V1|C SCTD^NC NGUdi HOA COA C A C CHUA N C U Y I N TRONG CdNG CU0C Md DKT M|£N T A Y NAM B0 D 6 QUVNH NGA* Cong eupe md dfi't Dfing Trong n6i chung vfi mi6~n Tfiy Nam Bp n6i rieng lfi c
Trang 1V1|C SCTD^NC NGUdi HOA COA C A C CHUA N C U Y I N
TRONG CdNG CU0C Md DKT M|£N T A Y NAM B0
D 6 QUVNH NGA*
Cong eupe md dfi't Dfing Trong n6i
chung vfi mi6~n Tfiy Nam Bp n6i
rieng lfi cong lao ciia bao nhifiu th€^ h$ lao
d^ng trong tfi't ca cfic thfinh ph^n xfi h0i
dudi th6i cfic chfla NguySn trong d6 c6
ngfldi Hoa, mot Iflc Ifldng chu yfiu mfi cfie
chfla NguySn da stf dung rfi't e6 hi$u qua
trong vi?c xay dflng do thj, phfit trien
thfldng mai ciia Dfing Trong
Chinh saeh sif di^ng ngfldi Hoa cua efie
ehua NguySn 5 Tfiy Nam B§ mfi ci^ th^ lfi
Dfldng Ngan Dich d My Tho vfi M^c Ctfu
cflng eon chau hp M^c vdi dfi't Hfi Tien dfi
de lai eho dfi't nfldc mpt di san v^ lanh tho
vfi dan cfl dajig trfin trong vfi ea nhflng gifi
tri ve lieh stt
I CHUA N G U Y I N PHUC TAN VC(I
DCdNG NGAN DJCH 6 MY THO
(1679-1689)
Vflng Tfiy Nam B$ dfl^c chua NguySn
cung nhfl ngfldi dfin Vi$t chu ^ mu$n hdu
BO vdi Dong Nam Bp, b6i vi vj tri cfich trfi
vfi di^u ki§n khai phfi cung kh6 khfin hdn
Cho dSh khi Dfldng Ng^n Dieh theo si^ phfin efing cua chfla NguySn Phdc Tfin di theo dfldng bi^n vfio cfla Ldi L^p, d€^n djnh
cfl 6 Mjf Tho vfio nftm 1679 di khai phfi
vflng dfi't nfiy thi vflng Tfiy Nam B$ Ifin dfiu tifin mdi dfl^c khai phfi dfldi thdi chua NguySn
Dfldng N g ^ Dieh lfi mpt trong nhflng vien tfldng cua nhfi Minh khfing chiu thufin phue nhfi Thanh da di cfl d^n nfldc ta, nhd ehiia NguySn giup dd Nfim 1644, tri^u
Minh bi Man Thanh l$t d^ D^ trin ap
nhflng li^e Ifl^ig trung thfinh vdl nhfi Minh,
qufin Man Thanh sau khi ehi£fm diiffc Bfic
Kinh da md e u ^ hfinh qufin cfin qufit vdi
quy mo ldn k6o dfii nhi^u nfim di binh dinh
efic tinh mi^n Nam Trung Qu6c, ndi c^ thii cudi cflng cua m$t li^c Iflc^ng khfi ldn tfin qufin nhfi Minh C u ^ chi€n k ^ dfii gfin 4 th$p ky (1644 - 1683) eho dgn khi qufin Thanh chinh phi^c nhi2ng c u ^ khfing cfl cudi cflng trfin dao Dfii Loan do vien tfldng Trinh Thfinh C6ng chi huy Nhi^u vo quan vfi qufin d$i trung thfinh vdi nhfi Minh da
' ThS So Khoa hoe vfi Cong ngh^ tinh Bfi Ria - 'Viing Tfiu
Trang 2dfla gia dinh cua hp vflpt bien ra nfldc
ngofii nhfim tranh si^ tra thfl cua chfnh
quyen Man Thanh
Sfl xufi't hi§n cua Ifle lflt?ng ngfldi Hoa
nfiy 6 Dfing Trong dflpe sit nhfi NguySn ghi
lai: "Ky Miii, ndm thd 31 (1679), mita xudn,
thdng gi&ng, tUdng cu nhd Minh Id Long
Mdn tdng binh DiiOng Nggn Dich vd phd
tudng Hodng TUn, Cao Ldi Lidm tdng binh
Trdn ThitOng XuySn vd phd tudng Trdn An
Binh dem han 3.000 qudn vd hOn SO chiie
thuyin de'n cdc cda biin Tu Dung vd Dd
Ndng, tu trdn Id bd thdn nhd Minh, nghia
khdng chiu ldm tdi nhd Thanh ndn din xin
ldm tdi td' (1) 'finh th^ nfiy da d$t chfla
NguySn Phflc Tfin diing trfldc su Ifla ebon
thdng minh, cudi eflng chua dfi quyS't dinh:
"Nay ddt Ddng Phd (ten cd Gia Dinh) nUdc
Chdn Lap dong rudng phi nhiiu nghin
ddm, triiu dinh chUa rdi md kinh ly, chi
bang lay sdc cua hg cho din khai khdn de
d, ldm mgt viic md ldi ba diiu" (2) Chua
mpt mfit ban cho cac tfldng nhfi Minh
nhflng ehfle nhfl cfl, phong them chflc quan
mdi, mfit khac giii thfl cho vua Chfin Lap
yeu cfiu chia cfi'p dfi't dai cho hp Luc nfiy,
bien gidi Vipt - Champa ve phia Nam cdn
dijfng lai d sdng Phan Rang nen phfldng fin
dfla dofin ngfldi di dfin ngfldi Hoa vflpt bien
vfio dfit Chan L^ip lfi mpt each flng xtf linh
boat vfi khdn ngoan, ddng thdi, cung th^
hi§n uy th^ eiia mdt nfldc ldn doi vdi phidn
thfin cua minh
Binh thuyen cua Dfldng Ng^n Dich tid^n
vao ciia Ldi Lap, theo ciia Dai, cfla Ti^u
ddn dinh cfl d My Tho Cng ehia qufin
thfinh hai nhdm, m^t nhdm do fing dfin dfiu
dfla thuyen ch^y vfio cfla Xofii R^P sau dd
djnh cfl d dfi't Phien Trfi'n, mpt nhdm do
Hofing Tieh chi huy tieh vfio D ^ Ti^u hai
khfiu len dinh cfl d M^ Tho Nhfl v^y,
Dfldng Ng?ui Djch vdi danh nghia lfi m^t
vien quan cda chfla NguySn da dd^n khai phfi vflng dfi't nfiy
Dfldng Ng^n Dich sau khi dd'n My Tho
da tid'n hfinh v3 dfi't, xfiy phd, l^p chp di
di^ng ndn m^t "My Tho d^i phd" sfim ufit quy tp ngfldi Hoa, ngfldi Vi^t, ngfldi Khmer Ong cho nhdm hpp ngfldi Vi^t, ngfldi Khmer vfi ngfldi Hoa tid'n hfinh khai khfin dfi't dai, Ifip trang tr^i vfi thdn fl'p t^o ndn aijf chuydn bidn dfing k^ cua vflng dfi't trfldc dfiy vdn khfi hoang sd nfiy My Tho trd thfinh noi nhpn nhjp, vi^c giao Iflu buon bfin vdi thfldng nhfin nfldc ngofii trd nen thjnh vflpng, thu hut si^ quan tfim eua cfie thfldng thuydn Trung Hoa, Nh^t Ban, Tfiy
Dfldng vfi Bd Dfio Nha "My Tho dgi phd" Id
mdt thUOng cdng xudt nhdp khdu hdng hod Ndm dge theo sdng Tien, ndi ndo cd ddng cU ddn la cd nhdng khu thi td ve tinh nhu Cha Ggo, Bin Chiia, Cdi Bi Long Ho,
Sa Dec, Cdi Tdu ThUpng, Cdi Tdu Hg, Tdn Chdu, Tdn Ddc vd kin tdn cdc khu thi td ciia Chdn Lap Nhdng khu thi td ndy ldm nhiem vu eung cdp nhdng mdt kdng ndng sdn, tho sdn cho My Tho dgi phd xudt khdu, dong thdi cung nhdn hdng hod cua nUde ngodi di phdn phdi vd bdn cho ngUdi tieu diing " (3)
Lflc Ifldng ngfldi Hoa ddn vflng dfit My Tho cfing ngfiy cfing da dang hdn, ngoai cac
di thfin nhfi Minh, binh linh, thfldng gia edn c6 cac tri thfle Nho gifio, cac nhfi sfl Da
sd ngfldi Hoa ddn dfiy deu lfi nhflng cfl dan
d cac vflng duyfin hai phfa Nam Trung Qudc nen c6 hieu bidt vfi bifin, gidi vfi giao thfldng tren bifin, ky thufit ddng thuyen, thfinh thao thuy ehifi'n, c6 kinh nghidm trong vide giao lifu, tiep xfle, kifim ke hfing hofi d eac cang bifin Vdi dia thd vflng dfi't
My Tho thu^n lpi cho giao thfldng, budn bfin, ngfldi Hoa d vflng dfi't nfiy sdng chii ydu bfing nghd budn ban, san xufit thudc
Trang 3ddng y, tidu thu cdng nghidp Dd'n thd ky
XVII, My Tho trd thfinh m^t trong hai
trung tfim thfldng m^i ldn nhfi't Nam Bd luc
bfi'y gid (4)
Cflng vdi nhflng ho^it d^ng thfldng m^ii,
ddi B^ng tinh thfin ciia ngfldi Hoa cung
tha'm dfin vfio manh dfi't nfiy Ngfldi Hoa da
du nhfip vfio vflng dfi't nfiy vfin hoa Trung
Hoa hofi cflng vdi vfin hofi Khmer, Vi^t,
Chfim t^o nfin si^ phong phu vd vfin hofi cho
manh dfi't nfiy
Tuy vfiy, ehi 9 nfim sau (1688), s^ tranh
chfi'p quydn li^c khidn ndi bd lyc dye dfin
ddn v i ^ Dfldng Ng^n Dich bi phd tfldng
Hofing Tidn gifit chdt:
"Thdng 6, phd tUdng Long Mdn Hodng
TUn giet chit chii tUdng Id DU(Jng Nggn
Dich d eda biin My Tho, tU xUng Id Phdn
dUng Ho oai tUdng qudn, thdng linh dU
chung Long Mdn, ddi don sang Nam KM
(nay thudc huyen Kiin Hda, tinh Dinh
Tudng) (5), thu hiim ddp ldy, due dgi bdc,
ddng chlin thuyin, thd qudn di cUdp bdc"
(6)
Chua NguySn Phue Trfin sai qufin vfio
danh, nfim 1689 tfldng Mai Van Long da dp
dflpc Tien Hofing Tie'n vfi vp eon deu hi giet
(7)
Nhfl vfiy, khdng gidng vdi nhflng thfinh
qua mfi Trfin Thflpng Xuyfin da lfim dflpc d
Cfl Lao Phd, nhflng no lflc ciia Dfldng Ng^n
Dieh d My Tho bi gifin doan khidn My Tho
rdi vfio eanh dieu tfin
Sau khi Hofing Tien bj gidt ehdt, chua
NguySn da giao qufin Long Mdn eho Td'ng
binh Trfin Thflpng Xuyen quan ly Trfin
Tbflpng Xuyfin da nh$p hai toan qufin b
Ndng Nai vfi My Tho rdi ehia ra ddng t^i
Ngfl Khe (rach Cai Ca), Doanh Chau (Cfl
Lao Gieng) (8), (9) SM quan ly ciia chua
NguySn ddi vdi vflng dfi't nfiy cdn long leo
cfic tfldng Long Mdn vfi cd nhidm vy thu nhfin sd' dfin cfl qufi ddng dfl^c chuydn tfl Trfi'n Bidn vfi Phidn Trfi'n xud'ng Ngfldi dfln
d dfiy dfl^c t^o didu ki^n lfim fin, sinh sd'ng thoai mfii hdn so vdi dfin d Ddng Nam Bp,
do nhflng quy djnh edn chfla chfit chd vfi chii trfldng khuydn khich ciia ehua NguySn ndn hp dfl^ tfl do lfim fin vfi khai khfin dfit dai Thud dfl^ thu theo san phfim nghl nghifip ciia tflng ngfldi; ngfldi lfim rufing thi ndp Ifla, ngfldi danh ca thi ndp cfi, ngfldi lfim rflng thi ndp go Dfi thu thud dfin d
My Tho, chua NguySn cung da cho Ifip 9 kho rieng (Quy An, Quy Hda, Canh Dfldng, Thidn Mu, Quan Thao, Hofing L^p, Tam
L^ch, Ba Canh, Tan Thjnh) dfi nhfin dfin b
gfin kho nfio thi dem thud" ddn nap kho dd cho tidn
Nhfl vfiy tren thfle te, chfla Nguyen da
ed sy khai thae nhfi't djnh ddi vdi My Tho, nhflng vfi m$t ehlnh danh thi vflng dfi't nfiy vfin chfla thupc vfi sfl quan ly cua chfla NguySn Tuy nhifin, dfiy dflpc xem lfi bfldc ehufin bj quan trpng cho si^ anh hfldng sfiu rpng cua cfic chua NguySn trfin vflng dfit Tfly Nam Bp trong qufi trinh thidt l^p ehinh quydn eiia Phien trfin dfldi thdi chiia NguySn Phue Chu vfio nfim 1698 Cho dfiii khi dflpc M^c Ciiu dfing phfin dfi't Hfi Tifin (1708) mfi dng da khai phfl trfldc dd thi chua NguySn mdi bfit dfiu vdi tay tdi midn Tfiy Nam Bp m^t cfich thfle sfl,
II CHUA N G U Y t N \<Sl HQ MAC 6
TRAN HA TIEN (1708 -1757)
Khi dofin di thfin nhfi Minh do Dfldng Ng^n Djch vfi Trfin Thfldng Xuyfin dfin dfiu ddn Dfing Trong thi M^c Ciiu cung cd mfit fl midn Tfiy Nam Bp Mac Ciiu (1655 - 1735) lfi mpt doanh nhfin d thdn Le Quflch, huy$n Hai Khang, phii Ldi Chfiu, tinh Quai^ Ddng; do khdng chSji n h ^ sy thay thfi ciia
Trang 4phii Nam Vang eua ChSn Lap vfio nfim
1680 Sflch Gia Dinh thdnh thdng ehi cho
bidt: " din ndm Khang Hy thd mUdi chin
(1680), tinh Qudng Ddng mdi dUgc d^p
xong, nhd Minh mdt, khdng phue chinh
sdeh budi ddu cda nhd Dgi Thanh, di tdc
sang phucfng Nam, d tgi phii Nam Vang
nUdc Cao Men" (10) Ong vd'n lfi mdt nhfi
budn thao vflt, ed tfii kinh bang td thfi, hay
di lai buon ban trfin efic tuydn dfldng bifin
tfl Trung Qudc den Philippine, Batavia
(Indonesia) , ndi thfinh tb^o tieng Ch&n
L^p ndn dflpc vua Nfic Ndn mdi lfim quan
vfi phong cho ehfle Oc Nha (Oknha) Didu
nfiy cung dflijlc ghi ehdp d Dgi Nam li^t
truyin tiin biin: "Cdu gid riing tdc md di
vi phuang Nam, tdi d Chdn Lap, ldm quan
6c Nha" 0-1)
Thfiy chinh sy d dd rdi ren, mfi dfi't Mang
Kham (ten cu cua Hfi Tien liic bfiy gid),
thudc tinh Peam (ngfldi Hoa gpi lfi Phfldng
Thfinh) CO nhieu ngfldi Vidt, ngfldi Trung
Qudc, ngfldi Chfln Lap, ngfldi Chfi - Vfi den
lfim fin nen dng den dd xin md sdng bac,
danh thue hoa chi kiem ldi, lai dfio dflijk: hu
bac vfi trd nen giau cd 6 n g xay mpt tda
thfinh ben bd bifin, md phd xa: " Nhdn chieu
tap ddn xiiu dat den cde ndi Phd Quoc,
Cdn Bdt, Gid Khe, Ludng Cdy, Huang dc,
Cd Mau (thugc tinh Hd TUn), lap nen 7 xd
thdn Vi chd d ed truyen thuyit rdng thUdng
ed ngudi tiin hiin d tren sdng, nhdn thidgt
tin Id Hd Tien" (12)
Vfio nhflng nfim cudi thfi ky XVII vfi dfiu
the ky XVIII, Hfl Tien dfldi sfl td ehfle cua
M?ic Ciiu da trd thfinh mpt ndi trfl phu nfin
qufln Xifim thfldng den cfldp pha Nfim
1688, quan Xifim dd'n dflnh phfl Hfi Tifin vfi
thuyet phyc dng dfla gia quydn vfi Xiem,
cho d tai cang Van Tud Sdn (Muang
Galapuri) Dgi Nam liet truyin tiin biin
chdp: "Gdp luc ngUdi Tiim ddnh Chdn Lap,
ngudi Chdn Lgp vdn nhut nhdt, nghe gidc tdi liin chay, tUdng XUm thdy Cihi bin du
vi Tiim Cdu bdt die dl phdi theo Khi dd tdi Tiim, vua Tiim thdy trgng mgo ldy ldm
la, mdng rdgid Cdu lgi" (13)
Gia pha hp M^e d Hfi Tidn cung xac nhfin qufin Xiem "khuyen dy" vfi Mae Cflu
"khfing cd efich nfio tfl chfii" dflpc: " PhUOng
Thdnh vd'n Id viing dd't ven bd, chi Id nOi tu tdp budn bdn sinh l<^, ehU khdng phdi Id chdn dung vo, vi thi thuyin giac tdi Id ed thod sdc hodnh hdnh, khdng eo khd ndng chd'ng cU lgi, l^p tdc bi ehung chiim ldy Vua Cao Min lgi Id ke hin nhdt, mdi dupe thu cdp bdo da vdi ddn gia quyin bo chgy Qudn Xiem vdo thd cda bdt bd ddn bd con gdi, vd vet ngge lua cua edi rdi rut vi Tudng XUm thdy cu (tUc Mgc Cdu) Id ngUdi hiing ddng cUang nghi, trong bung rdt min, bin ddi ddi td tivd khuyin du cu ciing theo
ve nUdc Cu khdng cd cdch ndo td chdi, ddnh theo hg ve phuang bde Vua Xiim nom thdy tUdng mgo cu thi mdng rd lUu gid
cu d lgi Gap hii nUde Xiim xdy ra ndi logn, cu liin ngdm ddn ddt ddn chung di theo trd lai ddt Long Ky (14)" (15)
Hai nfim sau, dng trd'n ve dflde vfi bfit tay vfio cong eupe khdi phye Hfi Tien Nhfl vfiy, cac ket qua nghiin cflu trfldc day cho lfi Mac Cflu hi qufln Xiem bfit va dng da trdn vd Long Ky, aau do trd lai vdi dfi't Hfi Tien lfi khfing ehinh xac; ngay ca tflc gia bfii viet nfly eung ed sfl nhfim iSn trong mdt bfli edng bdgfin day (16)
Gfin dfiy, bfln ve sfl vide Mac Cflu sang Xiem vfio nfim 1688, ed y kien eho lfi do ban thfln Mae Ciiu mudn tim sfl an toan tinh mang chfl khdng phai bj qufin Xiem bfit:
"Ndm 1688 cd mot sU cd xdy ra tgi Nam Vang: nhiiu kiiu ddn ngUdi Hoa bi ngUdi Khmer bat giit Nguyin nhdn Id ddm tdn qudn kiiu binh ngUdi Hoa ddng d My Tho
Trang 5dd cUdp gidt ngUdi qua lgi trSn sdng Tiin
Hg khdng ehi eon sdng ndy, ldm nghft
dudng ra biin Cdc vtf cUdp bde lan ddn din
Nam Vang NgUdi Khmer vd ciing phdn nd
Hg liing bdt ngUdi Hoa dem giit ditrd thit
Mgc Cvtu cdng Id ngUdi Hoa, ban thdn bj,
md't an ninh nin dng phdi trd'n chgy sang
Xiim Nhu vdy, Mgc Cdu qua XUm la di t}
ngn chU khdng phdi bi qudn XUm bdt" (17)
Xem xdt vd efie sy kifin cd lidn quan gifla
ngfldi Hoa do sfl tranh chfi'p ciia nhdm
Hofing Tidn vfi Dfldng Ng^n Djch Nfim
1688, Dfldng Ngan Djch bj Hofing Tidn gifit
Tidn cho qufin ldng hfinh, cfldp bdc Chfla
NguySn cho qufin dflnh vfi gidt dfl^ Hofing
Tidn vfio nflm 1689, tinh thd d My Tho mdi
on dinh Cflng thdi didm nfiy qufin Xifim
sang danh Chan L^p, dfinh pha Hfl Tifin
dfin dfi'n vide M^e Ciiu qua Xifim vfio nfim
1688 Nen y kidn eho lfi Mae Ciiu bj qufln
Xiem bfit vd nfldc thi thflt khd sfle thuydt
phyc
Chfin Lap ngfiy cfing suy ydu, npi chidn
lien mien, 1^ thfldng xuyen dflng trfldc
nguy ed bj qufin Xiem xflm Iflpe, trong khi
do thanh thfi ciia chfla NguySn ngfiy cfing
Ifin eao Lfinh tho cua chua NguySn lue nfly
vflo tdi midn Ddng vfi mdt phfin eiia Tfiy
Nam Bp, Phu Gia Djnh da dfl^c Ifip nen cho
thfi'y vi thd cua chua NguySn anh hfldng
mgnh md tren dfi't Chfln Lgp Vi thd, Mgc
Ciiu da hfldng ddn chfla NguySn, nhfl tim
vd mpt eho dfla tin e$y hdn Nfim 1708, dng
da eflng thupe ha lfi Trfldng Cfiu vfi Ly Xfi
mang td bidu trfin tinh, ngpc lya vflpt ngfln
d$m xa ra t ^ thu phii Phu Xuan dfi g$p
chua NguySn, xflng thfin vfi xin lfim Hfi
TiSn trfldng Cupe g^p gd tgo nfin bflde
ngofit dfii vdi ca Hfi Tidn Ifin Dfing Trong
nfly diSn ra nhfl sau: "Chua (NguySn Phflc
Chu) thdy Mgc Cdu tUdng mgo khdi ki^t, cd
ldm ddt phu thudc, ggi Id trdn Hd TUn, phong Cdu ldm tdng binh, ban cho dn thtf Lgi sai n^i thdn trong cung tiin ra tdi ngodi eda dd thdnh, ngUdi ta diu eho Id vinh dd'
(18)
Nhfl vfiy, dfin nfim 1708, vdi eudc gfip gd mang tinh chfi't ljch sii nfiy, trfin Hfi Tifin rfing ldn tfl Kifin Giang cho ddn t$n Cfi
Mau dfl thude \& Dfing Trong Chinh uy thfi
ldn mgnh eiia cbda NguySn trdn khfip bd edi Chfln Lgp da bid'n thfinh m^t sfle mgnh didu ky dfi lanh thfi Dfing Trong ngfiy cfing dfl(^ md rdng ra Vflng dfit Hfi Tifin rfing ldn hdi dd da dfl^ afip nb^p vfio Dfing Trong, Iflnh thfi eua chfla NguySn md rfing ddn t^n eye Nam, trong dd cd nhifiu tdn dfit nfim trdn lanh thd Campuehia, sfit biSn gidi nfldc ta ngfly nay
Chfla NguySn vdi tfim nhin xa, sy khfin khdo vfl tinh thfin trpng ke hidn tfli, kha nflng dflng ngfldi da mang vfi cho minh dai dfi't ven bd bifin vjnh Xiem La, mfi tfl dfiy chua cd thfi dflng lfim bfin dap dfi trfl len phia Dfing, noi hdn midn Tifin Giang Hfi Tidn trd thflnh mfit ddn vj hfinh chinh trye thu^c Dflng Trong, nhflng lfi mfit ddn vj hflnh chinh d^c bifit Tfnh chfit "ty tri" cua Hfl Tien khfi cao vl ehua NguySn khdng can thifip sau vflo cfing vi§c quan ly ndi dfiy mfi chvi yfiu Ifl giao cho Mgc Ciiu ty quan
L5 di nhien, khdng phai vd ed mfi ehiia NguySn Phflc Chu lgi td ra dS dai dfii vdi mpt vflng dfi't rfing ldn nhfl v^y Difiu dfi lfi
kdt qua ciia mfit sy nhfin thfle -v&a dfi mfit
efich dflng dfin, h ^ ly: Mge Ciiu da chii dpng, ti^ nguydn tim ddn chua dflng dfit, khdng ly ^ mfi dng ta c6 t h l quay Ifli^ tgo phan; hdn ni3a chua cung chfla du difiu kipn dfi vdi tay sflu ddn viing dfi't nfiy Chinh cfich giai quyfit vfiii dfi cua chfla
Trang 6ty chu, nfing dpng eho Hfi Tien Hfi Tien tfl
gid phflt dd cung yfin d'n vi dfl dfl^ nfim
trong tfim cai quan ciia chua NguySn,
khdng con phai lo nggi sfl dflnh phfi cua
quan Xi@m
Sfl tin tfldng, edi md, thoang dgt eiia
chua NguySn da tgo nSn sy khich lfi ddi vdi
Mgc Ciiu Sau khi tfl Phfl Xufin trd vi, vdi
tfl cflch lfi mpt vien quan Td'ng binh, mfit
"bfi tdi dfle bifit" cua chua NguySn, Mgc
Ciiu c6 nhieu chinh sflch tfch eye d6 thu
hut dfin cfl, phfit trifin Hfi Tien 6 n g cho
xfiy thflnh quflch, di^ng doanh trgi, xfip d^t
lifiu thupe, d$t nhifiu qufln khfleh dfi ddn
tidp ke hidn tfii nen dfin tfip trung vfi Hfi
Tifin ngfly mdt ddng due Sy nS lyc eua Mge
Ciiu ddi vdi sy phat trifin thjnh vfldng ciia
Hfl Tifin da dflpc tfic gia sflch Dgi Nam li^t
truyin tiin biin danh gifl nhfl Ifl "mdt dd
hdi nho" (19)
C6 mpt didu bufic chflng ta phai Iflu y
dfii vdi qufi trinh khai pha dfl't Hfl Tifin ciia
cfle chfla Nguyen, dd lfi phan flng ciia Chfin
Lgp sau khi Mgc Ciiu dang dfl't eho chfla
NguySn
Chfln Lgp vfio thdi ky nfiy trd thfinh
vflng dfit dai bj gifinh gifit gifla Xidm vfi
Dfing Trong Ban thfin trong hofing gia
Chfin Lap cung chia Iflm 2 phe: phe Nfic
Yem - con ciia N^c Nfin do chua NguySn
lap nen vfi phe N^c Thu vfi con lfi N$e
Tham nfldng nhd vua Xiem Tuy v4y, N^c
Thu v i n lfim nghia vy e^ng nap eho chfla
Nguyen Chua NguySn da trgn 2 Ifin v6 \i
N$c Thu nhflng khdng dat kdt qua Chidn
tranh hfin mien gifla hai phe phai trong npi
bd Chfln Lgp cflng vdi sy hd tr^ eua hai thd
lyc h^u thufin lfi Dfing Trong va Xiem luon
diSn ra, gay bfit d'n cho ChSn Lap
Dfin thang 2 nfim 1715, N$e Thflm vdi
sfl h6 trd hflng h^u cua quan Xiem da chpn
Hfl Tien lam dfch ngfim trong cupe chidn
vdi N^e Yfim Trong trfin dfinh nfiy, vua Xifim dich thfin chi huy, dem 3.000 thuy qufln cflng Nfic Thflm tifi'n dflnh Hfi Tien
Do bfi't ngd, khdng phdng bj nfin Mge C i u khdng ehd'ng cy dflpc, chi gifl dflpc dfit Lung
Ky (Ludng Cfiy) N$e Thfim cfldp hfit cua cai ciia Hfl Tifin mang di Sau khi cd sy thu xdp gifla N^e Yfim vdi vua Xiem thi qufin Xifim rut khdi lanh thfi Chfin Lgp Mgc
Ctfu quay trd lgi Hfi Tifin, "dip thdnh ddt,
ddt xieh hdu xa dildm ki phdng thu" (20)
Cd thfi ndi rfing ehinh Mgc Ciiu lfi ngfldi
cd eong dfiu trong vific d$t nfin mdng vfl phflt trien trfi'n Hfi Tien, mang lgi cho Dfing Trong mpt vflng' lanh tho rfing ldn, gifiu ed Ndi dfin sy nghifip md mang khai phfl trfiii Hfi Tifin, khong thfi khdng ndi dfin nhfln v4t d$e bidt nfiy 6ng dflpc chiia NguySn phong tflng lfi Khai trfin Thflpng tru qudc Dgi tfldng quan Vu nghi cong Sau khi Mgc Ciiu mfi't nfim 1735, eon dng Ifl Mge Thien Tfl (1706 - 1780), thfla kd chflc vu Tong binh trflii Hfi Tien, tiep tyc
sy nghifip xfiy dflng Ha Tien ciia cha Mac Thien Tfl da khdng nhflng bao v^, ke thfla nhiing thfinh qua cua Mae Cvtu da gay dflng mfl ong edn dfla Hfl Tien ngfiy cfing phflt trien vfi ea mflc dp thinh vflpng Ifin sfl
md rfing vi lanh thfi vdi cdng lao to ldn
trong vipe ndi rpng lanh thd ciia Dfing
Trong vi phfa Tay
Mac Thien Tfl mang trong minh hai ddng mflu Hoa - Vipt vfl sfl xufi't hipn cua ong trfin coi ddi cung dflpc sii sach ghi lai
vdi mfiu sfic huyen bi, " Ziic sinh ra dd cd
diim Ig, TrUdc dd trin eon sdng chd Cihi d tgi Trung Ki, chat xudt hien mot pho tUang vdng eao 7 thUdc, dnh sdng chdi ngdi trin mat nUdc Cd nhd sU ngUdi Man trdng thdy kinh Ig, ndi vdi Cihi rdng: "Dd Id diim trong nude xudt hi$n ngUdi tdi gioi phue ddc khdng biit ddu md ki" Cdu sai ngiM
Trang 7keo lin, nhUng diing each ndo cdng khdng
lay chuyin dUpe pho tUpng, bin d^tng mdt
ngdi chiia nho trin bd sdng gdn chi dd di
thd Thiin Td cdng sinh trong ndm dy,
ngudi ta truyin Id bdc Bd Tdt xud'ng trdn"
(21)
Mae Thien Tfl dflpc xem ifl ngfldi thdng
minh mfin tidp, dqc rfing kinh aii vfi tinh
thdng vfi Iflpc Thay cha Iflm Td'ng binh
trfl'n Hfi Tien, dng dflpe chfla NguySn Phue
Chu ban eho nhifiu flu dai: cho 3 chide
thuyfin long bfii dflpe miSn thud vfi sai md
Cye due tifin dfi thu$n ti^n cho budn bfln
(22) 6ng cdn dflpe ehfla ban eho bd^n "dgo
efio sfic" dfi phong cho cfle vien cai dpi, dfii
trfldng d trfl'n
Phfit huy hdn nfla nhflng gl cha minh da
gfly dflng nen, Mgc Thifin Tfl tfch cfle xfly
dflng vfl thfle hi^n mpt so cai cfich doi vdi
Hfl TiSn Mpt mfit, dng chia dfit nha thupc,
kdn qufln linh, xfly dyng thfinh bao, md ehp
bua khien eho thfldng nhfln trong nflde vfi
nfldc ngofli den cfing ngfiy efing ddng M^t
khae, dng lai rfi't chu trpng den hpe vfl'n khi
mdi gpi, ehieu ngp ke si bfin phfldng den Hfi
Tien Dflc bi^t, dng eho md Chifiu Anh Cac
lfim ndi bfin lufin hpc vfin, xfldng hpa thi
vfin Tflp Hd Tiin thdp vinh (mfldi bfii thd
vinh canh Hfl Tien) lfi mpt trong nhflng tflc
phfim noi tidng nhfi't vfi cdn Iflu truydn ddn
ngfly nay cua Chieu Anh Cfle Vdi nhflng
hogt dfing vi hpe thufit eua minh, vfi vdi sfl
ra ddi cua ChiSu Anh Cac vfi Hd Tiin thdp
vinh, Mae Thifin Tfl da dfla ndn hpc vfi'n
dfin vdi ngfldi dfln Hfi Tien, khidn cho
"ngUdi Hd Tiin td dd mdi biit hgc hdnh"
(23)
Cdng cupe dfiu tranh Ai bao v$ trfin Hfi
Tien trfldc sy uy hifip, nhdm ngd cua Chfin
Lap vfl Xiem eung trd ndn rfi't cam go dfldi
thdi Mgc Thifin Tfl
Chfin Lgp mfi't dfi't nen rfl't oan hfin Mgc Ciiu Vfio nfim 1739, nhfin khi Mgc Thidn Tfl mdi ldn kd nghifip cha, cdn chfla dii sflc phdng bi Hfi Tidn, vua Chfln Lgp Ifi N^c Bfin da mang qufin xfim Ifl'n Hfi Tidn Tuy vfiy, Mgc Thidn Tfl vdi sy giup sfle tfeh eye
cua v<? lfi NguySn Thi "^^ ni$t hfiu efin, qufin
Ifldng, dfi chi huy qufln dfinh thfing trfin,
bao vfi d\if^c binh ydn cho trfi'n Hfi TiSn
6 n g dflpc chua NguySn Phflc Khofit d$c phong lfim Tfldng qufln Dd ddc, ban cho ao bfio dd, mao vfl dfiy Iflng; vp dng dflpe phong lfim Phu nhfin Tfl dd, Hfi Tien khdng edn
bi Chfin Lgp nhdm ngfi nfla (24) Vdi Xiem, Hfi Tien cflng lfi mpt difim ngfim thfldng xuyen trong chfnh sflch bflnh trfldng lfinh thd' cua minh Mgc Thifin Tfl
da phdi hpp vdi qufln eua chua NguySn l$p ndn nhflng chidn thfing vang dpi nhfl d tr$n chidn nfim 1767 ddi vdi cupe tifin cdng ciia vua Cfli (Boromoraja), nhflng ciing cd Ifin thfl't bgi nhfl trong trfln dflnh nfim 1771 (25)
Tuy vfiy, edng lao ciia Mgc Thidn Tfl dfii vdi Hfi Tifin lfi rfi't to ldn Ddng gdp ldn nhfi't eiia Mae Thien Tfl Ifl dng khdng nhflng da thfinh edng trong v i ^ bao vp Hfi Tifin thoflt khoi mdi hfin mfi't dfi't cua Chfin Lgp, mfl d$c bidt, cdn md them dfit cho trfi'n Hfi Tifin, khid'n cho lanh thfi Dflng Trong eua ehua NguySn ngfiy cfing thfim rfing ldn hdn
Dd lfi vfio mfla xufln nflm 1756, vua Chfln Lgp lfi N^e Nguyen uy hiep ngfldi Cdn Man, bj chfla Nguyen sai qufin danh bgi, phai tron sang Hfi Tien nfldng nhd Mgc Thien Tfl Vdi v i ^ che chd cho vua N$c
Nguydn, Mgc Thifin Tfl da dem vi eho trfih
Hfl Tifin ndi rifing vfi Dfing Trong ndi ehung them mfit phfin dfi't mdi eiia Chan Lap lfi hai phii Tfim Bdn vfi Ldi Lap (sau trfl thfinh phii Gd Cdng vfi phii Tan An) khi vj
Trang 8vua Chan Lgp nfly nhd Mae Thien Tfl tau
Ifin chfla Nguyen y nguyfin hidn dfl't dfi
ehufic tfii (26)
Tiep d6, nflm 1757, sau khi dng dflng ra
sfip xe'p, xin chua NguySn cho N$c Tdn Iflm
vua Chan Lgp, N^e Tdn da dflng dfi't eho
chfla Nguyen vfl Mgc Thien Tfl: "Chua
phong Tdn ldm qudc vUang Chdn Lgp, sai
Than Td hg tdng vi nUde, Tdn bin hii'n ddt
Tdm Phong Long, lgi cdt ddt 5 phd Vdng
Tham, Cdn Vgt, Chung Ritm, Sdi Mgt,
Linh Quynh di tg riing Thiin Td' (27)
Mac Thien Tfl da dflng hfit 5 phfin dfi't fiy
cho chua NguySn, Cung trong nflm nfly,
ong d$t "xd Rach Gid ldm dgo Kiin Giang,
xd Cd Mau ldm dgo Long Xuyin, ddt quan
cai tri, chieu ddn ldp dp, khiin cho bd eoi
cua trd'n Hd Tien ngdy edng md rgng thim"
(28), Tfl dfiy, dia vyc tfl H&u Giang ra dfin
bien phia Dong vfl phfa Tay Nam dfl't nfldc
deu da thude ve chua Nguyen
Nhfl vfly, noi tiep eha, Mgc Thifin Tfl da
tan trung vdi chua NguySn, tfeh eye xfly
dflng vfl md rfing trflin Hfi Tien, dem lgi cho
chua Nguyen mpt phfin lanh thd rpng ldn,
bao gdm phfin ldn eac tinh cfle Nam ciia
Tay Nam Bd ngfly nay
Qua dd, ed t h l thfl'y rfing, chua Nguyen
cd dflpc trf&i Hfl Tien rdng ldn nhfl vfiy lfi
khdng ehi nhd vflo thanh thfi ldn mgnh mfl
edn nhd vflo kha nfing dung ngfldi tfli eiia
minh Chi'nh sy tin tfldng, cdi md, vo vd
Cling nhieu ehinh sach flu dai, hpp tinh hpp
ly, trpng dung ngfldi tfii cua chua NguySn
da khidn cho nhfling ngfldi Hoa trfin dfi't
Nam Bfi cd dieu kifin phflt huy het long
trung thfinh va tfii nfing cua minh de phyc
vy cho cdng cude xfiy dflng vfi phflt trien
Dfing Trong
Ha Tien khfing nhflng Ifl canh ciia rdng
md ddn chua NguySn den vdi midn Tfiy
Nam Bp ma edn Ifl mdt d i n chflng dien
hinh ve mpt ehinh sach tien bp cua chua NguySn ddi vdi ngogi kifi'u da dfi lgi mpt di san vfin hofl dpe dao ciia dfin tpc Tae gia
Chflu Thj Hai, chuyen gia nghidn cflu vi
ngfldi Hoa tgi Vipt Nam dfi ed nh^n xfit rfl't
x&c dfing vi trfldng hpp chua NguySn stf dyng ngfldi Hoa tgi Hfl Tifin: "Hd Tien trd
thdnh vdng dd't diin hinh eda stf di cU, edng cU, hod nhdp vd thd'ng nhd't gida cde tde ngudi khde nhau vdi nhdng ddc trUng vdn hod cung hodn todn khdc nhau Con dudng chuyin tdi vd hdi nhdp van hod md cha con Mgc Cihi kiin tgo khdng gid'ng vdi bdt cd con dUdng ndo trong qud trinh tiip xuc vd giao lUu vdn hod Viet- Hoa" (29)
Sau 78 nfim k l tfl ngfiy Dfldng Ngan Dich den My Tho (1679- 1757), 49 nfim sfip nhflp trfin Hfi Tien (1708 - 1757), cufii eflng, chfla NguySn dfl cd dflpc vflng dfi't rdng ldn, mfiu md nfim gifla khu vflc TrSii Bifin, Phifin Trfiii vfi trfin Hfi Tien Do la kdt qua mpt qua trinh dfiu tranh gian kho eua nhfin dfin ta trong dd cd nguyen nhan lfi do thdi cd tfl ben ngofii dfla lai vfl ehfnh sflch sii dyng ngfldi Hoa dung dfin ciia eae ehua Nguyen
Hofin canh ljeh sfl cfie chua Nguyin md dfl't Dfing Trong lfi mpt ldi thd hiem co ciia Vipt Nam Dd lfi luc ehfla NguySn bi sflc Sp mang tinh sfing eon cua chfla Trjnh d Dfing Ngofli, trong lue ehfla NguySn mudn tdn tgi vfi khfing dinh vi the dpc Iflp Dd lfi luc nfldc ChSmpa vfi Chfln Lgp d phfldng nam suy yfiu, npi bfi mau thufin dang tim eho dfla tfl bSn ngofli Sfl ra ddi eiia Dfing Trong Ifl thdi ky thinh vflpng cua ndn thfldng mgi chfiu A, tieu bieu lfi Trung Quoc vfi Nhfit Ban vfi cung lfi thdi ky phdn thjnh dgi hfing hai cua the gidi phfldng Tfiy tren cd sd nen cdng nghi?p eiia kinh td tfl ban phat trien dang ehinh phyc cfle luc dja
de tim kid'm thi trfldng vfi nguySn Upu mdi
Trang 9Bdi canh dd da dfin dfi'n ehinh sflch md ctta
cua cfle chfla NguySn Cfle ehfla NguySn dfi
rfing md di ddn tfi't ea Hoa thfldng ddn
budn bfin vfi cho hp l|ip phd'cfl tru
Lye Ifldng ngfldi Hoa dfin vdi Dfing
Trong ngfly cfing ddng, nhfi't lfi sau khi Ifin
sdng phan Thanh phye Minh bj thfi't bgi
vfio nfim 1679 Chfnh yfiu tfi lich stt nfiy dfi
tgo nSn cd duySn dfi chua NguySn phfit huy
uy thd eiia minh d mifin Tfiy Nam Bfi qua
nhdm Dfldng Nggn Dieh d My Tho (1679)
vfi Mge Ciiu d Hfi TiSn (1708), Cfle nhdm
ngfldi Hoa nfiy dfi tim dflpc vflng dfl't ly
tfldng d l mflu sinh lgi dflpc cfle ehua
NguySn flu dfii nen da dfla hdt nfing lye ra
dfi xfiy dyng vfi phfit triln doanh thfldng mfi trfldng hyp eha eon Mge Ciiu d Hfi TiSn lfi mfit diln hinh vd hfi qua cua chinh sfieh sii dyng ngfldi Hoa ciia cfle chua NguySn Vifie cfie chua NguySn sii syng ngfldi Hoa trong vific khai th&c midn T&y Nam Bfi qua hai nhdm di d&n Dfldng Nggn Dich tgi My Tho vfi Mgc Ciiu tgi Hfi TiSn lfi mfit thfinh qua ldn lao dfi d l lgi mfit tfii
san vd gifl vfi lfi bfii hpc sflu sfic vi chinh
sfieh sfl dyng nhfln lye, nhfi^t Ifl vdi ngfldi nflde ngofii trong vifie xfiy dflng dfit nflde, xfiy dyng khdi dofin kfit cfing ddng dfin tfic trong dgi gia dinh c&c dfin tfic Vidt Nam
CHU THiCH
(1) Quoc sfl q u i n trilu Nguyin, D<^ Nam thtfc
luc tiin biin, Nxb Sfl hpc H i Npi, 1962, tr 125
(2) Qu6c sfl quan trilu Nguyin, Dgi Nam thtfc
luc tiin bien, sdd, tr 125
(3) TrUdng Ngijc Tucing, My Tho dgi phi, T^p
chf Xiia & Nay e l 344, 2009, tr 5
(4), Dl Thj Hft "Ngudi Hoa dfii vfii q u i trinh
hinh t h i n h v i p h i t t n l n dfi thj My Tho", T^p chf
Xiia & Nay 8S'344, 2009, tr 15
(5) Nay l i xQ R^ch Nfln thu^c sfing Vim Co
(6) Qufic sfl q u i n t n l u Nguyin, Dgi Nam thtfc
luc tiin biin, edd, tr 136
(7) Qufic sfl q u i n trilu Nguyin, Dgi Nam thtfc
luc tiin biin, sdd tr 136
(8) Tniong Ngpc Tudng My Tho dgi phi', T^p
chiXUa & Nay, sfi'344 2009, tr 5
(9) Vio dSu t h l ky XDC, khi biln sogn afich
Hodng Vi4t nhdt thing dU dia chi, L l Quang Djnh
cfi vilt v l Rgch Milu - m^t dja chf khfing xa My Tho v i Rgch C i i Nhum, nOi dfiy cdn di duf ngudi
Hoa: "Din Rgch Cfii Nhum, r^ch o b& bin phai,
r^ng 6 t i m (1 tfim tUOng dUOng 1,111 m4t), siu 1 t^m, hai b£n bd cflng nhilu ngufin r^ch niy l i nhi cfla ciia ngUcti Tiy Dudng, l i ndi nhilu rupng vudn, giQa dfi cfi n h i cfla ngUtii Hoa" [Ll Quang
Djnh, Hodng Vi4t nhdt thing dii dia chi Ban djch
Phan Ding, Nxb, T h u ^ Hoi - Trung t i m Vin hoi ngfin nga Dfing Tfiy, 2005, tr 320
(10), Trjnh Hofii Dflc, Gia Dinh thdnh thdng
chi, D5 M§ng KhUdng, Nguyin Ngpc "nnh djch,
Nxb Giio dye H i N^i, 1999, tr 119-120
(11) Quic afl q u i n trilu Nguyin, Dgi Nam li4t
truy4n tiin biin, Cao Ty Thanh djch, Nxb, Khoa
hpc xfi hfi H i Nfi, 1995, tr 240
(12) Qufic sfl q u i n t n l u Nguyin, Dgi Nam
thtfc lgc tiin biin, add, tr 167
(13) Qufic sfl q u i n trilu Nguyin, Dgi Nam li4t
truydn tiin biin, sdd, tr 240
Trang 10(14) Theo Cao Tfl Thanh djch v i gifii thi^u
sich Dgi Nam Hit truyin tiin bien thl LQng K^
chii Nfim djch t h i n h chQ TrQng Ki nay fl khu vflc
phfa b i c H i Tiln, gin afing Triing Ki [Dgi Nam
liet truyin tiin biin, add, tr 242] Sich Dgi Nam
thtfc luc tiin bien djch l i LuS'ng Ciy [ tr 167] T i c
gia TrUdng Minh D^t cho r i n g LQng Ky cfin gpi l i
Trung Ki l i m$t trong nhQng chi di't ban ddu
M^c Cxlu d i n H i Tiln n&m fl giQa Rfiam v i Sri
Cham, phfa tfiy bfic Phii Qufic [Tniong Minh D^t,
Ngiin ciiu Hd Tiin, Tgp chf Xiia&Nay • Nxb Tri,
2008, tr 68], Nguyin V i n Nguyfin chd thfch v l dja
danh Long K^ cfin gpi l i Ddng Khoai theo sOt Xifim
n&m ngoii t h i n h Vpng C i c (Thii Lan) hoic l i
Ream nay t h u ^ Camphuchia [Hd Tiin hiip trin
Mgc thi gia phd, Nxb T h l gidi, H i Npi 2006 tr,
38] Tfii cho rfing LQng KJ cfi nhilu ten gpi do cich
djch tfl chQ NSm v i tfl tilng Khmer, nhung LQng
K^ khfing phai l i Phii qufic, cung khfing phai n i m
trgn dfit T h i i lan LQng Ky l i t i n con song gin H i
Tifin ndi cfi ngfii n h i cua Mgc Cflu v i l i ndi sinh ra
Mac Thifin Tfl T i i li^u Qufic sfl quan trilu
Nguyin cho bilt: "Tnidc dd trin con sdng cho Ciu
d tgi TrUng Ke, chgt xudt hien mdt pho tumg vdng
cao 7 thudc, dnh adng chdi ngiJi trin mgt niidc Cd
nhd sU ngiidi Man trdng thiy kinh Ig, ndi vdi Ciu
rang: "Do Id diim trong nUdc xudt hien ngiidi tdt
gidi phdc ditc khdng biit ddu md ki" Thien Ti
cung sinh trong ndm iy, ngUdi ta truyin Id bd^ BS
Tdt xuing trdn" [Dgi Nam li^t truydn tiin biin,
sdd, tr, 242]
(15), Hd Tiin hiip trdn Mgc thi gia phd, Nxb
T h l gidl, H i N^i, 2006, tr 37- 38
(16) Dl Quynh Nga, "Qui trinh mfl trfin H i Tifin dudi thfli cfic chiia Nguyin", Ky ylu H$i thao
khoa hpc Di sdn vdn hod Hd TUn bdo tdn vd phdt
triin, Uy ban Nhfln d i n tinh Kifin Giang, Vi^n
V i n hoi Ngh? thu^t Vi§t Nam t l chflc H i Tifin
2009, tr 19-26
(17) Truong Mmh D^it, 'Tao din Chifiu anh cic nhQng p h i t ht^n mdi v i vi^c bio t i n - phit
huy", Hfl thao khoa hpc Di sdn cdn hod Hd Tiin:
Bdo tSn vdphdt triin, Sfl V i n hoi, Thl thao v i Du
ljch tinh Kien Giang - Phfin vi^n Vin hoi Ngh$ thuftt Vi§t Nam t^i T h i n h phfi" Hfi Chf Minh t l chflc H i Tifin 2009, tr 189
(18), (19) Dgi Nam liit truyin tiin bUn, add, tr
241
(20), (22) (23) Quoc ait quan trilu Nguyin, Dgi
Nam thtfc luc tiin bien, sdd, tr 181, 198-199, 199
(21), (24), (25), (26), (27), (28) Oai Nom liit
truyin tiin biin, sdd, 242, 243, 245, 244, 244, 244
(29) Chiu Thj Hai, "Budc dfiu tim hiiu qufi trinh tilp xiic v i giao luu v i n h o i Vi^t - Hoa trong
ljch sii", Hgi thdo qudc tiViit Nam hgc ldn thi
nhit, 1998, Nxb, T h l Gidi, H i N§i, 2000, tr 174