M$c dfl chi tdn tpi dupc 1 nfim sau ngfiy thfinh l§p nhUng mflc dd anh hudng ciia Dang rtft quan trpng bdi cfic myc tifiu: "Ifim thfle d^y chii nghia ydu nUdc cila tfi't ca mpi ngudi df
Trang 1PHONG TRAO D A N TOC 0 INDONESIA VA MALAYA TRONG NITA D A U T H E KY XX - M O T S O SO S A N H
L^ TUdNG VAN*
Trong bfii "Vfin d l dfin tdc vfi phUdng
thUc hinh dung vl cdng ddng dfin
tdc trong nhflng chuyin biln cua t h i gidi",
tfic gia cho r4ng: kit qua ciia ldn sdng thic
tinh cua chu nghia ddn tdc Iln thtl nhfi^t
diln ra d Tfiy Au vfi Bfic My trong t h i ki
XVII, XVIII "lfi sy hinh thfinh cfic nhfi nUdc
- dfin tdc hi|n dpi (nation-state)" vfi "lfi thdi
k^ ra ddi cua khfii ni^m "chu nghia dfin
tfic" {nationalism)" (1) Tiln trinh tilp theo
nhu lai du^c chi ra bdi Clive J Christie
trong Lich si Ddng Nam A hiin dgi: diing
vfio llic d chfiu Au, cfic quoc p a • dfin tdc
dang xuit hidn thi ban thfin cfic quSc gia dd
lpi dU^c cung cd' thfinh cfic d l c h l cd tfnh
tofin ciu b^ng vi$c thilt Ifip d tofin bd Ddng
Nam A (DNA) cfic thudc dja cua hp chi
trong mdt thdi gian ngfin din ngpc nhidn tCt
nfim 1820 din 1900 (2) NhU v^y, chu nghia
dfin tdc (CNDT) trUdc t h i ki XX g^n vdi
quan nidm vl "de chl" (empire) h\ giai cflTp
tu san Idi dyng da trd thfinh cdng cy die
lyc dl tranh dopt khdng gian sinh tin
Chfnh trong qufi trinh tfy, "chu nghia dfin
tdc" dupc lan truyin din chfiu A vfi DNA
cing vdi sy bfinh trUdng cija chii nghia
thyc dan, chia nghia d l quSc Phong trfio
dfin tdc d DNA dIu t h i ki XX biing n l dudi tfic ddng ciia sy phfit triln ngfiy cfing cao ^ thiic h i tu tudng dfin tdc chii nghia (DTCN)
bfit ngudn tilt mdt sS chiiu kich quan trpng
nhu d Nh^t Ban, An Dd, Trung Qudc cull
t h i ki XIX dfiu t h i kl XX hay cfic tinh thfin
"quyln dfin tdc ty quylt", "ty do", "hda blnh" dupc d l c$p trong H$ thdng Hda Udc Versailles vfi ChUdng trinh 14 dilm ctia Ting thdng Mi W.Wilson rfi't thu hut sy quan tfim ciia nhfin dfin cfic nUdc thudc dia
d DNA, cudc Cfich mpng thfing 10 Nga thfinh c6ng dUa din sy truyin bfi h§ tU tudng Mfic-xft-Lfi-ninnft vfi sy phi biln chii nghia cdng san trong khu vyc ty th$p ni&n
1920 trd di Trong bfii canh dd, nhfin dfin DNA da nhanh chdng thtJtc tinh, giUdng cao ngpn Cd dfin t^c, tiln hfinh cfic phong trfio
DTCN chd'iig chu nghia di quIc, chii nghia
thyc dfin, gifinh ddc Iftp vfi binh ding, d tiing nUdc, tiiy theo hofin canh cy thi, cfic phong trfio dfin tdc theo duli cfic con dUdng
di din ddc l$p h i t sure phong phu Hai qudc gia Indonesia vfi Malaya vin
ciing thudc vl 'Hhi gidi Malay" trong khu
vyc DNA bdi cd ciing t^ tien lfi ngudi Malay, cd ngdn ngfl chung lfi tiing Malay
Trang 2tit thdi cfic VUdng qudc cl Malacca vfi
Srivijaya ciing chia se ban sfic vfin hda
Malay vfi cfic phong tyc t§p qufin Malay, cd
dpo Hdi lfi tdn giao chung ciia hfiu hit cU
dfin (dfic bidt 5 cac viing buon bfin chii ylu),
c6 ca'u triic chfnh tri vdi nhilu ndt tUdng
ddng Song, do nhiing "kiln tpo ddc dofin"
cua thyc dfin, " th i gidi Malay" bi chia ra
thfinh Malaya thudc Anh vfi Indonesia
thudc Hfi Lan (3) Mfit khfic, do cilng thudc
vl "thi gidi Hdi gido" ndn ca hai quIc gia
Indonesia vfi Malaya cxlng hUdng din mdt
siic manh anh hudng mang tfnh t6n gifio tU
ben ngofii lfi phong trdo cdi cdch Hdi gido
da vfi dang diln ra 6 Trung D6ng tilt cufii
t h i ki XIX Phong trfio don dudng cho cong
cudc hi^n dpi hda tu tudng ciia dao Hdi,
tilp thu nhflng thfinh tUu khoa hpe vfi tu
tudng mdi trong thdi ki Phye hiXng tpi chfiu
Au, tim toi tfl trong gifio ly ciia dpo Hdi
nhflng CO sd thyc hipn "chu quyln nhan
dan", "tu do ca nhan" d l trd ndn hidn dpi
hdn Phong trfio nfiy cdn md ra budc ngofit
vl tinh thfin DTCN trong ton gifio t h i hien
qua khuynh hUdng "Dgi Hdi gido" vfi tinh
thfin dodn kit Hdi gido (pan-Islamism)
toan t h i gidi trong cupc dfi'u tranh chd'ng
chii nghia thyc dan, giai phdng dfin tpc
dang diln ra sdi nii d Iran, Tho Nhi E , Ai
Cfip Trong nhflng nfim gifla hai cudc
chien tranh t h i gidi, cfin cfl trgn cO sd lich
sijt chung ciia vung qufin dao, tu tudng
"pan-Malay" lfi tU tudng dofin kit tofin t h i
ngudi Malay vfi tu tudng "Indonesia
RayafMalaya Raya" (Greater
Indonesia/Greater Malaya) lfi tu tUdng
hinh thfinh mdt qud'e gia ddc Ifip bao triim
ca hai thUc the Malaya vfi Indonesia da
dupc hinh thfinh vfi thiic diy
Dya trdn cfich tilp cfin lich sii vfin
hda-chi'nh tri, bfii vilt se phfin tfch qufi trinh
phat trien phong trfio dfin tdc ciia mSi nudc
trong khoang thdi gian tfl dfiu t h i ki XX
din trudc T h i chiln II, ddng thdi dfit chung trong mdi lign h§ vdi nhau bdi rtft nhilu dilm kit n^i ty nhign gifla hai khu vyc Bfii vilt ciing budc dfiu ndu ra mdt vfii nh^n x6t
cd tfnh chfft so sfinh v l dfic diem, tfnh chfft ciia phong trfio dfin tdc d hai quIc gia Indonesia vfi Malaya
1 Phong trfio dfin t^c d Indonesia Tpi thdi dilm chuyin giao tii t h i ki cii
sang t h i ki mdi, nhflng "hat gidng" ciia chu nghia dfin tdc bfit dfiu "nay mfim" trfin manh dtft Indonesia, mfi ngUdi dfiu ti§n gieo mfim chii nghia dfin tpc, thfip sfing Ien ngpn duoc dfi^u tranh cho ty do ciia Indonesia lpi lfi mot phy nfl tre ngudi Java
- tiiu thu Raden A Kartini (4), con gai quan Nhiep chfnh xfl Japara Dupc tilp thu nin giao dye phUdng Tfiy tfl rfi't sdm va dUOc tilp xflc vdi cac trfio lUu tU tudng chau
Au thdi cfln dpi, Kartini da dUa tU tudng khai sang din vdi ngUdi dan Indonesia, dfic biet la khat vong v l nhflng cd hgi ldn hdn cho phu nfl Hdi giao Tu tudng cua Kartini
md ra mot chUOng mdi trong tinh thfin dan tdc cua ngUdi ban dia Indonesia, bfit dfiu tfl phong trfio thiic dfiy sU tien bo vfin hda - xa hpi Indonesia, tien tdi thfinh Ifip mot to chflc chfnh tri nhUng v5n Ifi^y vfin h6a Ifim
cd sd hfinh ddng: Boedi Oetomo • BO (Nd lUc vinh quang) Cac nhfi lanh dpo BO, gdm
nhflng tri thflc tre Java tilp thu nin giao dye eiia Hfi Lan, dfit ra nhipm vu "tim kilm nhflng ylu t l hinh thfinh nen mot dan toe, mpt quoc gia" - theo nghia dd, vSn h6a dupc xem nhu lfi mdt thfinh t l nin tang vfi dya trdn "sy hyp nhfi't gifla cac gifi tri chfiu Au vfi eae gia tr; Java", eae trf thflc tre hy vong s€ thuc dfiy nin vfin hda mdi ciia Indonesia
(5) Ddy thUc chdt Id con diidng xdc dinh bdn sac van hda ddn tdc Indonesia dUa trin nin tdng hiin dgi hda Sau sy khdi dfiu dd,
phong trfio dan tpc Indonesia co thdm sy
Trang 3gdp m$t ciia nhflng ngUdi phi bfin dja tfl
nfim 1912 vdi t l chflc Indies Party (6) M$c
dfl chi tdn tpi dupc 1 nfim sau ngfiy thfinh
l§p nhUng mflc dd anh hudng ciia Dang rtft
quan trpng bdi cfic myc tifiu: "Ifim thfle d^y
chii nghia ydu nUdc cila tfi't ca mpi ngudi
dfin Indonesia ddi vdi vflng dfi't dfi nudi
dudng hp, hpp tfic vdi ngUdi ban dja dya
trdn nguyen tfie binh ding vl chfnh trj;
mang lpi cho dfi't nUdc Indonesia sy thjnh
vUpng; vfi chufin bj cho mQt quIc gia dfin
t6c ddc l$p" (7) Dudng nhu, dfly lfi lfin dfiu
tien myc tidu ddc ldp cho Indonesia dUpc
dfit ra Dilu dfing ndi lfi, myc ticu dd dupe
dUa ra bdi nhflng ngUdi nh$p cU lpi cfing
kfeh thfch mpnh mS ^ thfle dfin tdc ciia cfic
trf thflc ban dia Tu tudng v l sy thinh
VUpng vfi nin dpc l§p eho dit nUdc
Indonesia d l lpi nhilu fim hudng trong
phong trfio DTCN ciia Indonesia d giai
doan sau
Cung trong thfip ki dfiu tiSn ciia t h i ki
XX, dpo Hdi d Indonesia dfi xufi't hidn vdi
m6t dipn mao hofin tofin mdi tren tinh thfin
dofin kit Hdi gifio (pan-Islamism) da ddng
vai trd Ifi cd sd de tap hdp qudn chiing dd'u
tranh chdng chu nghia thUc ddn Tinh thfin
doan kit Hoi giao dUa din cho ngUdi
Indonesia sfle mpnh gfin kit xa hdi chUa
tflng cd trong ljch sii T6n gifio vfi'n da dUpc
coi lfi thfinh tfi* cd sfle tfip hpp mpnh nhit,
dfic bi|t khi ton gifio dd lfi dpo Hdi thi lpi
cfing trd n6n ed ^ nghia hon nhilu dfii vdi
Indonesia bdi vi hfiu h i t ngudi Indonesia lfi
tfn dd Hdi giao Phong trfio Serakat Islam
-SI (Hdi Lien hiip Hoi gido) duyc thfinh l§p
nfim 1911 do dfi dd trd thdnh phong trdo
nhdn ddn rdng ldn ddu tiin vd cung Id duy
nhdt d Indonesia Ngofii nhflng myc tieu
tdn giao chiu anh hudng eiia tinh thfin cai
each Hdi giao b Trung Dong, SI cung cfing
khai tu tudng ehfnh trj: "iing hd sfl th^ng
nhfCt ch^t che ciia tfft cS mpi ngUdi dfln
Indonesia di tpo thfinh mdt dfin tde" dfi'u
tranh "dpt dUpc quyln ty trj ho$c ft nhtft lfi quyln dUpc cd tiing ndi trong cfic vfi'n d l
eiia drft nUdc" (8) Hdi ddng Nhdn ddn
(Volksraad) dUpc thfinh Ifip lfi thfinh qua ciia cudc dfi'u tranh dd vfi dUpc xem nhU lfi bude di dfiu ti6n tiln tdi c h l dd ty trj Tuy nhiln, tfl nfim 1919, SI bfit dfiu phai dfii phd vdi nhilu thfich thflc mdt mflt do chfnh chfnh sfich tfing cudng dfin fip ciia chfnh quyln, mjjlt khfic do bd ph$n lanh dpo ciia
SI cd sy chia r€ Ba nhdm dUpc hinh thfinh tfl sy ehia rS cua SI lfi: Nhdm ciia lanh ty Tjokroaminoto t$p hpp gidi quan ehfle d cfic dja phUdng; nhdm cua Haji Agus Salim ti3u bilu cho lyc lUpng Hdi gifio; vfi nhfim ciia cfic nhfi xa hdi chii nghia do Hendrik Sneevliet dflng dfiu Moi nhfim trong sy cpnh tranh diu khfing djnh vai trd chfnh trj eiia minh: Trong khi Tjokroaminoto ehuyin sang thfl dieh vdi chfnh phii Hfi Lan vfi phai chju nhilu tin th^t ldn thi
nhfim Hdi gifio lpi quay sang thfinh Ifip td chic Muhammadiyah theo duli chii trUdng
cai efieh dpo Hfii vfi lya chpn "nguydn tfic phi chfnh trj" mdt efieh efi ehu ^ (9) Ngay tfl nhflng ngfiy dfiu thfinh l$p, Muhammadiyah da chflng td nd khdng ehi lfi td' chflc cua ngUdi Java mfi lfi ciia ngUdi Hdi gifio tofin Indonesia Tfnh dfin tdc vUpt trdi dd k i t hpp vdi nhflng ndi dung hopt ddng mang tfnh xa hdi lfi nguydn nhfin thfinh cdng ctia Muhammadiyah; Nhdm cfic nhfi xa hdi chii nghia cflng tuyfin bfi thfinh l$p Dang Cdng san Ddng An, sau nfiy dUpc
gpi lfi Ddng Cdng sdn Indonesia (PKI) vfio
ngfiy 23-5-1920 Trong Dpi hdi thfinh l^p Dang, PKI tuydn bfi" "chii nghia cdng san ddi l$p vdi ca chu nghia dpi Hoi gifio vfi sfl thfi'ng trj cua phUdng Tay" (10) Khfing chi chdng Hdi gifio, PKI cfin tuyfin bd" "chdng
Trang 4tfit ca moi thfl tu ban ehii nghia" D I thyc
hidn ngay chuydn chfnh vo san, PKI mufi'n
giai quyfi't tfi't ca moi vfi'n dl b&ng mdt ddn:
tieu didt phong kiln, giai phfing dfit nUdc
khdi thyc dan Hfi Lan, dfip tan d l qufic, Ifit
do ehfnh phii phan ddng, thanh toan phu
ndng, thanh tofin tu san dfin tfie (11)
PhUdng cham chfnh trj cyc doan dd da d^t
PKI ra khdi khfii qufin chung rdng ldn, dfiy
lUc lUdng dfin tpc dfii Ifip vdi dang vfi chfi'ng
lpi dang Khdi nghia Sumatra (1926 - 1927)
thfi't bai dfi chfi'm dflt vai trd lanh dpo eua
Dang dfil vdi phong trfio dfi'u tranh giai
phfing dSn tdc 5 Indonesia Nhfim
Muhammadiyah trong tinh hinh dd da sfl
dung tdn giao Ifim cfing cu ehdng lai chii
nghia cfing san, nhfim nfiy cung thi hfinh
chinh sfich bfi't hdp tac vdi ehfnh quyln
thyc dan vfi Ifi bd phfin chu ylu cua chu
nghia dfin tpc Indonesia Tpi Dai hdi tofin
qud'e lfin thfl 19 cua Muhammadijah dUpc
to chflc 5 Minangkabau thang 5-1930, mfit
dang ehfnh tri cua ngUdi ban dia lfin dfiu
tien xufit hien 5 Tay Sumatra: Persatuan
Muslimin Indonesia PERMI Nhflng
ngudi sang Ifip va lanh dpo xufit chung
nhfit ciia PERMI diu lfi nhflng sinh vien
trd vi tfl Dai hoc Azhar, Ai Cfip PERMI
cdng khai tuyfin bfi' lfi mpt t l chflc chinh trj
cfip tiln, chii trUdng bfit hdp tae vi tu do
cho Indonesia Bj sfl dfin ap ciia thUe dfin
Hfi Lan, PERMI rfit khfi khfin trong nhflng
hfinh dpng chinh trj nhUng vfin tilp tyc
tfch eye trong cfic hopt dpng vfin hfia, gifio
dye, tao dfi phat trien quan trong cho
Sumatra vfi cho ngUdi Hdi giao Indonesia
nfii chung tren chfing dUdng dfii tiln tdi
nin dpc Ifip hofin toan
•y tudng v l Indonesia thdng nhdt dU^c
theo duli d dfit nUdc Indonesia tfl nfla sau
th^p nifin 1920 tren thyc t l khdi phfit tfl
tai Hfi Lan Gifla hfing tridu ngUdi Hfi Lan, nhflng sinh vidn ft di din tfl Java, Bandung, Batavia hay tfl Menangkabau ,
diu ty nhin nh§n minh lfi ngUcti Indonesia
Dd lfi 1^ do khiln hp di din quylt dinh
thfinh l§p Hiip hdi sinh viin Ddng An nfim
1908, nfim 1922 dU^c dfii tfin thfinh Hiip hdi sinh viin Indonesia Tfin gpi dfi tU nfi da
mang ^ nghia v l mfit ban sfic chung Indonesia (tuy mdi chi d phpm vi hpp) Din nfim 1925, quylt djnh tfii cfi'u true t l chflc
nfiy thfinh Hiip hdi ngUdi Indonesia trong khi vfin ton tai Hiip hdi Sinh viin Indonesia dUpc coi lfi mdt tuyen bfi dflt
khofit vl sy hinh thfinh mdt ban sfic Indonesia thong nhfi^t vfi quan trpng lfi cfic
t l chflc nfiy hUdng tdi muc tifiu ddc ldp hodn todn cho dfit nUdc (12) Thang
10-1928, Hiep hgi sinh viin Indonesia dUa ra J tudng "Mdt qud'e gia - Indonesia; Mgt ddn tdc • ngUdi Indonesia; Mot ngon ngii • tiing Indonesia" Ifim cO sd cho dofin kit dan tflc
vfi thdng nhfit dan tpc Thufit ngfl
"Indonesia" tfl dd bfit dfiu dupc sfl dung
rdng rai tai que nhfi, nhUng cung phai mfit nhieu nfim sau dfi, hfim J dfiy du nhfit cua tfl nfiy ca v l chinh tri vfi vfin hfia mdi thflc
sy thfim thfiu vfio dfin chung - trong tU tudng eua moi ngUdi dUpc tilp thu nen gifio
dye hien dpi diu ty xem minh lfi ngUdi Indonesia Mot lfin sfing lan rpng trong
cdng dongvdi vi$e thfinh Ifip hfing trfim to
chflc mdi vdi ten gpi ed tfl "Indonesia"; cae
to chflc cu Cling tiln hanh doi ten dl cfi tfl
"Indonesia" trong ten goi eiia minh (13)
Tai Bangdung vfio nfim 1925, cfic Cdu lgc bd hgc tdp • {Study Clubs) tUOng ty nhU
cfic hidp hpi sinh vifin d Hfi Lan da dUpc Ifip
ra dudi sy dfin dfit cua Achmed Sukarno Dfiy lfi mfii trUdng d l gidi tri thflc tre Indonesia lfi thfinh vien eua rfit nhieu nhdm toe ngUdi dUpe gfin bd vdi nhau hdn
Sukarno vfi cfic cpng sU da dUa ra If 15
Trang 5thuylt phye vl vi|c cfin thilt pAdi ddnh s(/
tdp trung cao hcfn cho nin d^c ldp cua
Indonesia, nhUng mudn ddnh cho nd mdt
Uu tan tdi da thi trUdc hit phdi gidm bdt si^
khde bi^t giia cdc tdc ngUifi, cdc tdn gido vd
cdc nin vdn hda Do dd, khi nhfi'n mpnh
myc tidu: Indonesia phfii gifinh duye ddc
l$p mfit cfich nhanh nhfit cd thi, dng cQng
dfic bi|t luu f: "Dilu nfiy ddi hdi chflng ta
khfing nfin phfin dfiu dpt dupe nin ddc l$p
bfing phUdng tidn cai thidn dilu ki^n sfing
tdi t | ciia dfi't nUdc chflng ta, mfi chflng ta
phai phfin dfiu dpt dupc nin dfic l$p dl mfi
cai thi|n nhflng dilu kiln sd'ng dd" (14)
Thfing 7-1927, nhfim tri thflc do Sukarno
dflng dfiu tuyfin bfi thfinh Ifip Ddng Ddn tdc
Indonesia (Partai Nasional Indonesia
PNI) do Sukarno Ifim Chu tjeh Dang Dang
nfiy dpi didn cho mdt dudng lfii chfnh trj
mdi, ed tfnh chfit vUpt qua vfi bao trflm so
vdi cfic to ehfle dofin t h i trUdc dfly d
Indonesia: Trude hit, mfic du lfi dang do
giai cfip tu san thfinh Ifip nhUng thfinh vifin
ciia dang gfim nhilu thfinh phfin rdng rai:
nong dan, cdng nhfln, thp thii cfing, ddng
dao nhfit lfi tfing ldp trung vfi tiiu tU san
tri thflc; Cd s6 tu tudng vfi CUdng linh eiia
PNI Ifi Hgc thuyit Marhaenism do Sukarno
sopn thao tfl nfim 1926 Hpe thuylt t h i
hidn xu hudng eh^ng thyc dfin, khfing djnh
eon dudng di tdi dpe l^p dfln tdc lfi chinh
sfich bfit hyp tfic vdi thye dfin trong tfi^t ca
cfic linh vyc kinh t^, chfnh tri, xa hdi, thyc
hidn dofin kit tfit ea cfic lyc lUpng trong mfit
mfit trfin chung thfi'ng nhfit (15) Cufii nflm
1927, Sukarno dfi mang tU tudng dodn kit
vfio trong sfing kiln thfinh l§p t l chflc lifin
hi$p ed ^ nghia nhu mOt m$t tr$n dfin tdc
thfi'ng nhfit dl t$p hpp cfic t l chflc dang dfiu
tranh cho nin ddc Ifip cua dfit nUdc: Liin
hi^p cdc td chic chinh tri cua nhdn ddn
Indonesia Cfi t h i thtfy cdt loi trong tU tudng
dAn tdc cua Sukarno Id dodn kit todn ddn
tdc, chdng chi nghia thi^c ddn, tiin tdi muc tiiu xdy dj/ng qudc gia-ddn t^c thdng nhdt
T h i chiln II bflng n l dflt cfic dfln tdc trUfic sy de dpa tryc tilp cua chii nghia phfit xit, phong trfio dfin tdc Indonesia cd nhilu chuyin biln trong giai dopn nfiy
TrUdc h i t lfi vide diiu chinh mdi quan h$ giia chi nghia ddn tdc vd chu nghia Hdi gido xufit phfit tfl thyc t l khfi khfin ea trong
tranh lufin quan dilm lfin trong hfinh ddng chfnh trj thflc tiln Rfit nhilu nhfi lfinh dpo Hdi gifio phan dfii vide qufi nhfin mpnh din chii nghia dfin tdc cd t h i Ifim tan vfi sy thfi'ng nhfit nfing ddng ciia dao Hdi, nguy hpi din cfic myc tifiu tinh thfin cua dao Hdi Trong khi dfi, nhflng ngUdi theo ehu nghia dfin tfic nhu Sukarno lpi cho rflng, nlu qufi nhfin mpnh vfio cfic myc tifiu cua Hdi gifio vfi trung thfinh vdi dpo Hdi, phong trfio cd
t h i sS mfit di lyc luyng lfi nhflng ngudi Indonesia ngopi dpo hofic cfic tfn dd Hdi
gifio md dpo khfing tridt dl Do dd, tim kiem
sU hdi hba giia chu nghia ddn tdc vd chu nghia Hdi gido thyc ay rfit cfin thilt trong
bdi canh ciia Indonesia vfi bfii hoc thfit bai eiia Dang Cdng san Indonesia vfin cdn dd Kit qua lfi sy xufit hidn ddn d^p cfic to chflc chfnh trj ldn bilu thj cho tinh thfin thong
nhfit dfin tdc nhU Liin dodn cdc ddng ddn tdc Indonesia - GAPI (nfim 1939) - mdt t l
chflc ciia hfiu h i t cfic dang t h i tyc Ufin
minh vdi cfic dang Hdi gifio, Hdi ddng Nhdn ddn Indonesia (nfim 1941) - mdt hinh thflc
mdi ciia m$t tr^n dfin t^c thfi'ng nhfit cd sfl
tham gia ciia GAPI, Liin dodn cdc td chic Hdi gido Indonesia • MIAI Dudi sy lanh dpo cua Sukarno, Hdi ddng nhdn ddn Indonesia tilp tyc dfiu tranh yeu cfiu chfnh
phii Hfi Lan thao lu^n vfin d l ddc Ifip ciia Indonesia
Din dfiy, khia canh chinh tri cua bdn
Trang 6khing dinh Cflng vdi qufi trinh dfi, khfa
cpnh vfin hfia eung dupe tfii tpo mpnh mfi
Qua trinh xfiy dyng nin vfin hda dfin tQe
Indonesia vdi bilu tupng chfnh lfi ngfin ngfl
quo'c gia dUdc tiln hfinh xufit phfit tfl jr
tudng trUde dfi v l "Mdt qudc gia
Indonesia; Mdt ddn tdc - ngUdi Indonesia;
Mgt ngdn ngi - tiing Indonesia" Tpi Dpi
hpi Nhfin dfln Indonesia thang 12-1939,
Nghi quylt v l vi^c Ifi'y tiing Indonesia
(Bahasa Indonesia) Ifim ngdn ngfl qufi'c gia
dfi ehfnh thflc du^e thfing qua Tifi'ng
Indonesia thyc chfit dupe khai sinh tfl tiing
Malay (Bahasa Malay) nfin cflng cd t h i
hilu, ngfin ngfl Malay sfi trd thfinh ngfln
ngfl chung cua tofin qufin dao Ngudi ta cho
rfing, d vfio thdi dilm dd, chfnh vide tiing
Malay chi con lfi tiing mp de ciia mot sfi'ft
ngUdi song rai rac tren qufin dao lai trd
thanh mfit lpi t h i chfnh tri to ldn bdi vi nd
khdng thudc vi ai cd Theo mot nghia khfic
thi eung cd t h i eho rling tiing Malay thudc
vi tdt cd mgi ngUdi vi nfi lfi ngdn ngfl chung
tfl thdi cfic vUdng qufi'c Malacca vfi
Srivijaya, da tflng lfi ngdn ngfl ehung eua
hopt ddng thuong mai vfi hopt dfing truyen
gifio dao Hdi trong nhilu the ki trfin toan
qufin dao vfi lfi ngfin ngfl duyc cfic tpe ngUdi
sau nfiy lya chpn bdi sfl thfing dung vfi tidn
Idi eiia nd (16)
Nhu vfiy, viic dn dinh dUdc mdt ngdn
ngU chung cho ddt nUdc Indonesia da ddn
tdc, da vdn hda, da ngdn ngi, da tdn gido,
lgi bi phdn tdn vi dia ly Id bUdc di vd cung
quan trgng trong viic xdy dUng mgt bdn sac
vdn hda ddn tdc thdng nhdt • yiu td ddng
vai trb quyit dinh trong tiin trtnh tdp hdp
ddn tdc ddu tranh cho nin ddc ldp hodn
todn cua Indonesia Vl vfin d l nfiy, Clive
Christie ciing chi ra r^ng trong hfil canh
ciia Indonesia, chu nghia ddn tdc mdi budc
phdi ddc biit nhdn mgnh vdo yiu td dodn
khfic bi|t cfin ban ciia Indonesia so vdi mdt sfi qufic gia thudc dja trong khu vyc bdi: nlu "cfic qufic gia tiln thudc dja Miln Di^n
vfi Vidt Nam diu du mpnh di eung cfip eho
cfic phong trfio chfing thyc dfln d dfi mfit ^ thflc rfi rdt vl ban sfic" thi "d Dfing An, chu nghia dfin tdc Indonesia phai dupc tao ra
dl xfiy dyng mfit ban sfic dfln tdc thfing nhfit trfin cfic dao thudc d l chl Hfi Lan d phUdng Dfing" (17) Trong nhflng nfim gifla hai eufie ehiln tranh t h i gidi, chii nghia dfin tfic Indonesia dfl vfin dpng theo hUdng
lya chpn mdt bdn sde ddn tdc thd'ng nhdt
trfin eflc khfa cpnh vfin hfia vfi ehinh trj cho tofin Indonesia Sy lya chpn dung dfin dd dfing vai trd quylt djnh trong vific dUa Indonesia di tfii dpe Ifip hofin tofin
2 Phong trfio d a n toe d Malaya Cufil t h i ky XIX dfiu t h i ky XX, trUdc nhflng can thi^p ngfiy cfing ldn dfii vdi cfic gifi trj xa hpi Malaya cua thye dfin Anh, ngUdi dfin Malay da t h i hien tinh thfin phan khang doi vdi nhfi chflc trach Mpt sfi cude noi dfiy dfi khiln thye dan Anh phai lo ngai vl tinh p h i biln ciia nd se cfi thi lan
ra tofin bfin dao nhu cufic noi dfiy d Naning hfii dfiu nhflng nfim 1830, d Perak trong hai nfim 1875 - 1876, d Pahang trong nhflng nfim 1890, hay cupc nii dfiy ciia ndng dfin
"To'Janggut" 5 Kelantan nfim 1915 (18) Nhin chung, nhflng cufic noi dfiy nhU t h i cung da ft nhilu mang tinh thfin dan tfic nhUng mdi ehi dflng lai d sU phan flng mang tfnh "ban nfing", the hifin thai dfi bfit man trUdc nhflng thay dii dang diln ra vfi nhfim eai thidn hofin eanh sd'ng trUdc mfit hdn Ifi hudng tdi cac myc tieu tai efl'u trflc xfi hpi Sang dfiu t h i ky XX cho din trUfic
T h i chiln II, ngUdi Anh trong giai doan thfing trj nfiy da chflng kiln "sy xufit hi^n ciia chii nghia dfin tpc Malaya non tre" (19) vdi sU noi Ifin cua ba nhdm itu tu mdi trong
Trang 7xfi hdi Malaya gfin vdi ba mdi trudng vfin
hda gifio dye rifing bi^t dUpc qui djnh bdi
ngudn gfic xufi't thfin: Nhfim thfl nhfit ciia
nhflng tri thflc phfin ldn xufi't thfin tfl giai
cfip nfing dfin dupc dfio tpo bdi hd thing
gifio dye Hdi gifio; Nhdm thfl hai cua nhflng
tri thflc thufic tfing ldp trfin trong xfi hdi
Malaya truyin thfing dupc dfio tpo bdi nin
gifio dye Anh; vfi Nhfim thfl ba ciia nhflng
tri thflc ndng dfin trUdng thfinh ldn tfl nin
gifio dye ban dja (20)
Xfit vl mfit thdi gian, phong trfio dun tfic
ciia nhfim tri thflc Hii gifio dupc khdi dfing
sdm nhfit trong ba nhfim trfin vfi dupe khoi
ngudn bdi nhflng sinh vifin Malay dang hpe
tfip tpi trudng Dpi hpe Azhar Tpi dfly, cfic
sinh vien Malay nhU bj nim vfio "chao dfiu
Trung Dfing" dang sye sfii tinh thfin dfin tfic
chii nghia chfi'ng lpi sy thong trj eua
phUdng Tay vfi tinh thfin eai each Hdi gifio
lan rpng khfip Trung Dong kfiu gpi dofin
kit Hdi giao tofin t h i gidi trong cufic dfi'u
tranh nfiy (21) Trong mfii trUdng dfi, eae
sinh vifin Malay da tilp thu d l rdi thong
qua bfio ehf, truyen v l Malaya ^ thfle hd tu
tudng tfin gifio-chfnh trj mdi vfi cfic J tudng
eai cfich xa hpi Cflng luc dd, cfic tri thfle
tfin giao Malay eung dUpc kilm nghidm
trfin thye t l bfing cfic phong trfio eai cfich
ton giao da vfi dang diSn ra 6 Indonesia
dudi sy dfin dfit ciia SI vfi Muhammadiyah
Nhflng trai nghidm d Trung Ddng giflp hp
cfi dupc nhflng nh$n thflc sfiu sfic v l Unh
hinh thuc tien ciia dtft nUdc: Dudi chfnh
sach cai tri ciia thyc dfln Anh, efing ddng
Malay Hdi gifio tuy cd Uu t h i v l chfnh trj
song lpi lfi cpng ddng ylu kdm nhfit v l kinh
t^ Trong eufie ddi mfit vdi nhflng anh
hudng eua phUdng Tfiy vfi d$c tfnh nflng
ddng cua ngudi Hoa nh$p eU, dpo Hdi dfl
khdng tpo nfin sfle mpnh d l giup ngfldi
Malay vUpt lfin, ngUpc lpi xung lyc cua nd
dang ylu dfin vfi dpo Hdi vfin chi dflng vai trd an iii v l mfit tinh thfin, tfim tri ciia ngUdi Malay ngfiy cfing tri trd cflng vdi tinh thfin hi sinh ciia dpo Hoi Tfl nhflng phfin
tfeh dd, cdi thi^n s{/ tri tr$ cua cdng ddng Malay Id hit sic cdn thiit nhUng khdng phai bdt ddu ti khia cgnh kinh timd phdi bdt ddu trudc hit ti tdn gido, bdi chfnh sy
thilu hilu biit nghifim trong vl nhflng
nguyfin 1^ chfin ehfnh ciia dpo Hdi ca vi
gifio 1^ lfin thyc hfinh lfi nguyfin nhfin khiln cho ngUdi Malay dfin dfin trd nfin bao thii, lpc hfiu
Phong trfio cai efieh tfin gifio d Malaya
dupc bat dfiu bdi Syed Sheikh Al-Hadi, mdt
sinh vifin Malay xufit sfic vfla trd v l tfl Ai C$p Dl giflp ngudi Malay quan tflm hdn din nhflng thay dfii cfi anh hudng sflu rdng ciia thdi dpi, ngay sau khi trd v l tfl Cairo
nflm 1904, Syed Sheikh Al-Hadi da thfinh lap td bfio Al-Imam (NgUdi Dfin dudng) vfio
nfim 1906 Day lfi td bao bfing tiing Malay dfiu tien chfla dflng tinh thfin doi mdi cd sd ehfnh trj, tfin giao eua dfit nudc vfi dii mdi
xa hfii Malaya Cflng nhilu td bfio tdn giao khfic dupe thfinh Iflp nhflng nfim sau dd
nhu Neracha, Warta Malaya vfi Saudara ,
cfic nhfi cai each tfin gifio da bfiy td khfit vpng ehfiy bdng phai dua Hoi gifio ban dja thofit khoi anh hudng cua nhflng tye 1$ dang can trd sy phfit triln ciia nd, gifinh lpi nhflng tiln bd v l tU tudng vfi khoa hoc mfi nfi da cd tfl thdi k^ trung co, trfin ed ed dfi
"Ifim cho dao Hfii trd thfinh mdt edng cu thfch nghi duyc vdi nhflng thach thflc vl kinh t l - xa hdi do sy thong trj ciia ngoai kilu" (22) Vi vfly, nhflng tu tudng mdi ciia dpo Hdi dupc truyfi'n bfi d Malaya nhfin mpnh sy trd v l vdi Kinh Koran, phai nghifin cflu, xem xfit nhflng biln dfing kinh tl*, chfnh trj, xa hfii ciia t h i gidi hi$n dpi trong finh sfing cua chfin Ijr dao Hdi, vfi
Trang 8trfin tfi't ca, nd hfii thuc sfl gfin kit nfing
ddng ciia moi ea nhfin vfio tUdng lai cao hdn
ciia dja vj kinh t l , xa hfii ciia cfing ddng
Malay D I tfing eUdng sy hilu biit dflng
dfln vl dao Hdi vfi md rfing anh hfldng eua
tdn giao nfiy trong xa hdi, cfic trf thflc tfin
giao nhfin manh tfim quan trpng dfic bi^t
cua phat triln giao dye tfin gido Mpt khfie,
ciing trfin ed sd cua nhfin thflc: " gifio dye
rfit cfin thiet dl efi dUpc ty do" mfi " tu do
lfi ehia khfia dl tifi'n bfi, khfing cd ty do,
chiing ta khong the mong tifi'n bp" (23), hp
tan thfinh dfiy manh gifio dye d l dat dUpc
ty do vfi tiln bfi, cae hinh thfle giao due
khac ke ca giao due theo kilu Anh cung
khfing bi phu nhfin cho dfl kfi't qua cua nin
giao due nay lufin bj nghi ngd
Syed Sheikh Al-Hadi va nhflng ngUdi
iing hfl quan dilm cai each cua fing da tfip
hpp nhau trong nhfim Kaum Muda dupe
goi lfi phai Tre de phfin bipt vdi phai Gifi
-Kaum Tiia la nhfim nhflng ngUdi theo
trUdng phai Hoi giao chfnh thdng gdm gidi
quye'n uy truyin thfi'ng vfi nhflng tri thflc
ton giao 6 cac vflng ndng thfin Tren thyc
tl, Kaum Muda gfip phai rfi't nhieu trd ngpi
trong viec truyin ba nhflng tU tudng tiln
bfi bdi vi hp khdng chi phai doi mfit vdi lUe
lupng bao thii cua xa hfii Malaya mfi edn
dung phai sU phan flng quye't lidt cua gidi
quyln uy truyin thdng (dfing k l nhfit la ddi
ngfl eae Sultan) dang dUdc sfl bao trd eua
ehinh quye'n Anh, quan trpng hdn la lyc
lupng dfing dao dfing sau cac Sultan
-nhflng ngudi Malay mp dao - di theo Sultan
nhu di theo "cai bflng eua ThUdng d l tren
trai dfit" Cufic dp sfle nhU vfiy v l cd ban lfi
khfing can sfle song nfi da bieu thi eho no
lyc hidn dpi hfia trong xa hfii Hfii gifio
Malay Sy thflc dfiy doi mdi nhfln thflc v l
dpo Hdi cflng gfip phfin Ifim cho ngudi
Malay quan tam hdn din cae vfin d l chinh
trj ciia dfi't nUdc Dfl chua cfl phong trfio nfio dupe t l ehfle bfii ban dudi sy dfin dUdng cua nhdm tri thfle tfin gifio ngofii hoat ddng bfio chf dupc xem Ifi dl nhfin thfi'y nhfit, nhUng qua dd ngudi Malay ngfiy cfing nhfin thflc nghifim tuc hdn vl ban thfin vfi vl nhflng gi dang xay ra xung quanh hp, ^ thfle vl sy dofin ke't, thfi'ng nhfi't trong cfing ddng Malay dang tfing dfin len theo chilu hudng ciia tinh thfin dofin kfi't Hdi gifio bfit nguon tfl Ai C§p vfi Thfi' Nhi Ki
Dfi'u fin rfi ndt nhfit vl sU gflp mfit vfio phong trfio dfin tfic eiia nhdm tri thflc thufic tfing ldp trfin trong xa hpi Malaya truyin thdng vfi tfing ldp tU san mdi dUpc dao tao bdi nin gifio due Anh lfi sfl thfinh Ifip to ehfle chinh trj dfiu tifin cua ngudi Malay:
Hiip hdi ngudi Malay d Singapore
(Kesatuan Malay Singapura - KMS) vfio
nfim 1926 SU thdnh lap KMS Id kit qud cda sUphdt triin y thic chinh tri cda ngUifi Malay, the hiin mdi quan tdm ngdy cdng tdng ddi vdi vdn di chinh tri cua ddt nUdc
Tfl dfiu thfip nien 1920, thuc trang xa hdi Malaya dUde cae tri thflc phan tfch mdt each triet dl: Malaya tfl mot xa hpi tUdng ddi thuan nhfit v l sfic tpc vdi tuyfit dpi da so^ lfi ngudi Malay, dUdi ehinh saeh nhfip khfiu lao dfing ciia Anh da trd thfinh mpt xa hpi da cfing ddng vdi sfl gop mfit ciia ngUdi Hoa vfi ngudi An Dp Tfl cho lfi qufi'c gia chi eua ngudi Malay thi gid day Malaya khong the khfing tfnh den Iflc lUpng ngudi nhfip
cU, nhfi't lfi khi lye lUpng nfiy d nhflng thdi dilm da chilm non nfla tfi'ng dfln so cua ca nUde (24), dfic bipt lfi cupe dilu tra dfin so nfim 1931 cho thfi'y: 'lfin dfiu tifin d Malaya thufic Anh cd so ngUdi Hoa (1.709.392 ngudi) nhifi'u hdn ngUdi Malay (1.644.173 ngUdi)" (25) Nguy hilm hdn khi chinh nhflng edng ddng nhfip eU (chu ylu lfi ngUdi Hoa) lpi dang chilm cho ciia cU dan ban dja
Trang 946
vdi mdt ty Id ldn trong cfic hopt dfing kinh t l
ed ban eiia dfi't nUde nhU khai thfic, thUdng
mpi budn bfin, thfiu khofin, thfim chf lfi
nhflng cfing vi|c gian ddn trong khi nhflng
ngudi dupe coi lfi dfln b&n dja lpi chl lfi
nhflng ngudi Ifim nghi nfing thufin tfly vfi
gfin bd chfit chfi vdi khu vflc ndng thdn (26)
Nhu vfiy, khfic vdi dd' npO tri thflc tdn
gifio, tinh cam dfln tfic duyc kfeh thfch bdi
cfic nhfin t l tfl bfin ngofii vfi nhfin mpnh
khfa cpnh tfin gifio trong efieh gi&i quylt
vfin d l thi vdi dfii ngfl tri thflc dupc dfio tpo
bdi nin gifio dye Anh, chfnh tinh hinh ngfiy
cfing khd khfin ciia cdng ddng Malay vfi eiia
dfi't nUde da thflc dfiy ^ thflc ehfnh trj 6
trong hp Vfi, mfic dfl vfin xem dao Hdi lfi
dpng lye quan trpng dfii vdi ngudi Malay
Hdi gifio nhUng hp khdng xem cai cfich tfin
gifio lfi lfii thofit duy nhfit cho xa hpi
Malaya Dfii di^n vdi mfii hilm hpa tfl vide
gia tfing nhanh chfing ca vl sllupng cU dfin
lfin sfle mpnh kinh t l eiia cfing dfing ngUdi
Hoa nhfip cU, nhfim tri thflc nfiy budc phai
trd nen t h i tue hdn trong cfic nd lyc di tim
ngfuyen nhfln vfi giai phfip Hp ngfiy efing
nhfin ra rfing, ngudi Anh khdng h i bao v$
ngudi Malay vdi tU cfich lfi ngUdi ban dia
nhu Hi^p Udc Pangkor vfi cac hidp fldc bao
hfi khfic mfi ngudi Anh da kf vdi tilfng bang
trUdc dd Do vfiy, chi cd nS luc cua bdn thdn
mdi gidp hg tu bdo v^ minh Trong bfii canh
dd, gidi tri thflc qu^ tdc vfi tu san mdi cho
rfing, hg cdn phdi ndm ldy nggn cd chink
tri d Malaya, niu khdng, si chdng cd gi bdo
ddm dupc vj, tri vd quyin lpi ctia hg d ddt
nUdc dang trdn ngdp ngUdi Hoa ndy Trdn
thyc tl, ngay sau khi chfnh quyln Anh
tuyen bd thye thi chfnh sfich phfin quyln
(Decentralization), da cfi mfit thda thufin
gifla cfic nhfi lanh dpo efing ddng Malay vfi
ehfnh quyln Anh vi vi^c s6 bao dam toi da
quyln lpi chfnh tri dfinh cho ngudi Malay
Mohamad Yunos Bin Abdullah dfi trd thfinh ngudi Malay dfiu tifin dU^c bfiu vfio Hfii ding Lfip phfip Khu djnh eU Eo biln (Straits Settiements) (27) Sau 2 nfim, chfnh dng dfi dflng ra thfinh Ifip t l ehfle
ehfnh trj dfiu tifin cua ngUdi Malay: Hi^p hdi ngudi Malay d Singapore Cfic myc tifiu
ciia KMS Ifl khuyin khfch sfl tiln bfi ciia ngudi Malay trong cfic linh vyc chfnh trj, kinh t l , xfi hdi; chii dfing bfiy td quan dilm eiia ngUdi Malay dfii vdi chfnh quyln vfi thflc dfiy thanh nifin Malay quan tfim hdn din gifio dye dpi hpe Hp cflng ddi hdi thfim rfing trong nin hfinh chfnh eua dfit nUfic, khfing mfit ngudi Hoa nfio dupc dfit vfio vj tri cai trj ngudi Malay
Dfip lpi nhflng phan flng mpnh mfi tfl phfa ngudi Malay, cfing dfing ngudi Hoa tpi Khu djnh eU Eo biln cflng lfin tiing bao vf quyln lpi eiia minh Hp d l nghj xfly dflng
"mdt nUdc Malaya mdT, trong dfi nhflng
cfing dfin khfing phai ngUdi Malay efin phai dupe dfil xfl cfing bfing nhU ngudi Malay, ft nhfi't lfi vi phfin ddng gflp ciia hp doi vdi nen kinh tl^ dfit nudc Hp cung v$n ddng mdt chiln djch ddi chfnh quyln Anh phai xda bo
"hfing rfio chung chiing tfic" trong bfi mfiy vifin chflc, ddi chia se mdt cfich rdng rai hon
CO cfiu vi$c Ifim trong chinh phii eung nhU trong bd mfiy hfinh ehfnh cfic cfip TrUdc
nhflng ii xufi't dfi, ngUdi Malay nh$n thfiy
hp khfing nhflng dang bj dfiy ra khdi ngfii nhfl ciia chfnh minh trfin ca phUdng di$n kinh t^ lfin chfnh tri f"^ cdn cd nguy cO sfi
bj ngudi Hoa thfi'ng trj ngay trfin ehfnh manh dfit qui hUdng minh Vi vfiy, trong nhflng nfim 1930, mfit lfin sdng chfing ngUdi Hoa tilp tyc dfing len mpnh mfl trfin tofin bfln dao Nfim 1937, cfic chi nhanh cda KMS dupc thfinh lAp d Malacca vfi Penang Hai nflm sau, cfic h i | p hdi ngUdi Malay
duyc thfinh Ifip b tfCt ca cac bang cfi ngfldi
Trang 10Negri Sembilan, tinh Wellesley Thfing
8-1939, efie hifip hfii da t l ehfle Dpi hfii d
Kuala Lumpur cflng nhau tuyfin b l hfinh
dfing chong lpi mpi sy de dpa eua ngUdi
Hoa dfil vdi quyln vfi dpe quyln ciia ngUdi
Malay Khfiu hidu mang tfnh chfit tfip hpp
ngudi Malay duyc dUa ra sau dd: "Nudc
Malaya thudc vi ngUdi Malay" Khfiu hidu
nfiy khing dinh ngUdi Malay lfi mdt efing
dong, mfit dfin tde, hon nfla lpi lfi dfin tfie
ban dja trfin dfit nUdc Malaya Vdi tu cfich
dd, ngudi Malay ndi chung coi ngUdi Hoa vfi
ngudi An lfi ngogi kiiu, efin ngUdi Malay
Hdi gifio thi coi ngUdi Hoa ehu ylu theo
Phat gifio, Khong gifio vfi ngUdi An chu ylu
theo Hindu giao lfi nhflng ke ngogi dgo
Nhu vfiy, dfl ehua thUc sy mau thufin sflu
sfle nhUng tinh cdm ddn tgc chu nghia cua
ngUdi Malay thdi ky ndy chdc chdn dd
mang tinh sde tgc Nhflng tri thfle qu^ tfic
Malay dupe dfio tpo hdi nin giao due Anh,
nhflng vien ehfle Malay trong chinh quyln
thupc dia vdn thufic gidi quyln uy trong xa
hfii Malaya truyen thong thay vi hUdng
phong trfio dan tpe di theo con dudng chong
thyc dfin, gifinh dpc Ifip cho dfi't nUdc nhU
mfit sfi' qudc gia trong khu vyc da vfi dang
tiln hfinh thi hp Iai hUdng phong trdo vdo
muc tiiu chd'ng ngi/bi Hoa mdt cdch quyit
liit Dfly ehfnh lfi dfle dilm tieu bilu nhfit
cua phong trfio dfln tfic dUdi sy dfin dudng
ciia nhflm thfl hai cho din trflde khi T h i
chiln II bflng no
Phong trfio dan toe dfldi sfl lanh dpo eua
nhom thfl ba cflng dupe truyin cam hflng
chinh tri tfl phong trfio ainh vifin ciia
trudng Dai hpe Azhar (28) Bfio chf dflpc
truyin v l Malaya tfl Cairo, dfic bipt lfi Tap
chf Seruan Azhar da dfing vai trd chinh tri
hda quan trpng dot vdi mdt bp phfln ldn
sinh vien vfi thanh vifin Malay trong nhiing
nfim 1920, truyin den cho ngUdi Malay
mfi thfing qua Idi kfiu gpi dofin kit, hpp tfic cua tfit ca mpi ngUdi dfln dfi'u tranh xda bd hofin tofin nhflng anh hudng tfl bfin ngofii, giai phdng dfit nfldc vfi ngUdi dfin thofit khdi gfing xiing ciia thflc dfin Bfin cpnh dd, cfic sinh vifin Malay cdn bj Idi cufi'n bdi Idi
hidu tridu "pan Malay" cua Seruan Azhar:
"Thanh nifin- Malay xfly dyng mfit lifin minh dofin kit vdi Indonesia" nOi khdng chi
ed phong trfio dfin tfic dang diln ra hit sfle sfii nii mfi quan trpng hdn Malaya,
Indonesia lfi mfit "Thigidi thdng nhdt" (29)
vi " cU dfin d Indonesia vfi cU dfin trfin bfin dao lfi mfit efing ddng, mpt dfln tfic, vdi cflng mfit phong tue tfip quan, mpt loi sfing vfi hdn nfla lfi cflng theo mpt tfin giao " (30) Khi trd v l Malaya, hfiu hit cac sinh vien diu tham gia vfio phong trfio dfln tpc dang dupe khdi dfing bdi dpi ngfl sinh vifin
ciia TrUifng Cao ddng SU phgm Sultan Idris (The Sultan Idris Training College
-SITC) d Tanjong Malim Cung tai ngfii trUdng nfiy, nhflng anh hudng trUc tilp vfl gifin tilp eiia phong trfio dfln tpc ehu nghia eua ngUdi Indonesia da dUa lai ngudn cam hflng ehinh tri manh lift cho cac sinh vien Malay Trong thflp nien 1920, y thflc dfin tfic eiia ngfldi Malay dUOc dfiy lfin mpt bUfic bdi tac dpng ciia cudc nii dfiy chfi'ng thfle
dfln Hfl Lan dudi sy lanh dpo ciia Ddng Cdng sdn Indonesia cho dfl eupc khdi nghia
do dang nfiy lfinh dpo bj thfit bai va sy ra
ddi ngay sau do ciia Ddng Ddn tdc Indonesia (PNI) vflo nfim 1927 lpi mang
din mpt kfinh anh hudng khfic dfil vdi cac tri thflc tre Malay Dilu mfi hp quan tflm khdng phai con dUdng vfi san hay dan chii
tu san mfi ehfnh lfi ly tudng gidnh ddc lgp
cho dfit nUdc Bj hfip dfin bdi efie ndi dung chfing thyc dan, chfi'ng phong kiln trong chflong trinh hfinh dpng eiia PNI, mpt nhflm sinh vifin SITC tieu hilu nhU Ibrahim Yaacob, Hassan Manan, Abdul