Trong khi tfin thflnh quan nifim pho quat tren, cac nhfl giflo due lieh sd Nhfit Bfin cho rfing "tU duy lich sd" nfing lUc tu duy Ijch sd Ifl "tU duy so sfinh qufi khfl vfl hifin tai", "
Trang 1TIM HI^U Vg "Tir DUY LjCH SlT' VA " P H A T TRIEN TIT DUY LjCH SUT"
CHD HOC SINH QT NHAT BAN TUT SAU N A M 1945 Oiu NAY
NGUYfiN QU6C VUONG*
Phat t r i l n tU duy cho hoc sinh trong
hoc tfip ljch sd lfi mfit trong nhflng
vfi'n d l quan trong thu h d t sy quan tfim
nghifin edu vfl flng dung vflo thUc t i l n eua
cfic nhfl gifio due ljch sd Nhfit Ban hifin dai
Sau nfim 1945, khi cufic cai efieh gifio due
tofln difin nhfim xfiy dUng nUde Nhfit hda
binh, dan ehu bfit dfiu, hinh anh ngUdi efing
dan cd tU duy doc Ifip da trd thfinh ndi the
hifin tfip trung tritft ly mdi cua nen gifio due
(1) Giao due lich sii cdng vdi gifio due dja
Iy, giao due efing dfin the hien tfeh hpp
trong mfin Nghien cUu xd hgi (Social
Studies)-thudng dupe gpi tfit Ifl mfin Xd
hgi-da trd thanh hat nhfin cua cfing cufic cai
each gifio due thdi hflu chitfn Trong qua
trinh d l i mdi sit hpc vfi eai each gifio due
lich sd, nhflng vfi'n d l nhU "tU duy ljch sd
la ^ ? " , nflm thtf nflo d l phfit trien tU duy
Uch sd cho hpe sinh?" da trd thflnh cac chu
de tranh lufin hoc thuflt sfii noi va da cd
mot stf lupng ldn cfic "thitc tien gido due"
dupc tien hfinh (2) Bfli vitft nfly se dilm lai
mpt vai nfit chu ytfu v l sU phat t r i l n d ca
phUdng dien ly lufin vfi thuc tifin xung
quanh vfi'n d l tU duy Ijeh sd vfl phat trien
t u duy ljch sd cho hpc sinh d Nhfit Ban td sau Chitfn tranh thtf gidi thd Hai dtfn nay
1 Q u a n nifim ve tuf d u y lich suf c u a cfic nhfl gifio d u e lich svf Nhfit B a n Trudc Chitfn tranh thtf gidi thfl Hai, trong chUdng trinh hpc tfip d cac trUdng
p h i thfing Nhfit Ban cd ton tgi mfin Quo'c
sd (Ljch sd Nhfit Ban), tuy nhien tritft
ly-rauc tifiu giao due luc bfl'y gid lfi giflo due nfin nhiing t h i n dan trung thflnh vdi thign hofing, vi the chflc nang cua bfi mfin Ueh sd ddn thufin ehi Ifl cung cfi'p cfic su kifin, nhfin vfit Uch sd dUpc "chpn Ipc" phfl hdp vdi lpi feh eua nhfl nUde chuyfin che Vfl'n d l
"tu duy Ijch sd" vfl "phfit t r i l n tU duy lich sd" khong dUdc cfie nhfi gifio due lich sd Nhfit Ban quan tfim, nghien cdu Tuy nhifin, tfl sau thfing 8 nfim 1945, trong bfii canh lfin sdng cai each giao due diln ra mgnh me vfl tritft ly giao due thay dfi'i, vfi'n
d l "tu duy lich sd" da dUde dfit ra vfl tranh lufin sfii noi (3) Cac nhfi gifio due lich sd Nhfit Ban khi tranh lufin ve tU duy lich sd dfi ddng d n h i l u gfic dp cung nhU vfln dung nhilu hpc thuytft khflc nhau vi vfly eac y kitfn dUa ra rfl't phong phu, dfii khi khac
'ThS Khoa Ljch ad - TrUdng Dai hoc Su pham Hfl Nfii
Trang 2bi§t vfi khd di dtfn m§t djnh nghia hofln
ehinh, thtfng nhfi't D5 ed ra0t stf luyng ldn
tfli Ii$u lifin quan dtfn vfi'n d l dfl dUpe cfing
btf, tuy nhifin trong khufin k h i hfli vitft nfiy
chdng tfii chi gidi thi$u nhflng y kitfn cda
cfie hpc gifi Nhflt Bfin v l tU duy Ijeh sd d
hai nhfim: nhfim nhin nhfin "tu duy ljch sd"
trong mfii quan hfi vfii "hpc lyc" vfl nhdm
nhin nh$n t u duy ljch sd trong mtfi quan
h^ vdi y thflc ljch sd vfl nhfin thflc ljch sd
1.1 Tti duy lich svt trong mSii quan
hi vdi "hoc luc'*
"Hpc lyc" Ifl mfit vfl'n d l quan trpng
khfing t h l thitfu trong vi^c dfinh gifi chfi't
lupng gifio dye vfl hifiu qua giflo dye Cfic
nhfl giflo dye Nhtft Ban cho rfing dinh
nghia thtf nflo Ifl "hpc lUc" Ifl vific lflm rfi't
khfi khfin (4) Them nda, phUdng thdc titfp
c&n "hoc lue" rtft da dang nfin trgn thye ttf d
Nhfit Ban cho dtfn thdi dilm hifin tgi nhflng
tranh lufin ve v l "hpe lUe" vfin chUa di dtfn
hfii ktft Trong stf cae y kitfn v l hpe lUc,
dang chd y Ifl y kitfn ciia nhfl giao due hpe
Tanikawa Akihide 6 n g cho rfing "hpc lUc"
bao gom ba nfii dung:
u Hpc lUc muc tiiu: hgc lUc vdi tU cdeh
Id tha hudng di'n cdn diidc hinh thd,nh vd
Id tha cdn phdi dgt dapc
b Hgc lUc do lUdng: hgc lite vdi tU each
Id tha dd hgc dagc, cd thi tiin hdnh do
dugc
c Hgc lUc tiim tdng: hgc lac vdi tU edch
la khd ndng hgc tdp trUdc cdc vdn di mdi
(5)
Cfie hpe gia Nhfit Ban cho rfing, ntfu tfin
thfinh npi dung trfin thi "hpe lye muc tieu"
trong mfin Xd hgi khi xem xfit d phgm vi
rong se trd thflnh "nhfln thflc xa hpi" hay
"phlm cha't cfing dfin" hofic cung ed t h l Ifl
ca hai TUdng tu nhu the, "hpc lUc do lUdng"
kl nfing cd bfin" vfi "hpc lUc tilm tflng" tUdng flng vdi "nfing lyc tU duy" (nflng Iyc
tu duy ljch sd, nflng lye tU duy dja ly), nfing lyc sd dyng t u U$u Ngofli ra "hpc lyc" theo Tanikawa cdn t h l hi^n d "mtfi quan tfim, lfing mong mutfn, thfii dfi" cua hpc sinh
Quan dilm v l "hpc lyc" vfi "nfing lyc tu duy" cua Tanikawa duye n h i l u hpc gia khfic tfin ding, tuy nhifin trong thye ttf vific coi cfi a, b, c cfi phfii lfi "hpc lyc" cua mfinXa
hdi hay khfing vfl trong ba hoc lUc trfin thl
hpc lyc nflo dfing vai trd trung tfim Ifl vtfn
d l gfiy tranh efli khfi di dtfn thtfng nhtft Cfi nhflng y kitfn eho rfing "hpc lyc" phai dupc titfp cfin tfl gdc dfi xem xfit ctfu tao hfin trong cua nd Nhflng dgi difin tieu bilu tfin thflnh phUdng cfich titfp cfin nfiy Ifi Hirooka Ryozo, Katsuta Shuichi, Nakauchi Toshio, Honda Koei Trong dfi dang chu y lfi y kitfn cua Honda Koei (6) Honda da dUa ra
ed cfi'u hpc luc mfin Xd hgi dUpc hinh thflnh
tfl "y thdc ngUdi Iflm chu" "Hpc lflc" nfiy lien quan mflt thitft dtfn qufi trinh "hinh thfinh con ngudi" vfi "nhfin thflc xa hfii mot cfieh khoa hpc" xufi't phfit tfl tri thflc cd ban
v l sy vi$c, sU vfit, hifin tUpng vfi lunh thflnh khfii nifim
Theo "Ban hUdng dfin hpe tflp mfin Xa h^i" cua BO Gifio dye Nh^t Bfin thi quan niem "hpe lye" bao gfim "hilu bitft v l cufic song xa h^i" vfi " p h l m chfl't cong dfin cd ban" (7) Hai thfinh phfin nfiy dUde Bfi Giao dye Nhflt Ban ci^ t h l hda bfing 4 ytfu ttf:
"mdi quan tdm, Ibng mong mudn, thdi do ddi vdi hiin tUdng xd hdi", "tU duy phe phdn xd hdi", "kl nang quan sdt, sd dung tU li^u, trinh bdy", "hieu biet, tri thac vi cdc hiin tugng xd hdi"
Nhu vfiy, ehdng ta thtfy rfing d dfiy cac hpe gifi Nhfit Ban d mfit mfle dp nfio do da
Trang 3chung vfl t u duy trong mfin Xd hdi (Ljch
sd-Dia ly-Gifio d\ic eong dfin) ndi rifing Tuy
nhifin, d dfiy vfi'n di ey t h l "thtf nfio lfi tU
duy ljch sd?" vfin chUa dupe chi ro vfl trong
nhilu trudng hpp khfing tfich bgeh "tu duy"
vdi "hpc lfle"
1.2 Tu duy Uch sut trong mdi quan
he vdi y thUc tich sul*' vA "nhdn thdCc
Uch sti**
Khi dtft ra cfiu hdi "tU duy ljch sd Ifl gi?",
phfin dfing nhflng ngUdi cd lifin quan dtfn
gifio due ljch sd d Nhfit Ban thudng cho
rfing nd lfi "cflch nhin, cfich suy nghi v l Ijch
sd" 0 dfiy "cflch nhin, cflch suy n g h f nfly
cd hai n0i hflm: nd chi "cflch nhin, cfich
nghi" vdi tU efich Ifl sy hUdng v l qufl khd,
nhfln thflc qufi khfl eua con ngUdi, mflt
khfie cung la "nhfln thfle hifin tai" nhfim
dpc hilu cfic hifin tUpng hifin tgi xufi't phflt
tfl cfich nhin nhfln trong qufi khfl Trong tU
duy dan cfii, tUdng h6 cua nhftn thdc qua
khd va nhtfn thflc hifin tai nfly, "cfich nhin,
efich suy nghi v l lich sd" se dUde lfim sfiu
sfic thfim Trong khi tfin thflnh quan nifim
pho quat tren, cac nhfl giflo due lieh sd
Nhfit Bfin cho rfing "tU duy lich sd" (nfing
lUc tu duy Ijch sd) Ifl "tU duy so sfinh qufi
khfl vfl hifin tai", "tu duy ve sU thay doi vfl
bitfn chuyen", "tim kitfm sU khdi nguyfin
cua sU v|it", "tu duy v l mtfi lifin quan vfii
cac dieu kifin xa hpi" (8) Tflc Ifl vfi stf cac
thao tac eua cae dang thde tu duy phong
phd vfl n l n tang hoat dfing cua nfi nhU '"dpc
hilu su thflt ljch sd", "danh gifi y nghia sU
thfit lich sd" vfl vfln dyng vflo cufic song
hifin tgi
Cac nhfl gifio due lich sd Nhfit Ban cho
rfing, ntfu nhin tfl quan dilm t u duy Ijch sd
Ifi "cfich nhin, cfich nghi v l Uch sd" thi "sU
th§t lieh sijf Ifl thfl chi "thUe" vdi tU cfich Ifl
san phtfm cua nhfin thflc dfii vdi xa hfii ban
cfich tuy$t dfii nhu "chfin ly h i l n nhifin" lfi khfing t h l Nhfl gifio dye Ijeh sd Tanaka Masatoshi tiStng thfla nhtfn rfing "nhfin thflc" v l "sy thye" cua fing cd gidi hgn vfl fing "chi efi t h l nhtfn thfle dupe cfii cfi bi$t, mOt phfin hifin tgi hay ehi lfi m$t mfit trong cfii hi$n thye tofln t h l phong phd" (9) Nfii m^t cfich ngfin gpn, theo Tanaka "sy thye
lich ad" chi Ifl m^t hfy phtfn nhfln thdc cua
con ngUdi dfii vdi hi§n thye vfi con ngudi cdng chi nhtfn thflc hi^n thye m$t cflch tong hpp, phdc tgp thfing qua trung gian Ifi m(tt bfi phfin sy thye ljch sd tUdng ty Ldc nfiy, hifin thye vfla cfi nghia Ifl hifin thye xa h^i eua mfit thdi dai nhtft djnh trong qufi khfl, vfla cd nghia lfi hifin thUc cua hifin thye xa hfii ehdng ta dang sinh stfng Khi
dd, t u duy v l cfic vfl'n d l xfi hfii dang xfiy ra trong hifin thye dupe coi trpng Ndi cu t h l
hdn thi dd Ifi vific "tU duy dUdi gdc do lich
sa vi hiin thitc nham gidi quyet cdc vdn di dang ddt ra" (10)
Xufl't phfit tfl quan nifim tren, hifin nay d Nhat Ban, trong efic gid hpc, gifio vifin hudng dfin hpc sinh truy tim mm quan he gifla "sy thuc Uch sd" vdi "nhfln thdc hifin thUc" thfing qua bp lpc cfi nhfln dang trd thflnh vfl'n d l quan trong dupe quan tfim sfiu KSC
Cting vdi vific xem xfit tU duy lieh sd trong moi quan hfi vdi nhfin thdc ljch sd, cae nhfl giao dye lich sd Nhfit Ban con
quan tam dtfn mfii quan hfi gifla f thflc lich
sd vfl t u duy lich sd (11) Dai difin tifiu bifi'u cho xu hudng nfiy Ifl Saito Hiroshi, ngUdi vtfn dUde coi lfi hpe gia cfi nghifin cdu sdm nhtft ve y thdc Ijeh sd d Nhfit Ban (12) Trong nghifin cflu fing da sd dung phUdng phfip tien titfn thdi bfi'y gid Ifl bang hdi d l phdng vtfn 1.800 hpc sinh tilu hoc, trung hpc cd sd Saito da titfn hanh dilu tra dya trgn gia thitft dfit ra Ifl y thflc lich sd (duyc
Trang 4h i l u Ifl d i n g nghia vdi tu duy ljch sd) cfi
cfl'u tgo 5 tfing vfi ktft qua Ifl fing dfi djnh
hinh hda dupe cfic giai dogn phfit t r i l n y
thdc ljch sd cua hpe sinh tfl t i l u hpc tdi
trung hpc cd sd Nflm tfing bfic cua y thflc
ljch sd (tu duy ljch sd) duye Saito chi ra lfi:
1 Y thac vi qud kha
2 Y thac vi sU khdc bi^t giQa qud kha
vd hiin tgi
3 Su hiiu biit vi sU biin thiin vd phdt
triin
4 Ndm dugc mdi quan h^ nhdn qud cda
lich sa
5 Hiiu biit visa phdt triin cda lich su"
Saito cflng phfin tfeh cy t h l nfii dung
cua tflng tfing bflc tU duy Ijch sd dfi chi ra d
trgn, "Y thflc v l qufi khfl" lfi sU suy nghi
bfing thudc do thdi gian vtf cfle hifin tUpng
cua qufi khd Ong cho rflng tU duy nfly sfi
dupe nfing cao d hoc sinh Idp 3, ldp 4 trd di
"Y thdc v l sU khac bifit gifla qua khfl vfi
hign tgi" Ifi sy tU duy trong dd hpc sinh cd
the so sfinh dpng hUdng cua tofin t h l xa hpi
qufi khfl vdi hign tai Tu duy nfly dupe nfing
cao tfl Idp 4, Idp 5 cfi'p tilu hpe "Sy h i l u
bitft v l sy bitfn thifin vfl phat triln" lfi
khuynh hUdng eo gfing nflm dUpc rfing cfic
hifin tupng xa hfii tie'n t r i l n trong mfii
tUdng quan lfin nhau Tu duy nfiy dupe md
rfing tfl cfl'p trung hpc cd sd "Nflm dupe mfii
quan h§ nhan qua cua ljch sd" Ifi kha nflng
t u duy da difin, da chilu trong mtfi lien
quan gifla nguyen nhfin vfi kfi't qua cua sy
vfit, hi^n tupng "Hilu bitft v l sy phfit t r i l n
cua Ijch sd" dUdc h i l u Ifl vific hpc sinh nfim
ddgc rfing cae yeu to chfnh tri, xa hpi, kinh
ttf, vfln hda cd lifin quan mfit thitft vdi
nhau vfi phfit t r i l n m^t cfich t i n g hdp
Sau Saito, eac nghifin cflu tUdng t u cung
duyc ehu trpng d cfi'p trung hpc cd sd vfi
trinh bfly trong cac hfii thao khoa hpc Cfic
n h i l u vfl'n d l lifin quan dtfn logi hinh eiia
t u duy ljch sd vfl con dudng phfit triln tu duy Tuy nhifin, tfl thtfp nifin 80 cua thtf ki
XX trd di, do chju tflc d^ng tfl nhflng thay dli v l ly lutfn sd hpc xung quanh cfic vtfn
d l nhu "nghifin cdu v l ljch sijt xa h$i cua phfli Annal-Phfip", "cutfc tranh lutfn vl sU hinh thflnh qutfc gia-dfin t0c d Nhflt Ban",
"ly lufin v l hfi thtfng thtf gidi" nfing lUc "tu duy ljch sd thdc tiln nhfim giai quytft vtfn dl" dfin duye coi trpng trong stf cfic nfing lUc
tu duy da dtf ctfp d trfin
G i n dfly, trong qufi trinh cai cflch gifio dye nhfim thfch flng vdi xu hUdng tofin cfiu hfia vfl dfin chu hfia, cac nhfi giao dye ljch
sd Nhtft Ban Igi chd trpng n h i l u hdn tdi "tu duy lich sd phfi phfln" O dfly, xin dupe gifii thifiu khfli qufit v l quan dilm eua nhfi gifio due ljch sd Kodama Yasuhiro, mfit trong nhflng dgi bilu nhtfn mgnh tfim quan trpng cua "tu duy ljch sd phfi phfin"
Kodama khfing dinh, nflng lyc tu duy ljch sii d nghia rfing Ifl hoat dfing tinh thin vfl xfit v l bfin chfi't nd Ifl hoat dfing tu do ciia mfii cfi nhfin ngn nd khfing phai Ifl thd cfi tfnh chfl't djnh hUdng m^t cfieh cufing chtf bdi ngUdi khfie Tuy nhifin, fing cung nhfi'n mgnh gifio due trUdng hpc (gifio dye
ljch sii trong mfin Xd h^i) sfi dam nhfin
nghia v\t cai tgo tflng phfin tU duy nfii tren
lflm cho nd trd thflnh t h d "co hiiu qud, tdc dung hdn ddi vdi bdn thdn ngudi dd vd nhiing ngudi khdc sinh sd'ng trong xd hdi ddn chu" (13) Ong dUa ra ktft lutfn dd vi
cho rfing, cting giong nhU nfing lUc tfnh tofin hay nfing luc ngfin ngfl, vdi tu c&ch Ifl nfing lUc, t u duy lieh sd lfi khfing t h l thitfu vfi "gifio dye nflng lye t u duy lieh silt d l hoc sinh ed t h l ddng vai tro chd t h l trong phfi phfin sy giai thfch ljch sd nhtft djnh" ngfly nay da trd th&nh yfiu c l u dfit ra cfi'p thitft
Trang 5dUa vflo cac mfin hpc trong nhfl trUdng
Kodama cho rfing, xa hfii ngay nay lfi xa
hfii da nguygn hda vfl eac gia trj da dgng
cdng ton tai vi thtf di kfim theo nd lufin Ifi
sU hifin hiiu cua nhdng sU giai thfch lieh sd
khfic nhau, doi Iflp nhau vfl va chgm vdi
nhau (14) Ddng sau sU giai thfch lich sd
trong phfin Idn eac trudng hpp lfi cfic gifi trj
quan nhfi't dinh vfi sU dfii Ifip trd thflnh hai
dudng thfing song song Theo fing, trong
phfin ldn cac trudng hpp ngUdi ta chi dUa ra
cac sy thUc lich sd cd lpi vfi d l cho sU dfii
lap ndi trfin khfing kfi't thdc mfit cfieh vfi vi,
nhat nheo mfi dem lai thfl hflu feh hdn, thd
vj hdn, nfing lue ly giai khfich quan quan
dilra lich sd vfl su giai thfch ljch sd dUpc
dfit ra Ong cho rflng sU giai phdng bfin
than khdi su bd bufic bdi quan dilm Uch sd
cung sU giai thfch Ueh sd nhfi't dinh vfi dUa
dtfl thoai thudng tdi tUdng lai thong qua
Uch sd lfi nfing lUc cfin thie't trong xa hpi
toan cfiu hda
Kodama da khai qufit mfi hinh mfiu v l
"tu duy Uch sd phg phfin" vdi 4 mflc do nhu
sau:
MOc do 1: Tu duy mang tinh sit thUc =
tuduy hiiu dUdc sit gidi thich
- Su thuc Ueh sd tai sao lai xay ra? (tU
duy ve nguyen nhfin, die'u kign, mue dfch,
ly do)
- Su thye lich sd da xay ra nhU the nflo,
vl sau nd r a sao? (tU duy ve ktft qua, anh
hudng, chflc nfing, y nghia, phitdng hudng)
- Y nghia, ban chfl't eua sU thflt lieh sd lfi
gi? (tu duy v l dac dilm, ban chfi't, y nghia
ljch sd)
Miic do 2: Tu duy "phdn tinh" = tU duy
xem xet mgt cdeh phi phdn sit gidi thich
- Su thUe lich sd dfing vai tro lfi cfln cd
- Cfic efin cfl mang tfnh sU thUc chdng minh cho giai thfch ed dfiy du hay khfing? (tu duy v l mfii quan h$ tUdng h i gifla sU that Uch sd vfi giai thfch lich sd: su thUe lieh sd vfl giai thfch ljch sd phfln chia m0t efich tUdng dfii thflnh hai ting, cfii sau thuytft minh cho cfii trUde, cfii trUde lfi cfln cfl eiia cfii sau)
- Su giai thfch dd hflu dung dtfn mde nfio? Nd cd kha nflng thuyfi't minh cho sU thUc Ijch sd khflc hay sU trifin khai vl sau khfing? (tu duy v l gidi han trong nflng lUc thuytft minh eua sU giai thfch nhfl't djnh)
• Cd sy thye nfio bi eoi nhg hay khong dupc dua ra vdi ly do khfing t h l thuyet minh bfing giai thfch dd hay khong? (tu duy
v l vific khi chi dUa trfin sU giai thich /ly lufin nfio dd thi cac sU thUc khfing bao ham trong dd se bj loai trfl)
- Cd sU giai thieh nflo khac hay khong? Neu nhu cd giai thfch khac thi eai nfio hflu dung hdn (tu duy dUde rang cae sU thUc trd thanh nguyfin lieu phan chflng doi vdi giai thieh /ly lufin nao do se trd thflnh nguygn ligu tao thanh giai thieh khac)
Mac do 3: Tu duy phdn tich gid tri
- Su quan tam vfi'n d l cua ngUdi xay
dung giai thfch dfi la gi? Tinh hinh xa hfii vay quanh anh ta nhu the" nflo? Mo'i quan hfi cua nhiing thfl nfiy vdi sU giai thich nhU the nao?
- Tai sao cung vdi sU thay dfi'i moi quan tfim dtfi vdi vfi'n d l hay thdi dai ma sU giai thich edng eac sU thflt dupe dUa lai eiing thay dfi'i theo? Su thay do'i dfi dien ra nhU the nfio?
Mac do 4: Ta duy mang tinh ly ludn ' Bfing viee nghien cdu so sanh nhilu
giai thich cd t h l hinh thfinh nen giai thich mdi nhu thtf nfio?
Trang 6• Sflc thuytft phyc cua gifii thfeh mdi cd d
mflc d$ nfio? Nfi cfi hflu di^ng dfii vdi cfi cfic
sy thye d khu vvte khfic hay thdi dgi khfic
hay khfing?
Dl cfi duyc nfing lyc t u duy trfin thye ttf
thi ngudi hpc phfii trfii nghidm tU duy
thfing qua bfli hpc Ijeh sii ey t h l Tfl sau
nflm 1945 dtfn nay, giflo dye ljch aii Nh^t
Ban da phfit t r i l n qua n h i l u ch$ng dUdng
vfl dgt dupe n h i l u thflnh tyu trong dd cfi
cfic thye t i l n ehu trpng phflt t r i l n tU duy
ljch sd eho hpe sinh O p h i n titfp theo,
chdng tfii sfi gidi thifiu thye t i l n gifio dye
cua Kato Kimiaki nhu lfi vf dy tifiu bilu
2 Ph&t tritfn tit d u y lich suf c h o h p c
s i n h t r o n g thi^c t i l n *'Gid h p c Ijch sti
N h ^ t B a n bfing tt^ d u y phfi ph&n" c u a
K a t o K i m i a k i
Kato Kimiaki sinh nflm 1950, tot nghi$p
cao hpc trudng Dgi hpc Waseda nfim 1976
vfl giang dgy Ijeh sd Nhtft Bfin tgi cfic
trudng trung hpc pho thfing tinh Chiba,
Nhfit Ban Tfl nflm 2005, fing trd thflnh
giang vifin thinh giang ttUdng Dgi hpc
Yamaguchi
Kato trong giai dogn dfiu khoang 7 nflm
mdi vao n g h l da titfn hflnh gid hpc tjch sd
k i l u thuytft trinh vdi trung tfim ifl nfii dung
sfich giao khoa, chu trpng t r u y i n dgt thfinh
tUu sd hoc tdi hpe sinh Tuy nhifin tfl nfim
1983, fing bfit d i u titfn hfinh cai cfieh gid
hpe lich sii nhfim hUdng tdi gid hoc d dfi hpc
sinh sfii n i i hpc tfip vfi tU minh hinh thfinh
nfing lUe eua ban thfin d l trd thfinh ngudi
lflm ehu xa hfii ThUe tifin giao dye nfly
dUde ong dfit tfin Ifl "Gid hgc lich sii Nhdt
Bdn bdng tU duy phi phdn" (15)
Theo Kato, "Gid hgc lieh s& Nh^t Bdn
bdng tu duy phi phdn" Id m^t loat gid hgc d
do hgc sinh trung hgc phd thdng suy ngdm
vi lich su! trong tU edch la chu thi, thdng
giao liiu, phi phdn ldn nhau md phdt triin nhdn thUc Ipch sit cua bdn thdn, hinh thdnh vd ndng cao ndng lyle nhdn thOc lich
sa khoa hgc (tinh th^c chang, tinh Id-gic, tinh chd thi) (16)
Theo quan dilm eiia Kato thl dfiy khfing
phfii lfi gid hpc gitfng nhu thfing thudng d dfi
gifio vifin gifing gifii, thuytft minh cfie khfii ni$m, Bd ki$n thfing set mi^t chilu, mfi trudc htft giflo vifin sfi sii dyng cfic sy thye ljch sd lflm cho nhflng tri thflc ljch sd thfing thudng hay quan ni$m ljch sii mfl hpc sinh dang cd dao dtfng hoflc bj phu djnh khitfn cho hpc sinh dtft ra c&u hdi "tai sao lai thtf?", "thtft sy thi d i l u dd Ifl nhu thtf nflor Titfp nhtfn vtfn d l dflt ra, tflng hpe sinh se titfn hflnh efic hogt d$ng d i l u tra thfing tin, nghifin cflu tU lifiu, huy dtfng tri thflc sfin cfi
di tgo ra efic cfiu trfi ldi cua chfnh minh
Titfp dd, ktft qua nfiy sfi duyc mfli sflc qua vi§c tranh lufln trUdc ldp vdi trung tflm lfi vi^e phfi phan lfin nhau vfl nhd dd nhfln thflc ljch sd cua bfin than trd nfin ting hop hdn, khoa hpc hdn
Cd sd ly lufin cua gid hpc kieu nfly Ifl viec
Kato cho rfing: "Miic dich cua gido due lich
sa la ldm trudng thdnh nhdn thOc lich sU cua hgc sinh vdi tU edch Id chd thi" vfi de
dgt dupe myc dfch nfly c i n phai nflng cao
"hpc Iyc ljch sii" ciia hpc sinh Cy t h l hdn, Kato dfl dua ra djnh nghia v l "hoc lUc lieh
sii" nhu sau; "Vifiy thi hgc /ut lich su" Id gi?
Tdi cho rang do Id ndng lUc tU duy dung dan vi lich sii tdc Id ndng lUc nhdn thOc lich sii mdt each khoa hgc Mgt cdeh cu thi
cd thi tdm tdt lgi thdnh ndng lUc tU duy dUa trin cdc sU thUc dd dUOc kiim chiing hay cdc nguSn sd liiu phong phu (tinh thiic chOng), ndng lUc tU duy thdng nhdt, l6-gic (tinh Id-gic) vd ndng lUc tU duy bang chinh cdi ddu ciia minh sut dung cdm tinh vd tri thac cua bdn thdn cha khdng phdi Id subat
Trang 70 day t a thfi'y, Kato cung xem xfit tU duy
lich sii trong mfii quan hfi vdi hpe lye lich
sd vfi nhfin thfle lich sd gitfng nhU efie hpc
gia khac mfi chdng tfii da d l cfip d p h i n
tren
Thfing thudng "Gid hpc lich set Nhfit Ban
bfing t u duy phfi phfin" cd cfi'u trdc gfim 3
phfin: 1 "Gido viin di xUdng vdn dt, 2
"Hgc sinh thiii lap gid thuyit vd tUn hdnh
thdo ludn", 3 Hudng ddn hgc sinh hgc tdp
sau thdo ludn
Theo Kato thi sy thflnh bgi eua "Gid'hgc
lich sU Nhdt Bdn bdng ta duy phi phdn"
phu thufic phfin Idn vflo vfl'n d l dUpe di
xufing Theo fing mfit vfl'n d l hay, thfch hpp
phai dgt dupe 4 d i l u kifin cd bfin: 1 Phdi Id
vdn di CO sUc cuo'n hut, hdp ddn khiin cho
hgc sinh mong mud'n suy nghi vi nd 2
Phdi Id vdn di md edng suy nghl sdu sdc
thi hgc sinh cdng eo dupe nhdn thUe lich sU
diing dan; 3 Phdi Id vdn de md hgc sinh cd
the dUng trin nhiiu lap trUdng di suy
ngdm, tnidc kei la lap tnidng cua ddn
chung; 4 Phdi Id vdn de eo khd ndng triin
khai thdnh cugc thdo ludn sdi noi vdi cde y
kien khdc biet nhau
Trfin cd sd ly lufin ndi tren, Kato da titfn
hanh 3 k i l u gid hpe thao lufin chu ytfu
nhfim phat trien tU duy lich sii (nhfln thfle
Uch sd) cho hpe sinh:
Kiiu 1: Gid hgc thdo lugn si? dung tranh
dnh lich sU
Kiiu 2: Gid hgc thdo ludn sie dung tU
lieu cha vii't
Kiiu 3: Gid hgc thdo ludn si dung kenh
cha trong sdeh gido khoa
Dudi dfiy xin dUdc tdm tflt thye tiln gifio
due cua Kato cd tgn "Tgi sao eho lgi dagc
chdn d u vo sd?" di lflm ro cac bifin phfip
phfit t r i l n t u duy Uch stt cho hpc sinh cua
Gid hpc duye bfit d i u tfl mfit bflc finh Dfiy Ifl bflc anh Itfy tfl cutfn 'Xjeh sd thflnh phtf Chiba" Tfl'm finh chyp b0 xUdng chfi efin nguyfin Iflnh duye phfit qu$t d di chi y vo sd Kasori Dfi'i vdi hpc sinh thi u vd sfi lufin dupe xem nhU lfi ndi nfim rflc cua ngUdi Jomon vi thtf vific phfit hi$n ra bfi xUOng chd cfin nguygn vpn trd thflnh sU thye ngofli sflc tudng tupng Hpc sinh bfit dfiu hinh thflnh nfin cfiu hdi tgi sao vfl hpe sinh rdi vflo trgng thfii mong mutfn tu minh suy nghi tim kitfm cfiu tra ldi thda dfing (18)
Sau khi gifio vifin di xUdng vfi'n dl, hpc
sinh sfi xfiy dyng gia thuytft, phfit bilu gifi thuytft vfl titfn hfinh thfio lufln Khfio sfit
"hd sd gid hge" eua Kato cho thfl'y tdy theo
nfim hpc vfl cfic ldp mfl cd sU khfic bifit nhUng nhin chung hpc sinh da tfeh eye giai
quytft vfl'n di dUde dUa ra (19) Vi dy trong
thye t i l n 'Tai sao ehd lgi dUpc chfin d u vd so?" (nfim 1993), hpc sinh da xfiy dUng nen
6 gia thuytft:
1, "Con chd ndy Id chd nu6i ldy thit"
2, "Con chd ndy Id cho sdn"
3, "Con cho ndy Id cho ritng"
4, "Con chd ndy Id cho gia nhd"
5, "Con ehd ndy la ddi tUOng cua tin ngudng" (eho thdn)
6, "Con chd ndy Id vdt nudi ldm cdnh"
D l thuyet minh hpp ly cho gia thuytft
"tgi sao con chd thdi Jomon lgi cd nguyfin hinh dang ban dfiu khi khai quflt?", hpc sinh da xfiy dUng nfin gia thuytft dUa trfin chfnh kinh nghifim, tri thfle, hinh finh (bilu tupng) v l thdi ky Jomon cua ban thfin Titfp dfi, thfing qua qua trinh thao lufin nhdm vfl tranh lufin d cfi'p dp ldp, hinh anh thdi ky Jomon cua hpc sinh se titfn g i n hdn dtfn sU thflt lich sii Cufii cflng sau phfin thao lufln
d vflo thdi dilm gid hpc ktft thuc se cd hogt
Trang 8Theo Kato, vi$c titfn hflnh bd phitfu d dfiy
khfing phfii Ifi d l xfic djnh tflng gifi thuytft
dd ddng hay sai dtfl vdi vfi'n d l dflt ra Tdy
theo tlnh hinh ldp hpc, phUdng thdc t r i l n
khai thao lufin mfi khfing phfii khi nfio gifi
thuytft thu dupe n h i l u phitfu ung hO nhfi't
eung trflng khdp vdi thflnh qufi nghifin cflu
sii hpc mdi nhfi't Do dd d gid hpe thfio lufin
dgng nfiy thi phfin ktft lutfn cutfl cflng lufin
d dgng md
Sau khi gid hpc ktft thdc, Kato thudng
dua ra d l tfli vifi't tilu lutfn (bfio cfio) cho
hpc sinh Vific yfiu c l u vitft tilu lufln nfiy
nhfim phfit t r i l n vfl lflm sflu sfic thfim nhfin
thflc ljch 8ii-tu duy ljch sd cua hpe sinh
Trong qufi trinh dUa ra gifi thuyfit vfl thao
lufin trgn ldp se ed rfi't nhilu dilm tranh
lufin dupe dUa ra vfl dflt hpc sinh vflo tlnh
huong phai xem xfit lgi y kitfn cua ban thfin
xem nd cd dung dfln, 16-gfe hay khfing
Thye tien giao due "Gid hgc lich sii Nhdt
Bdn bdng tU duy phi phdn" cua Kato chu
trpng phfit t r i l n t u duy Ijch sii cua hpc sinh
tien hfinh tfl nfim 1983 dtfn nay da cd finh
hudng tfeh cUe tdi eac gifio vifin gifing dgy
lieh sfl d trudng pho thong vfi cd ddng gdp
quan trpng v l ly lufin Dfic dilm nfi'i bflt vfl
cung Ifl ddng gdp dfing k l eua Kato lfi sU
thfla nhfln tfnh da dang cua nhfln thflc ljch
sd trong dd t u duy phfi phfln dupe coi trpng
Kato da coi mue tifiu cua giao due ljch sfl lfi
nang cao nflng lUc nhfln thflc lich sfl (nflng
lUc t u duy lich sfl) eho hpe sinh vdi tu efieh
Ifi ehu t h l cua qufi trinh hpc tflp tfl dd titfn
hflnh cfic bifin phfip to ehfle, hUdng dfin hpe
tflp nhfim phfit huy eao dp tU duy dfic l^p
vfl nflng lyc tu hpc cua hpc sinh
Tfi't nhien, thue t i l n eua Kato cung ehi
Ifl mfit sU thfl nghifim, m^t lfii di rifing cua
fing Ngofii "Gid hgc lieh sQ Nhdt Bdn bdng
tu duy phi phdn" cdn cd n h i l u cfic thuc t i l n
cda hpe ainh duye titfn hfinh d Nhfit Ban tfl sau nflm 1946 dtfn nay
Su thfi't bgi cua Nhfit Bfin trong Chitfn tranh thtf gidi thfl Hai dfi dfit ra cflu hdi nghifim khfic v l sU t i n tgi cua hfi thtfng gifio dye trUde dd Trong btfi cfinh bj qufin
d i n g minh chitfm ddng vfi gifim sfit, Nhflt Bfin dfi thye hi$n thflnh efing cfing cufic cfii cfich gifio dye tofln ditfn nhflm phuc hung, xfly d y n g nfldc Nhfit Ban mfii Trong eufie cai cfich dd mfln Xa h$i (tfeh hyp dja ly, efing dfin, ljch sfl) dfi ddng vai tro t r u n g t&m Tritft ly gifio due mdi nhfim xfiy dyng nfldc Nh&t hfia binh, dfin chu, tfin trpng con ngUdi da dupe t h l hifin tap t r u n g d h i n h a n h ngUdi cfing dfin cd phtfm ehtft cfing dfin vfi nfing lUc tU duy dtfc Iflp (20) Vi thtf dUdng nhifin tU duy
ljch sd da trd thflnh vtfn di hpc thufit
q u a n trpng duyc nghign cflu, bfln lufln sfii noi sutft tfl nflm 1945 dtfn nay N l n giao due hoat dtfng dfla trgn moi quan hfi cfin bfing gifla "ehUdng t r i n h khung" cua Bfi Giao due vfi thye t i l n gifio due phong phd eua gifio vifin da tgo d i l u ki$n vfl dam bfio
v l mfit phfip ly eho nhflng flng dung ly lufln vtf tfl duy ljch sfl vfio thflc tiln (21)
Thflc t i l n "Gid hgc lich si Nhdt Bdn bdng
tu duy phi phdn" cua Kato Kimiaki lfi mpt
trong nhflng thii nghifim nhu thtf Trong gid hpe cua Kato hpc sinh khfing thy dong lfing nghe, ghi chfip vfl ghi nhd nhflng giang giai, thuytft rainh rafit chilu ciia gifio vifin rafl chu dfing tich cflc khfim pha chfin ly (sy thflc ljch sfl), gifii thfeh nfi bfing kinh nghi$m, ly lufin cua minh vfl bao vfi sfl giai thfch d6 Dudi sd hudng dfln cua giao vifin, hpc sinh da cd trai nghifim giong n h u nhflng nhfl "sfl hpc tf hon" trong vigc phfit hitfn, tim kitfm sfl thflc lich sfl vfl suy ngfim v l nd Nhflng nghifin cflu v l ly
Trang 9lufln vfl thflc t i l n lifin quan den tU duy
ljch sfl vfl p h a t t r i l n tU duy Iich sfl cua
Nhfit Ban tfl sau 1945 den nay ed t h l se
chfla dyng nhflng thfing tin tham khao
CHU THtCH
(1) NguSi Nhflt thudng goi n l n gido dye sau
Chien t r a n h thtf gi6i thii Hai Ifl "giflo dgc mdi"
hoflc "giao dye dfin chii"
(2) Thye t i l n giflo dgc x4t cl nghia h^p khdng
phai ddn thufin chi Ifl giflo fln hay n6i dung hk\
giang ciia giflo vifin mfl cdn Ifl tofln b^ nhi!ng hoat
dong dgy-hoc d i l n r a trfin ldp, nhQng t&i h^u, dung
cy ail dyng trong gid hpc, nhQng ldi phflt biou, cflc
cau hoi dUa ra vfl p h a n hdi ciia hoc sinh trong v&
sau bfli giang Sau n&m 1945, Nhflt Ban thye hi^n
m&t chitdng t i i n h dflo tgo cd n h i l u bd sflch gi&o
khoa nen thye t i l n ciia giflo vifin rfl't phong phii
(3) d Nh|lt Ban "triet ly giao dye" Ifl eym tit
duoc diing tUdng dfii pho bitfn Trong lotit cong
trinh t^ng ktft v l cai each gi&o dye thdi hftu chifi'n b
Nhflt Ban do D ^ hoc Tokyo thye hifin gom 7 t§ip c6
rifing tap II dfly 462 t r a n g bfln ve "triet ly giao due
Nhflt Ban" thdi hflu chitfn do Nhfl xufft ban Dai
hoc Tokyo xutft b a n vflo nSm 1976
(4), (5) H6i giao due mfin Xa hfii Nhflt Ban,
Shakaika kyoiku jiten {Tit dien gido due mdn Xd
hoi), Gyosei, 2000 tr 74
(6) Xin t h a m khao Honda Koei, Shakaika no
gakuryoku zo (Hinh dnh hqc hic mdn Xd hqi), Meiji
Tosho, 1980
(7) Tfli U | u nfly do B6 Giao dgc Nhflt Ban bifin
eoan vfl ban hflnh trong d6 t6m lUdc v l m.uc tieu,
nfii dung, phUdng phflp hifdng dfin hoc ainh hoc tflp
trong cac trUdng pho tliSng CU khoang 10 nflm bo
giao due Nhflt Ban lai titfn hflnli siia doi ban
hudng d i n hoc tflp mot Ifin Moi iSn sda doi c6 the
coi Ifl mdt cudc cai each giao dye Sau Chien tranh
th^ gidi t h a Hai, b a n hudng dSn hoe t a p dfiu tidn
ban hflnh nfim 1947 vfl b a n hudng d i n hoc tap mdi
c I n thitft c h o c a c nhfi gifio d u e I i c h afl Vifit
N a m t r o n g qufi t r i n h d o i m d i s d h p e vfi gifio d u e l j c h sfl t r o n g b o i cfinh tofln cfiu
hda
(8) Cflc nhfl giflo dye lieh sii Nhat Ban ddi khi
khdng phfin bi§t t h u ^ t ngQ "tU duy lieh sil" v&
"nftng lyc t u duy ljch sil"
(9) Xem thfim T a n a k a Masatoshi, Higashi Ajia
kingendaishi no hohou (Phitqng phdp lich sii c^n hiin dqi Ddng A), Meichokangyokai, 1999,
(10) HOi giflo dye mdn Xa hdi Nhflt Ban,
Shakaika kyoiku Jiten (Tit dien gido due mdn Xd hpi) Gyosei 2000, tr 156
(11) y^ thdc lich sir vft nhan thflc lich ail 1ft nhflng thuftt ngQ khd dat dUOc sU thd'ng nha't trong tranh luIln hoe t h u a t d Nhftt Ban Chung tdi se tifi'p tye bftn sau thfim v l vft'n d l nfty d mdt dip khac
(12) De bitft them v l cac cdng trinh nghien cilu
eua ong, mdi tham khao: Saito Hiroshi,
"Chiriteki-rekishiteki ishiki no hattatsu" {"S^ phdt triin y thitc dia ly, lich sO"), Shinano kyouiku kenkyu
kiyo dai 19 shu (Kl yeu nghifin eClu giao due
Shinano tftp 19) Shinano kyoiku shuppanbu, 1953
(13) D^i hoc Hiroshima, Hiroshima daigaku
fuzoku chutogakko no kenkyu kiyo, dai 47 go (Ky
yg'u nghien cQu tnidng THCS-THPT true thuoc Dai hoc Hiroshima, stf 47), 2000 tr 3
(14) Kodama Yasuhiro quan nifim cong vifie cila nha sil hge 1ft "tim kifi'm, Iftm rd cac sQ thuc lich sil" vfl "giai thich" cflc sQ thuc lich sd dd (15) De bitft thfim chi tiet ve thUe tien giao due
cila Kato Kimiaki, mdi tham khao bfli viet ^Hitdng
ddn hqc sinh tU hoc trong "Gib hoc lich sit Nhdt Bdn bdng tit duy phi phdn: cda Kato Kimiaki" cila
N g u y i n Quoc VUtJng trong Ky yi'u Hoi thdo khoa
hqc quo'c gia: Nghien citu, gidng day lich sit trong bdt cdnh hqi nhdp quoc ti'vd phdt triin ky ndng tU
Trang 10Dgi hgc Su phgm Hfl Nfii, Hfl Nfii, 2011, ir
246-260
(16) Kato Kimiaki, Nihonshi toron jugyo no
susume kata {Phitdng phdp tO^n hdnh gid hqc thdo
lu^n lich sdNh^t Bdn), Nihon Shoseki, 1996, tr 1
(17) Kato ICimiaki, Nihonshi toron jugyo no
susume kata {fhitang phdp tii'n hdnh gid hqc
thdo ludn lich aCl Nhdt Bdn), Nihon Shoaeki,
1996, tr 1
(18) Jomon 1ft tSn gpi m$t giai dogn ljch sil
Nhflt Bin (13.000-300 tr.CN)
(19) Hfi BO gid hgc Ifl nhflng ghi ch£p to&n di$n
vl gid hgc dfl thye hi^n eiia gifto vifin phyc vy cho
cflng tflc nghifin cflu Trong hi ad gid hpc cd ghi diy dil vft khfich quan vl gifio fln, tfti lifiu, dfi diing giflng dgy dfi ad dyng, diin bitfn gid hpc, hogt d$ng thiy-trd, y kii'n cua hpc sinh vfl dftc bi§t 1ft cam tudng, cfic y kitfn tranh lufln ctia hpc sinh (20) Hda blnh, dfln chii, tfin trflng con ngUdi 1ft
ba try cfit cQng gpi Ifl ba nguyfin ly cila Hitfn phftp Nhflt Bfin 1947 Hitfn phflp nfly cdn dupc gpi 1ft Hii'n phflp hda blnh
(21) Luflt giflo dgc trUdng hpc, Luflt giflo dgc cd bfin vfl c&c bfi luflt gi&o dgc cfi lifin quan dam bao
cd ed phflp ly cho c&c sflng tgo cua gi&o vifin trong c&c hogt dfing thye tiln gifto dye
(8) 6y ban Nhftn dfin tinh Quang Ninh, Bflo
c&o ktft qua thye hi^n ban ghi nhd hfli nghj Iln thfl
hai UBCTLH giQa cac tinh phfa bic Vi§t Nam vft
khu ty trj dftn tfic Choang Quang Tfly, ngfly 6
thftng 9 nfim 2010, Ha Ixing, tr 4
(9) Cyc Hai quan Quang Ninh Bdo c&o iSng
ktft cdng tftc kilm soflt Hai quan 5 nftm
(2006-2010) atf 2005/HQQN-CBL, Quang Ninh, ngfty
26-12-2010
(10) Dia chi Qudng Ninh (2001), tftp 1
(11) tly ban Nhfin dfin tlnh Quang Ninh
(Tidp theo trang 52)
(2009), B&o c&o ttfng ktft hofln thftnh cdng tftc PGCM trfin dogn biln gidi dtft Uln do tJnh Quang Ninh quan ly, th&ng 12/2009
(12) Cy ban Nhfln dfln tinh Quang Ninh (2009), B&o c&o ting ktft hoftn thftnh cdng tftc PGCM trfin dogn bifin gifii dfl't hin do tinh Quing Ninh quan ly, tilt nflm 2000-11/2009, thfing 12/2009
(13) Bfti phdng vfo Thfl tnidng Bfi Ngo^i giao VG Diing, Chii nhi$ra Oy ban bifin gidi Quflc gia, Tgp chf
Nghiin ciht Trung Qu& atf 1 (80), 2008, tr 4