Ve khoa thi nay, sach Quoc trieu hitong khoa luc do Cao Xuan Due bien soan xuat ban nam 1893 cho biet ve ky thi Hiidng khoa Dinh Mao, nien hieu Tii Ddc thd 20 1867: Triidng Thda Thien
Trang 1T H A N T H E , S t f N G H I E P C I J A D O N G C A C
D A I H O C S I T R A N I t I H U E ( 1 8 3 0 - 1 9 0 7 )
NGUYEN DUG NHU$*
G i a pha ho Tran 5 xa Vinh Xiidng,
huyen Phong Dien, tinh Thda
Thien Hue cho biet: Tien td cua ddng ho la
Trdn Xi, ngvidi qudn Dinh Xvfcing, huyen
Tdng Sdn, phu Ha Trung, xd Thanh Hoa da
tham gia vao doan nghia dung theo Nguyen
Hoang vao tra'n thu Thuan Hda nam 1558
(1) Gia pha cdn cho biet: Ong Tran Xi la
ngvidi co cong khai pha da't hoang, lap nen
lang Vinh Tho, huyen Hvidng Tra, phu Trieu
Phong, dinh Quang Ddc Con chau ngai ddi
ddi n6'i nghiep tai day
Theo mot tai lieu dia phiidng chi diidc
bien soan sdm nha't (1554) ve vung da't
Thuan Hoa (Thda Thien - Hue ngay nay) la
O Chdu can luc cua Tien si Diidng Van An
thi huyen Hiidng Tra, nguyen la huyen
Kim Tra, phu Trieu Phong Diidi thdi chda
Nguyln Phuc Nguyen (1613 1635) huyen
Kim Tra ddi la huyen Hiidng Tra Thdi
die'm triidc nam 1554, huyen Kim Tra cd 60
xa, chiia cd dia danh xa Vinh Tho Nhii
vay, rat cd the' sau khi ngai Tran Xi to chdc
khai hoang lap lang (sau nam 1558) thi
lang Vinh Tho mdi diidc diia vao danh sach
cac ddn vi hanh chinh cua xd nay Nam
Mau Tua't (1658) vi ky huy nien hieu cua
vua Le Than Tdng la Vinh Tho nen ten xa
Vinh Tho diidc ddi la Vinh Xiidng Theo ghi
chep cua Le Quy Ddn trong Phu bien tap luc (bien soan nam 1776) thi xa Vinh
Xiidng thudc tdng Vinh Xiidng, huyen Hiidng Tra, phu Trieu Phong, xd Thuan Hda (2) Dau thdi Nguyen, xa Vinh Xiidng thudc tdng Vinh Xiidng, huyen Trieu Phong, dinh Quang Ddc Dinh Quang Ddc diidc dat nam 1801 gdm ba huyen Hiidng Tra, Quang Dien va Phd Vang thudc phu Trieu Phong Nam Minh Menh thd 3 (1822), dinh Quang Ddc diidc dd'i thanh phu Thda Thien Nam Minh Menh thd 16 (1835), nha Nguyen lay mot phan da't cua huyen Hiidng Tra va Quang Dien (nguyen xiia la huyen Dan Dien) dat lam huyen Phong Dien; xa Vinh Xiidng thudc vao huyen Phong Dien
Ddng ho Tran d xa Vinh Xiidng tdn ngai Tran Xi la vi To ddi thd nha't, den nay da diidc 20 ddi, con chau phat trien thinh dat, hie'n vinh, trong dd phai ke deh ddi thd 12
va 13 Ddi thd 12 la dng Tran Gia Chieu, sinh nam Mau Tua't (1778) Theo Gia pha cho biet: Nam Minh Menh thd 13 (1832), dng Tran Gia Chieu gid chdc Chu sii ty Bd Cdng, ITnh Tri bd Thuy quan Nam Mau Tua't (1838), Tran Gia Chieu ve t r i si, ngu
* TS Vien Sd hoc
Trang 2Than the", sy nghiep cda Dong eac 41 tai Ha Noi Khi mat diicic gia tang Tii
Thien dai phu, L l bo Thiidng thii, thuy la
Trung Liidng Mo ong tang tai dja phdn
chda Long Chau, thon Chau An, Ha Noi
Theo quan che trieu Nguyen, chdc Thiidng
thii Luc bo, Do sat vien Ta - Hiiu do ngii sd
Cao thu: Tii thien Dai phu, ham Chanh nhi
pham Vdi chdc tiidc va pham ham nay, cac
con cua ong Tran Gia Chieu cung nhtf cha
me deu diidc am phong Vi nhu" than phu la
Tran Gia Gian diidc tang phong Gia nghi
dai phu, Thai thiidng Tii khanh, thuy la On
Muc (ham Chanh Tam pham), than mau la
ba Nguyen Thi Kien diidc gia tang Chanh
Tam pham, Thuc nhan
Ong Tran Gia Chieu co 3 vd Ngiidi vd thd
3 la ba Trinh Thi Khiidng, ngiidi lang Dinh
Cong, huyen Thanh Tri (Ha Noi) sinh diidc
hai ngiidi con trai la Tran Gia My va Tran
Gia Hue (deu thuoc ddi thd 13) Ba Trinh Thi
Khiidng sau khi mat drfdc gia tang Nhi pham
Doan nhan la do co con lam quan den ham
Nhat pham - tdc Tran Liiu Hue
Tran Gia Hue thuc! nhd ten huy la Minh,
sinh nam Canh Dan, nien hieu Minh Menh
thd 11 (1830) Khi di thi mang ten la Tran
Gia Thien, do Cd nhan khoa Dinh Mao,
nien hieu Tii Ddc thd 20 (1867) khi da 38
tuoi Ve khoa thi nay, sach Quoc trieu
hitong khoa luc do Cao Xuan Due bien soan
xuat ban nam 1893 cho biet ve ky thi
Hiidng khoa Dinh Mao, nien hieu Tii Ddc
thd 20 (1867): Triidng Thda Thien do
Tham t r i Bo Binh Bui Tuan lam chu khao;
Toan tu Sd quan Dang Van Kieu lam Pho
chu khao, lay do 32 ngiidi, trong do Tran
Gia Thien (ddi la Tran Liiu Hue - xep thd
16) ngiidi xa Vinh Xiidng, huyen Phong
Dien, lam quan trai cac chdc Tong ddc Binh
Phd, Nghe An, quyen kinh liidc sd Bac Ky
Hien la Thii Hiep bien dai hoc si lanh Tong
doc Ha Yen (3)
Xuat than trong mot gia dinh quan lai, than phu [tdc Tran Gia Chieu] diidc gia tang den chdc Le bo Thiidng thu" nen Tran Liiu Hue diidc hoc hanh td nhd Ra't co the ong da tdng tham dii nhieu ky thi Hiidng
va chi do Td tai nhiing vi diidc hiidng che
do tap a'm nen tham gia hoan 16 td triidc khi do Cd nhan
Nam Tii Ddc thd 17 (1864), Tran Liiu Hue diidc sung chdc Hanh tau gidp viec cho cac vien Bien tu d Han lam vien Sau khi thi
dd Cd nhan tai triidng thi Thda Thien (nam 1867), Tran Liiu Hue tham dii ky thi Hoi vao nam sau (khoa Mau Thin 1868) (4) nhiing khong do va ong tiep tuc lam viec tai Han lam vien vdi chdc Hanh tau
Nam Td Ddc thd 22 (1869), Tran Liiu Hue diidc bd nhiem chinh thdc vao ngach vien chdc nha niidc vdi chdc Han lam vien Dien tich (ham Tdng cdu pham) vdi nhiem
vu siiu tam, khao sat thii tich, tai lieu cho viec bien soan sd sach cua trieu dinh Nam Tii Ddc thd 25 (1872) dng ddi sang gid chdc Chu sd Vien Cd Mdt vdi nhiem vu triic d Vien, ham Td pham (5) Nam Tii Ddc thd
26 (1873), Tran Liiu Hue ddi sang gid chdc Vien ngoai lang Day la mdt chdc quan lam viec d cac Bd, Vien, ddng dau cac td chdc chuyen mdn d Bd, Vien cd ham Chanh ngu pham van giai
Khi Tran Liiu Hue thi dd Cd nhan va bdt dlu biidc vao hoan Id cung la thdi diem tinh hinh chinh tri xa hdi cua dat niidc dien bien kha phdc tap Nam 1858, lien quan Phap Tay Ban Nha tan cdng vao Sdn Tra (Da Nang), md dau cho cudc chien xam liidc niidc ta Nam 1862, thiic dan Phap chiem 3 tinh mieh Ddng Nam Ky la Gia Dinh, Dinh Tiidng va Bien Hda va diia quan tan cdng cda Thuan An (Hue) ep trieu dinh Hue' ky Hiep lidc ngay 5 thang 6 nam 1862 xac lap chu quyen cua Phap d 3 tinh mien Ddng
Trang 342 Rghien ciru Lich su- so' 3.2011 Nam Dinh Mao, nien hieu Tii Diic thii
22 (1867), thUc dan Phap danh chiem not 3
tinh mien Tay Nam Ky la Vinh Long, Ha
Tien va An Giang De ep trieu dinh Hue
chinh thdc hoa viec chiem dong nay, thUc
dan Phap hen tuc diia quan ra danh chiem
mot so' tinh thanh cl phia Bac nhii Ha Noi,
Hiing Yen, Bac Ninh, Ninh Binh, Nam
Dinh Triidc sdc ep cua hie hieing quan sii
Phap, trieu dinh Hue nhu nhiidc da budc
phai ky Hiep lidc Giap Tua't (1874) vdi
nhdng noi dung cd ban la xac lap chu
quyen cua Phap tren toan bp luc tinh Nam
Ky Ban Hiep lidc nay da gay nen sii bat
binh trong tang Idp quan lai va si phu yeu
midc O Nghe An, Tran Tan, Dang Nhii
Mai lanh dao nhan dan noi day da'u tranh
phan ddi Hiep lidc Giap Tua't va diidc sii
ung hp cua mot so' quan lai trong trieu Do
co thai dp bat binh vdi ban Hiep lidc 1874
ma nhieu vien quan bi each chdc, giang
chdc Cd le Tran Liiu Hue cung nam trong
so' do Dang gid chdc Vien ngoai lang, ham
Ngu pham, ong bi giang xuo'ng lam Han
lam vien Bien tu (ham Chanh That pham)
sau thang len Han Lam vien Tu soan (Tdng
Luc pham), Han Lam vien Thi giang (Tdng
Ngu pham van ban) (6)
Nam Tii Ddc thd 30 (1877), Tran Liiu
Hue diidc thang len chdc Lang trung (ham
Chanh Td pham Van ban, cao thu Trung
Thuan dai phu) Lang trung la mot vien
chdc quan trong d cac Bp va la ngiidi ddng
dau cac Ty ciing nhii ddng dau cac cd quan
khac ngang Ty trong Luc bp Ve Chdc vu va
pham ham, Lang trung chi ddng sau
Thiidng thii, Ta hdu Tham tri, Thi lang cua
Luc bp Cung trong nam nay, Trdn Liiu
Hue diidc ddi sang gid chdc Hdng 16 Tii
khanh (Chanh td pham) Day la vien quan
ddng dau Hdng 16 t i i lo viec xiidng danh d
cac khoa thi va nhdng nghi le khac trong
triidng thi
Sau hdn 10 nam lam quan tai trieu, trai qua chdc nhiem d cac Bd, Vien td ham Tdng cdu pham (Han lam vien Dien tich) den Chanh td pham, Hdng 16 Tii khanh (Lang trung), nam Tii Ddc thd 31 (1878), Tran Liiu Hue diidc ddi bd chdc quan ngoai nhiem (quan dia phiidng) vdi chdc Bd Chinh
sd tinh Binh Dinh (ham Chanh Tam pham van giai) B6' Chanh sd la vien quan ddng dau 1 tinh ldn Diidi trieu Nguyen, sau cai each hanh cWnh cua Minh Menh (1831-1832) chia dat cac tinh hat trong ca niidc va xep dat bp may hanh chinh vdi cac chdc quan Tong dd'c, Tuan phu, Bo' chanh, An sat ddng dau de quan ly dia phiidng Trd Thanh Hoa la quy hiidng diidc bd nhiem chdc Tong doc (thiidng do ngiidi trong Ton that nam gid) cdn thiidng thi 2, 3 tinh dat 1 vien Tong doc, hoae Tuan phu kiem nhiem Tinh ldn thi dat 1 vien Bo' chanh, tinh nhd thi dat 1 vien an sat ddng dau Chdc nhiem cua Bd' Chinh sd la nam gid viec thue' khoa, tai chinh toan hat Trieu dinh cd an trach, chinh lenh gi ban xudng thi truyen dat cho cac ngiidi phan viec (7)
Khi den nham chdc Bd' Chanh sd Binh Dinh thi dja phiidng nay vda xay ra nhieu thien tai nhii dpng da't 3 lan lien tiep Bay gid, quan d vien Cd mat va nha Thiidng bac (8) tau noi: Tinh Binh Thuan dpng da't 3 lan, tai bien ha khong duyen cd, hoae hinh nguc oan lam khong giai td ra, hoae dan tinh u an khdng thau den tren, hoae tinh niidc lang gieng chiia diidc on thoa, hoae ke lai ac nghiet ke't oan, xin chpn phai chdc khoa dao cdng bang liem chinh deh ngay, chieu cac tinh hinh noi tren, dd xet mat cho
ky cang va ngoai ra cdn cd mdi te gi quan ngai, deu phai tau ngay Tii Ddc ben sai Khoa dao la Ta Ngoc Diidng sung phai deh Binh Dinh hpi ddng vdi B6' chinh mdi la Tran Liiu Hue tra xet An ve nha Doanh dien xet xong, Le Quang Pham phai phat
Trang 4Than (he, sy nghiep cua Dong cac 43 triidng (9), each chdc, ruong dat chiem
doat, giao tra ve cho xa dan tni6c, Dien
nong sd la Phan Trung, Doanh dien sd la
Dang Van Duy, quan tinh la Ho Dang
Phong, Nguyen Xuan On deu bi giang phat
co thd bac (10)
Nhii vay, nhdng tinh te quan lai nhung
lam d Binh Dinh dan deh sinh ke cua ngudi
dan ngay cang khd'n kho chat chda da lau
nam Khi Liiu Tran Hue den nhdm chdc da
cung Khoa dao Ta Ngoc Diidng tra xet, xd
ly cac tham quan cung nhu' tra lai cac moi
ldi ve cho dan, tao dieu kien cho ngiidi dan
yen nghiep lam an
Thang 3 nam Nham Ngo (4-1882), Tuan
phu Thuan Khanh (Binh Thuan, Khanh
Hoa) la Bui Van Que 6m nghi viec, Liiu
Tran Hue diidc bo nhiem thay chdc nay (11)
Theo quy che' cua nha Nguyen, Tuan phu la
vien quan ddng dii6i Tong ddc va tren Bd
Chanh co pham ham Tdng nhi pham, vdi
chdc trach gid viec tuyen bd' ddc y trieu
dinh, vd yen nhan dan, coi gid cac viec chinh
tri, giao due, md dieu ldi, bd dieu hai (12)
Thang 11 nam Nham Ngo (12-1882),
Tran Liiu Hue vdi t i i each la Tuan phu
Thuan - Khanh diidc trieu dinh cd cdng vdi
Dien nong pho sd Nguyen Thong hoi ddng
vdi phai vien niidc Phap kham xet dia gidi
phan Nam d Binh Thudn va Bien Hoa Nui
Than Quy trd vao Nam thudc tinh Bien
Hoa, trd ra Bac thuoc tinh Binh Thuan
(13) Theo Hiep vide Giap Tua't (1874) gida
trieu dinh Hue' ky vdi Phap gdm 22 dieu
khoan, trong do khoan thd V ndi rd: dia hat
midc Phap hien diidc cai tri, tdc la 6 tinh:
Gia Dinh, Bien Hda, Dinh Tiidng, Vinh
Ldng, An Giang, Ha Tien, phia Ddng giap
bie'n va dia dau phia Tay tinh Binh Thudn
midc Dai Nam, phia Tay, phia Nam deu
giap bien, phia Bac giap niidc Cao Mien va
dja dau phia Nam tinh Binh Thudn midc
Dai Nam, deu ve quan hat cua niidc Dai
Phap, rieng gid quyen t i i hdu (14) Nhii vdy, cho deh thdi diem nay, dia ban ma
T r i n Liiu Hue thay mat trieu dinh Hue' chiu trach nhiem quin ly cd dia gidi giap ranh vdi Bien Hda, dja dau phia Bac Nam
Ky luc tinh vdng da't trdc t r j cua ngiidi Phap (theo Hiep lidc 1874), do dd tinh hinh trat tii t r i an thvidng khdng dn dinh Ngiidi Phap ludn miidn cd de xam pham, la'n ra phia Bdc Tuy Nam Ky luc tinh da bi mat
ve tay ngiidi Phap, nhiing vide djnh rd ranh gidi, pham vi quan ly cua hai ben cung la mdt viec lam thiet dang va trach nhiem cua nhdng ngvidi ddng ra kiem xet, do dac, xac dinh ranh gidi cung rat nang ne\ De mat mot tac nui, mot thiidc sdng la cd tdi vdi tien nhan va hau the
Thang 6 nam Quy Mdi, trieu vua Td Ddc thd 36 (1883), Tran Liiu Hue thdi gid chdc Tuan phu Thuan Khanh de' diidng benh (15)
Trong thdi gian Tran Liiu Hue ve que diidng benh, tai trieu dinh Hue', ndi bd trieu chinh dien ra rat phdc tap Ngay 17 thang 7 nam 1883, vua Tii Ddc mat, trieu dinh dvia Ung Chan len ngdi lay nien hieu
la Due Ddc nhiing chi 3 ngay sau bi ha be td'ng giam, sau dd chet ddi trong nguc Tiep
do, Hdng Dat la em Tii Ddc diidc diia len ngdi ngay 30 thang 7 nam 1883, lay nien hieu la Hiep Hda Ngay 29 thang 11 nam
1883, Hiep Hda bi trieu dinh Hue bat udng thud'c ddc chet, d ngdi diidc 4 thang Ngay 2 thang 12 nam 1883, Ung Dang (con nudi
Td Ddc) diidc lap lam vua, lay nien hieu la Kien Phdc Kien Phdc la ngiidi chu tri ky Hiep lidc Patdnd't (6-6-1884) Kie'n Phuc d ngdi diidc gan 8 thang va mat ngay 2 thang
8 nam 1884
Den thang Chap nam Quy Mui (dau nam 1884), Tran Liiu Hue diidc trieu ve Kinh, diidc giao quyeh linh Tong ddc An Tinh (Nghe An, Ha Tinh) (16) vdi quyeh liic
Trang 544 Rghien ciru Lich sir so" 3.2011 rat ldn "gid viec cai tri ca quan, dan, cam dau
cac quan van quan vo trong toan hat Khao
hach cac quan lai, sda sang bo coi" Chdc
Tdng ddc pham ham la Chanh nhi pham
Nghe Tinh la mdt dia phiidng rdng ldn
va quan yeu, la bdc binh phong che chan
cho Kinh thanh Hue d phia Bac Day cung
la mdt tinh cd doi ngu quan lai, si phu dang
tai chdc hoae ve t r i si ri't dong dao nen
nhdng ngiidi diidc giao tri nhdm ndi nay
deu ndi tieng ve chinh sii, liem chinh, cong
minh mdi co the gin gid diidc t r i an tren dja
ban Cuoc ndi day cua Tran Tan, Dang Nhii
Mai sau Hiep vide Giap Tua't (1874) da cho
thay tinh each ciidng ciidng cua ngiidi xd
Nghe cung nhii y thdc ve chu quyen da't
midc rat ro rang
Sau khi ve linh quyen Tong ddc An
Tinh, thang 3 nam Giap Than (1884), Tran
Liiu Hue da cdng vdi tinh than la Tran
Van Chuan tien hanh khao sat dia the dja
phiidng, nhdn thay ndi Dung Quye't (d mat
ben ta triidc tinh thanh Nghe An), la ndi cd
dja the quan yeu ben tau xin lap ddn, dat
sdng tren nui d'y de phdng gid khi cd bien
(17) Tuy nhien, Tran Liiu Hue gid chdc
quyen linh Tong dd'c An Tinh chi trong
khoang 6 thang Thang 5 (nhudn) nam
Giap Than (1884), ong diidc ddi lam quyen
Tong dd'c Binh Phd (Binh Dinh Phu
Yen), rdi thang len thii Tuan phu, van
quyen sung Tong ddc Binh Phd (18)
Thang 4 nam At Dau (1885), Tran Liiu
Hue diidc ddi ve Kinh gid chdc thd Hdu
Tham tri Bo Lai Trong 6 bo, Bd Lai la mdt
bo quan trong nha't, chuyen lo viec chinh stf
thang giang ve vdn quan trong kinh, ngoai
cac tinh, chinh dd'n phiidng phap lam quan
dd gidp viec chinh stf trong ntfdc Ddng ddu
Bd la vien Thiidng thii (ham Chanh nhi
pham van giai), tiep dd la cac vien Ta, Hdu
Tham t r i (ham Tdng nhi pham van giai),
cao thu Trung phung Dai phu (19) Tuy
nhien, chi 1 thang sau, thang 5, nam At Dau (1885), Tran Liiu Hue lai ddi td thii Hdu Tham t r i bo Lai sang thtf Tuan phu, linh Tong ddc Nghe An thay cho Tran Van Chuan vda mat (20)
Thdi diem nay, tai Kinh thanh Hue xay
ra mot stf kien trong dai, dd la vu binh bien
do phai chu chie'n ddng dau la Ton Thi't Thuyet va vua Ham Nghi khdi xiidng t i n cdng quin Phap d thanh Mang C i dem mdng 4 rang ngay 5 thing 7 nam 1885 Cudc phan cong d i n h Phip tai ddn Mang
Ca cua phe chu chie'n thi't bai, Ton Thi't Thuyet va cac tiidng si phd ta vua Ham Nghi ra Sdn phdng Quang Tri v i xud'ng Chieu Can vtfdng
Ngay khi n h i n dtfdc Chieu Can vtfdng, van than, si phu yeu ntfdc, dac biet la d cic dia phiidng td Quang Nam trd ra Bac da nhiet liet ung ho Phong trao phit trien manh me nhi't la vung Thanh - Nghe - Tinh, Thing 11 n i m At D i u (1885), theo de nghi cua Nguyen Hdu Do, trieu dinh Hue chuan cho thtf Tuan phu linh Tong ddc Nghe An, Ha Tinh la Tran Liiu Hue, thtfc thu Tuan phu, v i n linh chdc i'y Trong dip nay, de gia an cho cdng than, trieu dinh da gia tang chdc ttfdc va phim ham cho than phu va t h i n m i u cua Tran Liiu Hue Nguyen Hdu Do t i u ndi: Cha da chet cua vien dai than i'y [tdc Tran Liiu Hue], sudt ddi can hoc, thuoc qua kinh sd, nguyen triidc vi la con chiu cong than, sic thu Chinh doi, nen thd triidc an tang, v i n theo ham vo, danh va thtfc e chiia xdng nhau; cung la ngiidi thd m i u , triidc nudi dai than lam con, yeu d i i day bio, khdng khic con de, m i chiia cd chdt nao bio dap, long ri't chiia yen, xin chd an cich, phung chuih cho tien phu dai than i'y, ddi theo ban van, chieu ham gia tang; dich m i u vien i'y tang chanh nhi phim phu nhan, thd mau tang chanh tam pham thuc nhan (21) Trong
Trang 6Than the", su- nghiep cua Bdng cac 45 dip nay, than phu Tran Liiu Hue la Tran
Gia Chieu diicic gia tang Tii Thien dai phu,
Le bo ThUdng thu, thuy la Trung LUdng;
dich mau la ba Trinh Thi Khiidng sau khi
ma't diidc gia tang Nhi pham Doan nhan;
Thd mau la ba Mai Thi Dich diidc gia tang
Chanh tam pham Thuc nhan
Thang Gieng ndm Ddng Khanh thd nhat
(1886), vien quan ngiidi Phap la Hach-td
sang lam quyen Kham sd dai than Ldc
nay phong trao Can viidng chd'ng Phap
phat trien rong khap d cac tinh mien Trung
va mien Bac Thiic dan Phap rat lo sd quan
chdc cac dia phiidng lien ket vdi phong trao
khdi nghia, do do nhdng ngiidi cd tinh than
yeu niidc, co t i i tiidng chong Phap deu
khong diidc nam gid ciidng vi chu chdt d
nhdng ndi co phong trao phat trien manh
Nghe Tinh la mot diem nong cua phong
trao Can viidng, do cd sii can thiep cua
Phap nen Tong doc An Tinh Tran Liiu
Hue bi triet ve Kinh ddi bd gid chdc Ta
Tham tri Bo Ho, cho nguyen Sdn phdng sd
Ha Tinh la Nguyen Chinh thang thii Tong
ddc Nghe An, Ha Tinh (22)
Thang 8 nam Binh Tua't (1886), td chdc
Ta tham t r i bd Hd, Tran Liiu Hue diidc giao
kiem quan Vien Dd sat (23)
Theo cd ca'u td chdc ban dau thi Vien Dd
sat cd sd' thudc vien rat ddng Cudi thdi Tii
Ddc da bi tinh giam, chi dat khoa dao 20
vien (chiidng an 7 ngiidi, ngii sd 13 ngiidi),
Kien Phdc nam dau (1884) lai tinh giam
chi de lai 10 vien (chiidng a'n 4 vien, ngQ sd
6 vien) Ddu thdi Ham Nghi lai tinh giam,
hien de lai 6 vien (chiidng a'n 2 vien, ngii sd
4 vien) Triidc hien tinh cdng viec be bdn,
Tran Liiu Hue tau xin cai td lai bd may cua
Vien Dd sat, bien che' them thudc vien, cu
the la: Lai khoa kiem Hd khoa, Le khoa
kiem Binh khoa, Hinh khoa kiem Cdng
khoa va dao Kinh ky, dat lam 4 vien
chiidng an; Ta triic, HQu trQc, Ta ky, Hdu
ky, thi dat 5 vien ngQ sQ); hdp cdng khoa dao 9 vien, cho du phai di lam viec
Thang 9 nam Binh Tua't (1886), Tran Liiu Hue diidc sung chdc Chu khao triidng thi Hiidng Ha Nam (24) Khoa thi nay sd'
si td dQ thi la 7.691 ngUdi, lay dd 74 ngUdi (trong do lay 24 ngUdi thudc so' dUdc gia ngach va 1 ngUdi do Bd duyet lay them) Trong so 74 CQ nhan dd khoa nay nhieu ngUdi sau dd Tien si nhU Giii nguyen Chu Manh Trinh (dd nam 1892), Nguyln Khue (dd ndm 1889); Nguyen Ngoc Lien (dd nam 1889), Tran Van Phan (dd nam 1889) Day
la khoa thi dUdc du luan danh gia la cdng
tam, nghiem mat Td bao Avenir du Tonkin
so ra ngay 27 thang 10 nam 1886 va ngay 4
thang 12 nam 1886 da md ta chi tiet le khai mac va be' mac ky thi Nha van Albert de Pouvourville trong cuo'n "La defense l'lndochine et la politique d'association" xua't ban tai Paris nam 1905 (25) da ca ngdi viec cham thi khoa nay that cdng bang Khoa thi nay, con trai vien Kinh lUdc Bac
Ky va Tdng dd'c Nam Dinh deu bi trUdt Sau khi hoan tat cdng viec d trUdng thi
Ha Nam, LUu Tran Hue dUdc trieu ve Kinh, tiep tuc gid chdc Ta Tham tri Bd Hd, kiem quan Vien Dd sat (26)
Thang 2 nam Dinh Hdi, nien hieu Ddng Khanh thd 2 (1887), theo ldi tau cua Ta Tham tri Bd Hd, kiem quan Vien Dd sat Tran Luu Hue, trieu dinh bai bd each thdc ddc tien ddng 1 ddng ngang 10 ddng
Nguyen, nam trUdc nha Dd'c cdng d Vu khd', xin due tien ddng nien hieu Ddng Khanh, ngang vdi 10 ddng, chieu theo tien ddng ldn ddi Minh Menh, mdi ddng them tQ
1 ddng can 7, 8 phan den 5 - 6 phan, vanh ngoai hdi rdng va day, de cd phan biet Da chuan cho theo dd ma lam Den nay Vien
Dd sat la Tran LUu Hue tau ndi: "Thang 6 nam ngoai, nha ay da bat dau lam, deh nay
da 7 8 thang, lan ludt due thanh tien,
Trang 746 Rghien curu Lich sir s6 3.2011
cong 294 quan, 9 tien, 37 dong, ma phi tdn
ve nhan cdng vat lieu rat nhieu, chd diidc
khong bd chd mat; hudng chi tien ay so vdi
trieu Minh Menh vda nang vda to, khdng
diidc tien, ma 1 ddng ngang 10 ddng, dan
gian tieu thu chiia quen, kho liiu thong
diidc, vdy each thdc due tien ndi ay, nen cho
danh chi lai, cdn cac thd khudn va ndi tam
de lai ddi ddng Lai chieu theo each thdc
tien dong Thieu Tri vda day vda tdt, ngang
gia 6 ddng, due ra tien Ddng Khanh thong
bao, cho diidc tien va de tieu ddng" (27) Ldi
tau cua ong diidc vua Ddng Khanh chuan y
Thang 7 nam Dinh Hdi, nien hieu Ddng
Khanh thd 2 (1887), vdi t i i each la Kiem
quan Vien Do sat, T r i n Liiu Hue diidc giao
tra xet lai cac an ve nhdng ngiidi tham gia
hoae lien ddi deh cac thu linh Can viidng d
Binh Dinh Nguyen cac an nay da diidc Bo
Hinh tra xet ket an va lam td tau len, trong
dd cd 12 than nhan cua thu linh Can viidng
Binh Dinh la Mai Xuan Thiidng deu chiu
an phat liiu sang niidc khac, giao cho tau
Phap chd di
Vien Dd sat la Tran Liiu Hue chap hanh
phap luat tau ndi: Cac tinh d T i , Hdu triic
ky may nam nay thac ra viec nghia cd ddng
lam loan, du quan tinh cung khdng khdng
che' diidc hud'ng hd cha anh han the cung
khd ngan cam Hien nay, nhdng cd muc
thu xiidng, p h i n nhieu chiia bat diidc tri
tdi, neu khdng ke cd dii miiu ddng ac hay
khdng, theo ludt p h i i lien can tat ca, thi
mdt ngiidi lam dieu ac c i ho p h i i chiu tdi,
sd khdng p h i i la de td thiidng xdt, ma yen
long ke trao trd G i n day, bon dau muc cua
"giac" nhu1 bon Hoang Phuc, Nguyen Pham
Tuan va Bui Dien, da khdng b i t tdi lay
vay chd, bac, anh, em ho than 12 ngiidi [cua
Mai Xuan Thiidng], xdt ra khdng can d\i, xin
nen miln cho phat di biet xd, nhiing giao ve
que la thdn Phd Lac ddng linh quin"(28)
Ldi tau diidc Ddng Khanh chuan y
Thdc te' lich sd cho thay: Sau vu binh bieh d Kinh thanh Hue' t h i t bai, vua Ham Nghi xua't bdn ra Sdn phdng Quing Tri xuo'ng Chieu Can viidng da tao nen mdt khdng khi chd'ng Phap sdi ndi va rdng khap
d cac dia phiidng diidi sii lanh dao cua ting Idp van than Thiic dan Phap va trieh dinh
Ddng Khanh da t&p trung binh \\ic dan ap
phong trao rat khdc liet Liic liidng quan sii cua Phip cung bi hao tdn nhieu trong cac cudc dd'i mat vdi nghia quan Can viidng Do vdy, nhdng thu linh Can viidng cung nhdng ngiidi cd lien quan vdi phong trao Can viidng diidc coi la ke thu cua thiic dan Phap va trieu dinh Ddng Khanh Phan ldn cac thu linh Can viidng bi quan Phap bat diidc deu p h i i chiu an td hinh, than quyeh
bi xd tdi che't hoae liiu day biet xd Qua vu
an tren cho thdy: T r i n Liiu Hue khdng chi
la mot vien quan chap phap xet xd cd tinh,
cd ly ma Ong cdn that sii can dam va dung cim, khdng nghi deh quyen ldi cua rieng minh, khi tau trinh len trieu dinh xin cho 12 ngiidi than quyeh cua thu linh Can viidng la Mai Xuan Thiidng diidc hiidng an nhe, quan thdc tai dia phiidng T i m long nhan hau, bao dung cua Tran Liiu Hue da cdu diidc 12 than phan khdi bi di day biet xd
Thang 9 nam Dinh Hdi, nien hieu Ddng Khanh thd 2 (1887), theo ldi tau cua Nguyen Hdu Do, Tham t r i bd Hd la Tran Liiu Hue diidc phai ra Bic Ky do nha Kinh liidc tuy vide ban uy ddi bd vao chdc Tdng dd'c, T u i n phu cdn khuyet (29) Den thang
7 nam Mau Ty, nien hieu Ddng Khanh thd
3 (1888), Tran Liiu Hue diidc thang chdc Td'ng dd'c ba tinh Sdn Tay, Hiing Hda va Tuyen Quang (30), chiu trach nhiem ve quan, dan, chinh tren mot dia ban rdng ldn
cd diidng bien gidi giap vdi Trung Qudc va Lao, ndi cd nhieu dam phi tan quan cua Thai Binh thien quo'c td ben kia bien gidi thiidng xuyen tran sang quay nhilu
Trang 8Than the", sy nghiep cua Bdng cac 47
Thang Chap nam Mau Ty, nien hieu
Dong Khanh thii 3 (dau nam 1889), Tong
doc Sdn Hiing Tuyen la Tran Liiu Hue
diidc dieu ve quyen coi cong viec cua Nha
kinh liidc Khi ay, chdc Kham sai dai than
con khuyet, trieu than de cd mot so' ngiidi
co tieng tot ve chinh sii de chon bd Khi de
cd Trdn Liiu Hue, vua Ddng Khanh cho
rang: "[Tran Liiu] Hue tuy tdng trai da
nhieu, nhiing cdn co ngiidi Hue cung chiia
kip diidc, nhiing thiic tha ma khong den, de
trd ngai, cung khong hdn diidc Hue tam y
ldi xin d'y cho thoa long tdt" Tai ndng ve
chinh sii cung nhii ddc tinh man can va
tam long trung hau cua ong da diidc trieu
than danh gia cao (31)
Chdc Kinh liidc Bdc Ky diidc dat vao
thang 5 nam Ddng Khanh thd nha't (1886)
Vua Ddng Khanh xuo'ng Du rdng: 'Toan
hat Bac Ky da't rong, dan dong lai each xa
Kinh sii, cong viec nhieu ma can kip, nen
dat mot dai than d Ha Ndi va chuan cho
toan quyen tdy tien giai quye't mdi gidp
cdng viec diidc nhanh chong Triidc day da
chuan dat chdc Kinh liidc sd d Bac Ky, ve
sau moi viec thudc Bac Ky chuan cho Kinh
liidc sd thay mat nha vua ma giai quye't
Chi cd cac khoan ma Hiep lidc da quy dinh
ve chdc phan quan Kinh liidc, quan Dai
Phap cung vdi quan chdc Dai Nam thi
Kinh liidc sd khong diidc cai doi Kinh liidc
sd diidc chuan cho toan quyen tdy tien
harm xd Tat ca khoan ban dinh giai quye't
nhii the nao, phai tdng viec mot tau len cho
diidc ro de hdp vdi the che (32)
Thang 4 nam Canh D i n , nien hieu
Thanh Thai thd 2 (1890), Tong ddc Sdn
Hiing Tuyen, quyen Bac Ky Kinh liidc
Tran Liiu Hue diidc chuan cho toan quyen
xd ly moi cong viec sii vu d Nha Kinh liidc
(33) Trong thdi gian nay, Tran Liiu Hue
dac biet quan tam den viec dam bao trdt tii
an ninh tren dia ban cac hat d Blc Ky (dac
biet la cong tac tieu phi d cac dia phiidng mien thiidng du Bac Ky), kien toan xep dat
bd sung quan chdc cho bo may hanh chinh
d cac phu huyen, quan doi cung nhu" cham
lo den ddi song dan sinh Sau khi thoi gid chdc quyen Kinh liidc sd Bac Ky (khoang gida thang 9 nam Canh Dan 1890), T r i n Liiu Hue tiep tuc diidc trieu dinh Hue bd nhiem t r i i qua cac chdc: Tong ddc Ha An [Ha Noi Hiing Yen] (1890 1893), vinh thang Thii Hiep bien Dai hoc si (34); Thiidng
ta Nha Kinh liidc (1894-1898), vinh phong Thai td Thieu bio; Tong dd'c Dinh Ninh [Nam Dinh Ninh Binh] (1898-1901) (35) Theo ghi chep trong chau b i n trieu Nguyen cho biet hoat dong cua T r i n Liiu Hue d Bdc
Ky kha da dang va da dien trong thdi gian khoing g i n 10 nam dam nhiem chdc quyen Kinh hide sd Bdc Ky va chdc Tong ddc Ha -An; Tdng ddc Dinh - Ninh (36)
Thang 5 nam Thanh Thai thd 13 (1901), Tran Liiu Hue 71 tudi, gid nguyen ham Tong dd'c Dinh Ninh, Hiep bien Dai hoc si
ve t r i si Danh gia tai nang pham hanh va cdng lao cua dng trong g i n 40 nam tren hoan lo, vua Thanh Thai da thang cho Tran Liiu Hue chdc Dong cac Dai hoc si (37) diidc dem theo quan phuc nha't pham
ve tri si (38)
Khi t r i si, Tran Liiu Hue ve sd'ng cudc song thanh ban, dam bac trong mdt trang vien nhd d lang Thai Ha, mdt vung da't cdn hoang hoa mdi diidc td chdc khan hoang triidc day it nam Sinh thdi, Tran Liiu Hue
la mot vien quan thanh liem het miic Sinh
ke cua c i gia dinh chi diia vao liidng bdng Nha't pham cua Ong Theo quy dinh d p liidng bdng cua trieu dinh ban hanh thang
7 nam Dinh Ddu, nien hieu Thanh Thai thd 9 (1897), vdi chdc Tong ddc, Hiep bien Dai hoc si, hang thang T r i n Liiu Hue diidc hiidng mdc liidng (bdng) la 100 nguyen [ddng] (39) Do vdy, kinh te gia dinh ong
Trang 948 Rghien ciru Lien sir, so" 3.2011 khong lay gi lam dii dat Dac biet la sau khi
Ong ve tri si, mdc liidng hiiu diidng thap
hdn nhieu so v6i khi dang tai quan nen gia
canh cang kho khan Bao cao cua Phong Nhi
Phap cung cho biet them ve cuoc ddi thanh
ban, hem khiet cua Ong khi con tai quan
Sau khi Ong mat, trang trai nho cua Ong d
Thai Ha cung phai dem ban de gidp cho con
chau hoc hanh va miiu sinh
Bang nhdng trai nghiem qua nhdng
nam thang lam quan d Bac Ky (Tong doc
Sdn Hiing Tuyen; Kinh liidc sd Bac Ky,
Tong doc Ha An; Tong doc Dinh Ninh)
da giup cho Tran Liiu Hue co nhdng hieu
biet sau sac ve mien dat nay Trong nhdng
nam thang cudi ddi, ong da miet mai bien
soan va hoan thanh mot cong trinh dia ly
hoc vao nam Thanh Thai thd 16 (1904)
Cuo'n sach viet khai quat ve dia dii cua 13
tinh thvidng du, ha du cua Bac Ky la Tuyen
Quang, Hiing Hoa, Sdn Tay, Ha Noi, Bac
Ninh, Thai Nguyen, Hiing Yen, Nam Dinh,
Ninh Binh, Hai Dvidng, Quang Yen, Lang
Sdn, Cao Bang; moi tinh mot ban, cong 13
quyen, tdng cong 40 td (40)
Trong gan 40 nam tren hoan 16, Tran
Liiu Hue the hien la mot tai nang ve chinh
tri, mdt ngiidi dao cao, ddc trong, het long
phung sd viidng trieu va cham lo deh ddi
song cua nhan dan d nhdng dia phiidng ong
tri nham Diidi goc do van hoa, ong cung cd
nhdng dong gop nha't dinh Ngoai cdng
trinh dia ly hoc ke tren do dng triic tiep
bien soan sau khi ve t r i si, khi cdn tai
quan, Tran Liiu Hue da cdng Diidng Lam
bien tap, hieu dinh cuo'n Tdu nghi tien tap
Day la mot tap cac bai sd tau, bieu thu1
cua Nguyln Hdu Do khi lam Kinh liidc sd
Bac Ky gdi cho trieu dinh Hue' va Phu toan
quyen Phap trinh bay nhdng moi ldi d mien
Bdc nhu" khoang san, lam san, hai san va
cac thd thue' thu diidc Nien dai cac van
kien td nam Tii Ddc thd 28 (1875) trd ve
sau Cudn sach diidc in nam Ddng Khanh thd 3 (1888), gom 304 trang, khd 27 x 17, mot bai tiia, mot bai d i n (41)
Trong thdi gian gid chdc Tong ddc Ha Noi (nam 1892), Tran Liiu Hue da triic tiep tuyen cac hiep thd cua lang Lieu Trang td
chdc khdc in them 50 bo Dqi Nam hqi dien sit le chinh bien do Noi Cac trieu Nguyen bien soan (42) Bo Hqi dien (dien chiidng,
che do cua trieu Nguyen) diidc bien soan theo cac chi du cua vua Thieu Tri (nam
1843 va 1846), vua Tii Ddc (nam 1850) va
hoan thanh vao nam 1851 Bd Hqi dien
gdm 262 quyen, dong thanh 97 cud'n, lidc tren 8.000 td (gid'y lenh hoi khd 32 x 20) diidc khac in xong lan dau nam 1868 Do so' liidng in han che' nen deh nam 1886, trieu dinh lai td chdc in lai de cung cap cho cac tinh phia Bdc Lan in thd 3 gdm 50 bd diidc hoan thanh trong hai thang Trong lan khac in nay cd dong gop dang ke cdng lao cua Tong doc Ha Noi Tran Liiu Hue Ghi nhan nhdng cd'ng hien cua Tran Liiu Hue, trieu dinh da ban thiidng cho ong nhieu danh hieu cao quy Ngoai chdc tilde
va pham ham (Nha't pham) Tran Liiu Hue cdn diidc trad tang Long boi tinh vao cac nam 1891 va 1899 [diidi trieu vua Thanh Thai] (43)
Thang 5 nam Dinh Mdi, nien hieu Thanh Thai 19 (1907), T r i n Liiu Hue mat tai tii gia Sii kien nay diidc chinh sd ghi lai nhu" sau: Thang 5 Thai td Thieu bio Dong cac Dai hoc si T r i n Liiu Tue mat Liiu Tue la bac dai t h i n ky ciiu, buoi diu lam quan d Kinh, t r i i cac chdc, thang den Bic Ky Kinh liidc dai sd, co nhieu cong lao, cdng hien, nam triidc da diidc chuan cho tri
si dvidng lao, nay mat, diidc an td, sai quan deh tetheo nhii dien le (44)
La mot bdc hudn than ky ciiu nen dam tang cua T r i n Liiu Hue diidc trieu dinh td chdc trong the Trong ldi dieu t i l n biet ong
Trang 10Than the, su nghiep cua Bdng cac 49
co doan viet: "Khdng Tii noi: Td San, dao
cua ke quan td co 4 dieu: ma ky hanh ky da
(ban than luon tiet hanh va cham chi no
lUc); cung ky sii thuong da (cung kinh khi
phung sii be tren); kinh ky diidng dan da
(diidng dan khien dan kinh trong); hue ky
sd dan da (dan biet dn khi diidc sai dung)
Nhdng ldi ay that dung vdi ngai Tran''
Vua Thanh Thai thiidng tide Tran Liiu
Hue, da ban ldi dieu, dac biet ca ngdi va
danh gia tai nang, pham hanh cua dng:
"khi chat bac anh tai" "thdc trai bdn trieu
vua; nhii may nang vang diidng; nhtf vdt
trdi canh phiidng "(45)
Phan md cua Ddng cac Dai hoc si Tran
Liiu Hue diidc xay cat ngay trong mdt phan
tii dien cua gia dinh Ong thudc lang Nhan
Muc (46), khiem nhiidng nhii chinh cudc
ddi Ong Khu rudng nay sau do ngiidi chau
ndi la Tran Liiu Can d va trdng nom viec
thd tii (47) Trai qua nhieu nam thang,
triidc sii ddi thay khdng ngdng cua mdt
lang ven dd, phan md cua Ddng cac Dai hoc
CHU THICH
(1) Chung toi da tim trong sach Cdc tdng trdn
danh bi lam (bien soan khoang tu nam 1810 den
1813) dude bie't huyen Td'ng Sdn thdi ky Le Trung
hung va dau trieu Nguyln thuoc phii Ha Trung xU
Thanh Hoa gom cd 4 td'ng, 62 hudng, xa, thdn
trang, phudng, giap nhUng khdng tim thay dia
danh Dinh Xuyen Cd the den thdi diem nay, dia
danh tren da thay dd'i Xem: Ten lang xd Viet Nam
ddu the ky XIX (thudc cac tinh tQ Nghe Tinh trd
ra), Duong Thi The va Pham Thi Thoa dich, Nxb
Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1981, tr 107
(2) Le Quy Don: Phu bien tap luc Nxb Van
hda Thong tin, Ha Ndi, 2006, tr 107
(3) Cao Xuan Due: Qudc trieu hUOng khoa luc,
Nxb Tp Ho Chi Minh, 1993, tr 375
(4) Khoa nay nha Nguyen lay dd 4 tien si
(5) Theo quan che nha Nguyln thi Chu sU la
mot thudc quan, phu trach mot phan viec chuyen
si Tran Liiu Hue bi vui lap, mat han dau ve't Bang nd liic tim kiem khdng ngdng cua ngiidi chat ndi la Tran Liiu Cung va ho hang than tdc, nam 1998 da phat hien diidc
vi tri cua ngdi md, cdn nguyen phan md va
bi ky tren bien ddng (khSc bai dieu cua cua vua Thanh Thai) Hien nay, diidc sii giup
dd cua nhan dan va chinh quyen dia phiidng, con chau Ddng cac Dai hoc si Tran Liiu Hue da tdn tao lai phan md cho Ong, nhdng mong bao den lai cdng dn tien td
Qua nghien cdu, tim hieu than the va sii nghiep cua Tran Ltfu Hue trong bdi canh lich sd dat niidc cudi the' ky XIX, cd the nhan thay Ong la mot vi quan thanh liem, man can, mdt nha chinh t r i tai nang, cd nhdng cd'ng hien to ldn dd'i vdi dan tdc tren nhieu linh viic 0 Ong ludn the' hien mot tarn long trung hau, khiem nhiidng va giau tinh nhan ai Nhan each va pham hanh cung nhii nhdng cd'ng hien cua Ong vdi dan, vdi niidc xdng dang diidc hau the tdn vinh
nganh b cac Bo, Vien, Nha pham ham thQdng tQ
Luc phim den Ngu phim Rieng Chu sU 6 Cd Mat Vien, vdi nhiem vu true dude coi nhu Vien Ngoai lang vdi ham Ta nhi, TQ pham
(6) Han lam vien Tu soan lo viec tu chinh, soan thao sach vd giup Han lam vien Hoc si; Han lam vien Thi giang lo viec giup cac Han lam vien Hoc si bien soan sach vd, chQdng sd
(7) Qudc Sd quan trieu Nguyln: Bai Nam thUc luc, (De nhi ky), tap III, Nxb Giao Due, Ha Noi
2004, tr 234
(8) Thuang bac: Khi bay gid, ngQdi Phap da d
trong Nam Ky cd nhieu tau thuyen di lai, trieu dinh cd dat ra nha ThUdng bac, cd ThQdng bac dai than dQng dau de giac thiep vdi Phap va trong nom cac thuyen budn di lai
(9) Le Quang Pham bQc bit thdn Vinh Hao nhUdng giao cho 1 xQ thuc dien va chiem doat 2 xQ