Đề cương ôn tập môn Nhận thức ngôn ngữ Language Awareness hay, ngắn gọn

Đề cương ôn tập môn Nhận thức ngôn ngữ Language Awareness hay, ngắn gọn Đề cương ôn tập môn Nhận thức ngôn ngữ Language Awareness hay, ngắn gọn Đề cương ôn tập môn Nhận thức ngôn ngữ Language Awareness hay, ngắn gọn Đề cương ôn tập môn Nhận thức ngôn ngữ Language Awareness hay, ngắn gọn Đề cương ôn tập môn Nhận thức ngôn ngữ Language Awareness hay, ngắn gọn

ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP MÔN NHẬN THỨC NGÔN NGỮ

LANGUAGE AWARENESS Câu 1 8 basic features of Language Awareness:

- knowledge of the world: the way we use and understanding of language is

affected by our specific cultural backgrounds,our learning experience,and the way we view the world

- Context: the importance of situation and environment-including the

relationship between initiator and recipient-in which people use language and

their purpose in using it.

- Variety: the different form in which language is manifested.

- Medium: the modes or channels through which language may appear.

- Attitude: the fact that the people use language to convey different attitudes as

well as the fact that they have different attitudes towards the language they encounter

- Effectiveness: the degree to which users of language successfully achieve their

purpose

- Structure: the basic ways in which language's organized and structured.

- Flexibility: the way language is dynamic and able to adapt to changing

circumstances

Câu 2 Definition of Language Awareness:

- Language awareness can be defined as explicit knowledge about language and conscious perception and sensitivity in language learning,language teaching and language use

- It covers a wide spectrum of fields Language awareness issuses include exploring the benefits that can be derived from developing a good knowlegde about language,a conscious understanding of how lannguages work, of how people learn them and use them

- Language awareness interests also include learning more about what sorts of ideas about language people normally operate with, and what effects these have

on how they conduct their everyday affairs Ex: their professional dealings

Câu 3 Differences between British English and American English:

can be seen in: spelling, pronounciation, grammar, use of words and phrases

- Differences in spelling:

+ our, or: most words ending in unstressed -our in the United Kingdom(e.g:

colour, flavour, homour) end in -or in the United Stated(e.g:color, flavor, homor)

+ xion, ction: the spellings connexion, inflextion are now somewhat rare in

everyday British usage, but are not used at all in the US The more common connection, inflection

+ ise, ize: American spelling accepts only -ize endings in cased such as

organize, recognize British usaged accepts both -ize and the more French-looking -ise (organise, recognise)

+ yse, yze: ex: analyse (1) analyze (2) The first word is used in British The

second word is used in American- Differences in pronounciation:can be devided into: differences in accent and differences in stress Ex: BrE: adv'ertisement and AmE: adver'tisement

- Grammatical differences:

+ In names of American rivers, the word “river” usually come after the name E.g: Huong River

+ In Britain, it comes before E.g: River Thames

+ The word is also used at the end of a sentence in AmE, but not so commonly

in BrE+ In most areas of the US, used the word “with” as an adverb In some British dialects, is used as an abbreviation

- Differences in the use of words and phrases:

Ex1: on the road

BrE: + Car park AmE: + parking lot

Ex2: building/ shop + Flat+ Apartment

Ex3: Food + Biscuit+ Cookie

Ex4: Sport+ Football+ Soccer

Câu 4 Code-switching, the functions:

+ Code-switching is a term in linguistics referring to alternation between two or more languages, dialects, or language registers in a single conversation, stretch

of discourse, or utterance between people who have more than one language in common

+ Code-switching is a widely observed phenomenon especially seen in multilingual communities

- The functions of Teacher’s code-switching

+ Topic switch: The teacher alters his/her language according to topic that is under discussion This is mostly observed in grammar instruction, that the teacher shifts his language to the mother tongue of his students in dealing with particular grammar points, which are taught at that moment

+ Affective function (expression of emotions):In this respect, code-switching is used by teacher in order to build solidarity and intimate relations with the students

+ Repetitive function (repetition):The teacher uses code-switching in order to transfer the necessary knowledge for the students for clarity

- The function of students’ code-switching:

+ Equivalence: The students makes use of the native equivalence of a his/her native language Equivalence function as a defensive mechanism for students as

it gives the student the opportunity to continue communication by bridging the gaps resulting from foreign language incompetence

+ Floor-holding: The learners performing code switching for floor-holding generally have the same problem: they can not recall the appropriate target language structure or lexicon

+ Reiteration:The message in target language is repeated by the student in native tongue through which the learner tries to give the meaning by making use of a repetition technique

+ Conflict control: For the potentially conflictive language use of a students, the code switching is a strategy to transfer the intended meaning The lack of some culturally equipvalent lexis among the native language and target language – which may lead to violation of the transference of intended meaning – may result in code switching for conflict control, therefore possible misunderstands are avoided

Câu 5 Language families, people speak English as 1 st language and 2 nd

language, United Nations:

- According to Ethnologue, there are 218 language families in the world

- There are 6 languages are used in United Nation It consists of English, Chinese, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic

- English language has about 340 million 1st language speakers and 168 million

2nd language speakers

Câu 6 “New Englishes” “Standard English”, E.S.L, E.F.L and E.I.L:

According to Tom McArthur, New Englishes is a term for “recently emerging

and increasingly autonomous varieties of English, especially in a non-western setting, such as India, Nigeria or Singapore”

+Standard English (SE): is the prestigious variety of English that is understood

all over the world where any knowledge of any varity of English exists Standard English relates to vocabulary and grammar and is independent of pronunciation

+ E.S.L ( English as a Second Language): this term relates to the English used

by between 150 and 300 million people in approximately 50 territoties worldwide in which English is not the mother tongue, but nervertheless has special status, usually due to colonization

+ E.F.L (English as a Foreign Language): The English learned and used by

those for whom it is not their first or second tongue, e.g: the rest of the world

+ E.I.L ( English as a Internetional Language): The concept that the role of

English has achieved global by being recognized almost every country in the world, and being used by people of different nations communicate with one another

Câu 7 Definition of a dialect, an accent and a pidgin.

+ Dialects: are the regional varieties of English which differ from Standard

English with respect to vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation

+ Accents: are the regional varieties of English which differ from Standard

English only in their pronunciation

+A Pidgin: is a language made up of elements of two or more other languages,

the purpose of which is to make contact with other people None has a pidgin as their mother tongue

Câu 8 Three circles of the English language.

The Indian- born linguist Braj Kachru adopted a way of representing English varieties in the world in the form of three concentric circles, and this model has been every influential

+ The inner circle: contains the Anglo Englishes and includes the UK, the

USA, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand: English is the primary language in many situations for these nations

+ The outer circle: contains the non-Anglo Englishes The spread of English

began through the colonial government when English became a part of the countries; chief instutions, and exists in a complementary fashion with other languages

+ The expanding circle: involes those nations that recognize the importance of

English as an international language, although they have no history of colonization by members of the inner circle and English is not given official

status in these countries English in these countries, unlike in the inner circle and outer circle, is almost never used for intra-national communication

Câu 9 The characteristics of New Englishes:

- They are used in multi-lingual and multicultural communities which are culturally divergent from Britain

- The spread of NEs was through the classroom, and the point of reference, as far as notions of correctness were concerned, was external

- NEs tend to play complementary, as district, all- purpose roles in their contexts

of use

- NEs are the result of the transformation of English in interaction with the life

of its new contexts, as it adapts itself to handle new objects, relationships, experiences, and develops new resources to carry and express new meaning, cultures and viewpoint

- NEs are systematic in their own way and allow their users to express meanings that are relevant to themselves

Câu 10 Definition of Vocabulary

- Vocabulary is a set of words known to a person or other entity, or that are part

os a specific language

- Features:

+ The vocabulary of a person is defined either as the set of all words that are understood by that person or the set of all words likely to be used by that person when constructing new sentences

+ The richness of a person’s vocabulary is popularly thought to be a reflection of intelligence or level of education

+ Increasing the size of one’s vocabulary, also called vocabulary building, is generally considered to be an important part of both learning a language and improving one’s skills in a language in which one is already proficient

Câu 11 Grammar:

Grammar is the study of rules governing the use of language The set of rules governing a particular language is the grammar of that language Thus, each language can be said to have its own distinct grammar Grammar is part of the general study of language call linguistics Grammar is a way of thinking about language

- The subfields of grammar: are phonetic, phonology, morphology, systax, semantics and pragmatics However, grammar includes only morphology and syntax

Câu 12 Taboo language

consists of the words are those that are to be avoided entirely, or at least avoided

in mix company or polite company

- the characteristics of taboo language:

+ it is universal

+ it is the language that “should not” be used, especially not in polite company + when an act is considered taboo, the words describing it often are, too

+ close correlation between how taboo the concept and how taboo the word

“taboos” are culture- specific, even if two countries share the same language

three main clusters.- sex, sex organs, taboo sex (e.g: with family members)-

bodily functions- religion: words considered profane if used outside the domain

of the formal/religious ceremonies

Câu 14 Taboo languages, Neurophysiological responses

Taboo language consists of the words are those that are to be avoided entirely,

or at least avoided in mix company or polite company

- Because:

+ expressing pain, anger, frustration, annoyance

+ insulting someone, directly or descriptively

+ invoking or wishing for supernatural assistance in harming someone

+ adding emphasis to statement to statements whether positive or negative in content

+ using certain taboo words, or referring to certain concepts in any way at all + issuing ritual guarantees of truthfulness

+ studies have indicated that those who swear regularly suffer less from stress than those who do not

+ if you are with a group of close friends, the more relaxed you are, the more you swear

- Neurophysiological responses:

+ taboo words produce physical effects in people who read or hear them

+ elevated heart rate

+ elevated skin conductivity

+ arm hair raises

+ more shallow breathing

Câu 15 Aphasia, swearing and Euphemisms.

+ A Euphemism is a substitution of an agreeable or less offensive expression on

place of one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the listener or

in the case of doublespeak, to make it less troublesome for the speaker The existence of taboo words stimulates creation of euphemisms

+a “nicer” way of saying something to replace a taboo word or avoid frightening/unpleasant subjects: die-pass away Anti-euphemism: non-offensive words become offensive in a particular context

+ Aphasia: Loss of the ability to use and understand language, usually caused

by damage to the brain The loss may be total or partial, and may affect spoken and/or written language ability There are different types of aphasia: agraphia is difficulty in writing, alexia is difficulty in reading, anomia is difficulty in using proper nouns, and agrammatism is difficulty in using grammatical words like prepositions, articles Aphasia can be studied in order to discover how the brain processes language

+ Swearing: a term that refer to both taking an OATH and using language that

is regarded as foul, abusive, and profane

Câu 16 Polotical Correctness:

+ Polotical Correctness: is a term used to describe language or behaviour which

is intended, or said to be intended, to provide a minimum of offense, particularly

to racial cultural, or other identity groups A text that conforms to the ideas of political correctness is said to be politically correct

- Features:

+ The term “Polotical Correctness” is used almost exclusively in a pejorative sense However, term such as inclusive language and civility are often used to praise language that is seen by critics as “Polotical Correctness” Those who use the term in a critical fashion often express a concern about the dilution of freedom of speech, intolerance of language, and the avoidance of a discussion of social problems

+ The existence of Polotical Correctness has been alleged and denounced by

conservative, liberal, and other commentators The term itself an its usage,

however, is hotly contested Some commentator, usually on the political left, have argued that the term “Polotical Correctness” is a straw man invented by the New Right to discredit what they consider progressive social change, especially around issuses of race and gender

Câu 17 Language Change:

is the manner in which the phonetic, morphological, sematic, syntactic, and other features of a language are modified over time All languages are continually changing

- Why:

+ Large –scale shifts often occur in response to social, economic and political pressures History records many example of language change fueled by invasion, colonization and migration Even without these kinds of influences, a language can change dramatically if enough users alter the way the speak it

+ The needs of speakers drive language change New technologies, industries, products and experiences simply require new words, By using new and

emerging terms, we all drive language change But the unique way that individuals speak also fuels language change That’s because no two individuals use a language in exactly the same way The vocabulary and phrases people use depend on where they live, their ages, education level, social status and other factors Through our interactions, we pick up new words and sayings and intergrate them into our speech

Câu 18 Causes of language change:

- Economy:Speakers tend to make their utterances as efficient as possible: they try to exert the least effort in communicating with language

- Analogy:

+ An Analogy can be the linguistic process that reduces word forms perceived

as irregular by remaking them in the shape of more common forms that are gorverned by rules

+ Neologims can also be formed by analogy with existing words

+ Analogy is often presented as an alternative mechanism to generative rules for explaining productive formation of structures such as words

- Language contact:

+ Language contact occurs when speakers of distinct speech varieties interact The study of language contact is called contact linguistic

+ Multilingualism has been common throughout much of human histories Even

in hunter – gatherer times, to judge by recent parallels, multilingualism was not uncommon, as bands would need to communicate with neighboring peoples who often spoke differing languages

+ when speakers of different languages interact closely, it is typical for their languages to influence each other Languages normally develop by gradually accumulating internal differences until one parent language splits into daughter languages

Câu 19 Types of language change:

All languages are constantly changing The causes are many and varied