ACCOUNTING IN COLLECTING PRODUCTION COST AND CALCULATING COST OF FINISHED GOODS IN HAPRO VODKA JOINTSTOCK COMPANY

DECLARATION……………………………………………………………..I ASTRACT……………………………………………………………………II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...……………………………………………….III LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES………………..………………………IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………..V INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………… 1 1. Rationale of the study………………………………………………….1 2. Aims of the study……………………………………………………...2 3. Scope of the study……………………………………………………..3 4. Methodology…………………………………………………………..3 5. Organisation of the study………………………………………………4 CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………...5 1.1.Translation theory………………………………………………………5 1.1.1. Definition of translation………………………...…………………..5 1.1.2. Types of translation………………………………..……………….6 1.1.3. Technical translation………………………………..……………....7 1.1.3.1. Technical terminology in translation……………….……..…….8 1.1.3.2. Accounting terminology…………………………….…………10 1.1.4. Translation equivalence…………………………………..……….11 1.2. Document review……………………………………………………..17 1.2.1. Definition………………………………………………………….17 1.2.2. Document review process…………………………………………17 1.3. Translation Quality Assessment………………………………………18 1.3.1. Definition of Translation quality assessment……………………...18 1.3.2. Criteria for Translation quality assessment ……………………….19 1.3.3. Aims of Translation quality assessment…………………………..19 1.3.4. Translation quality assessment process……………………………20 CHAPTER II: THE STUDY………………………………………………...23 2.1. IIFE’s background…………………………………………………….23 2.1.1. Overview of IIFE………………………………………………..23 2.1.2. The structure of IIFE…………………………………………….23 2.1.3. The role of IIFE …………………………………………………24 2.2. Source text analysis………………………………………………….25 2.2.1. The author’s purpose……………………………………………25 2.2.2. The readership…………………………………………………...25 2.2.3. The topic…………………………………………………………26 2.2.4. Characteristic of SL terminology………………………………..26 2.2.4.1. Sub technical terms……………...………………..................26 2.2.4.2. Highly technical terms………………...…………………….34 2.2.5. Summary of chapter’s findings………………………………….42 2.3. Comparison of the translation with the original……………………...42 2.3.1. The translation of the topic………………………………………43 2.3.2. The translation of terminologies…………………………………43 2.3.2.1. Sub technical terms………………………...………………..43 2.3.2.2. Highly technical terms………………...…………………….46 2.3.3. Summary of chapter’s findings…………………………………..50 2.4. The evaluation of the translation……………………………………..49 Chapter III: RECOMMENDATIONS………………………………. 3.1. Summary of the findings…………………………………………….. 3.2. Some suggestions to improve the translation quality…………….. CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDIX

MINISTRY OF FINANCE ACADEMY OF FINANCE FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE

MINISTRY OF FINANCE ACADEMY OF FINANCE FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE

This thesis is the presentation of result of my own research during thetime of internship in Institute of International Finance Education (IIFE), andhas not been submitted for a degree to any other universities or institutions

To the best of my knowledge, the thesis does not contain material previouslypublished or another people, except where due acknowledgement is made inthe text

Hanoi, April 11, 2014

Dinh Thi Thuy Trinh

This thesis focuses on the translation quality assessment of theVietnamese version of financial and accounting terminologies in Paper F3-Financial accounting (International) belonging ACCA program translated bytranslators in IIFE Specifically, it is more concerned with the assessment ofterminologies at word level and above word level in two groups: sub technicaland highly technical group

The study starts with the introduction by giving a rationale for thestudy, pointing out aims, scope and methods of the study

Chapter I presents the study’s literature review It elaborates on theissues relevant to the study including the notion and classification oftranslation, translation equivalence, technical translation, technicalterminology, translation quality assessment, document review

Chapter II analyses the source language text and concentrates onfinancial and accounting terminologies through document review to arrangethem in sub technical and highly technical group resting with characteristics

of each group Simultaneously, this chapter also compares the original textwith the translation to evaluate the accuracy of terminologies

Chapter III summaries the results of study and gives recommendationsfor improving the quality of translation

Firstly, I would like to express my profound gratitude to my supervisorPham Thi Lan Phuong, M.A, who has continuously encouraged me todevelop my savvy of the subject Without her motivation, enthusiasm andintensive expertise, this thesis could not be completed I also wish to express

my sincere thanks to Tran Minh Thu, M.A for her directions, correction andcomments during the course of my writing

Moreover, I truly appreciate the internship opportunities that Assoc Dr.Bui Duong Nghieu has offered me at Institute of International FinanceEducation (IIFE) And thanks to him, I have a chance to access documentstranslated, which are surely contributed to the foundation of my thesis I alsoowe my debt of gratitude to staffs in IIFE, especially the international trainingdevelopment office for their kindness and support

Finally, I would like to show my deep gratitude to my parents for theircare, support, encouragement, without which my thesis would not have beenaccomplished

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Figure 2.1The percentage of single verb and noun in sub technical group….28Figure 2.2 The main components in sub technical group above word level 33Figure 2.3 The comparison in number between single noun in sub technical group and highly technical group……… ……… 36

Table 2.1 The most appearing times of single verbs in the textbook……… 29

DECLARATION……… I ASTRACT………II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……….III LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES……… ………IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……… V

INTRODUCTION……… 1

1 Rationale of the study……….1

2 Aims of the study……… 2

3 Scope of the study……… 3

4 Methodology……… 3

5 Organisation of the study………4

CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW……… 5

1.1 Translation theory………5

1.1.1 Definition of translation……… ……… 5

1.1.2 Types of translation……… ……….6

1.1.3 Technical translation……… ……… 7

1.1.3.1 Technical terminology in translation……….…… …….8

1.1.3.2 Accounting terminology……….…………10

1.1.4 Translation equivalence……… ……….11

1.2 Document review……… 17

1.2.1 Definition……….17

1.2.2 Document review process………17

1.3 Translation Quality Assessment………18

1.3.1 Definition of Translation quality assessment……… 18

1.3.2 Criteria for Translation quality assessment ……….19

1.3.3 Aims of Translation quality assessment……… 19

1.3.4 Translation quality assessment process………20

CHAPTER II: THE STUDY……… 23

2.1 IIFE’s background……….23

2.1.1 Overview of IIFE……… 23

2.1.2 The structure of IIFE……….23

2.1.3 The role of IIFE ………24

2.2 Source text analysis……….25

2.2.1 The author’s purpose………25

2.2.2 The readership……… 25

2.2.3 The topic………26

2.2.4 Characteristic of SL terminology……… 26

2.2.4.1 Sub technical terms……… ……… 26

2.2.4.2 Highly technical terms……… ……….34

2.2.5 Summary of chapter’s findings……….42

2.3 Comparison of the translation with the original……… 42

2.3.1 The translation of the topic………43

2.3.2 The translation of terminologies………43

2.3.2.1 Sub technical terms……… ……… 43

2.3.2.2 Highly technical terms……… ……….46

2.3.3 Summary of chapter’s findings……… 50

2.4 The evaluation of the translation……… 49

Chapter III: RECOMMENDATIONS………

3.1 Summary of the findings………

3.2 Some suggestions to improve the translation quality………

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

1 Rationale of study

Academy of Finance is one of the leading universities specializing in trainingaccounting, auditing and finance in Vietnam Every year, thousands ofstudents who have good knowledge background, qualification and work ethicswill graduate from academy and take granted for positions in agencies Likealmost universities, Academy of Finance is gradually establishing aneducational system at international standard level in order to adapt for theneeds about human resources for society and to raise teaching and learningquality

Established at the middle of 2010, Institute of International FinancialEducation (IIFE) belonging to Academy of Finance has stated its role in thefield of international education and training IIFE has continuously achievedexcellent results in teaching and learning programs related to Accounting andFinance in English with the participation of foreign lectures from internationaluniversities, such training programs as: Master of Science in Finance andInvestment, Bachelor of Commerce, Bachelor in applied Accounting, ACCA.These typical training programs have also required learners to have a thoroughgrasp of English, Finance and Accounting However, in fact, Vietnamesestudents at the beginning level of English can hardly understand all technicalterms in English during their study process Therefore, it results inVietnamese version of Accounting or Financial terminology edited bytranslators in IIFE in order to support students in studying and looking upthem

According to Danila Seleskovitch- a French brilliant interpreter and writer,everything said in one language can be expressed in another However,translating English document into Vietnamese, especially the translation ofaccounting and financial documents is not a simple task at present by dint ofthe big volume of terminologies and difficulties in finding equivalence of newcomplicated terminology related to this field In Appendix section of mythesis, I would like to introduce a book in ACCA program and its version ofaccounting and financial terminology that I collected during my time ofinternship at IIFE, Academy of Finance in order to exemplify for the varietyand diversity of financial and accounting terms.

Up to now, there have been many well-known linguists along with their greatresearches about Translation quality assessment, for example: A model fortranslation quality assessment (Julian House, 1977); A textbook of Translation(1988); the science of Translation (Wolfram Wilss, 1982), etc However,translation quality assessment of accounting terminology has not beenintensively researched so far while it is becoming an indispensable part inlinguistics and in the context of increasing accounting terminology Therefore,

in this study, I would like to assess the quality of a Vietnamese version offinancial and accounting terminologies used in IIFE, Academy of Financemainly based on Translation Criticism that was written by Peter Newmark in

A textbook of translation (1988)

2 Aims of study

The main aims of the study are:

Firstly, by analysing the source text, the researcher can assess the quality ofVietnamese version of Accounting terminology at IIFE, Academy of Finance,especially focus on equivalence at word level, above word level.

Secondly, to give recommendations in orfer to improve the quality ofVietnamese version of financial and accounting terminology at IIFE,Academy of Finance

Thirdly, to become an useful reference for the later generations in order tosupport for their researches about not only technical translation evaluation ingeneral but also tranlation quality assessment of accounting terminology inspecific

3 Scope of the study

Nowadays, there are many documents, dictionaries of accounting terminologycomposed to guide students majoring in Accounting and Finance, evenlaymans However, it is limited by the time and scope of the study, theresearcher determines the scope of the study is Vietnamese version ofAccounting terminology translated in IIFE, Academy of Finance

4 Methodology

The main method applied in this thesis is document review A textbook ofACCA (F3) and its translation for difficult terms in IIFE, Academy of Financewill be reviewed and evaluated

In this thesis, researcher will apply the model of translation criticism in Atextbook of translation edited by Peter Newmark Therefore, both qualitativeand quantitative methods are simultaneously used with steps in this model.The three mentioned steps are: (1) A brief analysis of the SL text, emphasing

on its language quality; (2) comparing the translation with the SL text based

on the translation language quality in step (1) and (3) evaluation of thetranslation In particular, qualitative research methods is used in the first step– analysis of the SL text and finding out the qualities of language Andthequantitative method is applied in comparison between the original andtranslated version and calculate the percentage of errors in total accountingterminology

5 Organization of the study

Apart from the INTRODUCTION , CONCLUSION, REFERENCES andAPPENDIX, my research paper is divided into three mains sections:

CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter provides generalbackground information on translation theory, technical translation, documentreview and translation quality assessment

CHAPTER II: THE STUDY This chapter presents the study of sourcelanguage text accordingly Peter Newmark’s translation quality assessment CHAPTER III: RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter gives somesuggestions to improve the translation quality

CHAPTER I

LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Translation theory

Due to the complexity of translation quality assessment, it is important thatone should gain a comprehensive understanding of translation theory beforemoving on evaluating translation

1.1.1 Definition of translation

Translation has been studied for a long time and therefore variously defined.The following definitions are presented due to their prominent sense abouttranslation compared to others

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary (1974) argues that translation consists ofthe change from one state or form to another, to turn into one’s own oranother’s language

The meaning transferred from SL into TL is an indispensable issue intranslation (Larson 1984, p.3) The following diagram illustrates its centralrole in translation:

SOURCE LANGUAGE RECEPTOR LANGUAGEText to be translated

Discover the meaning Re - express the meaning

MEANING

Translation

Hatim.B & and Marson.I (1990) consider translation as a process; however,

it involves the negotiation of meaning between procedures and receivers oftexts is to be seen as an evidence of a translation, a mean of retracing thepathway of the translator’s decision- making procedures

Translation has been viewed as ‘a text-processing activity’ that maintains ‘arelationship between ST and TT’ according to the intended or demandedfunction of TT (Koller 1995; Nord 2007)

Besides, translation is also viewed as the replacement process of ‘textualmaterial in SL by equivalent textual material in TL’(Catford 1965) or of ‘arepresentation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalenttext in a second language’ (Bell 1991)

Semantic and stylistic equivalences are significant criterion of the expressionfrom SL into TL In particular, ‘the closest natural equivalent in meaning and

in style’ between SL and TL is a decisive factor for translating (Nida andTaber 1995)

Despite of the differences in these definitions, equivalence is almostinseparable and implied in some cases The essentiality of the concept ofequivalence in any definition of translation demonstrates adequately the role

interpretation of verbal signs, their distinguishing characteristic is expressingmeans If intralingual and interlingual translation is communicated throughsigns of the same language and those of some other language in respectively,intersemiotic translation is conveyed by non-verbal sign systems.

The classification of translation is in general various; however, it is moreeasily accessible when basing on three criterion: extent, levels and ranks(Catford 1965) While both full translation and partial translation belong tothe group of SL text extent, the distinction between total translation andrestricted translation is basically complied with levels of language.According

to the rank in a grammatical hirearchy, translation consists of rank-boundtranslation and unbounded translation

Larson (1984) has studied two foundamental categories of translation based

on both form and meaning of a text that are the so called form-basedtranslation and meaning-based translation While form-based translationfocuses on keeping up the form of the SL, meaning-form translationemphasizes on using the natural forms in TL but maintaining the meaning of

SL

Translation can be divided into technical translation and literal translation(Newmark 1988) Technical translation has been regarded as one part ofspecialised translation and primarily distinguished from other forms oftranslation by terminology

Hereafter, technical terminology in translation will be disputed and presented

in particular as an overriding component of technical translation

1.1.3 Technical Translation

Technical translation has been studied for about fifty years and played anindispensable part in translation; however, a perfect technical translation isnot always easy This part will introduce in detail about technical terminologyand accounting terminology in translation, which is one of the most centralissues in this thesis.

1.1.3.1 Technical terminology in translation

According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, terminology consists thespecial words or phrases that are used in a particular field This stateemphasizes that terminologies are unlike in the different fields

Some Vietnamese linguists have suggested the definitions of terminology asfollows:

‘Terminology is a word or a group-word used in science, technology, politics,diplomacy, art, etc., which exactly indicates a concept or a title of aparticular’ (Nguyen Van Tu, 1969, p.176)

‘Terminology is the part of special words of language It consists of certainwords and phrases that are the exact names of a variety of concepts andobjects, which belongs to the professional field’ (Nguyen Thien Giap, 1985,p.223)

From these definitions, it sheds light on word level and above word level(phrase) of terminology in a specific subject

Despite the fact that terminology in a text merely accounts for arround 5-10%,the translator usually meets difficulty of the new terminology in technicaltranslation According to Sofer, the signal of a technical translation is whether

the text being translated includes specialized terms in a given field (1991)

Kennedy, C & Bothitho, R (1984), cited in Thuy, V T T, distinguishbetween highly technical terms and sub-technical terms Highly technicalterms account for an intrinsic part of the learning of the discipline itself;however, the user might need to understand theory before understanding theseterms For example, such terms as: accounts payables (taì khoản phải trả),accounts receivable (tài khoản phải thu), accounting ratio (chỉ số kế toán), etc.

If they appear without more detailed explainations, a translator who has noknowledge of the subject may face some difficulties

Meanwhile, sub-technical terms are words which are not specific to a subjectbut occur regularly in sciencific and technical texts, such as accumulate,record, etc It is the case of sub-technical terms that is related to neologisms

“defined as newly coined lexical units or existing lexical units that acquirenew sense” For example, “record” is defined in non-technical dictionary as

“viết tường trình”, but its specialist meaning is “ghi sổ”, “accumulate” isdefined in non-technical dictionary as “chất đống”, but its specialist meaning

is “lũy kế” such as “accumulated depreciation” is translated as “khấu hao lũykế”

1.1.3.2 Accounting terminology in translation

There has been a variety of study about terminology in general andaccounting terminology in particular; however, in the extent of the thesis, oneword terms and above-word-level terms that are based on Shadi’s study will

be suggested with aim to correspond to equivalence at word level andequivalence above word level in turn

1.1.3.2.1 One word terms

A typical feature of these terms is that they are changeable; that is, they canappear either in the form of a verb or a noun at different positions in the sametext or in the same sentence to avoid reiteration They can be divided into twofollowing groups: sub-technical terms and neologisms

1.1.3.2.2 Above- word- level terms

Technical or scientific terms as a whole as well as accounting terms inparticular are normally formed by compounding

Classifier (noun)+thing: This group of compounds Noun+Noun consisting oftwo nouns which the first noun functions as classifier and helps to distinguishthe second noun from the other concepts of the same group For instance:Balance sheet, capital asset, capital market, cost accounting, etc

Classifier (Adjective)+thing: The compounds Adjective + Noun consists of anAdjective and a Noun of which Adjective functions as Classifier and the headNoun (thing), combining together are the most frequently used in the form ofnominal group, for example: current account, preferred stock, monetary unit,etc

The Classifier can be further modified by another sub classifier which is inthe form of the noun, or an Adjective, for instance: average cost method; cashflow statement; certified public accountant, etc

Classified (present participle) + Thing: In this group of compound V-ing +Noun, V-ing functions as classifier as Adjective, such as: closing entry,operating allowance, sinking fund, etc

Classifier (past participle)+ Thing: In this group of compound, V-ed functions

as Adjective For example: deferred income, consolidated capital, accruedexpenses, etc

Thing+Qualifier: Most of the investigated qualifier are prepositional phrases,therefore this group of compound combines Noun + preposition + Noun as inthe following examples: Letter of credit, debt to equity, debt to total assetsratio, etc

1.1.4 Translation equivalence:

Equivalence is an overriding issue in translation throughout the 1970s andbeyond Many researchers and theorists spent their pages studying ondefinition and types of equivalence

Chesterman (1989, p.99) notes that ‘Equivalence is obviously a centralconcept in translation theory’ while Bassnett (1991) devotes a section to

‘problems of equivalence’ in the chapter entitled ‘central issue’ of translationstudies

Kenny (1998) concludes the controversy related to equivalence by stating that

‘equivalence is supposed to define translation, and translation, in return,defines equivalence’ This statement sheds light on the steadfast connectionbetween translation and equivalence in linguistics

The famous studies about equivalence will be presented in the following:

1.1.4.1 Eugene A Nida and Charles R Taber’s theory – based equivalence

Function-According to Nida& Taber(1969, p.202), the translated text should produce aresponse in a reader in today’s culture that is “essentially like” the response of

the “original” receptors; if it does not, he suggests making changes in the text

in order to solicit that initial response This move results in a redefinition ofequivalence: translations that are merely focused on transferring the message,

in both form and content, Nida calls “formal equivalence”; translationsfocused on the producing the equivalent effect of that message upon thereceiver are now called ‘dynamic equivalence’ The equivalent effect is based

on the ‘four basic requirements of a translation’: Making sense; conveying thespirit and manner of the original;having a natural and easy form of expressionand producing a similar response

Formal equivalence has the closest possible match of form and contentbetween ST and TT while dynamic equivalence is the principle ofequivalence of effect on reader of TT

1.1.4.2 Jeremy Munday’s theory – Quality-based equivalence:

Munday (2001) based on quality to divide translation equivalence into 5types:

One-one equivalence: A single expression in TL is equivalent to a singleexpression in SL Ex: Grounding system : Hệ Thống nối đất

One – many equivalence: More than one expression in TL is equivalent to asingle expression in SL Ex: Capital: Tiền vốn, thủ đô, chữ viết hoa,…

Many-one equivalence: There is more than one expression in SL is equivalent

1.1.4.3 Wetner Koller’s theory – Meaning – based equivalence

Wetner Koller (1979) examined more closely the concept of equivalence andits linked term correspondence Importantly, Koller (p.185) pointed out that,while knowledge of correspondences is indicative of competence in theforeign language, it is knowledge and ability in equivalences that areindicative of competence in translation Then, Koller moved on thedescription of five different types of equivalence:

 Denotative equivalence

Denotative equivalence is the central meaning of a lexical item, describing asone in which the SL and the TL words refer to the same thing in the realworld Denotative equivalence refers to the referential identity between SLand TL units or the equivalence of the extra-linguistic content of a text Otherliterature, says Koller, calls this ‘content invariance’

 Connotative equivalence

Apart from dennotative value, SL and TL words should produce the samecommunicative values in the mind of native speakers of the two language.Therefore, it results in the introduction of connotative equivalence

Connotative equivalence refers to the mental connections related to words orthe equivalence transmitted by specific choices between near- synonymous,expressions in terms of level of style (register) the social and geographicaldimension, frequency, etc Koller sees these types of equivalence as else-where being referred to as ‘stylistic equivalence’

Connotation of speech level: elevated, poetic, normal, colloquial, slang, vulgar

Connotation of socially determined usage: student language, militarylanguage, aristocratic language…

Connotation of geographical relation or origin: American English, AustralianEnglish…

Connotation of medium: spoken language, written language

Connotation of stylistic effect: pompous, artificial, euphemistic…

Connotation of frequency: common, uncommon

Connotation of register: normal usage, technical, medical…

Connotation of evaluation: positve evaluative, ironic, pejorative…

Connotation of emotion: using emotive language to describe a given topic

 Text-normative equivalence

Text- normative equivalence is related to text types, with different kinds oftexts behaving in different ways The SL and TL words using the same orsimilar text types in their respective language

 Pragmatic equivalence

Pragmatic equivalence or communicative equivalence, is oriented towards thereceiver of the text or message The SL and TL words have the same effect onthe reader or mainly aiming at the receiver, to whom the translation is directed

Formal equivalence, which is related to the form and aesthetics of the text,includes word plays and the individual stylistic features of the ST It is

elsewhere referred to as ‘expressive equivalence’ and it is not to be confusedwith Nida’s term.

1.1.4.4 Mona Baker’ s theory – Form-based equivalence:

According to In Other Words- A coursebook on Translation (1992), MonaBaker offers conditions upon which the concept of equivalence can be definedthrough a more detailed list of equivalence, exploring the notion ofequivalence at different levels in the relation to the translation process andputting together the linguistic and the communicative approach Shedistinguishes between equivalence at word level and above word level:

Equivalence at word level: The first element to be taken into conderation bythe translator is word Words are known as single units in order to find adirect ‘equivalent’ term in the TL She states that a single word cansometimes be assigned different meanings in different languages and might

be regarded as being a more complex unit or morpheme; therefore, thetranslator should pay attention to a number of factors when considering asingle word, such as: number, gender and tense

Grammatical equivalence is referred to the diversity of grammaticalcategories across languages Since grammatical rules may vary acrosslanguages, this may pose some problems in terms of finding a directcorrespondence in the TL Moreover, different grammatical structures in the

SL and TL may cause remarkable changes in the way the information ormessage is carried across This changes may induce the translator either toadd or to omit information in the TT because of the lack of particulargrammatical devices in the TL itself Amongst these grammatical devices

which cause problems in translation, Baker focuses on number, tense andaspects, voice, person and gender.

Textual equivalence is referred to the equivalence between a SL text and a TLtext in terms of information and cohesion Texture is a very important feature

in translation since it provides useful guidelines for the comprehension andanalysis of the ST, which can help the translator in his or her attempt toproduce a cohesive and coherent text for the TC audience in a specificcontext It is up to translator to decide whether or not maintain the cohesiveties as well as the coherence of the SL text His or her decision will be guided

by three main factors, that is, the target audience, the purpose of thetranslation and the text type

Pragmatic equivalence is referred to implicatures and strategies of avoidanceduring the translation process Implicature is not about what is explicitly saidbut what is implied; therefore, the translator needs to work out impliedmeanings in translation in order to get the ST message across The role of thetranslator is to recreate the author’s intention in another culture in such a waythat enables the TC reader to understand it clearly

In this thesis, equivalence at word level and above word level will be thefoundation for research

1.2.1 Definition of document review:

The World Bank Institute (2007) defines that document review is reviewing avariety of existing sources, i.e., documents, reports, data files, and otherwritten artifacts with the intention of collecting independently verifiable dataand information

1.2.2 Document review process:

The document review process has provided researchers with a systematicprocedure for identifying, analyzing, and deriving useful information fromthese existing documents The following nine - step process of documentreview will be specifically presented as one of useful guide tools in collectingdata:

(1) From a list of information required to complete needs assessment,identify these elements or indicators that may be contained in previouslydocuments

(2) Consider developing a list of characteristics or attributes that theresearcher is looking for in an existing record in order to identify acomprehensive list of available resources

(3) For each item of required information that could potentially be found in

an existing document, list three to five potential resources for attaining thatinformation

(4) Identify the individuals who will be invited to participate in thedocument review

(5) Develop a document review protocol, cheklist, or examination formthat can be systematically used by each reviewer to ensure that valuableinformation is identified, analyzed, coded, and documented

(6) Generate guidelines for using the protocol/checklist or examinationform in the document review process

(7) The reviewer should complete the protocol, checklist and examinationform to verify that all useful information is documented

(8) After reviewing all of the relevant documents, the reviewer shoudcollect findings The reviewer focuses on identifying specific instances whereinformation from different documents may disagree, instances when multipledocuments contain similar information, where additional information may belocated, and what information may have to be collected directly through theneeds assessment.

(9) Collect the documented findings from the review process and codifythese findings for inclusions in the needs assessment

1.3.1 Definition of Translation Quality Assessment

Translation Quality Assessment sometimes can be called as TranslationCriticism or Translation Evaluation which has been recognised and studiedsimultaneously with the introduction of translation

As Andrew Chesterman (1989, p.157) argues ‘Translation evaluation is as old

as translation itself It is worth distinguishing between the evaluation of thetranslation product and the translation process’

Translation criticism plays an important role in linking between translationtheory and its practice andit has been also regarded as an enjoyable andinstructive exercise in criticising someone else’s translation (Newmark 1988,

p 184)

1.3.2 Criteria for translation quality assessment

Many linguists give their different views about translation quality assessmentcriterion While the same purpose gained in TL and SL is a decisive condition

of assessing a good translation (Forster 1958, p.6), Zilahy (1963, p.285)

suggests that a translation is considered good when it arouses in TT the sameeffect as did in ST According to Nida’s study, three criteria for judgingtranslations: general efficiency of the communication process, comprehesion

of intent and equivalence of response

According to Chesterman (1989), a relatively accurate translation must havefour standards: Accuracy, economy, understandability and functionaladequacy

1.3.3 The aim of Translation Quality Assessment

Newmark (1988, p.185) points out that translation criticism is an essentialcomponent in translation composing of three purposes:

The first purpose is to improve the competence as a translator

The second is to expand the knowledge and understanding of one own andtheir foreign language capability

The final is to sort out ideas about translation

1.3.4 Translation Quality Assessment process

Koller (1979) points to the necessity of developing a comprehensive linguisticmodel of translation quality assessment Such a model should consist of threemain stages: 1 source text criticism with a view to transferability into thetarget language; 2 Translation comparison in which the particular methods oftranslation used in the production of the given translation text are described;and 3 Evaluation of the translation, not according to vague, general criteriasuch as “good” or “highly intelligible”

It is so important that a comprehensive criticism of a translation has to coverfive topics (Newmark 1988, p.186) These five topics are: (1) a brief analysis

of the SL text stressing its intention and its functional aspects; (2) thetranslator’s interpretation of the SL text’s purpose, his translation method andthe translation’s likely readership; (3) a selective but representative detailedcomparison of the translation with the original; (4) an evaluation of thetranslation – (a)in the translator’s terms, (b)in the critic’s terms; (5) whereappropriate, an assessment of the likely place of the translation in the TLculture or discipline Translation quality assessment also includes three steps:(1) text analysis; (2) comparing the translation with the original and (3) theevaluation of the translation

Text analysis includes in both the originals and translation: This first step isattempting to analyze the intention of the text and of the translator; text styles;the readership… and then the translators must read carefully to recognizeomissions, errors…Newmark (1988, p.186) points out that the analysis of the

SL text should include a statement of the author’s purpose, that is, the attitudetaken towards the topic; characterisation of the readership; an indication of itscategory and type, then assess the quality of the language to determine thetranslator’s degree of licence

Making comparision between the ST and TT: The main purpose of this step ischecking for equivalence of information content in order to ensure that there

is not in existence of errors Especially, problems emerging in the originalswill be taken into consideration and discussed with the aim to solve them.Evaluation of the translation: As Julia House (1977) argues, ‘evaluating theproduct means judging it in terms of two sets of standards: those based on thesource text and culture, and those related to the target language culture’ It is

regarded as an indispensable step which is usually carried out by professionaland high- qualified translators As suggested by Mona Baker (1992), the mostimportant thing in evaluating a translation is looking at five levels includingword, collocation, grammar text and pragmatic However; equivalentevaluation in this thesis will focus on the word level and above word level Newmark (1988) states that it is essential to assess the referential andpragmatic accuracy of the translation by the translator’s standards If thetranslation is not a clear version of the original, it is necessary to consider firstwhether the essential ‘invariant’ element of the text which usually consists ofits facts and its ideas is adequately represented The next stage in this stepafter considering whether the translation being successful or not is evaluating

it by one’s own standards of referential and pragmatic accuracy However, itshould avoid criticizing the translator for ignoring translation principles

In the next chapters, translation quality assessment will be carried out based

on Newmark’s theory

CHAPTER II

THE STUDY 2.1 IIFE’ s background

2.1.1 Overview of IIFE

According to Decision 3207/QQD-BTC issued by Minister of Finance onDecember 7, 2010, the establishment of Institute of International FinanceEducation (IIFE) was regarded as an overriding path for the internationalintegration of Academy of Finance IIFEalso sheds light on its mision ‘settingand promoting international joint training program; exchanging scientificresearch to foreign partnerships’.Inspite of having a young- establishedprocess, IIFE has inheritted advantages of 51-year trainning and sciencificresearch foundamentals of Academy of Finance (1963-2014) – one of the topfinance – accounting training universities in Vietnam.

Since established, Academy of Finance has supplied professional and qualified workforce with more than 200 doctors, 1500 masters and 70000bachelors in many fields: finance, accounting, banking, auditing, businessadministration Among them, many successful people have taken leadingpositions in Party, ministries, sectors, universities and academies in thenationwide

high-Thanks to the foundation of cultural value, experience, credibility andpotentials of Academy of Finance, IIFE has become an international jointtraining connector with other universities, academies and organisations in theregion as well as over the world and contributed positively in the activeintegrating strategy of Academy of Finance

2.1.2 The structure of IIFE

Under the administration of the head Assoc Prof Bui Duong Nghieu,IIFEcomprises of the four functional offices as figure of the structure of IIFE

in APPENDIX:

The international training office: Its main missions are establishing,promoting and managing the international training program contentcomplying with the compulsory regulations signed by partners.

The international training development office: The office’s functions arebuilding up and developing the international joint training program strategiesand plans; advertising brandname; managing website; collecting data andediting documents in IIFE

The scientific office: its role is consisting of researching the issues relating toeconomy and finance in order to facilitate for training and study; proposingeconomic and financial strategies for policymaking; setting up andcomplementing negotiational plans, conferences and scientific seminar withforeign universities

The synthesis office: its specific functions are conducting administrative,organisational and humance resource task, managing scientific, financial andaccounting projects as well as existing assets in IIFE

2.1.3 The role of IIFE

Organising and building up international joint training programmes in terms

of content and form of lectures simultaneously raising major knowledgerelating to economy and finance for organisations and individuals in thecountry

Providing financial consulting and economic policy sevices; enhancing therelationship between IIFE and other foreign partners

Inviting professionals, lectures from some famous universities in the world totraining and exchanging experience in IIFE

2.2 Source text analysis

Based on the foundation of translation theory of Newmark (1988), thischapter will deal with issues relating to translation quality assessment process.The first step in this process is source text analysis which includes:

2.2.1 The author’s purpose

The author’s purpose in composing the book Paper F3 Financial Accounting(ACCA) is to develop knowledge and understanding of the underlyingprinciples and concepts relating to financial accounting and technicalproficiency in the preparation of basic financial statements

2.2.2 The readership

Almost readership are fresh students who are following ACCA program andcompleted F1 and F2 level in the course.Apart from, lectures also use thebook F3 to prepare their lessons and guide students in class and test thestudent’s knowledge attained

The readers’ purpose is having a correct understanding about accountingterminology in English and getting firm grasp on the meaning of them in bothEnglish and Vietnamese, so that they can have a easier access and a fullknowledge during their studying time

2.2.3 The topic

The general topic of the source language text is the presentation of the issuesrelating to financial statement, especially the process of financial reportpreparation In each part, it includes own topic equivalent to each part in the

book: The context and purpose of financial reports (Phạm vi và mục đích củabáo tài chính); The qualitative characteristics of financial information (Đặcđiểm chất lượng của thông tin tài chính); the use of double entry andaccounting systems (Vận dụng bút toán kép và hệ thống kế toán); recordingtransactions and events (Ghi sổ các giao dịch và nghiệp vụ phát sinh);preparing a trial balance (Lập bảng cân đối thử); preparing basic financialstatements (Lập báo cáo tài chính cơ bản).Moreover, there are some chaptersmaking more specification about their common topics For example, in topic1: The context and purpose of financial reports, it consists 2 chapters:Introduction to accounting and The regulatory framework or topic 4 has themost chapters: Sales tax; Inventory; Tangible non-current assets; Intangiblenon-current assets; Accruals and prepayments; Irrecoverable debts andallowances; Provisions and contigencies

2.2.4.1 Sub technical terms

Sub-technical term are words which are not specific to a subject but occur regularly

in scientific and technical texts Unlike highly technical terms, the meaning of subtechnical terms can be easily understood by non-professional people

The below table will present these sub technical terms:

 At word level

 Noun: Nouns belonging sub technical group are listed as following:

Prudence Nguyên tắc thận trọngUnderstandability Tính dễ hiểu

 Verb

The number of sub technical terms as verbs is appeared more than nouns atword level Verbs in this group consist of collect (thu), count (kiểm kê, đếm),calculate (tính toán), pay (chi trả), incurr (phát sinh), receive (nhận), withdraw

(rút), provide (cung cấp), allocate (phân bổ), operate (vận hành), earn (kiếmđược), value (đánh giá), revaluate (đánh giá lại), own (sở hữu), owe (nợ), buy(mua), purchase (mua), hold (nắm giữ), estimate (ước tính)…

This following chart illustrates the rate of nouns and verbs in the group of subtechnical terminologies:

55%

45%

VERBS NOUN S

Firgure 2.1 The percentage of single verb and noun in sub technical

group

In the source language text, nouns and verbs in sub technical group accountfor 45% and 55% in respectively Moreover, some verbs appear more thanone time, receive, pay, buy as the table presented below:

Table 2.1 The most appearing times of single verbs in the textbook

Especially, among these verbs, it has the appearance of phrasal verbs, such as:carry forward (chuyển sang trang khác hoặc sổ khác), work out (tính toán),charge on (tính cho), levy on (thu thuế), wear out (bị cũ, hỏng), carry out(thực hiện), deal with ( giải quyết), match against (phù hợp), take out of (lấy

ra khỏi), write up (ghi vào sổ), draw up (soạn thảo)…

Apart from one word terms, the number of above- word-level terms in subtechnical group accounts for a major part in the gross of accounting andfinancial terms in paper F3 – Financial accounting Above - word - levelterms are normally created by compounding Noun+ Noun; Adjective + Noun;present participle + Noun; Past participle + Noun, Noun +preposition+ Noun;

or in some cases, is is also combined by three Nouns like Noun + Noun +Noun The next sections will dealt with each type of above – word – levelterms in detail

Unlike the formality of single terms in sub technical group, the compoundterms in this group consist two words at least However, they have commoncharacteristic is not too difficult for the nonprofessional to translate Forexample: Trade discount (chiết khấu thương mại); Replacement cost (Chi phíthay thế); Remittance advice (giấy báo chuyển tiền); administration expense(Chi phí quản lý doanh nghiệp); Finance charge (Chi phí tài chính); Creditcontrol (kiểm soát tín dụng), Credit limit (giới hạn tín dụng); bank statement(sao kê ngân hàng); bank overdraft (thấu chi ngân hàng); Sales invoice (hóađơn bán hàng); Purchase invoice (hóa đơn mua hàng), depreciation method(phương pháp khấu hao); Inventory count (kiểm kê hàng tồn kho); Cash flow

(dòng tiền), preference share (cổ phiếu ưu đãi), preference dividend (cổ tức

ưu đãi), distribution cost (chi phí phân phối)

They can be easily translated through connecting between the Vietnamesemeaning of two words in right order but not reviewing the secondary meaningapart from their primary meaning They are regarded easier to understand thanthe compound terms in highly technical group

The compounds Adjective + Noun consist of an Adjective and a Noun ofwhich Adjective functions as Classifier and the head Noun, combiningtogether are the most frequently used in the form of nominal group They areexisted in the textbook and presented as following:

Financial statement Báo cáo tài chính

Economic value Gía trị kinh tế

Financial position Tình hình tài chính

Annual depreciation Mức khấu hao hằng năm

Double entry Bút toán kép

Contra entry Bút toán đối tiêu

Recoverable value Gía trị có thể thu hồi Irrecoverable debt Nợ không thể thu hồi đượcFair presentation Trình bày hợp lý

Faithful presentation Trình bày trung thựcOrdinary share Cổ phiếu thường

Ordinary dividend Cổ tức thường

Financial instrument Công cụ tài chínhAdministrative expense Chi phí quản lý doanh nghiệpIntangible asset Tài sản vô hình