T u y con so sai, thieu he thong, nhung "Tdn thu", "Tdn van" co tac dung "gidi tod nhiing rang budc cu trong suy nghi vd hanh dpng, hdm ndng len bau mau ndng nhung ngudi yeu nude duan
Trang 1A N H H U O N G C U A T R A O L l / U T I T T U O N G A N H S A N G P H A P
D O I V O I P H A N B O I C H A U
T h s D o M a n h H u n g
Khoa Lich sit, Dai hoc Swpham Hue
T i r rihung nam cuoi the k y X I X dau the
ky X X , cac "Tdn thu", "Tdn vdn" mang noi
dung t u t u o n g dan chu t u san va van m i n h
phuong Tay theo cac con d u o n g T r u n g
Quoc, Nhat Ban va Phap vao V i e t N a m gay
nen su phan hoa, doi m o i ve t u tuong Dac
biet, mot so tac p h a m cua cac nha triet hoc
A n h sang Phap the k y X V I I I n h u Van phap
tinh ly cua Montesquieu, Tien hod ludn ciia
Voltaire, Ddn udc ludn ciia Rousseau cung
dupe truyen ba vao nuoc ta T h o n g qua
nhung tac pham nay, cac sT phu yeu nuoc
tien bo bat dau tiep can v o i l o i hoc m d i , den
quydn t u do dan chu va khoa hoc - ky thuat
phuong Tay T u y con so sai, thieu he thong,
nhung "Tdn thu", "Tdn van" co tac dung
"gidi tod nhiing rang budc cu trong suy nghi
vd hanh dpng, hdm ndng len bau mau ndng
nhung ngudi yeu nude duang thdi - tuc bp
phdn si phu tien bp dau the ky XX de budc
vao thdi ky mdi"" N h u duoc tiep them sinh
khi m d i , cac sT phu yeu nude tien bo da nhiet
liet don nhan Ho sung suong t i m thay trong
"Tdn thu", "Tdn van" nhirng "mdn an thich
1 Dinh Xuan Lam: Tdn the vd dnh hudng ciia no den
y~iet \ 'in trong bdi cdnh Ddng Nam A hdi dau the ky
XX Hap chi Nghien cuu Dong Nam A, so 2, 1998,
tr.5
hop vdi thai dai mdi la nhung tu tudng ddn chit cimg khoa hoc - ky thuat phuong Tay de van dung vao con dudng ciru nude mdi Id con dudng tu san " 2
Bai viet nay tap trung t i m hieu dau an ciia mot so nha t u t u d n g A n h sang Phap the
ky X V I I I ddi v d i Phan B o i Chau
Phan B o i Chau hieu la Sao N a m , sinh ngay 26-12-1867 d lang Dan N h i e m (nay la
xa X u a n Hoa), huyen N a m Dan, tinh Nghe
A n trong mot gia dinh nha N h o ngheo Sinh
ra d v i i n g dat giau truyen thong yeu nude,
l d n len chung kien su that bai ciia nhung phong trao khang Phap do cac si phu, van than lanh dao nen sdm h i n h thanh d Phan
mot con d u d n g cuu nude m d i "Tuy vdn ke thira tinh than cua phong trao Cdn Vuong, nhung dng dd ddi mat vdi mpt vdn de la, chi
cd khac phuc dupe nhirng han che ciia no thi mdi cu the hod dupe hoat dpng ciia minh De cdu true phong trao mdi, cdn cd hinh thirc vd
tu tudng mdi" 3 T r o n g su tran t r d do, nam
2 Dinh Xuan Lam, Bui Dinh Phong: Cudc dip xuc Viet Nam vdi thi giai qua tdn hdi ddu thi ky XX, Tap
chi Nghien cuu Dong Nam A, sd 2, 1994, tr.21-26
Shiraishi Masaya: Phong trao ddn IQC Viet Nam vd quan he ciia no vai Nhdt Ban va chdu A - Tu tudng cua Phan Bdi Chdu ve each mang vd thi giai, Nxb
Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Noi, 2000,1.1, tr 158
Trang 26 8 NGHIEN CC7U CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 0 5 (128).2011
1897 tren buoc d u o n g lien ket t i m dong chi
de c u u nuac lan dau tien ong dugc tiep xuc
voi "Tdn thu" bao g o m n h u n g tac pham n h u
Trung Dong chien ky Phap - Phd chien ky,
Danh hoan chi lupc C h i n h nhung tac pham
nay da l a m cho t u t u o n g the g i a i cua Phan
bat dau nay m a m Phan B o i Chau viet: "Tdi
xem nhung sdeh ay mdi hieu qua duoc thdi
trang canh tranh o trong hoan hai tham
trang vi vong quoc hog sau vi diet chung
cdng kich thich o trong 6c sau lam vd cai
tu tuong phd cui so long den luc do mdi
manh dpng" 4
K h o a n g nam 1903 Phan B o i
Chau co co h o i tiep xuc v a i nhung tac pham
thai k y phong trao bien phap o T r u n g Quoc
Nien bieu co liet ke Mau Tudt chinh bien
Trung Quoc hon cua L u o n g K h a i Sieu va
mot hai t d Tdn ddn tirng bdo N h u n g sach
bao m d i nay da anh h u d n g rat l d n den t u
tudng Phan B o i Chau: "Neu md khong cd
cupc chi'nh bien nude Tau (1898) cimg cupc
Nga - Nhdt chien tranh (1904) sdeh mdi
Khang Luong truyen sang, thi giac mong
bde co cua si phu ta e den ngay nay cung
chua ngudi"'
N h u vay t u t u o n g dan chu t u san cua
cac nha t u t u o n g A n h sang Phap the k y
X V I I I truven vao nude ta noi chung anh
huong den Phan B o i Chau noi rieng da b i
"khue xa" qua nhan thuc chu quan ciia cac
4 Phan Boi Chau: Toan tap NXB Thuan Hoa va
Trung tam Van hoa Ngon ngu Dong Tay Ha Npi
2000Tt.6 tr 116-117
5 Phan Boi Chau: Toan tap sdd t.10 tr.432
nha cai each T r u n g Quoc nen co nhieu noi dung phien dien han che va tieu cue Tuy vay Phan B o i Chau cung n h u cac sT phu yeu
nude tien bo nude ta dau the k y X X "dd cd gang tim hieu chon loc vd dem ung dung vao trong dudng loi cuu nude cua minh Ho
da xdc len dupe mpt phong trao cuu nude o dau the ky XX md su sdeh cdn trdn trong ghi nhan" 6 Co the n o i trong Trao l u u t u tudng
A n h sang Phap the k y X V I I I , Montesquieu
va Rousseau de lai dau an kha dam net trong
tu t u d n g cung n h u chii t r u o n g c u u nude ciia Phan B o i Chau
Montesquieu (1689 - 1755) xuat than tu mot gia dinh quy toe ao dai giau co va ban than la Chii tich Toa an Boocdo N a m 1748
ong xuat ban tac pham n o i tieng Tinh than Phap luat phan t i c h m o t each he thong va
chi tiet cac h i n h thiic chinh quyen, nhirng dieu kien va nguyen tac ciia chung Ong cho
rang: "Hinh thuc chinh quyen la nen quan chu nhung la mpt nen quan chu lap hien trong do quyen hanh cua nhd vua bi han che nhu a Anh Tic do ong di den tu tuong cho rang mpt quoc gia cd quy cii, phai cd ba quyen rieng biet vd doc kip: lap phap, hanh phap vd tu phap, do nhung co quan khde nhau ddm nhiem, vd cho rdng do la bao dam cdn thiet cho tu do'" Phan B o i Chau da tiep
6 Chuong Thau: Anh hudng cua Cach mang tu san Phap doi vai mot so nhd Nho Viet Nam yeu nude vd din bo dau thiky XX Tap chi Nghien cuu Ljch sir, so
2 1989 tr.79-86
Tran Van Tri: Cach mang Phap 1789, Nxb Giao
due Ha Npi, 198°
Trang 3Ai 'lud'acr cuu trua luu
thu dugc nhirng noi dung gi trong tu* tuong
ciia Montesquieu
Thang 5-1904, tai nha T i d u L a N g u y e n
Thanh 6 Quang N a m , Phan B o i Chau thanh
lap D u y Tan hoi do C u o n g D d lam H o i
truong v o i muc dich la tang c u o n g thuc luc
ca ve n g u o i va tai c h i n h dd tidn hanh bao
dong lat do ach thong t r i cua thuc dan Phap,
khoi phuc nen doc lap cho dan toe, xay dung
mot nha nuoc phong theo m o h i n h quan chii
lap hien
Viec D u y Tan h o i va Phan B o i Chau
giuong len ngon c o "quan chu", chon
Cuong D e l a m H o i t r u o n g la viec lam co
tinh sach luge c h u k h o n g phai la ho thich
quan chii h o n cong hoa V o i su ra d o i ciia
Duy Tan h o i , xet ve hinh thirc to chirc va ton
chi muc dich, chiing ta co the khang dinh
rang: Phan B o i Chau la n g u o i V i e t N a m dau
tien da thanh lap m o t dang c h i n h t r i theo mot
y nghia hien dai ciia tir nay D i i cho to chirc
Duy Tan h o i ban dau con long leo, nhung ro
rang la no van gan v o i nhung dac diem ciia
mot dang mang m a u sac dan chii t u san H o i
D u y Tan ciia Phan B o i Chau khong co y
dinh phuc v u mot ong vua, m o t trieu dai nao,
tat ca m o i suy n g h i va hanh dong ciia ong
deu nham phuc v u dan toe va nhan dan V o i
nhan thirc do, Phan B o r C h a u "Id nha chinh
tri ddu tien vd cung la nhd van, nhd tha dau
tien nhdn danh quyen lai cua cd ddn toe Viet
Nai tpc lap ddi vdi moi lien he trung thanh
6 9
vdi mpt dng vua " 8 T h u c td trong C u o n g ITnh
ciia D u y Tan h o i nam 1906 va nhurig tac pham ciia Phan B o i Chau viet trong khoang thoi gian nay cho thay che do m a ong theo duoi la m o t che do quan chii lap hien thuc
su, chii k h o n g phai la m o t nen quan chii phong kien k e m theo m o t nghi vien bu nhin
T r o n g tac p h a m Tdn Viet Nam (1907), 6
phan noi ve c h u o n g t r i n h kien tao mot nuoc
V i e t N a m m o i sau k h i duy tan, tac gia da nhan manh t o i quyen l a m chii ciia n g u o i dan Tren co so duy tan dat nuoc, dan t r i se m o mang nhieu, dan k h i se I o n manh hon, dan quyen se phat trien nhanh, van menh nuoc nha se do toan dan nam g i u va quyet d i n h tren co so ket hop chat che giua quyen l g i va nghia v u cua n g u o i dan trong nuoc Tac gia
khang dinh: "Tren la vua nen de hay nen truat, dudi Id quan nen thang hay nen gidng, ddn ta deu cd quyen quyet doan cd Nhung vua te quan hu khong hop cdng dao, thi khi hpi nghi trong Nghi vien, ddn ta hpi nhau cdng nghi, dugc quyen khien trach, trung phat " 9 V i e t N a m se k h o n g chap nhan su bao
ho ciia bat c i i m o t c u o n g qudc nao, dan ta phai nam g i u chii quyen ciia nuoc ta va theo Phan B o i Chau, can phai co m o t co che thich hop de nhan dan ta thuc hien quydn l a m chii dat nuoc C o chd do co su phan cong, phdi hop giua T h u o n g vien, T r u n g vien va H a
vien Ong viet: "Giua do thanh nude ta dat
8 Chuong Thau: Nghien ciru Phan Boi Chdu, Nxb
Chinh trj qudc gia, Ha Noi, 2004, tr.71
Phan Boi Chau: Toan tap, sdd, t.2, tr 179
Trang 47 0 NGHIEN CUU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 0 5 (128).2011
mpt toa Nghi vien lent Bao nhieu viec chinh
tri deu do cdng chung quyet dinh Thuong
nghi vien phai dpi Trung nghi vien ddng y,
Trung nghi vien phai dpi Ha nghi vien dong
y mai dupe thi hanh Ha nghi vien la nai da
so cong chung co quyen tdi phdn viec cua
Trung nghi vien vd Thuong nghi vien" 10 Qua
nhung ctoan trich tren chiing ta thay rang
Phan B o i Chau da d y dinh xay dung mot
nuoc V i e t N a m m o i theo m o hinh quan chii
lap hien Sir ton tai cua mot ong vua va he
thong quan lai d day k h o n g he lam mat tinh
chat dan chii t u san cua xa hoi do M u o n
hinh anh ciia nen dan chu dai nghi phuong
Tay qua cac nuac Nhat A n h D i i c Phap
M y ong nhan thay so d i dan quyen dugc de
cao b d i v i cac nude nay N g h i vien do dan
bau ra da quyet dinh cac hoat dong mang
tinh lap phap: "Hinh phap chinh lenh, thui
khoa, tieu dimg deu do Nghi vien quyet
dinh chinh phu khong dupe can thiep
vdo" u
Phan B o i Chau cung nhan thiic dugc
m o i quan he giua lap phap va hanh phap:
"Nhung dieu nhan ddn cho la phai, chinh
phu khdng the khong lam; nhung dieu nhan
ddn cho la trdi chinh phu khong duoc
lam- 12
N h u vay tir nam 1904 ddn nam 1911,
khi ban ve the che nha nude can ap dung sau
khi duy tan Phan B o i Chau da chiu anh
hudng t u t u d n g cua Montesquieu k h i lua
10
Nt
1 1 Phan Boi Chau: Toan tap sdd t.3 tr.68
1 2 Nt
chon chinh the quan chii lap hien D o i vdi
chii thuyet "Tam quyen phdn lap", budc dau
Phan B o i Chau nhan thiic dugc m o i quan he giua lap phap va hanh phap
T r o n g qua t r i n h h i n h thanh va phat trien
t u t u d n g dan c h u t u san ciia Phan B o i Chau, dau an ciia Rousseau dugc the hien kha rd net
J.J Rousseau (1712 - 1778) la dai bieu
l o i lac ciia he t u t u d n g tien tien the k y X V I I I
la n g u d i de x u d n g m o t he thong chinh t r i mot to chirc xa h o i m d i Khac voi Montesquieu va Voltaire, la nhung nguoi xuat than tir dang cap co dac quyen, chi
m o n g m u o n sira d o i c h i n h t r i va han che quyen doc doan Rousseau chii truong xoa
bo triet de nen quan chii, thiet lap che do cong hoa dan chii, bao dam chii quyen ciia
n g u d i dan B a n ve v a n de nay, tac gia Tran
V a n T r i viet: "Tu tudng chu quyen cua nhan ddn, tu tuong ve binh ddng chinh tri va xd hpi, ca den ao tudng xd hpi tieu tu san han che quyen tu huu, hop thanh mpt cuong linh tich cue" 13
T u t u d n g ciia Rousseau co anh
h u d n g rat l d n t r o n g t h d i k y each mang, nhat
la doi v d i phai Giacobanh T r o n g khuon kho ciia bai viet nay, chiing t o i khao sat anh
h u d n g ciia Rousseau d o i v d i Phan B o i Chau qua n h u n g net l d n sau day:
Thu nhdt, Phan B o i Chau len an manh
me che do quan chii chuyen che, de cao dan
1 3 Tran Van T
Trang 5?
quyen m o n g m u o n thuc hien quyen binh
dang ve chinh t r i va xa h o i
N a m 1903, Phan B o i Chau viet Luu
Cdu huyet le tdn thu danh dau buoc chuydn
bidn vd t u t u o n g cua ong Phan viet: "Quyin
binh cua nude la d quan lgi, nhan ddn, tdi
sdn" H V a y t h i , vua k h o n g con la g6c cua
nuoc va n g u o i dan da co quydn tham gia vao
doi song chinh t r i N g u d i earn quydn phai do
dan dat ra va neu ho co l o i v d i dan thi bi phd
truat N h a m de cao dan quydn, Phan B o i
Chau da lay cac nude Tay p h u o n g lam hinh
mau de V i e t N a m hoc tap Ong vidt: "Cdc
nude Thdi Tdy cho ddn cd quyen tu do,
ngudi tren co ldi, dan dugc phep bdt ldi,
ngudi tren chong ddn thi ddn dugc chdng
/ a f '1 5 N h u vay, ke cam quyen khong the long
quyen n h u trudc nua, k h o n g duoc y the hiep
dap dan, le phai ro ret, k h o n g ai manh ai hen,
khong ai quy luy, luon ciii ai; "tu do khdng
dung hoa vdi chuyen che; trdt tu hien tdn
khdng ddm bdo tu do vd binh ddng nen nhdt
thiet phdi lat do no di" 16
N h u n g t u t u d n g tren khac han v d i t u
tudng vd mot the che xa hoi theo mot trat t u
ngoi t h u , trong do quyen luc tuyet doi thuoc
vd m o t ong vua T r o n g boi canh xa hoi Viet
N a m luc bay g i d , t u t u d n g do vua la su tiep
ndi dong chay cua t u t u d n g canh tan nua
1 4 Phan Boi Chau: Toan tap, sdd, t l , tr.95,98
1 5 Nt
1 6 Nguyen V3n Hoa: Tu tudng triet hoc va chinh tri
cua Phan Boi Chdu, Nxb Chi'nh trj qudc gia, Ha Npi,
2005 tr 130
cuoi the k i X I X , vua la su h o i nhap n h u n g yeu to m d i cua t h d i dai, trong do ham chua nhung yeu to dan chu va nhan van V i vay,
no co tac dung trong viec tap hop, co v u tinh than dau tranh cua nhan dan ta nham thoat
k h o i su cuong toa cua he t u t u d n g phong kien
Trong Hdi ngoai huyet thu viet nam
1906, Phan B o i Chau da t h i n g than chi ra ba
"te ngn" la rihung nguyen nhan khidn V i e t
N a m mat nude: "Mdt Id vua su ddn chdng biet, hai la quan chdng thiit gi ddn, ba la ddn chi biit ddn" 17 D d n g t h d i , ong con thd
hien hoai bao xay d u n g mot ddt nude binh
dang, dan chu kieu t u san: "Nhdm hop doan the, trao ddi tri thuc, phuc tung cdng ly, sua dgo due cdng ddn, giu nghTa vu cdng ddn, lap giao udc cong ddn, xudng quyin lgi cdng ddn, giup do nhau, thuong yeu nhau, khong ghen ghet nhau, khdng khinh khi nhau"' 8
Trong tac p h a m Tdn Viet Nam (1907),
mot lan nua ong dd cap den khia canh tieu cue ma che do quan chii da tao ra trong l i c h
sir V i e t N a m Ong vidt: "Cai noc doc chuyen che cua bon nguoi hai ddn dp u dd hang ngan nam nay tir ben Trung Qudc lay sang nude ta, den ndi mot ten ddc phu (vua) vd vdi vgn ke dung nhan (quan) lam cd lam thit tram ho ddn ta" 19 N d u n h u quan didm phe
Phan Bpi Chau: Toan tap, sdd, t 2 tr 152
1 8 Nt, tr 268
1 9 Nt, tr 179
Trang 672 NGHIEN CUU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 0 5 (128J.2011
phan nha vua va trieu dinh trong Luu Cdu
huyet le tdn thu, Hai ngoai huyet thu co
khuynh h u o n g thu hep lai 6 thuc te la the che
nha nuoc trieu N g u y e n thieu nang luc doi
pho huu hieu v o i su x a m luoc cua Phap dac
biet la nha vua va trieu d i n h hien ton da t r d
thanh bu nhin cua Phap t h i trong Tdn Viet
Nam Phan B o i Chau da the hien ro quan
diem coi chinh sach chuyen che quan chu la
the che ap buc boc lot dan len an manh me
vua quan phong kien O phan noi ve chuong
trinh kien tao mot nude V i e t N a m m d i sau
khi duy tan tac gia da nhan manh t d i quyen
lam chu ciia n g u d i dan khong phan biet ton
giao dang phai c h i n h t r i , tat ca m o i n g u d i
dan deu la chii nhan cua dat nude Tac gia
viet: "Pham nhan ddn nude ta, khdng cu la
sang hen, giau ngheo ldn be deu cd quyen
quyet doan ca nen rdn minh thong suot,
cua tu do mo rpng bdo chi trdn dudng, tdn
thu day ngd dem tu kien cdo, but luoi hung
dam, ludn ban du cdc viec npi tri ngoai giao
Ngudi viet vdn duoc rpng dudng trudc thuat
Bao nhieu an tinh cua chu phu xe, cua ngudi
linh ngua, cua bd me goa, cua dua con coi,
thay thay deu dat tdi tai vua" 20 N h u n g t u
tudng tren duoc Phan t r i n h bay cu the va sau
sac hon trong Viet Xam quoc su khao (1909)
- lan dau tien ong ban nhieu va cu the ve dan
quyen Theo Phan B o i Chau doc lap chii
quyen la dieu quan trong nhat doi v d i mot
nude Doc lap chu quyen g i u v u n g dupe hay
Nt, tr 1 "0-1 80
khong, theo ong la dan quyen dupe ton trong hay khong Ong cho rang, nude bay gid
k h o n g con la nude ciia vua n h u quan niem cu nua, ma nude la ciia dan Dan la mpt trong
ba yeu to co ban cau thanh mpt nude:
" Khdng co nhan ddn thi dat dai khdng the cdn, chu quyen khong the lap; nhan ddn cdn thi nude cdn; nhan ddn mdt thi nude mdt"
Viec ong nhan m a n h vao v i t r i quan trong bac nhat ciia nhan dan d o i v d i su ton tai ciia mpt nude, c h u n g to day la mpt su phii dinh quan n i e m cu coi vua la goc cua nude, nhu chinh v i lanh t u p h o n g trao Can V u o n g la
Phan D i n h Phiing da tirng phat bieu: "Cai chd dua de dung nuoc chi d noi ludn thudng vua tdi, cha con md thdi" 22 Quan diem ciia
Phan B p i Chau ciing da khac han v d i ngudi
co t u t u d n g cai each duy tan sdm nhat d nude ta la N g u y e n T r u d n g Tp, cho rang:
" Vua Id gdc cua nude, khong cd dao vua thi khdng cd the gian" 22 Ro rang, Phan Bpi
Chau da di xa h o n trong nhan thiic so v d i cac
v i tien b o i va co the n o i ong da tiep can vdi
t u t u d n g dan c h i i t u san ciia phuong Tay Ong ciing la m p t trong nhung n g u d i dau tien
de cap den y n i e m "ddn quyen" d nude ta vao dau the k i X X : "Muon biet nhan ddn cdn mdt nhu the nao thi phdi nhin xem cai
: i Phan Boi Chau: Toan tap sdd, t.3 tr.68
2 2 Phan Dinh Phiing: 777!/ gui Hoang Cao Khai // Hap tuyen tha van yeu nuac cudi the ky XIX Nxb Van
hoc Ha Noi 1976 tr.278
2 3 Dang Huy Van Chuong Thau: Nhung de nghi cai each ciia Nguyen Truong To cuoi the ley XIX, Nxb
Giao due, Ha NA ; , 0 A 1 T ' -1'1
Trang 7iduer eua frutx /uu 7 3
quyen , ! a nhan ddn cdn mdt nhu the nao"
K h o n g d i m g lai d sir mat con cua dan quyen,
Phan con di xa h o n k h i yeu cau de cao dan
quyen: "Ddn quyen md dugc de cao thi nhan
ddn dugc ton trong md nude cung manh
Ddn quyen bi xem nhe, thi ddn bi coi khinh
md nude yen Ddn quyin hoan todn mdt thi
ddn mdt md nude ciing mdt Ddn mdt tuc la
cd ddn ciing nhu khong co ddn vay "2 4
T r u d c nhung yeu cau m o i cua lich
Su-dan toe dau the k y X X , viec Phan B o i Chau
khang dinh vai tro, v i t r i cua nhan dan la mot
buoc tien quan trong trong nhan thuc cua
tang lap t r i thuc N h o hoc cap tien
Thu hai, Phan B o i Chau chu truong
danh do che do quan chu, thiet lap nen cong
hoa dan chu
T r u a c n h u n g thay doi cua tinh hinh
trong nuac va the g i a i , dau nam 1912, Phan
Boi Chau va cac cong sir cua ong quyet dinh
thu tieu D u y Tan h o i , thanh lap V i e t N a m
Quang phuc h o i T o n chi duy nhat cua H o i
la: "Khu true giac Phap khdi phuc Viet Nam,
kien lap Viet Nam cong hod ddn qudc" 25
Trong Ldi tuyen cdo ciia Viet Nam Quang
phuc hoi khang dinh:
"Nay ban hoi xet sau xem trudc,
Ag, :c ddi the nude bay lau,
Gdn thi bat chudc theo Tau,
oi Chau: Todn tap, sdd, t.3, tr.68, 329
loi Chau: Toan tap sdd, t.6 tr.216
Xa thi ngudi My, ngudi Au lam thay"
N h u vay, V i e t N a m Quang Phuc h o i ra
d d i danh dau budc phat t r i l n manh me ve t u
t u d n g dan chu cua Phan B o i Chau - t u quan chu lap hien sang dan chu cong hoa T h d i k y
"mpt ten dpc phu vd vdi van ke dung nhan lam cd, lam thit tram ho ddn ta" 27 b i xoa bo,
de chuyen sang t h d i k y quydn luc t d i cao thong nhat thuoc vd nhan dan Co thd n o i , den day m o t quan n i e m m d i ve quyen luc cua nhan dan da dugc h i n h thanh - nhan dan
la coi nguon cua quydn luc Thd chd cong hoa la hinh thuc nha nude tidn bo, dam bao cho nude nha doc lap v u n g bdn va d i ddn cho kien toan T o n chi cua Quang phuc quan
khang dinh: "Khi dd danh dudi dugc giac Phap, khoi phuc dugc qudc quyin, md niu khdng xda bd cai chinh thi xciu xa kia di, thi nhirng con sau con mot lai noi theo dudng cii
vd nude lai co ngay se mdt thdi Bon giac Phap ldn thu hai lai ndi got dd tdi di xdm chiem Phdi xda bd chinh thi quan chit, vi do
la mpt chinh the rat xdu xa vay! " 2 8
N e n cong hoa dan chu la muc tieu hudng den k h i dan toe ta dang tidn hanh cuoc ddu tranh giai phong dan toe T u t u d n g
do da phan nao phan anh dugc tidn trinh phat trien cua dan toe va do cung la cdng hidn cua Phan B o i Chau v d i t u each la nha t u t u d n g
^ Phan Boi Chau: Toan tap, sdd, t.3, tr.68, 329
~ Xem chu thich 19
-8 Phan Boi Chau: Todn tap, sdd, t.3, tr.68, 367
Trang 87 4 NGHIEN CUU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 0 5 (128).2011
chinh t r i V i e t N a m Quang phuc h o i do ong
sang lap la mot to chuc c h i n h t r i tien bo nhat
cua nuac ta luc bay gia Su ra d d i ciia V i e t
N a m Quang phuc h o i danh dau Phan B o i
Chau tien them m o t budc m d i ve t u t u d n g
dan chii V a y tai sao co su chuyen bien quan
trong nay trong t u t u d n g ciia ong? Co nhieu
nguyen nhan de giai thich cho hien t u o n g
nay ciia o n g2 9
T r o n g Nien bieu, cu cho biet
da chiu anh h u d n g rat l d n ciia Rousseau:
"Tdi tu sau khi den Nhat Ban, tung nghien
cuu nguyen nhan each menh ngoai quoc vd
chinh the uu liet Dong Tay, cang nhan dugc
ly ludn cua Luthoa (Rousseau - TG) la tinh
dang lam! " 3 0
Tom lai, Phan B o i Chau ciing n h u cac sT
phu yeu nude tien bo dau the k y X X tiep thu
t u t u d n g dan chii t u san ciia trao l u u t u t u d n g
A n h sang Phap the k y X V I I I k h o n g phai t u
"nguon trong goc thang" ma da b i "khue
xa" qua "Tdn thu", "Tdn van", qua su nhan
thiic chii quan ciia cac nha cai each T r u n g
Quoc H o n nua cac cu v o n la nha N h o , nen
k h i tiep thu "cdi mai" ma cac cu goi la
"mua Au gid My" cung vap phai nhieu han
che chii quan va khach quan, nen t u t u d n g
dan chii t u san d the he cac cu cung pha tap
kha nhieu tinh chat ciia xa h o i co truyen
p h u o n g D o n g M a c du vay, t u t u d n g dan chii
t u san ciia cac nha D u y Tan, t r o n g do co Phan B o i Chau da tao m o t nguon sinh k h i
m d i cho t i n h than va thuc tien each mang
V i e t N a m dau the k y X X , day len mot phong trao yeu nude soi n o i the hien x u h u d n g doi
m d i va h o i nhap ciia tien t r i n h lich sir dan toe, tieu bieu la p h o n g trao D u y Tan, phong trao D o n g D u va k h i no tham nhap vao quan chiing lao kho t h i bien thanh bao dong Phong trao chong thue T r u n g K y (1908) la mot dien hinh T i e p theo the he cac si phu yeu nude tien bo dau the k y X X , sau Chien tranh the g i d i t h u Nhat, l i c h su can dai nude
ta da ghi nhan tiep m o t the he "nhung nhd tri thuc tu san Tay hoc " n h u N g u y e n A n N i n h ,
Phan V a n T r u d n g la n h u n g n g u d i true tiep tiep thu t u t u d n g dan chii t u san p h u o n g Tay
v d i nhung dac d i e m khac
Cho den n h u n g n a m 30, 40 ciia the ky
X X , N g u y e n A i Quoc - H o C h i M i n h tiep tuc gan loc n h u n g t u t u d n g dan chii t u san tien
bo nhat, ket hop v d i t u t u d n g doc lap dan toe
va nhan v a n ciia V i e t N a m va the hien trong
Cuong ITnh chinh tri ciia Dang Cong san
V i e t N a m n a m 1930 va trong Tuyen ngdn doc lap ciia nude V i e t N a m D a n chii Cong
hoa nam 1945./
2 9 Xem: Do Manh Hung: Viet Nam Quang phuc hdi
-Budc phat trien manh me ve tu tudng ddn chu cua
Phan Bdi Chdu, Tap chi Khoa hoc va Giao due, Dai
hoc Su pham Hue", so 4/2007, tr 104-111
3 0 Phan Boi Chau: Toan tap sdd t.6, tr.216