Trong cdc di tich cdng xudng khac d Tdy Nguyen nhu d la Mar Gia Lai riu bdn dugc Idm tir dd opal, silex vd phtanite; d Taiper Gia Lai cdng cy ldm tir dd opal vd silex, d Thdn Tdm Ddk Ndn
Trang 1CAC DI TICH CONG XlTCTNG d LAM DONG
Tir LIEU VA NHAN THlTC
L E X U A N H U W G *
1 ii ndm 2005 den nay, trdn dja ban
tinh Ldm Ddng da phdt hifn dugc 10 di tich
cdng xudng chi tdc cdng cy dd Trong dd 7
di tich duge ddo thdm sdt la Thdn Bon 1,
Thdn Bdn 2 (Trdn Vdn Bdo 2007: 36), Thdn
Bdn 3, Thdn Bdn 4, Thdn Bdn 5, Gan Thi 1,
Gan Thi 2 (Le Xudn Hung 2010); 3 di tfch
duge khai qup Id Thdn Bdn (Trdn Vdn Bdo
2007: 31-42), Hodn Kilm (Biii Chi Hodng
2010a: 35-49) vd Phiie Hung (Bui Chf
Hodng 2010b) Day Id ngudn tu lifu quan
trgng cho vifc nhgn thire giai dogn tiln sir
Lam Ddng ndi chung va vdn dl cdng xudng
che tde cdng cy da ndi rieng
Tuy nhien, cdc di tich khdo cd hgc
tien siir d Lam Ddng mdi dugc nghien ciru
vd cdng bd sa bd trong pham vi timg di tich *"" "^'^ Cdc di chi - xucmg thcd tiin siir d huy^n Ldm Hd
dan Id Bdi bao ndy cd gdng hf thdng hda tu lifu dilu tra, thdm sat vd khai quat cdc di tich cdng
xudng ndi trdn; budc ddu tim hilu ddc trung, tinh chdt, nien dgi vd vj tri cua chiing trong bdi cdnh
rgng hom
1 Tir lifu cac di chi - xudng d Lam Dong
1.1 Cdc di tich diegrc diiu tra, suu tam
- Cym di tich Thdn Bdn gdm 6 di tich d Thdn Bdn xd Gia Lam: Thdn Bdn, Thdn Bdn I,
Thdn Bdn 2, Thdn Bdn 3, Thdn Bdn 4 vd Thdn Bon 5, dugc cdn bf gidng dgy va sinh vidn Khoa
Sir, Dgi hgc Da Lgt dilu tra, phdt hifn vd suu tdm hifn vgt (Bdn ve 1)
Kit qua khdo sdt cho thay hifn vp xudt If tren bl mdt, dlu Id hach dd, manh tudc da opal;
ddc bift d di ehi Thdn Bdn manh tudc tgp trung thdnh timg cym Nhihig mdnh tudc d day thudng
ed mau gan gd, mdn chin hoac mau vdng; da sd Id mdnh tudc nhd, mdng, difn ghe hgp vd dugc tach
Ghi chii:
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• l.ThAnBCTnl
• S.ThdnBffha
• 4.Th0nBAi3
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• 7 GanTUl
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• 9.HainKi£nil
• 10 PhdcHung
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Trang 2Le Xudn Himg - Cic di tfch cong xudng d Ldm Dong 13
ra trong qud trinh chi tac cdng cy Ben cgnh mdnh tudc, cdn phdt hifn dugc mgt sd hgch da, phac
v p cdng cy riu tur gidc, riu mdi, cdng cy mdnh vd dd gdm tiln sur
Hifn vat dd suu tdm tren mdt cdc di tich d Thdn B6n cd 1.984 tieu bdn, gdm 2 nhdm: Nhdm di v p cd ddu vlt chi tac hodc sii- dyng vd nhdm phi lifu Nhdm di vgt cd 105 tieu ban, gdm:
51 phdc v p riu, 27 hgch dd, 3 riu mdi, I bdn da mdi todn than, 19 cdng cu mdnh tudc, 2 dye, 2 vidn
dd ghe, 29 manh dd nguydn lifu Nhdm phi lifu cd 1.850 mdnh tudc (Bdng 1) Dd gdm cd 75
mdnh, tim thdy 9 mdnh d Thdn Bdn, 47 mdnh d Thdn Bdn 2, 19 mdnh d Thdn Bdn 3 Ddy Id logi gom thd, ddt set pha cdt vd ba thyc vp, khdng milt ldng, de ngdm nudc; khdng cd hoa vdn; thdnh gdm mdng, cd mdt sd logi mifng loe, chdn dl thdp vd ra tir ndi vd bdt
Bdng 1 Cdc logi Mnh hifn v^t dd suu thm d cum di tich Thdn Bdn (2005-2010)
Dia diem
Thdn Bdn
Thdn Bdn 1
Th6n Bdn 2
Thfln Bdn 3
Thfln Bdn 4
Thdn Bdn 5
Tong cong
Loai hinh
Phac v p riu Nguyen
27
4
1
1
2
35
V9
13
1
2
16
Hach
da
16
1
3
1
2
4
27
Riu mai
3
3
Bdn
1
1
Cdng
cu manh
17
2
19
Due
2
2
Da ghe iron
2
2
Da nguyen lieu
15
3
2
3
1
5
29
Manh tudic 1.079
235
65
109
88
274
1.850
Tong
1.175
245
71
114
92
287 1.984
- Di tich Gan Thi 1 vd Gan Thi 2: Tgi Gan Thi 1 dd thu dugc ban 20 di vgt dd, gdm: 2 phdc
vp riu, 3 hgch dd, 5 dd nguyen lifu vd 17 mdnh tudc (Trdn Vdn Bdo 2007: 36) Trong di tfch Gan Thi
2 khao sat ndm 2009 dd thu dugc 1 phdc vp riu tur gidc, 5 hgch da vd 25 mdnh tudc cdc logi (Le Xudn Hung 2010) Suu tgp dd dd Gan Thi 1 vd gan Thi 2 gidng nhau, dlu Id dd opal, hgch da, phdc vp cdng cy vd mdnh tudc dlu cd kich thudc Idn, logi mdnh tudc ban ddu (mdt lung cdn luu ddu vd da phong hda) chilm ty If cao Ddy la nai khai thdc vd so ehl cdng cy dd cua ngudi tiln siir
- Di tich Hodn Kilm I dugc phdt hifn tndm 2007, trong dgt dilu tra ldn ddu suu tdm dugc
Id 917 tieu ban, gdm: 9 phdc v p riu, 39 phi vat, 187 hgch dd, 164 khdi da nguyen lifu vd 518 mdnh tudc (Biii Chi Hodng 2009) Thdng 3 ndm 2010, chiing tdi trd Igi khdo sdt vd suu tdm d ddy dugc
406 di vp dd, gdm: 8 phdc vat riu ttr gidc, 4 phi vp, 3 mdnh tudc gia cdng, 11 hgch dd, 16 khdi da nguydn lifu vd 364 mdnh tudc vd dlu cd chdt lifu opal (Ld Xuan Hung 2010)
- Di tich Phiic Hung dugc phdt hifn ndm 2009 (Bui Chi Hoang 2010b) Ndm 2010 tp khu vyc la rSy nhd anh Nguyen Vdn Phdng vd Trdn Vdn Khiem, chung tdi thu thap dugc 6 phdc v p cdng cu, 9 hgch dd, 19 manh dd nguyen lifu vd 255 mdnh tudc Dang chii y Id trong bg suu tgp dd phdt hifn dugc riu tur gidc doc thudn nhgn, gidng riu Budn Rau vd Dhaproong (Ddk Ldk) vd 1 riu gdn hinh bdu dye gidng riu Thdn Tam (Ddk Ndng) (Le Xudn Hung 2010)
1.2 Cdc di tich ddo thdm sdt
Cdc di tfch Thdn Bdn: "Thdn Bon 1 ddo 2m^ Thdn Bdn 2 dao 3 h6 vdi difn tich 6m^; Thdn Bon 3 ddo I h6 rgng 2m^ Thdn bon 4 ddo I hd rf ng 2m^ Thdn Bdn 5 ddo 1 hd rf ng 2ml
Trang 314 Khdo cdhpc, sd6/2011
Tdng difn tich cdc hd tham sat Id I4m^ Vl co bdn cdu tgo dja tdng cdc hd thdm sdt d day Id gidng nhau, cd 3 ldp (tir tren xudng): Ldp mp, ddy trung binh tir 20cm - 25cm, ddt canh tdc mau nau sdm Ldp van hda, day trung binh tij 25cm - 35cm chiia di vat khdo cd Sinh thd la ddt basalt khd thudn, khdng cd hifn vp Trong cac hd thdm sat ndy thu dugc 476 di vdt da, 5 vien thd hoang va 134
mdnh gdm, phan bd d cdc hd tham sat vdi cdc logi hinh khde nhau (Bdng 2)
Bdng 2 Cdc logi hinh hlpi v^t dd thdm sdt & c^m di tich Thon Bdn (2005-2010)
Dia diem
Thdn Bdn
Thdn Bdn 1
Thdn Bdn 2
Thdn Bdn 3
Thdn Bd'n 4
Thdn Bdn 5
Tong cong
Loai hinh
Phac v p riu
Nguyen
2
1
3
6
V9
1
1
1
3
Hach
da
2
2
2
6
Riu mai
I
1
Manh ban mat
1
1
Cdngcu manh
2
2
Due
I
1
Da nguyen lieu
7
1
3
2
5
18
Manh tudc
210
11
7
57
36
117
438
T6ng cong
224
11
8
64
39
130
476
- Di tich Gan Thi: tgi di tich Gan Thi 1 vd Gan Thi 2 dugc chiing tdi ddo 2 hd tham sat nam
2010 vdi difn tich 4m^ Dia dilm Gan Thi 1 khdng tim thdy tdng van hda; d Gan Thi 2, dja tdng ddy 90cm, gdm 3 ldp (tir tren
xudng): Ldp mat, day tijr 20cm
2Scm, ddt canh tdc mau nau sam
Ldp vdn hod ddy tir 25cm 35cm,
cd chura cac di vp khao cd Sinh tho
la ddt dd basalt, khdng cd di vp
khdo cd Trong hd thdm sat thu
dugc 2 phac vp riu, I phac vp dye,
2 mdnh ban mai, 2 vien thd hoang,
18 mdnh dd nguyen lifu vd 178
manh tudc
1.3 Cdc di tich khai qugt
Di tich Thdn Bdn, xd Gia
Lam, huyfn Lam Ha, cd tga do
11®48'694" vT Bdc vd 08''l9'369"
kinh Ddng Di tich rdng khoang
16.000ml chilu ddng tay 115m,
chilu bdc nam 150m; do cao
888,5m so vdi myc nudc biln (Trdn
Van Bao 2007: 31)
Hd khai qup dugc md gdn
nhu d trung tam, hai chlch vl phia
Diu ling vicli Ddag
UUdlu: I.Ldpmti (Ddileii
VSiiilrill* • Tlrfliotin
It ivMiHiwgc
• ruc<tiit>
•• C I & c l r c i p M
Bin vi 2 a: H6 khai qu^t; b: Bja ting di tich Thdn BSn
Trang 4Le Xuan Hung - Cac di tich cong xudng a Lam Dong 15
tdy ciia gd, b l m p hd khai qugt ddc 15"; thdp hom so vdi dilm cao rihdt cua gd ddt 0i69m (Bdn ve
2a) Difn tich hd khai q u p la 52m^ (8,0m x 6,5m), dugc ddo theo tihig ldp, mdi Idp day tir lOem
-15cm; vdtheo d, mdi d l,Om^
Dja tdng di tich gdm 3 ldp: Ldp mdt, ddy 15cm - 20cm, ddt cdt pha it set, mau xam den, tai
Ldp vdn hda, ddy 30cm - 35cm, cdn tuomg ddi nguydn ven (in situ), ddt dd basalt, ldn nhilu cdt; ddt
mdu ndu sam, mim, xdp vd chua cdc di v p khdo cd Sinh thd, ddt basalt mdu nau nhgt laterit nhg,
khdng cd di vat (Bdn ve 2b)
Hifn vat trong hd k hP qup cd 7.860 dd dd va 127 mdnh gdm, khdng cd dd xuong va kim lop
- Dd dd ed 7.860 tidu bdn, gdm hai nhdm: NhQmg di vat ed ddu vlt ehl tdc hodc su dyng
251 tieu bdn va nhdm phi lifu 7.609 mdnh Trong nhdm di vdt cd 94 phdc vat riu (21 nguyen, 73
vd), 40 hgch da, 9 riu mdi (4 nguyen, 5 vd) 5 mdnh riu; 10 ban mdi; 1 ludi cua; 2 hdn ghe; 8 vien
dd ghe frdn; 12 hdn nghiin, 24 cdng cy mdnh tudc, 4 phdc v p vdng vd 8 mdnh vdng, 2 vien dd in
hinh Id cdy va 30 eye thd hodng (Bdn ve 3)
Trong 7.609 phi lifu ed 6.858 mdnh tudc vd 113 philn tudc Tuyft dai da sd mdnh vd
philn tudc lam tir da opal (chilm 90,2%); 513 manh (6,7%) ldm tir dd basalt, 123 mdnh (1,6%) Idm
tir dd phtanite, sd cdn lai Id cac logi da khac Nhin chung, mdt dd phan bd hifn vdt dd d day khd cao
(151,1 hifn vat/1 m^) V l chdt lifu, kich thudc, kf thudt ehl tgo cd sy tuong ddng giiia phdc v p vd
mdnh tudc Nhdm di vgt cd vlt gia cdng ciia con ngudi (3,2%) it hon rdt nhilu so vdi phi lifu
(96,8) Hach da va phdc vat riu eiing chilm ty If eao so trong nhdm di v p da (134/251 tieu bdn)
Trong 94 phdc vat riu, logi bj vd, bd di chilm sd lugng rdt Idn (73 di vp), tire chilm 3/4 trong tdng
sd phdc vp Hilm nhifng phdc vdt hodn thifn Id do ehiing da dugc xudt xudng Trong hd khai qugt
di tich Thdn Bon, hifn vdt phdn bd d mgi dg sdu, nhung tdp trung nhdt Id ldp 1 vd 2, tdc la cdc Idp
dgii^
Dd gdm cd 127 mdnh, mdt do thdp (2,4 manh/lm^); phdn bd rai rac d cdc dg sdu khde
nhau: ldp I cd 61 mdnh, Idp 2 cd 64 mdnh Gom d di chi Thdn Bdn dlu Id gdm thd, bd; ddt set pha
nhilu cat va ba thyc v p Gdm khdng cd milt lang, khdng cd hoa vdn, mim vd dS thdm nudc; phdn
Idn cdc mdnh dlu dd bj bong mdt Idp do ben ngoai Thdnh gdm tuong ddi mdng, mdt ngoai thudng
cd mau xam Ky thup Idm gdm bdng bdn xoay; nhihig mdnh gdm vd ra tir cdc dd gia dung Dd
gdm d di chi Thdn Bdn cd hai logi: Logi gdm mdu xam den, pha it bd thuc vat vd nhilu cP, do gom
mau dd nhat gdn vdi gdm di chi Ddk R'ldp (Ddk Ndng) Logi gdm mdu dd nhat, pha cdt va nhilu ba
thyc v p Idp do gdm mdu dd nhgt Trong sd mdnh gdm d day cd 4 mdnh d l vd 5 mdnh mifng, cua
logi noi mifng loe, than phinh, di thap, kich thudc nhd
Di tich Hoan Kilm 1, xd Nam Ha, huyfn Ldm Hd, tga do 108**19'02" kinh Ddng vd
11''48'58" vT Bdc Di tich rgng gdn 2.000ml Tai day da khai qugt 2 ho vdi difn tieh 31m^ vdo ddu
ndm 2008 (Biii Chi Hodng 20 iO: 33-49)
Hd khai q u p 1 rgng 6 m l tdng vdn hda mdng, rdt it di v p khdo cd Tdng sd dd da cd 367
tieu bdn, gdm 14 phdc vdt cdng cy (7 nguyen, 7 vd); 30 hgch d p 53 dd nguyen lifu (41 dd opal, 12
Bjchdc) va 270 mdnh tudc (199 mdnh cd trung binh vd nhd; 71 mdnh kich thudc Idn); khdng phdt
tiif n g6m tiln sur (Biii Chi Hodng 2009)
Trang 516 Khdo cd hpc, sd 6/2011
Hd khai qup 2 cd difn tich Id 25m^, tdng van hda day trung binh 20cm - 25cm, ken day dp; cac mdnh tudc, dd nguyen lifu, phdc vp cudc, phdc vp riu tur gidc Chi phdt hifn duy nhdt 1 mdnh gdm thd Trong hd 2 thu dugc 9.906 dd dd, vdi hai nhdm dudi day
- Nhdm di vp cd 131 tieu bdn, gdm: 8 phae vp cdng cy; 19 phac vp riu - cudc; 21 di vp chua djnh hinh vgt hay nhihig tieu ban chua rd hinh va nhihig phi vp
- Nhdm phi lifu cd 9.775 tidu bdn, gdm: 1.557 hgch da vd 739 dd nguyen lifu; 7160 mdnh tudc, philn tudc Vl chdt lifu cd 9.456 la dd opal, cdn lgi 319 mdnh Id cdc chdt lifu khac Vl kich thude manh tudc cd: 3.218 mdnh nhd dudi 3cm, 2.905 manh cd kich thudc 3,0cm den 6,0cm, 1.037 mdnh Idn ban 6,0cm Vl loai hinh, dang chii y d ddy cd mdt sd mdnh tudc dgng hinh hgc, cd ddu tu chinh: 22 mdnh tudc hinh tam gidc, cd mdt ddu nhgn; 16 mdnh hinh tu gidc; 7 manh hinh da gidc
cd mdt ria canh tu chinh nhd; 14 philn tudc hinh chii' nhgt vd 9 philn tudc dgng Id
Phdc vat cdng cy da d di tich Hodn Kilm 1 hdu hit da dugc ghe deo djnh hinh, phd bien Id logi hinh tur gidc Chung thudng bj gay, vd d ddc hoac ludi, hifn vdt nguydn ven rdt it, chi chilm gdn 1/3 trong sd phdc vgt edng ey Phdc vdt riu tii gidc d day cd dac trung dn djnh la loai riu cd mdt mat Idn tuong ddi phdng, it vlt ghe tu chinh; mat Idm kia cong vdng vdi nhieu vdt ghe Ria cgnh dugc ghe hai mat, vat mdng dlu hai ben Ria ludi eong nhe, hinh vdng cung, ria ludi vdt dlu hai phia; mat cdt ngang than hinh thdu kinh; da sd cd kieh thudc ldm Ddc dilm ndy cd net rieng phan bift ddi chiit vdi phdc vp riu tiir gidc d di tich Thdn Bdn Cd nhilu kha nang Hodn Kilm 1 Id cdng xudng khai thac vd so ehl cdc phdc vat riu, rdi xudt xudng di noi khac de tu chinh tilp (Biii Chi Hoang 2009)
Di tfch Phiic Hung, xa Tan Ha, huyfn Ldm Hd Di chi dugc can bf Vifn phdt triln bin viimg vimg Nam Bd phdi kit hgp vdi Bao tdng Ldm Ddng thdm sat, khai qugt ddu nam 2010 vdi difn tich 34m^ (Biii Chi Hoang 2010b)
Trong eae hd khai qup thu dugc 32.575 di vat da, gdm 134 phdc vp (23 phdc vgt riu tur gidc,
83 phi vdt riu, 4 phdc vat khdng rd hinh, 11 phi vdt cdng cu, 13 cdng cy mdnh); 32.441 mdnh tudc, hach da va da nguyen lifu, hdn ghe Phdc vp cdng cy hodn thifn d di tich Phiic Hung thudng cd kich thude nhd
Nhihig ngudi khai quat cho rdng, Phiic Hung la di tich cdng xudng chi tac cdng cy dd opal thdi tiln sur, nai sa ehl nguyen lieu dd ban ddu, rdi xudt xudng; ddng thdi cung la noi gia cdng vd hodn thifn cdng cy Tinh ehdt edng xudng khd dgm net, ddu vet cu trii md nhat hay noi cu tru ndm
d nhiimg vimg Idn can
2 Dgc tru-ng, tinh chat, nien dai cac di tfch cdng xuvng
2.1 Bgc trtmg di tich vd di vgt
Cdc di tich cdng xudng chi tdc riu dd d Lam Ddng phan bd tren dja hinh cao nguyfn tuomg ddi bdng phdng, gdn sdng, sudi hodc cdc ao, hd, noi cd ngudn nudc sinh hogt cho eon ngudi Cac di tich nay phdn bd thanh cym, mdi cym cd vdi ba di tich ndm trong cac khiic lugn cong hinh sin eiia edc con sudi Idn trong bdn dja thung lung xd Gia Ldm, Nam Hd vd Phiic Hung Cdc khiic sdng ndy vira la noi idy nudc sinh hogt, trdnh gid, ngdn thu dO, chuydn cha nguyen lifu vd sdn phdm cdng xudng, danh bdt thuy sdn, dgc bift cac dogn sdng udn khuc cdn la con hao ty nhidn bao Idy noi cu tru, ngdn each dilm cu tru nay vdi dilm cu trii khde, tgo nen "lang phdng thu" mft cdch
Trang 6Le Xuan Hung - Cac di tfch cong xudng or Lam Dong 17
06.TB.L2.e7:73 0 ?cin 06TB.L2*?: 108
Ban ve3 Phdc vgt rlu Thon BSn
ty nhien (Trdn Vdn Bdo 2007: 41) Cdch kit
cau "ldng" kilu ndy ehua gap trong cdc di tieh
tiln sur d Vift Nam
Cac di tich d day dlu cd tang vdn hda
mdng, cdu true don gidn Tdng vdn hda ndm
dudi Idp ddt canh tdc, ddy trung binh 20cm
35cm, cdu tgo tir ddt dd basalt, pha nhilu cdt;
ddt mau ndu sdm tuomg ddi mim, xdp vd chiia
cdc di v$t khdo cd Trong tang vdn hda cdn
bdo luu ede vlt tieh hogt ddng ciia con ngudi
Trong dd, vlt tich eu trii md nhgt, cdn ddu vlt
xudng rat dam net Ddu vlt edng xudng d ddy
cho thdy, khdi lugng phi lifu tdch ra trong qud
trinh gia edng, ehl tac da rdt Idn Dd Id cdc
manh tudc vd mdnh tdch Ben cgnh dd cdn khd
nhieu dd nguyen lifu da hodc chua dugc siir
dyng; mdt sd vidn da dgng hgch da da khai
thdc mgt phdn mdnh tudc; ddc bift la nhOmg
phdc vgt riu Trong nhdm phdc vdt riu ndy logi
bj gdy, v& hodc bj mdt loi ky thugt ndo dd md
khdng thi tilp tyc nO^a chilm tuyft ddi, cdn
logi gdn hodn chinh hay hodn thifn dl cd thi
mai rat it
Dilu nay cho thdy cdc san pham dgt
ydu cdu da xudt xudng rdi, nhifng hifn vdt ma
cdc nhd khdo cd cd dugc d day deu d dgng phi
vp Ddu vlt cu trii dugc ghi nhgn d sy hifn
difn cdc cum dd gdm, ddu tich bIp, mgt s6 l§
chdn dgng chan cdt cua llu nhung ciing rdt md
nhgt Dilu ndy cd thi la ddu tich cu trii tgm
thdi
Ddc trung di vdt trong cdc di tich edng
xudng ehl tac dd d Ldm Ddng dlu la chdt lifu
da opal Trong cdc di tich cdng xudng khac d
Tdy Nguyen nhu d la Mar (Gia Lai) riu bdn
dugc Idm tir dd opal, silex vd phtanite; d Taiper
(Gia Lai) cdng cy ldm tir dd opal vd silex, d
Thdn Tdm (Ddk Ndng) xudng chi tdc riu da
dugc Idm tir silex, basalt va chert Trong edc
cdng xudng d Lam Dong, dd opp dugc diing
cho hogt dgng chi tdc riu cua cdng xudng, edn mdt sd dyng ey khde d ddy dugc Idm tir ede loai da khde nhu basPt, phtanite, gres, shiste, quartzite, nhung sd lugng rdt it, chd ylu lam dd hang sure, hdn
06 rB.Ll£4:4
Ban vi4 Riu tit gidc, dd opal & Thdn BSn
Trang 718 Khdo cdhpc, sd6/2011
ghe hoac ban mai Cd thi ndi, ddc trung ndi bat nhdt cua cdc riu da cdng xudng Ldm Ddng la dirge lam tii opal
Sdn phdm tieu bilu nhdt trong cdc di
tich cdng xudng Ldm Ddng la riu va cuoc
hinh tur giac Dilu ndy khac vdi cac cdng
xudng Chu K'Tu, nai chi tdc riu cd vP; cdng
xudng la Ma noi chi tgo bdn rdng trau va
cdng xudng Thdn Tdm, nai chuyen ehl tgo
riu hinh bdu dye NgoP nghe deo, cac cdng
xudng d Lam Ddng sir dyng ky thudt tu chinh
ep, ddi khi cd ky thup mdi Ciing ndi them, d
mdi di tfch tdn tai mgt sd loai di vat ddc
trung, chdng hgn Gan Thi 1, Gan Thi 2,
Hodn Kilm I va Phiic Hung phac vat thudng
d dang thd, diu ylu la nhiing nhp ghe Idn,
rdt it phdc vat cdng cy hoan chinh Trong khi
dd, d cdc di tieh Thdn Bdn da sd la cac phdc
vp kich thudc nhd, ria ludi xde rdng han
than va ddc, cung ludi ve trdn, gde ludi
mdng, vlt ghe tu chinh d cd hai mdt, mat cat
ngang than phd biln Id hinh bdu due, hinh
thang, mdt it la hinh gdn tam gidc va chO' D
(BdnVeS)
2.2 Tinh chdt di tich
06.TB.LI.O: 169
M.TB.I.2JI6: 17]
Ban veS Cong cu mdnh tudc dd opal Thon Bdn
0 7 P M H 2 L 2 B 4 : 41
Ban ve6 Cdng cu mdnh tudc dd opal PhU My
Dya vdo edc logi hinh hien vdt trong timg di tich cd the ghi nhpi day Id cdc di chi xudng, noi vira ehl tac la chinh, vita cu tni (tgm thdi) Tuy nhien cd thd mdi di tfch dai difn eho mdt cdng doan nhdt dinh trong chu trinh chd tac cdng cy da
Cdc di tich dp difn cho giai dogn khai thdc nguyen lifu va so chi ra cdc cdng cy thd, b ^ ddu gdm 4 di tich: Gan Thi 1, Gan Thi 2, Hodn Kilm 1 va Phiic Hung Trong cac di ti'ch nay cd nhilu dd nguyen lifu, phdi da kem djnh hinh phac vp va rp hiem gap phdc vp hodn thifn Mdt sd phdc vp cdng cy thudng khdng nguyen ven, thudng bi gay, vd Khai thac nguyen lifu va so ehl Id 2 cdng doan ddu trong 4 cdng dogn ehl tac da d Lam Dong Cd the tuong urng vdi cung doan I vd 2 theo each phan logi ciia Nguyen Gia Ddi va Le Hai Dang (Nguyen Gia Ddi, Le HP Ddng 2007: 15-25)
Dgi difn cho cung doan gia cdng hoan thifn vd mP, xudt xudng la cdc di tich d Thdn Bdn Tgi day tim thdy rat it phac vp thd, nhilu phdc vp nhd, dugc mai, da sd bj gay v6, rdt nhilu mdnh tudc nhd vd vay tudc do tu chinh md cd Nhimg chile riu da opal ndy lam ra vira dl siir dyng vira dl trao ddi vdi cac di tfch khac Nghien ciiu tu lifu khai qup cho thdy trong cac cdng xudng nay khdng cd dd nguyen lifu ban ddu, chi cd phdc vp da qua so chi tir mdt dja dilm khac Cu ddn d cdc
di tich Thdn Bdn 1, Thdn Bdn 2, Thdn Bdn 3, Thdn Bdn 4 va Thdn B6n 5 tiep tyc hodn thifn phdi phdc vdt riu tiir gidc, mdt sd dugc mai dl sur dyng, mdt sd khac dem trao ddi tren thj trudng Nhumg
cu ddn nay dgi difn cho cdng doan 3 vd 4 ciia quy trinh chi tgo riu tii giac da opal d Ldm Ddng
Trang 8Le Xuan Hung - Cac di tich cong xuong a Lam Dong 19^
23 Niin dgi
Hf thdng di tieh cdng xudng d Lam Ddng dd dugc trinh bdy trdn hifn chua cd dilu kifn
xdc djnh nidn dgi tuyft ddi (C'*) Dya vdo ddc dilm cdng cy da phdt triln tdi dinh cao ky thup
ghe ddo, tu chinh vd mdi; chua xudt hifn kim loai, dd gdm cdn nhd le, chua xudt hifn gdm khde
vgch hodc gdm mdu, chung tdi cho rdng, cdc di tich cdng xudng d Lam Ddng thudc hgu k^ Dd
mdi - so ky Ddng thau hay Dk mdi mugn trong phdn ky tiln sir Tay Nguyen ciia Nguyin Khde
Sir (Nguyin Khde Sir 2007: 197) Trong ldp Dd mdi miidn di chi Lung Leng (Kon Tum) cd gdn
20 mau dugc phdn tich nien dgi C'", cho tudi trung binh Id 3.000 BP - 3.500 BP (Nguyin Khde
Sir 2007: 220) So sdnh vdi cdc nien dai ndy, nhihig ngudi khai qugt mdt sd di tfch cdng xudng d
Tdy Nguydn dy dodn nien dgi nhu sau: Di tich Taiper (Gia Lai) cd tudi 4.000 BP - 3.500 BP
(Nguyin Khde Sir, Phan Thanh Toan 2007: 24); la Mar (Gia LP) ed tudi 3.000 BP - 3.500 BP
(Nguydn Khde Sir 2009: 4); Thdn Tdm (Ddk Ndng) cd tudi khodng 5.000 BP (Le Hai Ddng,
Nguyen Gia Ddi 2008: 18) V l nidn dgi eua edc di tich edng xudng d Lam Ddng cung dugc dodn
djnh nhu sau: Di tieh Thdn Bon Id 3.500 BP (Trdn Van Bao 2007: 37); Hodn Kilm 1 ed tudi
khodng 4.000 BP (Biii Chi Hoang 2010a: 49) va Phiic Hung cd tudi 4.000 BP - 3.500 BP (Biii
Chf Hodng 2010b)
3 Cac di chi - xirdng trong bdi canh rf ng horn
3.1 V&i cdc di tich Dd m&i - Bong thau & Lam Bdng
Trong tiln sir Lam Ddng vdo giai dogn hau ky Da mdi - so ky Ddng thau da xudt hifn mdt
sd di tich vdi ddc trung chi tdc vd sir dyng rtu tii giac, lam tir da opal Nhihig di vgt ndy cd sy dn
djnh cao vl hinh thdi • ky thudt ehl tde, gidng vdi sdn phdm lam ra tur cac cdng xudng Ldm Ddng
Dd Id nhumg eu dan d 10 di tfch d Lam Hd dd trinh bay, sau niia Id cdc di tieh Dd mdi mudn d cdc
huyfn Dan Duong, Di Linh, Dam Rdng vd Cdt Tidn, nhilu nhdt vdn la cdc di tfch d huyfn Ldm Hd
Nhu vgy, cdc sdn phdm riu vd cudc dd tir edc cdng xudng Ldm Ha da cd mdt khdp cdc di tfch
Da mdi mugn d Lam Ddng Cd thi sdn phdm riu dd d cdc cdng xudng ndy Id tien dl cho sy thdng
nhdt van hda ciia todn khu vyc Ldm Ddng Cdc sdn phdm tir edng xudng ndy edn dnh hudng tdi ed
cdc bd Igc mudn ban sau do Cac nhd khao cd tim thdy mdt sd cdng cy mdnh tudc dgng hinh hgc, ldm
tir dd opal, dugc ehl tgo tai di tfch Thdn Bdn da cd mdt trong Idp sdm nhdt di tieh Phii My (Cdt Tien)
(Trdn Vdn Bdo 2008a: 143) (Bdn ve 5 vd 6) Hoge trong di tfch so ky Ddng thau d chan Niii Voi, cdc
nhd khdo cd cdn phat hifn dugc mgt sd ludi cudc dd, riu da mdi hinh tur giac, todn thdn, lam tir da
opal, gidng di v p trong cdng xudng Thdn Bdn Rd rdng, tdm dnh hudng ciia cdc cdng xudng Lam Ha
khdng chi d chilu rgng, md ca chilu trong sdu cua thdi dp Ddng thau Ldm Ddng
3.2 V&i cdc di chi - xu&ng che tdc cong ctf dd Tay Nguyen
Hifn nay d Tdy Nguyen da tim thdy tren 150 di tieh Da mdi mudn, mdt sd thudc vdo mdt
trong ba vdn hda khdo cd: Biln Hd, Lung Leng va Budn Trilt, hay ba tdc ngudi khac nhau Ngodi 3
vdn hda ndi tren thi cdn cd khd ndng xdc lap dugc cdc vdn hda mdi khde nhu: vdn hda Taiper (nam
Gia Lai, bdc Ddk Ldk), vdn hda Budn Ma Thuft (cao nguyen Budn Ma thugt, Ddk Ldk); vdn hda
Thdn Tdm (Chu Jut, Ddk Ndng) vd vdn hda Thdn Bdn (Lam Hp Lam Ddng) Net chung ndi bgt
Trang 920 Khdo cdhpc, sd6/2011
cia ede vdn hda Da mdi mudn d Tdy Nguyen Id ndng nghifp diing cudc va gdn vdi cdc boat dgng
thu cdng che tgo dd da trong cdc cdng xudng khac nhau Din nay, cdc nhd khao cd da ghi nhdn cd
4 trung tdm ehl tde riu, bdn khac nhau vl nguyen lifu, vl sdn phdm tgo ra, vl quy md vd tdm dnh hudng ciia chiing giu'a cac viing khac nhau ciia Tdy Nguyen (Nguydn Khde Sir 2009: 3) Trong 4 trung tdm dy, vai trd cua trung tam cdng xudng Ldm Hd rdt quan trgng trong tiln six Tdy Nguyen
Trung tdm la Mar gdm mdt s6 di tfch d huyfn Chu Prdng (Gia Lai), tgi day chuyen chi
tgo riu cd vai vd bdn hinh rdng trau, nguydn lifu chinh Id dd phtanite, hilm da opal va silex Trong trung tam ndy, di tich la Mar Id noi khai thdc va so ehl tgo phdi cdng cy rdi cung cdp cho cdc cdng xudng Ddng Hai, Thdn Bay, la Nhim 2; cd thd ca Taiper, Lang Ngoi, Soi Tre, Ddc Giang hodn thifn vd xudt xudng Nhiimg sdn phdm ciia trung tdm ndy cd mat tren phgm vi khd rf ng, chii ylu Id cao nguyen Pleiku vd Kon Tum (Nguyin Khde Sur 2009: 10) San phdm tir cdng xudng la Mar cd mdt trong vdn hda Lung Leng (Kon Tum), Biln Hd (Gia Lai); trong di tich Tsham A (Ddk Ldk) Tren ddt Lam Hd (Ldm Ddng) cung da tim thdy 1 tieu ban bdn hinh rdng trau, cd thi la sdn phdm tir cdng xudng la Mar
Trung tdm Ea Kar gdm mdt sd di tfch d Chu K'tu, Thanh Son vd Ban Thdi, xa Xuan Phu,
huyfn Ea Kar (Ddk Ldk) (Nguydn Gia Ddi, Le Hdi Ddng 2007: 22) Sdn phdm ciia cdc cdng xudng nay la ehl tgo riu cd vai, bdng da opal Nhiimg sdn phdm ciia xudng nay cd mat trong di tich Tsham
A, huyfn Ea H'leo (Dak Ldk), trong cdc di tich Taiper, Lang Ngoi d huyfn Chu Se (Gia Lai), viing gidp ranh giua cao nguyen Pleiku vd cao nguyen Budn Ma Thup (Nguyin Khde Sir 2009: 10) Ddng chii y la, nhiimg chile riu cd vai kilu Chu K'tu hdu nhu khdng thdy trong cdc di tich Lam Dong Nguge lgi, nhiimg chile riu tur gidc kilu Ldm Ha khdng gdp trong trung tdm Chu K'tu Tu lifu trSn cho thdy tdm dnh hudng ciia Chu K'tu theo hudng bdc la chu ylu
Trung tdm Thon Tdm gdm mft sd di tfch d xd Ddk Wil, huyfn Chu Jut (Ddk Ndng), sdn
phdm tir cdc cdng xudng nay la riu hinh bdu dye, ldm tir da silex, basalt va da chert, hinh dang cdng
cy gdn vdi riu bdu dye vdn hda Hda Binh Cdc sdn phdm d ddy phan bd trong khu vyc Ddk R'ldp (Ddk Ndng) Cd mdt vai edng cy kilu Thdn Tdm trong cac di tich Dd mdi d tinh Binh Phudc va Ldm Dong Nhung trong khu vyc Ddk Ndng hodn todn vdng bdng riu tii gidc bdng da opal, khdng gdp bdn hinh rdng trau bdng da phtanite hay riu ed vai bdng opal va silex
Phdi chdng, vdo giai dogn Dd mdi muf n trdn dja bdn Tdy Nguyen dd hinh thdnh cdc trung tdm ehl tgo riu da vdi dac thii rieng, va vifc giao luu vdn hda giiia cdc trung tdm, cac bd Igc trong viing dd diln ra ngay mft mgnh Hifn tugng chuyen hda cdc sdn phdm vd sy thfch ling cua nd cho moi vimg cho thdy su phdn cdng lao dfng trong moi trung tdm, vd mdi lidn hf nhdt djnh giiJa cdc trung tdm vdi nhau
Ngudn tu lifu thu dugc tir cdc di tich cdng xudng d Ldm Hd (Ldm Ddng) cho thdy moi cdng xudng d ddy dam nhifm mdt hodc hai khdu trong quy trinh ehl tac riu tii gidc bdng dd opal Cdc di tich nay vlt tich cu tru md nhgt, nhung ylu td cdng xudng Igi rat dgm net; difn phdn bd liln khoanh vd cd mdi lien hf chat chd vdi nhau Phdi chdng, cym cac di tfch cdng xudng d day la cua
mgt cfng ddng bd Igc, hay mgt vdn hda khdo cd nhu cdc nhd khdo cd dd gid thilt, vdi ten ggi "•Van hoa Ldm Hd" (Trdn Vdn Bdo 2008b: 164)
Trang 10L6 Xuan Hung - Cac di tfch cong xudng 6 Lam Dong 21 Nghien curu cdng xudng ehl tac riu dd Lam Ddng ndi rieng va Tay Nguyen ndi chung gdp
phdn soi sdng mgt so vdn d l khdo cd hgc ly thuylt dang ddt ra Ndm 1932, Heine Geldem dua ra ly
thuyet gdn moi lop riu dd vdi mgt vdn hda rifng, mft ngdn ngii - tdc ngudi rieng Ong chia thdi dgi
Da mdi Ddng Nam A thdnh cdc vdn hda riu cd vai, riu tur gidc va riu bdu dye Theo Heine Geldem,
chii nhdn vdn hda riu cd vai Id ngudi siir dyng ngii' he Nam A (Austro-Asiatique) trong dd cd nhdm
Mon-Khmer vd Munda, thufc dai chiing Mogoloide; vdn hda riu tir gidc gdn vdi ngudi Nam Dao
(Malayo-Polynesien) ngudn gde tiir viing tdy nam Tmng Qudc, vao khoang 4.000 ndm tmde, hg tran
xudng Ddng Duong qua Tir Xuydn va Vdn Nam hinh thdnh van hda hdn hgp giua van hda riu cd vP
vd vdn hda riu tii gidc (Geldem 1932: 543) Ndm 1956, B Lafont dya vdo day giai thich rdng ngudi
dung riu tii: gidc ndi ngdn ngii Malayo-Polynesien din tmdc, cdn ngudi diing riu ed vai, ndi ngdn ngO
Mon-Khmer din sau, rdt mudn sau ndy, bdi vi riu tiir gidc rdt it d cao nguydn Pleiku (Lafont
1965:237) Khi nghien curu tiln sir Tdy Nguyen, cac nhd khdo ed Vift Nam da bdc bd ly thuylt tren
(Nguyin Khde Sir 2007: 281) Ciing mdt thdi dilm, d Tdy Nguydn xudt hifn 4 tmng tdm ehl tgo vdi
4 logi hinh riu dd khde nhau; moi logi cdng ey phii hgp giiia hinh ddng, kieh thude, chat lifu vdi timg
tilu vimg dja ly Cdc trung tdm ndy cd lien hf vdi nhau vd Id nhdn td quan trgng tgo ndn sy thdng nhdt
trong da dgng cua tiln sir Tdy Nguyen
Sy xudt hifn ciia 4 trung tdm chi tdc riu dd khde nhau d Tdy Nguyen cd thi xem do Id sy
phdn cdng xa hgi ddu tien trong Ijch sir nhdn logi hay khdng? Ph Ang ghen trong tdc phdm Ngudn
gSc cua gia dinh, ciia che dg tu hint vd cua nhd nudc dk trinh bdy khd chi tilt vl cdc cuf e phdn
cdng xd hf i Idn trong ljch sii nhan logi Trong dd, cufc phdn edng xd hf i Idn ddu tien Id nhihig bf
Igc du myc tdch khdi bf phgn cdn lai ciia ngudi dd man, hay nhiimg ngudi chdn nudi tach khdi
nhiimg ngudi sdn bdt - hdi lugm vd trd thdnh mft ngdnh chinh Thp ra, trong cdc di tich tiln sur Tay
Nguyen chua tim thdy di c6t dfng vdt, minh chimg cho sy tdch ra ciia chdn nudi thdnh nghl dfc
Igp, vi thi chua thi ndi tdi cufc phdn cdng lao dfng xd hgi ldn d day Tuy nhien, Ph.Ang-ghen cdn
luu y rdng sdm ban cufc phdn cdng lao dfng nay da xudt hifn cdc trao ddi nglu nhien Id do sy
kh6o leo ddc bift cua nhihig ngudi thg trong vifc ehl vu khf vd cdng cy lao dfng, cdi do cd thi dua
din sy phan cdng lao dgng nhdt thdi, ngogi If Vifc phdn cdng dy chi dien ra trong nfi bf bf Igc
(Ang-ghen 1972: 264) Vdi tu lifu cdc edng xudng hifn bilt d Tdy Nguydn, chiing tdi tdn thdnh y
kiln cho rdng, vdo giai dogn Da mdi mufn d ddy cd sy phdn cdng lao dfng giiia nhtmg ngudi thg
thu cdng trong mft bf Igc; mdi thdnh vien chuySn trach mft khau ndo dd trong quy trinh ehl tde da
(Nguyin Khde Sir 2009) Nhung diing trdn toan cue, sy xudt hifn cac logi sdn phdm khac nhau Igi
xudt phdt tii ddi hdi san xudt vd truyin thdng moi viing
Kit qua nghidn curu khdo cd hgc Lam Ddng ndi chung vd cdng xudng chi tde da ndi riSng
mdi chi la budc ddu Hifn nay cdn nhilu van dl da vd dang d p ra cho khdo cd hgc tiln sir Ldm
Dong Vi dy nhu, ddnh gid tdng thi co tdng vdn hda vd vdn minh tiln sur Tdy Nguyfn, cdc logi hinh
vdn hda dja phuang trong giai dogn Dd mdi, khd ndng xde Igp cdc vdn hda khdo cd vd nf i dung ciia
chung, van dl chu nhan cdc nen vdn hda khao cd, gid trj Ijch sur vdn hda vd djnh hudng bdo tdn,
phdt huy cdc di tich khao co tiln sur Ldm Dong trong giai dogn md ciita hifn nay
TAI LIEU DAN
ANGGHEN PH 1972 Nguon gSc cua gia dinh cua chi dp tu hOu vd ciia nhd nu&c Nxb Su thp Ha Ngi