung lfin tdi xtfp xi tren 50 Ifldt Ngofii ra tfl
Trang 10Bing 3 Phdm hfim v& chflc vy mfi cfic Ph6 bfing thAi Nguydn tflng n i m gifl
Ph^m hfkm
Chdnh nhi phim (2a}
Tbng nhi phim (2b)
Chdnh tam phim (Sa)
Tbng tam phim (3b)
Chdnh m phim (4a)
Tbng tii phdm (4b)
Chdnh nga phim (5a)
Tbng ngu phim (5b)
Chdnh luc phim (6a)
Tdng luc phim (6b)
Chdnh thit phim (7a)
Tbng thit phim (7b)
Chdnh bdt phim (8a)
Chtfcvy IIAm IhOpbiOndpi hpe BI Thil:jnK thu, hflm ThUqlriR thi/, truy phonK ThUtjnR thu Trfii R drfc
NKWHi HAm Thai tii Thifiu hao Tham tri
TuSn pbu vh (hflm) Tuin phii
Ph6 DO iiKvr siJi Thi lanR
P h i Doan (phu ThftaThifln) Bffch&nh
(H4m)quanKlOc 6n86t
LanR trunpE (H&m) Thj dOc hgc BI
Phu thila Phu ThCfa Thi6n
(Hdm) QuanK i^ tif thifiu khanh
Chi/cing fin Tir nRhi^p Quan ddo Thj Kiani; bpc si
H6nfi Id vk (hdm) H^nR Id
(Hftm) Thi d$c Vien ngo^i lang Doc hpe Ph6 Quan d^o Tri phu (Hdm) Thira chJ (Him)ThiRianB (Hdm)TrU6clac Chu sV(b9 Hinh, bg Lni) Dflntt Tri phu
Tu Bo^n vk (hdm) Tu soon
Tri huv$n Giao Ihy Kinh lich
Kidm thao vk (hdm) Ki^m thao
Hutfn d^o
Si lUtfag
2
7 + 1 + 1
11
8
1
15
1
3
16
1
17
4
5
1
2
4
2
1 + 2
2
20
1
16
1
1
2
9
2+ 1
21
6
1
3 + 1
3
Ngufin: Cao XuOn Due (2001) Qu^c tritu khoa hdng li/c Nxb Vtn hpe, Hft N^i
hfim chanh b a t phtfm dtfn chanh t a m
phfim, htfu n h u d chflc vi^ ntfo cung ed
ngudi dd Phd bang dfli?c nhfi N g u y i n tin
tudng giao cho chflc vu Trong dd Tri phu,
Bong Tri phu, Tri huyin, Doc hgc lfi cac vi
t r i dfldc nhifi'u Phd b a n g nfim gifl nhfi't
Nhin chung khi xem xfit chtf dg bo d^ng quan l^i cho bg may ehfnh quytfn nhfi nfldc cua thdi N g u y i n ehflng t a cd t h i thfi'y m^t ditfu: theo thdi gian, c\i thtf hdn, tfl thdi Ti^ Dfle trd di, trong khi ditfu kifin quytft dinh hoc vi Phd bang ngfiy cfing giam thi stf Phfi