Trong dd, cae vUdng tridu Trung Qude vdi Uu thd vd kinh td, chfnh tri, quan sU, van hda, tU eho minh 1ft "Thien tridu, ThUdng qudc", cd quydn phong tude cho vua cftc nude nhd.. Trong khi
Trang 1NHUNG LOI iCH CUA NHA MINH TRONG H | T H O N G TRIEU C O N G
(QUR TRirdNG HOP DM VifT WJ M^TS^NWdfC D6NG NRM d KH6C)
N G U Y E N THJ KIEU TRANG'
Quan h% sftch phong, tridu cdng Ift
mdt hinh thQe dfte bi^t cua quan h§
bang giao giQa Trung Qudc vft cac nUdc
lang gidng thdi phong kidn Trong dd, cae
vUdng tridu Trung Qude vdi Uu thd vd kinh
td, chfnh tri, quan sU, van hda, tU eho minh
1ft "Thien tridu, ThUdng qudc", cd quydn
phong tude cho vua cftc nude nhd NgUde lai,
de dUde phong vUdng, di thidt Iftp va duy tri
quan h§ vdi Trung Qude, vua eae nQdc nfty
phai edu phong vft phai thQe thi cac nghia
vu vdi "thien trieu", ma nghia vu quan trong
nha't la phai trieu cdng theo dinh ki Sach
phong, trieu cdng ddn ddn trd thanh md
thQe chu ydu trong quan hg giQa Trung
Qudc vdi cae nQdc Iftng gidng trong sudt thdi
phong kidn Mo thQe nay xudt hipn tQ thdi
Tay Hftn, khdng ngUng dQpe md rpng thftnh
he thdng va tdi thdi Minh (1368-1644) thi
dat tdi dinh diem cua sU phat tridn H§
thdng trieu cdng nfty dUpe xfty dQng, duy trJ
va phat trien dUa tren nhidu ed sd, nhUng cd
sd co't loi 1ft ldi ich Tuy nhign, khi danh gift
vd tUdng quan Ipi fch, nhidu hpe gia nhU
J.KFairbank, S.Y.Teng, Chiang T'ing Fu,
Cat Kiem HQng ddu eho rftng phfa dupe
ldi la cae nUde trieu cdng chQ khdng phai
Trung Qudc
Nghi&n cQu quan hd sftch phong, tridu cdng giQa nha Minh vdi Dai Vi$t va nhidu nude Ddng Nam A khae nhu Chftmpa, Ayuthaya, Malacca, Java, chiing tdi th^y nh^n xdt trSn khdng phQ hpp Cd thi, ddi
vdi mdt sd nude b xa thi luc ddu nha Minh
phai tftng quft hau hinh, chju ton k6m hdn
dd mua chupe, loi kdo hp thidt Iftp quan h§
Tuy v^y, quan h% cua nhft Minh vdi cac
nude nay chi tdn tai trong mot thdi gian ngftn Trong khi dd, quan h$ sftch phong, tridu cdng giQa nhft Minh vdi Dai Vi§t va cftc nude Iftng gidng gdn gui cua Trung
Qudc b Ddng Nam A dupe duy t n rft^t lau dfti Vft'n dd b dky ehi c6 thd Ift Ipi fch Ro
rang la ndu Ipi fch tdng thd cua "thien tridu" mft nho hdn ldi ieh cua "ehU hdu" thi quan h$ nfty khdng the tdn tai trong nhidu thd ki dupe Tren quan didm dd, bfti vidt mong mud'n phftn tfch ro hdn nhQng Ipi ich chfnh trj, kinh td ed ban cua nhft Minh trong h§ thdng tridu cd'ng (qua trUdng hdp Dai Vi$t va mdt sd nude Ddng Nam A khac)
dd ly giai vi sao nhft Minh dac bi§t quan tftm tdi vi^c xfty dUng, duy t n vft phat tridn
h% thd'ng tridu cdng nay
Nftm 1368, nha Minh dUdc thftnh lap sau khi dftnh bai trieu Nguyen b i n g mdt
• ThS Khoa Lich sQ • TrUdng Dai hoc Su ph^m Hft N$i
Trang 2cudc khdi nghia ndng dan ldn Ngay sau
khi len ngoi hoftng dd, Minh Thai To Chu
Nguy§n ChUdng (1368-1398) da sdm quan
tftm tdi viec khdi phue h% thd'ng tridu cd'ng
cu tQng bi dQt doan d cud'i thdi Nguyen
Cac hoang dd kd tidp, dac bigt la Minh
Thftnh To Chu Dg (1402-1424) da cd nhQng
quydt sach ldn d l md rong hS tho'ng nay Do
dae diem cua hoftn canh lich s i , D^i Vidt
va eae nQdc Dong Nam A khfte da thu hiit
sU quan tam hang ddu cua eae hoang dd
Minh
ViSc khdi phuc, phat trien quan h$ sach
phong, tridu cd'ng eua nha Minh vdi Dai
Vi§t vft cftc nUdc Ddng Nam A khftc khdng
phai la xua't phftt tQ muc di'eh "chiSu phu
dan coi ngoai" vi "long nhftn", dd cho "cftc
da't xa xdi cung ddu dupe an ninh" (1), eang
khdng phai vi "thd theo long trdi de thUdng
dan" (2), hay d l cho "vftn hda (Trung Hoa)
phd cap trong bd'n coi" (3) qua dd ma "giao
hda Man Di" nhU tuyen bd eua cftc hoftng
de Minh Nhu cau xae lap vft phat trien
quan he tong ehu • chQ hdu, nhu cdu duy
tri cac nUdc xung quanh b tinh trang "vinh
vien lam phien thupe" (4), phai cdu phong
va tridu cong Trung Qud'c la xuft't phftt tU
ehfnh eae ldi fch eua Trung Qudc Vdn di
nky da dUdc mpt sd hpe gia phan tich trong
eae eong trinh nghien cQu cua minh
Ta Ngpc Lien trong tac ph^m "Quan h$
giQa Viet Nam va Trung Qude the ky XV
-ddu the ky XVT' vidt: "Phong vUdng dd giQ
la'y quan h@ giQa "thi§n tridu" va "chu
phiSn" la mpt nhu edu thidt than vd ldi ich
chinh tri, kinh td cua Trung Qude Trung
Qudc khdng bao gid mud'n de quan h$ vdi
eae nQdc xung quanh bj c^t dQt, ngay ca ddi
vdi Vi§t Nam, mdt nUdc tudng nhU bj
Trung Qud'c c6t ehftt nhft't trong ha thd'ng
J.K.Fairbank va S.Y.Teng trong cdng trinh "On The Ch'ing Tributary System" (Vd hg tho'ng tridu cdng cua nha Thanh) cho rftng: eai de duy tri si^ ton tai lau dai cua h§ thdng tridu cd'ng nay ehfnh la sU kdt hdp chat che giQa nhu edu kinh td vft cftc dpng ed chfnh tri cua ca hai phfa Dudng nhu la khdng thd d thdi didm dd de tao ra mdt thQ tdng quftt hdn: h§ thd'ng tridu cdng 1ft efti khung (ed eft'u) ndi tft't ea cftc ldi fch,
ca ca nhan va tridu dinh, kinh td va xa hpi, ddu tim dupe sil bidu dat ciia minh (6) Trong luan ftn tidn si "Nghign cQu moi quan h$ giQa Minh tridu vft An Nam" (Dai hoc Ky Nam, Quang Ddng, 2005), khi bftn luftn ve nhQng thieu sdt trong eac cdng trinh nghign cQu lich sQ quan he Trung -Viet cua cac hoc gia Trung Qudc, Trdn Vftn Nguyen da cd mdt nhan xdt ra't dang ehu y Tac gia luftn ftn vidt:
"Khi thao luan va'n de ckc nUde xung
quanh tridu cd'ng Trung Qudc, kha nhidu hoc gia chQa the thodt khdi Id'i mdn tu duy cua nude ldn phong kidn, tuyen truydn thai qua vd vai trd cua "dQe hda" va muc dich ciia "mp hda" ThUe ra, ldi fch la cd sd cac mdi quan he cua dft't nUde Dinh luftt nfty khdng chi thich Qng vdi thdi dai ngfty nay, mft nd eung thieh hdp vdi ea thdi cd dai TQ
su thQe lieh sii cho thft'y, efti gpi 1ft nen ngoai giao ddc hda thi chi ed d thdi dau tridu Minh la tUdng ddi ro ret, muc dich cua nd la nh^m ed dupe sU thQa nhan cua cftc nUdc xung quanh, nh^m thda mftn efti
hu vinh "vua cua chung thign ha" Ke tQ giQa ddi Minh trd ve sau, sU an toan eua tridu Minh trd thanh ydu td hang ddu khi xem xdt eae mdi quan h^ dd'i ngoai Khi hoach dinh chfnh sftch ddi ngoai, didu mft
si dai phu ddi Minh suy nghi trUdc tien 1ft
an toan vft Ipi fch cua tridu Minh Trong phdn ldn cae tinh hudng, "dQc hda" ludn
Trang 3mudn nhudng vi trf cho Ipi fch dd dQng d vj
trf thQ ydu Thd nhUng efte nhft nghign cQu
nude ta hi^n nay thudng xem nhp didm
nay Hp thudng ddn ginn liidu rang mljt sd
chfnh sach Uu dai ciia Trung Qude thdi ed
d^i 1ft "dUc hda" (7)
Cd 16 dfty la mdt trong ft nhQng </ kidn
tUdng ddi khftch quan eua cftc hpe gi^
Trung Qude dUdng d^i khi nhin nhftn vd
quan he saeh phong, tridu cd'ng giQa Trung
Qud'c vdi cftc nude trong ljch st( Tide r&ng
tac gia khdng di e$p ddn nhQng Ipi fch ci;
thd ma Trung Qude thu dUpc khi duy tri
quan h^ sftch phong, tridu cd'ng vdi Dai Vi^t
cung nhu eae nude khftc
Cd thd cd nhQng cftch nhin nhftn khfte
nhau vd ldi teh mft nhft Minh ndi rieng, cftc
tridu dinh Trung Qud'c ndi chung thu dUpc
tQ viec xac lap, phftt trien quan hg sftch
phong, tridu cd'ng vdi cae nUdc lang gidng
ThQe t i l n lieh sii eho thft'y cd the xdp cftc Ipi
ieh da dang eua tridu dinh nhft Minh khi
xac Iftp, phat tridn quan hp sach phong,
tridu eong vdi Dai Viet va cftc nUde Ddng
Nam A khac thftnh hai nhdm: nhdm Ipi fch
ehfnh tri va nhdm ldi fch kinh td
1 Ldi ich ve c h i n h t r i
Thd nhat, vipc xac l§p, duy tri, phftt
trien quan he sftch phong, trieu eong giup
nha Minh eiing cd'dia vi "thien trieu" nh^m
dat dupe sQ quy thu^n eiia efte nQdc "Di,
Djch" xung quanh dd thoa man tham vong
"thong ngU thien ha", tham vpng "v^n qude
tridu cdng" cua mpt trong nhQng tridu d^i
cUdng thjnh nhft't Trung Qud'c
Day la ldi fch ehfnh trj, tinh thdn rft't
quan trpng ddi vdi tridu Minh, mpt tridu
dai dupe l^p nen tQ khdi nghia ndng dfin
Chinh vi thd mft ngay sau khi len ngdi,
Chu Nguyen ChUdng dft lien tuc ch sQ gia
mang ehieu thU tdi "quftn trUdng, tQ trUdng
nhft Nguygn, l$p nUdc D^i Minh nh^m vftn ddng, Ifii kdo efte nUde thidt Iftp quan h0 vft tridu cdng nhft Minh Dfty c6 16 Ift thdng bao quan trpng nhft't ciia nhft Minh v6i cftc nUdc
Iftng gidng, nhfl't 16 cftc nUde b Ddng Nam A
Chidu dy eua Minh Thai Td Chu Nguygn
ChUdng giii vua Trdn b Dai Vidt ngay 26
thftng Chpp nam Hdng Vu thQ nhflit [3-2-1369] vidt: "DdvQdng xQa trj thign ha, eung gidng nhu ftnh mat trdi, m^t trdng ehidu soi; khdng nd xa gdn ddu ddi xOt chung mdt long nhan Bdi vay khi Trung Qudc yen dinh thi bdn phUdng cung dUpc ygn eho, khdng ndi ddn vide cd y thdn phuc TQ ddi Nguygn, vi0c chfnh tri khdng c6 gidng mdi; thign ha binh dao loan lac ddn 17 nftm; xa gdn thdng tin bj tftc nghen T r i m khdi ddu dQng cd nghi0p d Giang ta, rdi qudt saeh dftm qudn hQng, dinh ygn Hoa Ha dUdc thdn dftn suy tdn Iftm ehu Trung Nguygn, dat qud'c higu Dai Minh, bat ddu ddi gpi nien hi^u Ift Hdng Vu Mdi dfty chiem kinh
dd nha Nguygn, tho'ng nha't toan qudc, phung thQa ehfnh thdng, cQng vdi cae ndi
xa gdn dupe binh ygn vd sU, chung hudng thai binh Do cftc quftn trudng, tQ trUdng tQ
Di bd'n phUdng ehUa biet tin nay, nen ban chidu dd hidu ro" (8)
Sau khi gCti chidu du eho Dai Vigt, Chu Nguyen ChUdng cung phfti sQ gia mang ehidu dy tdi Nh^t Ban, Chftmpa, Trao Oa
(Java) vft nhidu nUdc khftc b Ddng Nam A
vdi ndi dung tQdng tu (9) NhQng no li^e nfty ciia Chu Nguyen ChQdng da dem lai kdt qua ldn, ehi trong mpt thdi gian n g i n rft't nhidu nQdc da thig't Iftp quan hg vft tridu
cdng nhft Minh, trong dd c6 nhidu nQdc h
Ddng Nam A (10), mft Dai Vigt 1ft nUde ddu tign
Viec vua Trdn Di^ Tdng eua Dai Vigt 1ft vua nude ngofti ddu tien ett sQ gia sang cSu
Trang 4nghia rft't ldn dd'i vdi nha Minh, vi thd cftc
vua Minh dftnh gia ra't cao sU kien nay
Khao eQu Minh thUc luc chiing tdi thft'y ed
tdi 18 ldn vua, quan tridu Minh nhic di,
nhftc lai dieu dd (11) Dfty qua Ift mpt hipn
tUdng hy hiJu Didu nay cho thft'y vj trf dde
biet quan trpng eiia Dai Viet trong chfnh
sach "hudng Nam" eiia nha Minh ViSe Dai
Vigt trieu cong chQng to dja vi "thien
tridu", "tdng chu" cua nhft Minh mpt
vUdng tridu vQa dUpc thftnh lap mft hoang
de xua't than tii ndng dftn, bftt ddu dUde efte
nUdc lang gidng thUa nhftn Hdn thd nQa,
Dai Viet 1ft mdt nude ldn manh d Ddng Nam
A, vi the vigc Dai Vigt tridu cd'ng nhft Minh
se ed tftc ddng ldn tdi eac nUde khfte trong
khu vUc, didu nfty giup nha Minh thuan ldi
hdn trong viec phat tridn hg tho'ng tridu
cd'ng d Ddng Nam A
Qudc Nhu thd, chi ti'nh rieng 10 nUdc Ddng Nam A (Dai Vi^t, Java, Champa, Siam, Malacca, Pasai, Campuchia, Brunei, PhiUppin, Pahang), trong khoang hdn mot thd ky da cd tdi 329 sQ doan tdi Trung Qud'c (gdm efte sQ doftn trieu cdng vft efte sQ doftn den vdi mue dich khftc) Ndu tinh ea cac sQ doftn ciia Tridu Tien, Nhftt Ban, LUu Cdu vft cac nUdc Trung A thi so' sQ doan ddn tridu cd'ng nha Minh ra't nhidu
Thj2 hai, vigc xae lap, duy tri, phat tridn
quan hd sach phong, trieu cdng tao cho tridu Minh mpt cdng eu hQu hieu dd khd'ng ehd, chi phdi, rftng budc cftc nUdc nhd ydu xung quanh trong "trftt tU the gidi cua Trung Hoa", tUe 1ft trong trftt tU "thien tridu - chu hdu", "tdng ehu - phien thupc" Cdn phai ndi r^ng, quan hg sfteh phong, tridu cdng eung cd mpt y nghia ldn dd'i vdi
Bang 1: So lucmg c i c sii do^n tit DOng Nam A de'n Trung Qufic tCt nam 1400 de'n nflm 1510
Tit
1400-1409
1420-1429
1440-1449
1460-1469
1480-1489
1490-1499
J a v a
8
16
5
3
2
3
5
1
3
Siam
11
10
4
3
1
1
C h a m p a
5
9
10
2
Campuchia
4
P a h a n g Melaka
3
3
^ '
2
Brunei
3
^
Philipin
2
2
^
(Ngufin: Anihony Reid (1988), Southeast Asia in ihe Age of<
TQ eudi the ky XTV - dau thd ky XV, nhft
Minh da xac lap dUdc quan he sach phong,
trieu cd'ng vdi hdu hdt eac nUdc Dong Nam
A Ngoai Dai Vigt, quan he cua nha Minh
vdi eae nUde Chftmpa, Ayuthaya, Malacca
(Melaka), Java dQpe duy tri thudng xuygn
va chat ehe hdn ea Bang thdng kg 1 da
phan anh didu dd
Cung trong khoang thdi gian nay (1400
-1510), thd'ng kg tQ Minh thi/c luc cho tha'y,
) - 1680 New Haven Yale Umvetsiiy, Vol.1, pp.13)
cftc nUdc nhd ydu xung quanh Trung Qud'c, dftc bigt la mpt Trung Qudc dang dp cUdng thinh dudi trieu Minh Vigc vua cac nUde
nhd dupe hoftng di Minh phong vQdng cd
nghia la nUde dd dUpe "thien trieu" cdng nh4n la mpt nUdc trong thien ha, mdt nUde dde lap, dupe "thien trieu" che ehd Dieu nay ra't quan trpng, nha't la doi vdi nhQng nude cd ehung bien gidi vdi Trung Qud'c nhu D^i Vigt, Tridu Tien, Midn Dien, vdn rft't d l bi Trung Qudc tft'n cdng bang quan
Trang 531^ NhQng nUde c6 quan h§ sftch phong,
tridu cdng eung dUpe budn bftn vdi Trung
Qud'c, dupe "thign tridu" bao vO (dQ ehi la
hinh thQe) khi cd xung d^t vdi bgn ngofti
Tuy nhign, dd dUpc hoftng dd Minh aftch
phong, cftc nude nhd phai cdu phong vft
tridu cdng, ph^i chft'p nh§n 1§ thudc vao
"thign tridu"
Ddi vdi nhft Minh dfty cGng 1ft mdt Ipi fch
ehfnh trj rft't quan trpng Chfnh vl thd khi
Ipi fch nfty khdng dUpe dam bao ho^e bj
xftm pham, tQe Ift khi m^t nUdc nao dd
khdng tuftn theo cftc nguygn t^c trong quan
h0 do tridu Minh dat ra, khdng chju si^
khd'ng ehd ciia tridu Minh, khdng n^p cdng,
thi tridu Minh sg de doa ho|ic xuft't quftn
"thao phat" Didu nfty dUpc phan ftnh ra't rd
trong Minh tkiXc luc Vf du, trong chidu thU
eiia Chu Nguyen ChUdng giii vua Chftmpa
ngay 13 thang Chap nam Hdng Vu thQ 2
(11-1-1370) ed doan: "Trim nay thdng nhft't
bdn bien, cai quan van phQdng, mudn efte
dft't xa xdi eung ddu dQdc an ninh, nen tQng
mang thu den bfto eho bidt NgUdi bidt sp
mgnh trdi, tdn thd Trung Qudc, ngn sai sQ
dg'n xUng thdn, cdng san vgt dja phUdng,
theo dung ldi giao hua'n eiia tidn nhftn, dd
dftn chiing dQde so'ng ygn dn" (12) NhU thg',
theo quan niem ciia tridu Minh, efte nUde
nho "mudn dUde sdng ygn dn" thi phai "tdn
thd Trung Qude" NgUde lai, ndu khdng tdn
thd Trung Qude (khdng chju xUng thdn vft
tridu cdng) thi s§ khdng dUpe ygn d'n
Hay vfto nam Gia Tinh thQ 15 (1636),
sau khi nghe bp Ld tau rang: "An Nam
khdng lam trdn chQc cd'ng da 20 nftm nay",
Minh Thd Tdng da phan: "An Nam ehidu sQ
ba't thdng, l^i tQ Iftu khdng den cdng, phan
nghjch dft rd rftng, hfty sai sQ ddn ngay hdi
tdi Vigc ehinh thao sai bp Binh bftn djnh
gft'p rdi tftu ldn" (13) Minh The Tdng eon
vign dftn "dao nghia" va ljch sii dd dd cao
quan didm eiia minh: "Di Djch bdn phUdng khdng ddn tridu cdng, didu nghia dang Iftm
la ph&i mang quftn ph^t tdi; tQ xQa ddn nay c6c dd vQdng cQng lam gidng nhQ vay" (14)
Thd ba, vi^e xfie l$p, duy tri, phat tridn
h$ thdng tridu cdng la m^t phUdng sftch gidp nha Minh dd cao uy quydn ciia hoftng
dd, eua tridu dinh trUde dfin chiing trong nUdc dd eung ed sU thdng tri ciia minh Dupe lap ndn tQ mdt eudc khdi nghia ndng dftn, l^i xuft't than tQ tdng Idp cQng dinh vft budi ddu thdng tri gap nhidu sU chdng dcTi, nfin Chu Nguygn ChQdng va cac hoang dd kd tidp ^ thQe dUpc aftu sftc rftng, nhidm vy quan trpng hang ddu la ciing cd ehfnh quydn, dd cao uy quydn cua hoftng de, ciia tridu dinh Dd lam didu dd, bgn canh vi$c tridn khai mdt loat ehfnh sach ddi nSi, Chu Nguygn ChUdng vft cftc hoftng dd nhft Minh d^e bi§t quan tfim ddn vigc phat tridn
hg thdng tridu cdng ThUc td 1ft h$ thdng tridu cdng cftng dUpc md rpng thi uy thd ciia hoang dd eang dUpe dd cao, vi thdi dd ed le it c6 hinh anh nao lam eho dftn chiing ngUdng m$ hoftng dd, tridu dinh bang vifc t|Ui mftt
chOng kidn ho^c nghe ddn dai vi nhQng
doftn sQ gia nUdc ngofti tft'p nflp ddn tridu cdng hoftng de' nUdc minh
Trong 8^ 16 hoftng dd thdi Minh thi Minh Thfti To Chu Nguygn ChUdng va Minh Thftnh Td Chu D0 la hai hoang dd thanh cdng nhft't trong vi$e xac Iftp vft phat tridn h§ thong tridu cd'ng dd ciing cd uy quydn cua minh Ndu Chu Nguygn ChUdng 1ft ngUdi khoi ph\ic l^i h$ thdng sftch phong, tridu cd'ng vdi efte nUde xung quanh theo efte nguygn tac truydn thdng cua Tnmg Qude thi Minh T h a n h To Chu Dg la ngU^
da phat trien h$ tho'ng nay mdt cftch rdng khftp nhft't
Tii nftm 1405 ddn nftm 1433, nghia la
ehi trong vong ehUa ddy 30 nftm, nhft Minh
Trang 6da phai Trinh Hda edm ddu nhQng h^im
thuydn ldn, 7 ldn di xudng eac nude d Ddng
Nam A va Nam A, trong dd cd 6 chuyg'n
dupe thUe hien dUdi thdi Chu D^ Trong sd
saeh Trung Qudc, cac chuydn di nay cua
Trinh Hda thudng dUpc goi la "Trinh Hda
ha Tfty DUdng" (Trjnh Hda di xudng vQng
bidn phia Tay) Muc dfch ldn nhft't cua Minh
Thftnh To khi phai Trjnh Hda "ha Tay
DUdng" la phd trUdng sQc manh kinh td,
quftn sU eiia Trung Qud'c vdi eac nUdc d Ddng
Nam A, Nam A, Iftm cho cae nude nay phai
nd, sp Trung Qud'c, khidn hp phai thie't Iftp
quan h^ vdi nhft Minh, thdn phuc va tridu
cdng nha Minh Ddng thdi qua dd Minh
Thftnh Td mudn tao ra canh "van qude tridu
cdng" dd dd cao uy quydn eua minh trUde
dftn chiing sau sU kign cudp ngdi eua chftu
rupt la Kien Vftn Ddvao nftm 1402
De thuc hien muc dieh nay, mdi khi tdi
mdt nQdc nao dd, viee ddu tien ma Trinh
Hda lam la tuyen dpc chig'u thU eiia hoang
de nha Minh eho qudc vUdng va tridu thdn
nUdc do nghe, mft ndi dung chu yeu Ift
khang dinh vi trf "thien tridu thUdng qud'c",
di cao oai ddc cua hoang dg'Minh, vd vl, du
dd cftc nude thiet lap quan he hQu hao vdi
nhft Minh hftng viec cii sQ doftn ddn Trung
Qud'c edu phong va trieu cdng Neu Vua ehua
nUde nao khdng chiu phuc tiing thi Trinh
Hda dQng binh dd thi uy Tidp dd, Trinh Hda
thay mat tridu Minh ban thudng kha hftu
hinh cho nha vua, hoftng toe vft eae tridu
thdn nude sd tai, ddng thdi til'p nhftn do
cdng nap ciia eae nUde Qua 7 l l n vUpt bien,
Trinh Hda da tdi dupe hdn 30 nUdc b 'Tay
Dudng", trong dd cd nhidu nUde Ddng Nam
A Rft't nhidu nUdc trong sd dd da cQ sQ gia
ddn Trung Quoe tridu cdng Nftm Vinh Lae
(nign hieu eua Minh Thftnh To) thQ 14
(1416) ed 18 nude, nftm Vinh Lac thQ 21
(1423) cd 16 nude b ' T a y DUdng" ddn tridu
Thd ti/, vigc xac lap, duy tri, phat trien
hg thdng tridu cd'ng la mpt trong nhQng nhftn td' dam bao an ninh, an toan cho Trung Qudc
Nhu cdu bao dam an ninh cho Trung Qud'c bftng h§ thdng tridu cdng la ra't quan trpng, bdi vi trong lich sQ, tuy la "thien tridu", la "Hoa Ha" nhUng Trung Qudc nhidu ldn da bi eae toe, eac nUdc "Di Dich" nhu Hung Nd, Lieu, Kim, M6ng Co ta'n cdng, tham ehf tho'ng trj trong mpt thdi gian dai Kim tQng thd'ng tri midn Bfte Trung Qudc tQ nftm 1127 den nftm 1234, cdn Mdng Cd da thd'ng tri Trung Quoe tQ nam 1271 den nam 1368, d^y xa hoi Trung
Qud'c vao mdt thdi k^ tri tr§ k^o dai Ngay b
thdi Minh thi trieu Minh cung phai cang
sQc di ddi phd vdi nan cUdp bien ciia cftc
toan budn Iftu cd vu trang ngUdi Nhat Ban
ma Trung Qudc gpi la "wako" ("hda kha'u", tQe "giac lun" hay "cUdp lun") Vi thd, ndu xac lap dupe he thd'ng tridu cd'ng vQng ehae, rpng khap, ng'u khd'ng chd dUde cac nUdc lidn kd Trung Qudc trong trang thai "ehU hdu vinh viin" thi se dam bao dUdc an ninh eho ndi dia Trung Qud'c
De bao vg an ninh eua Trung Qud'c, trong trudng hdp cac nUde xung quanh khdng chiu thdn phuc thi nha Minh san sang dung vu lUc Didu nay dUdc the hien ra't rd trong quan diem cua Chu Nguyen ChUdng Nam Hdng Vu thQ 4 (1371), trong mdt dao chi du giii eho cftc dja phUdng, Chu Nguyen ChUdng da ndi ro "cftc nUdc man di
b hai ngoai, nUde nfto gay lo ngai cho Trung
Qudc thi khdng thd khdng thao phat" (16) Hoac trong ehidu thu giii Trdn Nghe Tdng (nam 1381), Chu Nguyen ChQdng cung ngdm rftn de: "An Nam ngftn sdng each bien, xa xdi nhd bg, trdi da't kidn tao, hoang
de khidn vUdng b nUde a'y de lam chu sinh
dan Trung Qudc doi vdi vua nUde cd dao
Trang 7khdng thao phat, cdn ddi vdi k6 Udng ngang
khdng hidu bidt at xuft't chinh" (17) NhQng
quan didm nfty thd hiOn ro tU tQdng ddi
ngoai cua nhft Minh: duy tri hd thdng tridu
cdng di tao ra xung quanh Trung Qud'c mijt
hd thdng cftc nQdc chQ hdu lam ph6n giftu
dd ehe chftn vft bao vd trung tftm
2 Ldi ich k i n h td
Ngofti cftc Ipi fch chfnh trj, h^ thdng
tridu cdng cung dem Igi cho nhft Minh
nhQng Ipi fch kinh td khdng nho Tuy nhign
nhidu hpe gia chQa danh gia ddng mQc va'n
dd nay Dudi dfty, ehung tdi phftn ehia
thftnh ldi fch vftt chft't vft thUdng mai dd
phan tfch vdi nghia: Ipi fch vat cha't ndi vd
gift tri eua cd'ng phdm, eon Ipi fch thUdng
mai ndi vd vi trf, y nghia cua h§ thdng tridu
cd'ng ddi vdi hoat dpng budn bftn ddi ngoai
cua Trung Qud'c trong didu kign trieu Minh
thuc hign chfnh sftch "hai ea'm" mdt cftch
ngat nghgo sud't tQ nftm 1371 den nam 1567
Ve Icfi ich vat chat
Mdt sd hoc gia Trung Quoc va phUdng
Tay eho rang phia dUpe ldi vd vat chft't 1ft
nhQng nude de'n cd'ng, chQ khdng phai tridu
dinh Trung Qudc
J.K.Fairbank vft S.Y.Teng trong cdng
trinh "On The Ch'ing Tributary System" da
vidt: "Gia tri dao dQc eua tridu cd'ng 1ft quan
trpng hdn trong suy nghi ciia cftc vua
Trung Qudc, cdn gift tri vat chdt, thQdng
mai la quan trpng hdn trong suy nghi ciia
nhQng ngUdi "da man" Moi can bftng ldi fch
nfty so eho ph6p sU b^ng long Iftn nhau vft
hg thdng tidp tuc hoat dpng" (18)
Trong mdt bfti giang tai London School
of Economies vfto nam 1936 vdi tigu di
"China and European Expansion", Chiang
T'ing-fu khang djnh "khdng thg cho rang
tridu dinh Trung Qudc da kidm dupe ldi
tridu dinh ban tfing l^i thUdng ed gia trj hdn nhidu dd tndu cdng" (19)
Cftc hpe gia Dfti Loan trong cudn "Bu6c thjnh auy ciia cftc tridu d?ii phong kidn Trung Qudc" eung eho rftng: "Trong thdi dai
phong kidn b Trung Qud'c, ngUdi ngoai qu6c
ddn Trung Qudc dd gpi 1ft "tridu cdng", thftt
ra la sU quan hd trao ddi bft't binh dftng vd mftt kinh td, tQc "cdng" ft mft "thudng" nhidu Cftc nhft vua Trung Qudc tU xem minh 1ft 'Thifin tridu Dai qudc", thudng mudn Iftm gi thi lam, dft phdng tay ban thudng" (20)
NhGng quan didm trdn thd hi^n mot cftch tidp can ciia mdt sd'hpe gia khi nghign cQu vd h$ thdng tridu cdng ciia cae vUdng tridu phong kidn Trung Qudc Tide rang
khdng cd hoc gik nfto dUa ra nhQng dSn
ehQng, nhQng thd'ng kg cy thd dd ehdng minh eho quan didm eiia minh
Khao sftt Minh thde luc cho thdy, nhidu
ldn Minh Thfti Td Chu Nguygn ChUdng cung tuyen bd: ddi vdi efte nUdc ddn tridu cd'ng, l l vat khdng cdn nhidu, chi cdn long thanh kfnh hoftng dd raft thdi Vi d\i, vfto nfim Hdng Vu thQ 9 (1376), khi vua Dai
Vi^t la Trdn Du$ Tdng (Minh thde luc chgp
1ft Trdn Doan) sai sQ sang cdng khdng theo 1§, Chu Nguyen ChQdng da ndi vdi Trung thu sanh rftng: "Hfty dy rftng cftc phign bang ngo^i qude dftng theo thUdng chd ba nam cdng mpt ldn thi khdng phidn; SQ than han so chi ba hofic nftm ngQdi, cdng vftt khdng cdn quft hau, chQng td Idng thftnh kfnh la dupe rdi" (21)
Nam Hdng Vu thQ 12 (1379), khi thdng qua ldi tau cua Bp LS vd nghi 1§ tidp sQ gia Trung Qudc dftnh cho An Nam, Chu Nguygn ChQdng cung ndi: ' T r u n g Qudc ddi vdi tQ Di ddu la'y long thftnh mft dai, khdng dftt nang le vftn phidn phQc TQ nay ndu
Trang 8n h i l u An Nam Hp ddn cd'ng, l^nh 3 nfim
mpt lan, sd ngUdi sai dg'n khdng quft nftm
ngUdi, cdng vat nen tig't kiem ddn gian, sQ
gia t u mang Ift'y, dQng de dftn mgt nhpe
gftnh dpi; cdng vat khdng vu nhidu, chi cdn
Idng thftnh mft thdi" (22)
Thuc tidn ljch sii cung cho thft'y nhidu
lue cac tridu dai phong kidn Trung Qude dfi
sii dung qua tftng vdi sd iQpng ldn de mua
ehudc efte nUdc xung quanh Vf du, eae vua
ddu thdi Han da phai thuc hign ehfnh sftch
"Tfiy DUdng" di mua ehudc, ldi k^o cae nUdc
nay dg'n tridu cdng nhft Minh
Tuy nhien, ne'u ehi dUa vfto nhQng tuygn bdeiia Minh Thai To hay vi^c sQ dung mpt khdi lupng eiia eai ldn dd mua ehudc qudc VUdng nUdc ngoai eua Minh Thanh To ma eho r^ng chi cd "Di Dieh" cd ldi trong quan
hg tridu cd'ng vdi nha Minh, cdn nha Minh chi ed ldi ieh tinh thdn la "dupe kfnh trpng", chQ khdng ed, ho$e khdng cdn ldi ich vat cha't la khdng ddng NhQng tU ligu dupe ghi
Bang 2: CAc sft dokn vk c6ng phdm cda Dal Vlft Miu c6ng nhA Minh Ihiyi Chu Nguytn Chirong (1368-1398)
STT
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ThM Rian
23/7/1369
1 - 2/1373
19/5/1376
1 - 2/1380
24/6/1381
9/7/1382
10/7/1383
5/6/1384
16/1/1387
22/9/1387
8/12/1389
12/2/1393
8/6/1395
19/3/1396
Nsudl ddn i&u DdnB ThM MSn, Doin Di, LC An ThS
NBuv^n NhQ U m
D i m OHK NfianR
U A P h u
7
La Bd Tiudng
Ta Su NjiOn
U DO NehTa
7
U T f l n g T n e i B O i Khanh
D6 Anh Bflt
Dd Nhai Dan
Nfiuv^n TTifii Xunfi Trin Thiic Hoinh
Lft Nhan ThtfnE
NfiuySn D6nK Thiic
7
Nsuv^n TOne Luong
Nguyfin Quan
Lfi Tdng Trifii, Biii Khanh
D i o Tohn Kim, Nguyin ftig Long
COng phJm
Sjn vfll (lia phirong Cfinfi voi thuSn nhuiiK nhi Minh lchin3>L; tCr vl 11 do "lifiin nfiOi" Sun v(l[ d;a phuung
7
Ctfng s i n vii ii'\» phiiong nhimg nh^ Minh khOng nhan vl
mAu thu3n bi£n gi(h
C6ne IS ngufri bi haaa
50 lans vine, 300 lang bac, 30 itfm quyftn 9 mam vinE
Cdng voi
D d u ^ g n n n i b ^ g vkig,bacg6m33[hiic(^g 19ngudJb]hoan Cau, trSu, mi'l, chuO'i lifiu (giflng cay trdng)
Cdng voi, chin udng ruCTu bang v ^ g
7
San vat dia phuong vi 66 udng rtrou hdng ving, bac
7 (Sii d o ^ mdi l6i Quang TSy ihi phai quay v^ vi khOng Iheo diing Ifi cdng)
Cdng ngtfa vi san vM dia phirong Cdng san vai d|a phuong nhimg nhh Minh khuSc t£t vi cd
viftc "soin doal, gifi'l vua" nam 1388 Cdng voi
San vat dia phuong
(Ngudn: Minh Thifc life Quan h( Trung Qudc-Vifl Nam th/kp XtV-X/II {Hd B^ch TTiio djch vi chd thfch), Tflp 1 N)(b Hi
Ndi 2010, tr 125, 126, 142, 143, 145, 153, 157,160,161, 163,165,167,168, 170, 173, 174, 175, 176 179, 183)
"hda than" vdi Hung No b^ng each tftng eho
eac Thien Vu (vua Hung Nd) nhflng le vat
rft't hftu hinh, thftm ehf phai ga "eong ehua"
eho vua Hung Nd dd ddi lai viee hp khdng
ta'n cdng, cUdp pha Trung Qude Hay vao
diu t h d k y XV, Minh Thanh To Chu Dg da
nhidu ldn phfti Trinh Hda edm ddu mot
ham dpi ldn, mang theo nhidu vang, bac, td
lua, gft^m, sa, vai vde va nhidu hang hda gift
tri khfte ban thudng cho cftc qude vUdng d
chdp khft ti mi trong eae thU tich cd Trung Qudc vft Viet Nam cho thft'y trieu Minh thu dupe nhQng ldi ich vftt chft't dang kd trong quan hS sach phong, tridu cd'ng vdi Dai Vigt
va eae nUdc khftc Theo eae ghi chgp trong
Minh thitc luc, ehi trong thdi ki tri vi eua
Chu Nguyen ChUdng (1368-1398) da ed tdi
20 sQ doan Dai Viet sang tridu cong nhft Minh Bang thdng ke 2 cho bie't tan suft't cdng vft sdlUdng cdng ph^m cu thd
Trang 9Minh thiic luc khdng thdng kg "san v$t
dia phUdng" ma D^i Vi^t thUdng xuydn
cd'ng cho nhft Minh lft gl, nhUng ehdc chftn
dfiy la nhQng san v§t rft't ed gift trj vft quf
hig'm d Trung Qudc nhU trdm hUdng, ngft
voi, sQng tg giftc
Khi nhfin d6 cdng nhft Minh cQng ludn
c6 vftt phdm tang lai Qua t^ng cua nhft
Minh thudng lft: lua, gft'm, y phuc, vai bd,
vai nhung, doan vft sa, tidn gift'y, b^c ndn
tQc hdu hdt 16 cftc san phft'm thu cdng eua
Trung Qude Thdng kg tQ Minh thde luc
cho tha'y dudi thdi Chu NguySn ChUdng,
nha Minh dfi tfing l^i eho phfa Dai Vi^t: lua
(12 ldn), tidn gifi'y (9 ldn), b^c n6n (3 lin)
Bang 2 eho thfi'y cdng phdm cua Dai Vidt
kha phong phd va ed gift trj eao Chfnh Chu
Nguyen ChQdng khi tidp sQ gia Dai Vi^t
vfto nam 1389 cung ndi "d6 cdng phdn
nhidu quft xa xi" (23) Cd le Chu Nguyen
ChUdng mud'n ndi tdi cdng phdm eua 3 ldn
Cd'ng trUdc dd cua Dai Vidt, trong dd, nftm
1384 cdng 9 mftm (b^ng) vang, thang 1 nam
1387 cdng dd uo'ng rUpu bang vang, bgic gdm
33 thQ, thang 9 nftm 1387 lai cdng chgn
udng rUpu bftng vftng So sftnh vdi eong
phdm cua Dai Vidt thi qua tang lai eiia tridu
Mmh ft, nhidu ldn tridu Minh chu ydu chi
diing tidn gia'y de ban thudng
cac thu tjch ed cua Vigt Nam eung eung
ca'p mpt sd t u ligu vd sd* lUpng vft gift trj
cd'ng phdm eua Dai Vidt cho nhft Minh Theo
"Dai Vipt s i ki toftn thU" thi sau khi binh
dinh dupe thien h^ (nftm 1427), Lg L<?i da
sai Lg Thieu Dinh, Le Canh Quang vft Lg
DQc Buy dem td bidu va cd'ng phUdng v^lt
gdm "hai pho tupng ngudi b^ng vang thay
eho minh, mpt chide lu hUdng bac, mdt ddi
binh hoa bac, 300 tft'm lua thd, 14 ddi ngft
voi, 20 Ip hUdng xong fto, 2 van ngn hUdng,
24 khdi trdm hUdng vft toe hUdng" (24)
Cdn theo "Ljch tridu hidn chQdng lo^i ehf, vao nfim Gia Tinh thQ 21 nhft Minh (1542), tdc nam Quang Hda thQ 2 nha Mac, M^c Dflng Dung sai sQ sang tidn cdng nhft Minh Cdng phdm gdm: "lU hQdng vft binh hoa b&ng vflng 4 bd (n^ng 100 lang), rOa vftng mdt eon (nfing 90 lang), hac bac vft dfti bac mfii thQ mdt efti (nftng 50 lang), binh hoa vft lu hUdng b^ng bae 2 bd (n§ng 150 lang), mftm b^c 12 chide-(nfing 641 lang), trdm hUdng 60 can, tdc hUdng 148 cfln" (25) Nhin sang quan hd tridu cdng Minh
-Ayuthaya eung thSiy cdng phdm cua
Ayuthaya rft't phong phu vft cd sd lupng ldn
VI du, vfto nftm Hdng Vu thU 20 (1387), trong sd dd cdng cua Ayuthaya cho nhft Minh cd tdi 10.000 cftn hd tieu, 10.000 can
td m^c Vi^c nfty khidn Chu Nguyen ChUdng rft't hfti long Vi thd, tuy ludn ndi
"cdng vftt khdng vu nhidu, ehi cdn long thftnh ma thdi", nhUng Chu Nguyen ChQdng da cii ngay mpt sQ doftn sang Ayuthaya dd cam dn (26) Khdng bidt c6 phai vi su tri fin nfty eua Chu Nguygn ChUdng hay khdng mft 3 nam sau, nfim
1390, Ayuthaya lai cd'ng hd tieu, td mpc, giftng hUdng vdi khdi lUpng Ign tdi 170.000 cftn (27)
Cdng phftm ciia Champa cung khdng nhd Vf dv, vfto nftm Hdng Vu thQ 16 (1383) qudc VUdng Chftmpa cQ ngUdi sang tridu Minh dftng bieu vft cd'ng 200 chide nga voi,
800 cftn dftn hUdng, 400 cftn Mdt dQdc (mdt lo?ii thao mdc dQng lam thud'e - TG), 600 tft'm vai (28) Nftm Hdng Vii thQ 19 (1386), Champa cii sQ gia sang mOng tho Chu Nguygn ChUdng da dftng "54 con voi, cQng ngft voi, siing tg giftc, hd tieu, td mdc, giang hUdng, vai lua hoa" (29) Nftm sau (1387), Chftmpa lai cdng 51 con voi eung go gia nam, sQng tg (30)
Trang 10Cdng phdm tit Giava, Chfin Lap eung
ra't ldn Vf du, vao nfim Hdng Vu thQ 15
(1382), trong sd cdng phdm eua Giava ed tdi
75.000 cftn hd tieu; nftm Hdng Vu thQ 20
(1387) trong so' cd'ng vat cua Chan Lap cd
tdi 60.000 can hQdng hgu (31)
Nhu vay, nhQng cd'ng phdm cua Dai Vi^t
vft eua nhidu nUdc Ddng Nam A khae khdng
chi la nhQng vat phdm ed tfnh cha't tUpng
trUng de thd hi^n "sU kfnh trpng" hoang dd
Minh, ma cdn cd mdt gift tri kinh tg'ldn
Khdng nhQng thd, vdi t u cftch lft "thign
tridu", "tdng chu", nhft Minh cdn thu dUpe
nhQng ldi fch vftt chft't khftc Vf du, vfto nfim
Hdng Vu thQ 17 (1384) chfnh Chu Nguyen
ChUdng da ydu cdu nhft Trdn cua Dai Viet
phai ddng gop 5000 thach lUdng (gao) (1
thaeh = 103,55 Kt) de "trd giup" eho binh
Knh d Van Nam (32) Hay nfim Hdng Vu
thQ 28 (1395), nhft Minh lai yeu cdu nhft
Trdn nop 80.000 thaeh lUdng dd giup quan
Minh dep loan b Long Chau mdt dia
phUdng giap tinh Cao Bang cua Dai Vigt
(33) Vd sU kign nay, Bai Viet si? ki toan
thu cho bidt: "Nha Minh sai bpn Nham
Hanh Thai sang ddi 5 van quan, 50 ed voi,
50 van thaeh lUdng dQa ddn bien gidi dd
dung vfto viee quan" Tuy nhign nhft Tran
dQt khoftt khong cung cft'p quftn linh vft voi
chidn, mft "ehi ea'p mpt it lUdng thUc sai
quan dUa ddn Ddng Dftng rdi trd vd" (34)
Ro rfing la trong quan he sach phong,
tridu cdng vdi Dai Viet vft nhieu nUde Ddng
Nam A khac, tridu Minh cd ldi ieh vftt chft't to
ldn Trong nhidu trUdng hdp, ldi fch vat cha't
mft tridu Minh thu dUpc ldn hdn rfii nhidu so
vdi nhQng thQ ma hp da "ban thudng"
Lai ich thuang mai
Hg thd'ng tridu cd'ng eon dem lai cho nhft
Minh nhQng ldi ieh thUdng mai khdng nho
De Iftm ro didu nfty c i n xem xgt nd gfin vdi
tridu Minh, dat trong bdi canh vUdng tridu nfty thuc thi chinh sftch "hai cft'm" ngfit nghgo Ddng Nam A lft mpt khu vUe rpng ldn, nftm ftn ngQ eon dUdng hftng hai Ddng -Tfty, nen tQ xa xQa Ddng Nam A da trd thanh mdt ddu mdi m^u dich hang hai qudc td Hdn nQa, Ddng Nam A ed ngudn khoang san ddi dfto, ngudn hftng hda phong phu vft vd sd san vfit rQng, bidn cd gift tri kinh td cao Trong dd, nhQng san vftt rQng, bien nhidt ddi nhQ: eae lofti thu quy (tg giftc, ho, sU tQ, ga'u, bao, voi ), cae lai gS quy, cac loai hQdng ligu, gia vi dac trUng (trdm hUdng, hd tieu, sa nhftn, dftu khft'u, hdi, qud ), rdi san vftt bidn nhu ngpc trai, san hd, ddi mdi lft nhQng mat hang rft't dUpe Ua ehudng d Trung Qud'c \ ^ thd Ddng Nam A ludn lft vQng dft't hft'p dftn thQdng nhftn nhieu nUdc, dftc bidt la thUdng nhftn Trung Qudc
Trong ljch svi, di c6 dUpc hang hda, san
vat phUdng nam tQ eac nUde Ddng Nam A, ngudi Trung Qud'c ndi chung, eac vUdng tridu phong kien Trung Qud'c ndi rieng, phai thdng qua eac hoat dpng budn ban, trao ddi Ddi vdi Viet Nam, trong thcfi Bae thude, eae vUdng trieu Trung Qudc bat nhan dftn ta phai thUc hidn ehe dp cdng nap Day lft mdt phUdng thQe bde lot rft't tan bao Ngofti cdng nap, chinh quydn dd hd eon dat ra nhQng ehd dp td, thud, lao dieh rft't nftng nd vft n^m ddc quydn san xuft't mdt sd mftt hang nhQ mudi, sfit Sau khi nhfin dan ta gifinh lai dupe ddc lap dftn tpc, quan he giQa Trung Qud'c vft Dai Viet la quan hg giQa hai qud'c gia dde Iftp, cho du
cac vua Dai Vigt vkn phai nhftn tUde phong
tQ tridu (finh Trung Hoa De tidp tue cd dupe hftng hda va san vat eua Dai Vigt, cftc VQdng tridu Td'ng (960-1279), Nguyen (1271 -1368) ehu ydu eung phai thdng qua cae hoat ddng thUdng mai nhU vdi cac nUdc Ddng Nam A khftc