Day la quan he gifla hai nUdc ldn khac nhau ve y thflc he, the che chinh tri nhflng lai g i n bd chat che vdi nhau bang Hiep Udc Hoa binh, Hflu nghi va h?p tac - mdt loai hinh hiep Udc v
Trang 1DUOfNG LOI KHONG LIEN KET CUA AN DO:
NHAN THtrC Ttr HIEP lX6C HOA BINH, HUU NGHf
VA HOP TAC AN DO - LIEN X d NAM I 9 7 I
L £ T H f CUdNG*
Quan he An Dp - Lien Xd la mdt trong
nhflng md'i quan he dac biet trong
Chie'n tranh lanh Day la quan he gifla hai
nUdc ldn khac nhau ve y thflc he, the che
chinh tri nhflng lai g i n bd chat che vdi
nhau bang Hiep Udc Hoa binh, Hflu nghi va
h(?p tac - mdt loai hinh hiep Udc ve quan he
dac biet ciia Lien Xo vdi cac nUde ddng
minh trong Chie'n tranh lanh Mat khac,
An Dp la qud'c gia ludn giUdng cao ngpn cd
khdng lien ke't, nhUng lai hdp tac chat che
vdi Lien Xd tren nhieu phUdng dien, trong
dd cd ca hdp tac ve chinh tri va quan sil
Trong bai nghien cflu "An Do cd phdi Id
mgt cUdng qudc khong?", hpc gia H Harpur
•vie't: "Chdc chdn Id viec ky mgt hiep Udc
nhu vdy - hiep Udc ddu tien td khi ddt nUdc
dugc dgc lap dd xdc dinh the lien kit An
-Xo Xet vi viec An Do quyet dinh ky kit
mgt lien minh nhU thi Id vi phgm nguyen
tdc cua J.Nehru nen hiep Udc do da Id khdi
diem khie'n cdn phdi xet lgi phUcfng hUdng
ciia An Do trong he thdng an ninh chdu A"
(1) Nhdn xdt ve md'i quan he nay, nhieu y
kie'n cho rang vdi Hiep Udc 1971, An Dp da
rdi xa dUdng ldi khdng lien ke't Day la v i n
de phflc tap bdi nd la sU danh gia toan (hen
ve dudng ldi ddi ngoai cua An Dp trong
Chie'n tranh lanh
TrUdc het, phai nhin nh^n rd npi ham
khai niem khdng lien ke't trong dudng lo'i ddi ngoai cua An Dp P h i n ldn cac hpc gia phUdng Tay nhin nhan ve dudng ldi khdng lien ket cua An Do ngay tfl khi mdi ra ddi
la chu nghia trung ldp, hoac la mang tinh
c h i t trung ldp, trung ldp tich cUc, trung ldp lac (heu (2) Xem xet toan bp dUdng ldi dd'i ngoai cua An Dp trong chien tranh lanh va qua cac phat bieu cua J.Nehru, LGancihi,
cd the t h i y ddc trUng cita chinh scich khong lien kit b An Dp la: chdng Chien tranh
lanh, bao dam rdi xa cac khdi quyen lUc cho'ng dd'i nhau, chdng lai hen minh quan sil trong bd'i canh xung dot gifla cic nUdc ldn; khdng phai la mpt chinh sach ngoai giao trung lap thu dpng hoac dia vi trung lap, trung lap tich ciic; la mpt chinh sach hanh dpng thilc te, ung hp dudng lo'i ddi ngoai dpc lap, chung sd'ng hoa binh va
khdng can thiep Cd sd ra ddi chinh sdch khong lien ket b An Dp x u i t phat tii sd x u i t
hien trdt tU hai cUc va Chie'n tranh lanh,
sU hinh thanh cac lien minh quan sU song phUdng va da phUdng lam x u i t hien nguy
cd chie'n tranh the gidi mdi; mau t h u i n sau sac vdi chu nghia de qud'c va chu nghia
thilc dan nhUng khdng mudn di theo chu
nghia cpng s i n Vi tri nUdc ldn va nhflng
* ThS Khoa Lich sd - TrUcing Dai hgc Vinh
Trang 244 Rghien euru Lieh sii-, s6'1.2011
dac trUng ve lich sU, van hda cho phep An
Dp thUc hien chinh sach khdng lien ke't mpt
each tich ciic Do vay, muc tieu cua khdng
lien kit la cho'ng chie'n tranh lanh, cho'ng
lai cac lien minh quan sil da phUdng trong
bdi canh xung dot gifla cic nUdc ldn; chdng
chu nghia de quo'c va chu nghia thUc dan,
chdng chie'n tranh; khang dinh chu nghia
dan tpc, ldi ich qud'c gia, sU c i n thie't phai
phat trien kinh te; yeu chupng hoa binh,
khang dinh vai trd tich cUc cua An Dp
trong nen chinh tri the gidi Day cung la
muc tieu chinh tri xuyen sud't cua Dang
Qud'c dai (3) Khong lien ke't dUdc Nehru
khang dinh la "khong gia nhdp lien minh
qudn sU vdi khdi ndy de chdng lgi khdi kia,
CO the gdy nen chien tranh the gidi thd ba,
An Do cd gdng thiet lap quan he hOu nghi
vdi tdt ca cdc nUdc, dgc biet la cdc nUdc
chdu A Mgt nUdc An Do dgc lap se xdy
diing quan he hOu nghi vdi Anh, vdi cdc
nUdc thugc khdi Lien hiep Anh, cUng nhU
vdi My, Lien Xo " (4) Nhflng luan (hem
tren hinh t h a n h qua met qua trinh lau dai
trong lich sU - van hda An Dp, khai quat
h o i thanh Nam nguyen t i c chung sd'ng hda
binh, MUdi nguyen tac Bang Dung, Nam
(heu kien tham gia Phong trao Khdng Lien
ke't ThUc chit, chinh sach khdng lien ket
la con de cua Chien tranh lanh vdi npi ham
can ban nha't la khdng lien minh quan sU
song phUdng hoac da phUdng trong xung
dot nUdc ldn
Thiet lap quan he tfl thang 3-1947, quan
he An Dp - Lien Xd da trai qua nhieu bUdc
thang t r i m nham nhdn thflc •vi the lan
nhau tren trUdng qudc te Cupc chie'n tranh
bien gidi Xd - Trung 1969 va sU xich lai g i n
nhau trong quan he Trung - My da de dpa
de'n vi the cua Lien Xd Trong khi dd, quan
h§ ngay cang chat che gifla Trung Qud'c
-My - Pakistan cung dat ra cho An Dp
nhflng thach thflc khdng nhd Nhflng xung
dot leo thang b Ddng Pakistan day quan he
An Dp - Pakistan dflng trUdc mpt cupc chie'n tranh khdng the t r i n h khdi, de dpa vi the cua An Dp d tieu luc dia Trong bd'i canh dd, sau qua trinh vdn dpng keo dai tfl nam 1969, ngay 8-8-1947, An Dp va Lien
Xd da ky Hiep (hnh Hoa binh, hflu nghi va hdp t i c Hiep Udc gdm cd 12 (heu, cd gia tri
20 nam danh dau bUdc ngoat trong quan he hai nUdc, tfl giai doan tim tdi, nhan thflc
l i n nhau sang giai doan hdp tac chie'n lUdc toan dien, tin cay tren cd sd hda binh va hflu nghi Ngoai cic (heu khoan ve h(3p t i c
kinh te, van hda, "hon dd tdng" cua hiep
dinh la cic (heu khoan ve an ninh quan sU
- nhflng npi dung lam d i y len nhflng nghi ngd ve sil tan vd cua chinh sich khdng lien
ke't Dieu 8 cua Hiep Udc ghi rd: "Trong sU phu hop vdi tinh hOu nghi truyin thd'ng dugc thiet lap giaa hai qud'c gia, moi ben tham gia hiep Udc long trgng tuyen bo' se khong tien hdnh hoac tham gia trong lien minh qudn sU nhdm chdng lgi ben kia Hai ben tham gia hiep Udc cam kit khdng xdm lUcfc ben kia vd khong cho phep sa dung ldnh thd cua minh gdy bd't ldi cho ben kia trong xung dot qudn sU giaa moi ben tham gia hiep Udc vdi ben ngodi" (5) Dieu 9 khang dinh: "Moi ben ky hiep Udc cam kit
ta chdi bdt ky sU trcf giup ndo cho ben thd
ba trong xung dot vu trang vdi cdc ben kia Trong trUdng hcfp mgt trong hai ben tham gia hiep Udc bi tdn cdng hoac bi de doa tdn cdng, hai ben tham gia hiep Udc se ngay lap tac tien hdnh cdc cugc trao doi y kien ldn nhau de logi trd mdl de dga do vd tien hdnh nhang bien phdp cd hieu lUc thich ddng nhdm ddm bdo hoa binh vd an ninh cua hai nUdc" (6) Tfl cac (heu khoan tren
cho t h i y , day la mpt hiep Udc cd y nghia phdng thu tUdng ho, khdng mang tinh t i n cdng, lien minh quan sU trong xung dot gifla cac nUdc ldn, ma chii ye'u la ung hp l i n
Trang 3Eu(tog lo'i hh6ng lien he! eiia ^ B6 45
nhau n h i m dam bao an ninh qudc phdng
Dieu 4 cua Hiep Udc cdn khang dinh: "Lien
bang Cgng hba Xd hgi chit nghla Xo viet
cam kit ton trgng chinh sdch khong lien kit
ciia An Do vd xdc nhgn mgt ldn naa rdng
chinh sdch ndy la nhdn td'quan trgng trong
viec duy tri hba binh the gidi vd an ninh
qud'c ti vd trong viec ldm diu tinh hinh
cdng thdng cua the gidi" (7) Qua dd cd the
thiy, vi ly thuyit, Hiep Udc Hoa binh, Hflu
nghi va hdp tac Lien Xd - An Dp ky ngay
9-8-1971 phu hdp vdi dUdng lo'i dd'i ngoai cua
An Dp, khdng -vi pham nguyen t i c cua
khdng lien ke't Trong Hdi ky "Chan ly cua
tdi", LGandhi nha'n manh:
"Mgt sd ngudi cho rdng vdi hiep Udc do,
An Do ta bo chinh sdch ddi ngogi truyin
thdng cua minh Diiu dy khong dung Hdi
do, Pakistan khoe rdng hg dUdc cd the gidi
ung hg cbn d An Do tinh thdn sa sut khd
ngng Trong cugc xung dot dy, Lien Xo
ddng vi phia chung toi nhUng trong hiep
Udc khong cd mgt diiu khodn ndo thay the
chinh sdch khong lien kit cua chung toi
Tren thiic te, hiep Udc cbn ghi ro rdng An
Do dang vd se la mgt nUdc khong lien kit
Mat khdc, quan he hOu nghi giaa chung toi
vdi Lien Xo se khong gdy cdn trd quan he
chung toi vdi cdc nUdc khdc" (8)
Tren thiic ti, anh hudng cua Hiep Udc
An Dp - Lien Xd 1971 da tac dpng ldn den
cue dien cua Chie'n tranh lanh Hiep Udc
1971 da hinh thanh nen quan he hdp tac
chien lUdc mat thiet An Dp - Lien Xo, tao
nen the can b i n g chie'n lUdc vdi lien minh
My - Trung Qud'c va Pakistan tren ban cd
(ha chinh tri chau A Nd cung la nhan to'
thuc day quan he My - Trung tie'n xa hdn
sau chuye'n tham Trung Qud'c cua Td'ng
thd'ng My R.Nixon thang 2-1972 Sau khi
hiep dinh dUdc ky ke't An Dp cd dUdc sil
hau t h u i n c i n thie't de gianh thang lpi
quan trpng trong cudc chie'n tranh b Ddng
Pakistan nam 1972, sap nhap Sikkim vao
An Dp nam 1974, chdng lai cac luan (heu thu dich khi LGandhi ban bd' tinh trang
k h i n c i p nam 1975 Hiep Udc 1971 la mpt budc lfli thflc te cua chinh sach khdng lien ke't, nhUng la bUdc lui c i n thie't n h i m khang dinh ldi ich dan tpc cua An Dp trong bd'i canh mdi Hai nUdc da cd lap trUdng chung trong nhieu v i n de qud'c te quan trpng nhu giai quye't chien tranh Viet Nam (1973), v i n de Campuchia (1979-1989), sil ung hp lan nhau sau Tuyen bd' Delhi ve mpt the gidi khdng cd vu khi hat nhan (1986) Mac dfl vay, de gifl dfldc vi tri cua minh d phong trao khdng lien ke't va dam bao khdng trd thanh dd'i thu trilc tie'p tfl phia My, cac nUdc chau Au, An Dp khdng the budc xa hdn Nhin nhdn quan he An Dp
- Lien Xd cd phu (iinh chinh sach khdng lien ke't hay khdng chu ye'u xem xet chfnh sach cua An Dp ddi vdi cac vdn de lien quan trilc tie'p de'n hai nUdc mang tinh c h i t Chie'n tranh lanh nhU: Chie'n tranh An Dp -Pakistan nam 1971, sang kie'n an ninh tdp the chau A cua Lien Xd, Lien Xd dUa quan vao Afghanistan trong sil dd'i sanh vdi cac v i n de trUdc nam 1971 nhU Lien Xd dUa quan vao Hunggari (1956), Tiep Khic (1968)
Ngay 3-12-1971, An Dp dUa quan vao Ddng Pakistan vdi danh nghia la ung hp cupc dau tranh chinh nghia ciia nhan dan Ddng Pakistan cho'ng lai bao lUc quan sU cua Tay Pakistan, ngan chan ddng ngUdi ty nan dd xd vao An Dp va dam bao an ninh cho nudc nay Tuy nhien, sU hinh thanh lien minh Pakistan - Trung Qud'c - My va
sU hau t h u i n cua Lien Xd cho An Dp da lam cho cupc xung dot khu -vile nay mang tinh chat cua Chie'n tranh lanh Hiep Udc Lien Xd - An Dp dU(3c ky ket vao ngay 9-8-
Trang 446 Rghien emi Lieh sJr 561.2011
1971 trong bd'i canh mau thuan An Dp
-Pakistan dang len cao cd tac dung ran de
thilc te dd'i vdi Pakistan va cic lilc lUdng
hau t h u i n nUdc nay Nhflng dpng thai cua
Lien Xd nhU tuyen bd' ung hp, tang cUdng
•vien trd quan sil trUdc va sau chie'n tranh
cho An Dp, gay sflc ep vdi Pakistan, dieu
lUc lUdng hai quan de'n •vinh Bengal khi My
dUa Ham dpi 7 vao khu vile nay dfl n i m
trong khudn khd cua dieu 9 Hiep Udc 1971,
nhUng cd anh hudng nhU la lien minh quan
sil thilc te chdng lai mpt lien minh khac
Day la mpt trong nhflng ly do de phUdng
Tay va cac lUc lUpng do'i lap trong nUde
nghi ngd dUdng ldi khdng lien ket cua An
Do Hiep Udc 1971 va cic hanh dpng cua
Lien Xd trong bd'i canh dd ve ly thuyet
khdng vi pham dUdng ldi khdng lien ket
nhUng thilc te t i m anh hudng nd da vUdt
ra khdi khudn khd cua dUdng ldi nay
Su kien Lien Xd dUa quan vao
Afghanistan tfl 1979 de'n 1989 la thd thach
khd khan dd'i vdi An Dp trong •viec vda gifl
vflng dudng ldi khdng lien ke't va vfla duy
t n quan he hflu nghi vdi Lien Xd Ngay
26-12-1979, Lien Xd dUa quan vao
Afghanistan, Chinh phu lam thdi An Dp
C.Singh lap tflc tuyen bd' phan dd'i bat cfl
sii can thiep nao tfl nUdc ngoai tdi cdng viec
ndi bd Afghanistan, trong dd cd sU can
thiep cua Lien Xd va cac dpng thai cua My
nhu trien khai quan dpi d An Dp DUdng,
vien trd cho Pakistan, ho trd cac lilc lUdng
doi ldp b Afghanistan cua My Lap trUdng 4
diem cua Dai sfl An Dp tai Lien hdp quoc
B.Mishra ngay 12-1-1980 chi ro: "chung toi
phdn doi sU hien dien ciia qudn dgi nUdc
ngodi vd cdc cdn cd qudn sU tgi bdt ky qud'c
gia ndo" nhUng dng cung khang dinh ring:
"Chinh phu Xo viei dd ddm bdo vdi
chung tdi rang lUc lUcfng qudn sU gOi tdi
Afghanistan theo yeu cdu cua chinh phu
Afghanistan thd nhdt bdi Thu tUdng Amin
ta 26-12-1979, vd nhiiu ldn bdi ngUdi ki tuc dng dy td 28-12-1979 Vd hcfn nda chung ta tin tudng rdng qudn dgi Lien Xd
se rut qudn khi cd sii di nghi eda chinh phu hien thdi d Afghanistan hi vgng cdc lUc lUdng cua Lien Xd se khdng duy tri d ddy ldu hcfn cdn thiet" (9) An Do phdn ddi vdi cdc liic lugng dinh liu den cugc xung dot gom My, Trung Qudc vd Pakistan, hg da che chd vd ddo tgo cdc phdn tH phdn logn Afghanistan, cdc qudc gia ldng gieng nho khdc tich cUc ung hg lUc lUdng lgt do vd cdc lUc lUcMg hdi qudn dang tich cUc hogt dgng
d An Do DUcfng Cdc hogt dgng cua hg dd
de dog tdi An Do (10)
An Dp da bd phie'u trang Nghi quye't len
an Lien Xd cua My d Dai hpi ddng Lien hdp qud'c, du nghi quye't nay cd 104 phie'u ung
hp, trong dd cd nhieu qud'c gia khdng lien ke't, chi cd 18 phie'u chdng va 18 phie'u
t r i n g (11) Til khi LGandhi len lam Thii tudng, quan (hem cua An Dp la khdng cd sil thay ddi nao dil cd sU tac dpng lien tuc tii phia Lien Xd qua cac chuye'n tham cua Bp trUdng Ngoai giao Lien Xd A.Gromyko (12 de'n 14-2-1980); Phd Chu tich Hpi ddng Bp trudng Arkhipov (2-1980); Thfl trudng Ngoai giao Lien Xd N.Firjoibin (4-1980); Bp Qud'c phdng An Dp (5-1980); Tong bi thU Brezhnev 12-1980; Thdm chi An Dp cdn cd' ging thuyet phuc Lien Xd rut quan bd phan hoac toan (hen trong cac cupc hpi dam gifla lanh dao hai nUdc suot nhflng nam 80
Cd the t h i y , quan (hem ve v i n de Afghanistan cua chinh phu An Dp khdng phai la mot sU lung tung hay nhan nhUdng sau Hiep Udc 1971 Quan diem nay so vdi
v i n de Hunggari (1956), Tiep Khic (1968)
Trang 5Budng 16'i hh6ng lien kei ciia ^ B6 VI
nhUng cung bay td sU thai dp khdng ddng
tinh vdi Lien Xo ve hanh dpng can thiep
vao cdng viec npi bp cua nUdc khac Tuy
nhien, mflc dp phan flng qua cac sU kien
nay cua An Dp cd phan khac nhau Trong
vdn de Hunggari nam 1956, An Dp phan
ling khdng qua gay git, tap trung sU chu y
vao v i n de qud'c hflu hoa kenh dao Suez
(hen ra cung thdi ky An Dp phan ddi nghi
quye't b i u c^ dan chu b Hunggari dUdi sU
bao trd cua Lien hdp qud'c -vi nd tao tien le
x i u vdi v i n de Kashmir De'n nam 1968,
phan flng cua An Dp vdi v i n de Tiep Khic
cd p h i n quye't liet hdn do phe dd'i ldp trong
Dang Qud'c dai dang rat manh, trong khi
Lien Xo tie'p tuc xiic tie'n vien trd quan sU
cho Pakistan De'n v i n de Afghanistan
nhflng nam 80, An Dp phan flng than trpng
va thilc hien nhieu hoat dpng ngoai giao da
phUdng hdn nham mpt mat chflng td ldp
trUdng khdng ung hp hanh dpng can thiep
cua Lien Xd, mat khac c h i p nhdn cd' gang
phan flng cd chflng miic va hau trUdng, linh
hoat nham mang lai ldi t h o i t cho nUdc nay
Ben canh dd, An Dp lai phan dd'i quye't liet
sil -vien trd quan sU cua My, Trung Qud'c va
cac nude phUdng Tay cho Pakistan, dao tao
cac lUc lUdng phien loan, de doa den an
ninh nUdc nay Tii nam 1981, Lien hdp
qud'c lien tuc ra cac nghi quye't yeu ciu
Lien Xo rut quan, An Dp van ludn gifl ldp
trfldng khdng thay ddi: khdng ung hp sil cd
mdt cua quan dpi Lien Xd d Afghanistan,
bd phie'u t r i n g cac nghi quye't chdng Lien
Xd nhUng lai thien ve len an cac hanh dpng
quan sU cua My, Trung Qud'c, Pakistan
Ldp trUdng nay gdp phan lam giam sflc ep
cho Lien Xo, tao sU can b i n g n h i t dinh
tren ban cd chie'n lUdc Nam A
An Dp thilc te da thanh cdng trong •viec
duy t n chinh sach khdng lien ke't, dam bao
ldi ich dan tpc, h a n che nhflng tac dpng ma
Lien Xd mong mud'n gay anh hudng len
nUdc nay Sang kie'n thanh ldp He thd'ng an ninh tdp the chau A dUilc Lien Xd dUa ra tfl nam 1969 nhflng chfla luc nao nhdn dUdc thai dp nhiet tinh tfl An Dp Tfl nam 1969 de'n 1985, Lien Xd da nhieu l i n de cdp de'n
v i n de nay nhflng An Dp deu khdng ung
hp Dfldi thdi R.Gandhi va M.Gorbachev, y tudng thanh ldp Hpi nghi an ninh chau A
va xay dUng long tin l i n nhau theo kieu an
ninh chau Au b Hpi nghi Hensinki nam
1975 dUdc hai nUdc thd'ng n h i t , nhUng ke't cue van khdng thanh hien thilc An Dp khdng man ma vdi sang kie'n nay vi ban
c h i t cua nd la hinh thanh nen lien minh nham phuc vu nhflng y dd chinh tri - quan sil cua Lien Xd, •vi pham nguyen t i c khdng lien ke't Mat khac, he thd'ng an ninh tdp the cd sfl tham gia cua Lien Xd se anh
hudng de'n •vi the cua An Dp b chau A, lam
xdu (h quan he An - Trung dang trong qua trinh binh thudng hoa Ben canh dd, Lien
Xd cung khdng the thuyet phuc An Dp cho phep ho lam trung gian hoa giai "kieu Tasken 1965" gifla An Dp va Pakistan sau cupc chie'n tranh 1971 Lien Xo cung khdng dat dUdc ke't qua trong nd lilc thuyet phuc
An Dp ky Hiep Udc khdng phd bien vu khi hat nhan (NPT) hoac khdng phat trien •vu khi hat nhan Su cd' gang cua Lien Xd trong viec tac dpng len An Dp nham ngan chan binh thUdng hoa quan he An Dp - Trung Qud'c sau nam 1971 ke't ciic cung chi lam chdm qua trinh iy Day la nhflng chu trUdng ldn cua Lien Xd trong Chie'n tranh lanh nhUng nUdc nay da khong thanh cdng trong viec ldi keo An Dp phuc vu y dd chien lUdc cua minh Du vdy, nhflng b i t ddng trong moi quan he An Dp - Lien Xd it hdn nhieu so vdi My Dd khdng phai la do thanh
9 ' ^ qua do Lien Xd tac dpng tdi An Dp, ma
"nhihig diem bdt ddng thUc sU gida An Do
vd My chinh Id do nhdn thac qud'c tecua hg
cd nhiiu diem khdc biet" (12)
Trang 648 Rghien ciJru Lich sit 56' 1.2011
Nhu vdy, xdt b gdc dp cic (hem ndng lien
quan tnic tie'p de'n Lien Xd trUdc va sau
hiep fldc nam 1971, An Dp van khdng thay
ddi dudng ldi cua minh, nghia la khdng
hoan toan dflng ve phia Lien Xd nhU khai
niem "ddng minh" ma phUdng Tay thUdng
hay sd dung An Dp khdng vi pham nhflng
dudng lo'i khdng lien ke't trong each flng xd
vdi cic v i n de cd lien quan trflc tie'p de'n
Lien Xd, nhUng thai dp cua nUdc nay cung
cd p h i n "thie'u quye't liet", "khdng tich cUc"
nhu nhflng van de khic Thdm chi, each
h a n h xfl "cd p h i n nghieng ve phia Lien Xd"
nhu cac hpc gia phUdng Tay nhan xet cung
cd cd sd n h i t dinh
Tdm lgi, nhdn thflc chfnh sach khdng
lien ke't cua An Dp sau Hiep dinh Hoa
binh, hflu nghi va h(3p tac An Dp - Lien Xd
1971, cd the t h i y :
1 Quan he An Dp - Lien Xd khdng •vi
pham nhflng nguyen tac can ban cua dUdng
ldi khdng lien ke't xet tren phUdng (hen ly
thuyet lan thUc tien Tuy nhien, ban than
sU gan bd mdt thie't trong quan he hai nUdc
da tao ra nhflng anh hudng n h i t dinh ve
thai dp, phUdng thflc hanh xfl cua An Dp
ddi vdi mpt so' van de khu vile va qud'c te
Sfl anh hudng ngam n g i m hdn la hien hflu,
giin tie'p va lau dai hdn la tnic tie'p va
ngay tflc khac, tinh t h i n va thai dp hdn la
nguyen tac phap ly qud'c te Day khdng
phai la sil thay ddi chfnh sach, ma la bieu
hien sU thfla nhan vai trd, vi tri cua nhau
vi ldi ich chung cua hai nUdc Dieu nay
dfldc hpc gia Robert Wesson nhdn dinh: "Cd
sd cua quan he vd quan diem giaa Matxccfva vd New Delhi dUdng nhU Id sU nhgn thdc ldn nhau ddng vai trb rdt quan trgng trong mdl quan he hdn la cdc bien phdp triiu tUcing md hai ben dUa ra nhdm tdc dgng ldn nhau" (13)
2 Trong bo'i canh the gidi bi phan cflc manh me, viec mpt qud'c gia ldn tham gia vao tfch cflc vao cac hoat dpng chfnh tri qudc te nhU An Dp gifl vflng dfl(3c nguyen
t i c khdng lien ke't, (heu hoa nguyen t i c nay phu hdp vdi ldi fch dan tpc va quo'c te la dieu rat khd An Dp da thanh cdng trong
•viec (heu hoa quan he vdi ca hai khoi, khdng day quan he cua minh (h q u i xa vdi
ca Lien Xd va My - du Hiep Udc 1971 cd the
da tao cd sd cho (heu dd xay ra trong quan
he An Dp - Lien Xd
3 ThUc te, chi cd the xem xdt chfnh sach
khdng lien ket tren cd sd ldi fch dan tpc An
Dp dan xen vao nhau, nhieu khi chinh sach
khdng lien ke't la hien t h a n cua lOi fch dan
tpc An Dp trong mdi quan he vdi cic nfldc ldn, dac biet la vdi Lien Xd Nhfl Bp trfldng
Ngoai giao An Dp N Rao phat bieu: "An Do khdng ung hg My cdng khdng ung ho Lien
Xd, An Do ung hg An Do An Do ddng tren Icii ich qud'c gia ciia minh" (14) Sfl phat
trien cua quan he An Dp - Lien Xd la h§
qua t i t ye'u cua mpt qua trinh tim hieu l i n nhau tfl nam 1947, tflng bfldc cd nhflng
nhan thflc ve \6i fch chie'n Ifldc song trung
trong bd'i canh Chie'n t r a n h lanh
CHU THICH
(1) H.Rapur, An Dp cd phdi Id mpt cUdng
qudc'?, Thfl vien quan dgi sao luc, 1980, tr 8
(2) Day la quan diem cua cac hgc gia phfldng
Tay nhu Peter Lyon, Morgenthou, H.F
Armtrong Cac nha lanh dao Lien Xo trUdc nfim
1953 nhu I.Stalin, E.Zhukov, M.Molotov cung cho rfing dUdng loi khong lien ket cua An Dg la "xoa diu mau thuSn vdi cac nfldc phfldng Tay"
B.S.Gupta, The fulcrum of Asia Relation Among China, India, Pakixtan an the USSR, Pegasus, New
Trang 7Butmg 16"i Khong lien het e i a An B6 49
York, 1970, tr 48
(3), (14) N J a y a p a l a n , Foreign Policy of India,
Publishers Atlantic& Distributors Ltd, Delhi,
2001, tr 84, 101
(4) N g u y i n C a n h H u e (1998), Tim hieu tU
tudng hod binh trong chinh sdch ddi ngogi cua
nUdc Cpng hod An Dp, Tap chi Nghiin ciu Lich si,
so 3-1998, t r 62
(5) Indo - Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship
and Cooperation, Shadow of the bear: The Indo
-Soviet Treaty, Published by Shri P.KDeo, South
Avenue Lance, Ne^w Delhi, India, 1971, tr 189
(6), (7) Indo - Soviet Treaty of Peace,
Friendship and Cooperation, Sdd, tr 189, 188
(8) LGandhi, Chdn ly cua toi, Nxb P h u Nfl,
H a Ngi, 1987, tr 185
(9) R.C.Hom, Soviet - Indian Relation: Issues
and Influence, Praeger Publishers, New Yerk, 1982,
tr 182
(10) S.R.Sharma (2003), Indo-Soviet Relations
1972-1991, A Brief Survey - P a r t II; Disccvery
Publishing House, Delhi, tr 86
(11) P.J.S.Ducan (1989), The Soviet Union and
India, Council on foreign relations press, New
York, tr 45
(12) R.C.Horn, sdd, tr 214
(13) R.C.Horn, sdd, tr 213
VUA LY ANH TONG, CHIEN LUOC BIEN
(Tiip theo trang 7)
(17) Theo s a c h Dgi Nam thUc luc, T.IV, B a n
dich, Nxb Giao due H a Ngi, 2004, tr
1032-1033, t h i vao nfim 1836, n h a n viec Tong do'c H a i
Yen N g u y e n Cong Trfl de n g h i md rgng thfinh
Q u a n g Yen, Hg p h u Le Due Dflc t a u k h o n g n e n
tiep t u c d lai Q u a n g Yen m a c i n p h a i c h u y e n
s a n g dia diem mdi t h u g c h u y e n Thiiy Dfldng
(nay la T h u y N g u y e n , H a i Phdng), v u a M i n h
M e n h giao cho Bg Cong xem x6t lai viec n a y
Sau k h i t i n h t o a n ky l u d n g mgt each t o n g t h e ,
Bg Cong cho rfing: "Xay dflng thfinh tri, co q u a n
h e de'n sU che cho'ng d b i e n cUdng Dia thi'tinh
thdnh Qudng Yen, trong co the khd'ng che dUgc
cd hgt, ngodi co thi trd'n dp dUdc uung hdi
cUang, t h u c la ndi h i n h t h e dep Ldi cua do'c
t h a n CO d i n h k i e n da'y" Bg Cong s a u khi xac
d i n h vi t r i k h o n g t h e t h a y t h e dUdc cua t i n h
t h a n h Q u a n g Yen, da k h u y e n v u a M i n h M e n h
k h o n g n e n n g h e t h e o ldi t a u t h i e n kien cua Le Due Dflc va v u a M i n h M e n h da y t h e e ldi b a n cua Bg Cdng Dieu n a y gop p h i n ly giai t a i sao tfl ra't sdm, cac n h a nfldc p h o n g kien Viet N a m deu chgn Q u a n g Yen (ma cu t h e la k h u vflc t i n h
t h a n h Q u a n g Yen) i a m t r u n g t a m tra'n gifl vflng cila song Bach Dling va md r g n g r a t o a n t u y e n
d u y e n h a i , bien va h a i dao k h u vflc Dong Bfic
(18) T h a t r a day cung chi Ifi ten ggi khac n h a u cila cung mgt dia diem Ten 16 An Bang da co tfl thdi T r i n Nfim 1466, Le T h a n h Tong dfit An Bang thfla tuyen Den ddi vua Le Anh Tong mdi doi An Bang Ifim An Quang va nfim 1822, vua Minh
Menh doi An (Yin) Q u a n g thfinh Quang Yen
Trang 8-? VUA LY ANH TONG, CHIEN LU'OC BIEN
VA HANH DINH TRAI YEN mTNG
NGUYEN QUANG NGOC*
Viet Nam la dau cau noi lien giiSa
Dong Nam A luc dia va Dong Nam
A hai dao, la giao diem cua cac nen van
hoa, van minh 16n cua the gi6i Viet Nam
nam tren diicing h&ng hai quo'c te tii Tay
sang Dong, tii Nam len Bac nen giii mot -vi
the dia - chinh tri, dia - kinh te va dia - van
hoa het siic dac biet
Ket qua khai quat va nghien cdu khao
CO hoc S Viet Nam mot the ky qua da xac
dinh dUdc kha ro rang nhiing ldp cU dan co
td trong cac viing noi dia lien tuc tien ra
khai pha, sinh cd lap nghiep va lam chu cac
vung dao, quan dao ngoai Bien Dong
Bat dau td khoang Hau ky Da cu va
nha't la tii Sd ky Da mdi (khoang td 25.000
nam den 18.000 nam each ngay nay) da co
nhiing bo phan cii dan td luc dia tie'n ra
chiem linh cac dao, quan dao ci khu viic
Dong Bac Ho dinh cit tai day khai pha da't
dai, diing nha, lap lang va de lai cac di tich,
di vat thuoc thdi dai Da cii d Con Co,
Quang Binh, thuoc thdi dai Da mdi (cac
v a n hoa Hoa Binh, Soi Nhu, Da But, Ha
Long, Bau Tro) tren dai dao, quan dao chay
dai td Mong Cai cho den Bac Trung Bo va
van hoa Sd ky Kim khi (Van hoa Hoa Loc)
thuoc khu viic bd bien Thanh Hoa, Nghe
An Sii hien dien cua cac nen van hoa khao
CO d day vdi so^ liidng, quy mo cac di tich nhii vay chdng to so' liidng ngifdi di cii ra cac -vCing bien dao khong nho va ngay tii do
ho da thuoc nhieu nhom ngiidi, nhieu ldp ng^iidi khac nhau
Khong phai ngau nhien, tran danh lich
sd ket thiic 1000 nam Bac thuoc, md ra thdi
ky doc lap lau dai cho dan toe Viet Nam lai dien ra cl -viing ciia song Bach Dang vao nhiing ngay cuo'i nam 938 Tran thang nay
md ra truyen tho'ng Bach Dang, truyen tho'ng thuy chie'n, nghe thuat tieu diet that nhanh chong va triet de cac doan quan xam liidc hung manh d dia dau song bien cua To quo'c chi trong vong mot con niidc trieu Ciing td sau chien cong ky dieu nay, cac nha niidc doc lap Viet Nam td Ngo, Dinh, Tien Le cho de'n Ly, Tran, Le, Mac, Le-Trinh, Tay Sdn va Nguyen luon luon y thdc mot each day du tam quan trpng ciia bien, hai dao va hau nhii trieu dai nao cung deu
CO chien liidc do'i vdi cac -vung bien dao Tiec rang sd sach ddi xiia ghi chep qua co dong nen du co co' gang den may, chung ta ciing khong the nhan ra dUdc mot each chinh xac nhiing hoat dong ciia cac chinh quyen doc lap dau tien tren linh viic nay Mai de'n
GS-TS Vien Viet Nam hoc va Khoa hoc phat trien - DHQG HN
Trang 9Rghien cihi Lieh sir, so 1.2011
thdi Ly, dac biet vao thdi vua Ly Anh Tong
m6i tha'y sii cii chep ve cac hoat dong ciia
nha vua va trieu dinh d cac -vung bien dao
hay CO lien quan de'n cac vung bien dao
Trong bai vie't nay, chu ye'u diia vao
nguon tai lieu thii tich co, chiing toi biidc
dau xac dinh thdi ky -vua Ly Anh Tong
(1138-1175) la thdi diem md d i u cua cac
nha niiSc Viet Nam xay diing va thiic thi
cac chie'n liidc cua Viidng trieu minh do'i vdi
viing bien dao thieng heng va mau thit cua
To quo'c
1 Vua Ly Anh Tong va chie'n liitfc
do'i v6i cac v u n g bien dao
Ly Anh Tong la -vi -vua thii 6 cua -viidng
t n e u Ly, sau Ly Thai To (1009-1028), Ly
Thai Tong (1028-1054), Ly Thanh Tong
(1054-1072), Ly Nhan Tong (1072-1127) va
Ly Than Tong (1127-1138) Ong sinh thang
4 nam Binh Thin (1136), len ngoi Hoang de'
thang 10 nam Mau Ngo (1138), khi m6i
chxia tron 3 tudi, ci ngoi 37 nam, mat thang
7 nam At Ty (1175), tho 40 tudi
Danh gia ve sii nghiep cua Ly Anh Tong
cho de'n nay trong gi6i sii hoc ciing cdn co
nhiing y Iden khac nhau ve tufng linh viic
cu the, nhiing tren tong the deu tho'ng nha't
khang dinh thdi ky Ly Anh Tong tri vi v&n
nam trong gia: doan phat trien va thinh
dat cua viidng trieu Ly Trong thdi ky tri vi
cua Ly Anh Tong, toan ven lanh thd va
lanh hai cua da't nii6c diidc giii viing, vi the
cua quo'c gia Dai Viet, cua viidng trieu Ly
diidc de cao, diing nhii sii gia Ngo Thi Si
the ky XVIII ca ngdi: "Nghi thiic khdc
thudng, dien le long trong, hdng may ngdn
nam ve triidc chiia titng co Cong gay diing
niidc thiic hat ddu tii vua Anh Tong cd the
noi la toi ddy" (1)
Cac tli lieu va sii kien lich sii d\idi day
chinh la nhiing minh chiing cho mot chie'n
liidc tiidng do'i day dii va he tho'ng cua trieu
dinh Ly Anh Tong do'i vdi cac -vung bien dao, tii viec xay diing cac cd sd quan ly, to chiic cac doi tau thuyen cho de'n viec tien hanh kiem tra, kiem soat, xac dinh ranh gidi tren bien, bao ve dan chiing va md rong cac quan he giao thiidng buon ban vdi tau thuyen ngoai quo'c
- Thang 10, nam 1147 Ly Anh Tong cho
"diing hdnh dinh d trai Yen Hiin^' (2)
- Thang 2, nam 1149 nhan viec thuyen buon 3 nifdc Trao Oa (Java, Indonesia), Lo Lac va Xiem La (deu thuoc Thai Lan ngay nay) vao Hai Dong xin cii trii buon ban,
•vua Ly Anh Tong "ben cho lap trang d ncfi hdi ddo, ggi la Vdn Don de mua bdn hdng hoa quy, ddng tie'n sdn vat dia phiicfng" (3)
- Thang 11, nam 1161 Ly Anh Tong "sai
To Hien Thdnh ldm Do tiidng, Do An Di ldm phd, dem 2 van qudn di tudn cdc ncfi ven bien Tdy Nam, de giQ yen mien bien gi&i Vua thdn di tien den cita bien Thdn Ddu d Dgi An (nay la ciia bien Thdn Phii) mdi trd vi' (4)
- Thang 2, nam 1171 "Vua di tudn cdc hdi ddo, xem khdp hinh the nui song, muon biet ddn dinh dau kho vd diidng di xa gdn the ndo" (5)
- Thang 2, nam 1172 "Vua di tudn cdc hdi ddo d dia gich cdc phien bang Nam Bdc,
ve bdn do ghi chep phong vat roi ve" (6)
- Thdi Ly Anh Tdng, nha vua lien tuc cho dong thuyen ldn tham gia vao viec kiem tra, kiem soat, khai thac va bao ve cac viing song nifdc, bien dao nhif dong 2 thuyen Vinh Long, Thanh Lan va 2 thuyen ldn TrUdng Quye't, Phung Tien (1147); dong
2 thuyen Vinh Dieu, Thanh Lan (1151); dong thuyen Vinh Chifdng (1154); ddng thuyen to ban cua ngii trii, thuyen to ban cua cung noi (1156); dong thuyen Nhat Long (1167) va ddng thuyen Ngoan Thiiy (1173) (7)
Trang 10Vua Ly ?Tnh Tong
Chac chan -vi nhiing thanh cong cua cac
chinh sach nay ma trieu dinh nha Td'ng da
phai phong cho Ly Anh Tong lam An Nam
Qud'c Vuang va chinh thiic cong nhan nifdc
ta la An Nam Quoc (8) Ngo Thi Si da hoan
toan CO ly khi cho r i n g thdi -vua Ly Anh
Tong tri -vi: "luyen binh gidng vo, chgn
tiidng sai sii khien cho Chiem Thdnh phdi
gia le phien thdn, nhd Tong phdi phong la
niidc ldn, trieu dinh sdng sua, bien gidi yen
ldnh, hdu nhii dem lai diidc nin thinh tri
nhu thdi Thdi Tong, thcfi Nhdn Tong' (9) va
"neu khong phdi la ngUdi rdt sdng suot, rdt
anh dung thi khong dUc/c nhU vay" (10)
2 Hanh dinh trai Yen Hifng va vi tri
cua no trong chie'n lUtfc bien
Cong -viec quan trong dau tien ciia -vua
Ly Anh Tong (va cung co the difdc coi la
ciia ca Vifdng trieu Ly) do'i vdi cac -viing
bien dao la dat ra hanh dinh d trai Yen
HUng (11) nhii la mot cd quan quan ly cua
trieu dinh trung ifdng do'i vdi ciia ngo yet
hau song nifdc quan trong nha't cua da't
nifdc, ciing nhii toan bo cac -viing bien dao
ciia quo'c gia Dai Viet noi chung
Trai Yen Hifng cd quy mo va -vi tri nhif
the nao ciing la van de can phai ban Difdi
thdi Ly, he tho'ng hanh chinh d cac dia
phifdng cd 24 16 (tuy nhien hien nay ciing
khong cd tai lieu xac dinh difdc day du ca
ten goi va -vi tri ciia 24 lo nay) Ngoai lg ra
con CO phu, d mien niii hay cac mien xa xoi
con CO cac dao, chdu, trai Ben difdi cac
phil, chdu, trai la hUctng, gidp That
khong the hinh dung trai Yen Hifng d day
lai tifdng difdng vdi cac lg, phu giong nhif
cac viing chau Hoan, chau Ai Chiing toi
Cling khong nghi quy mo cua trai Yen Hifng
chi nhif mot xdm nho ciia mot ddn -vi thon
lang dang hinh thanh sau nay Sii cu ciing
ttfng nhieu l i n nhac de'n ten trai Yen Hifng
nhii -viec dat nay ttfng difdc Tran Thai Tong
cat ban cho An Sinh Vifdng Tran Liiu (cha
de cua Tran Hifng Dao) vao nam 1237 (12); hay mot vung lang que trii phii, mot cii diem manh tra'n giii vung quan ai Bach Dang ma sau khi khong don difdc thuyen lifdng cua Trifdng Van Ho, 6 Ma Nhi da cho danh vao trai Yen Hifng viia de ciidp lifdng thao ve nuoi doi quan dang chet doi d Van Kiep, -vifa triet pha mpt cd sd quan sii trpng yeu cua nha Tran (13) Theo chiing toi, trai Yen Hifng tuy khong ldn nhif mpt
ddn vi hanh chinh ngang vdi cap phu, lg,
nhifng ciing khdng phai la ddn vi hanh chinh cap cd sd, ma chi la tap hdp mpt so' cac ddn -vi cif trii ca dan sii va quan sii d khu viic tifdng difdng vdi cac xa Yen Hifng, Quynh Lau tong Ha Bac trifdc day (14) Ve
•vi tri ciia trai Yen Hifng, ban dich cac sach
Dg,i Viet sii ky todn thU, Dg.i Viet sii ky tuc bien deu thoang nha't chii giai "nay Id ddt huyen Yen HUng tinh Qudng Ninh", hay
noi mpt each cu the hdn tiic la da't thi tran Quang Yen va cac xa phu can nhif Yen Giang, Cpng Hda huyen Yen Hifng
Thdi Ly, de tang cifdng cho trieu dinh kiem tra, quan ly cac dia phifdng trpng ye'u,
nha Ly cdn dat ra cac hdnh cung, hdnh dinh
va phil de Sau hanh dinh d trai Yen Hifng
diing nam 1147, hen tuc trong cac nam
1154, 1155, 1156, Ly Anh Tdng cho diing cac hanh cung Ung Phong d Nam Dinh, hanh cung Ly Nhan d Ha Nam, hanh cung Ngii Thien d Thai Binh, phu de d Phii Lifdng (Thai Nguyen), phu de d chau Quang Nguyen (Cao Bang) (15) Phu de d Phii Lifdng, Quang Nguyen de danh rieng cho Phd ma, Cong chiia cai quan cac viing bien gidi phia Bac Hanh cung ciing giong nhii cung dien difdc xay diing giiia -vung nong nghiep trpng yeu de nha •vua mdi khi di kiem tra, khuye'n khich phat trien san xuat nong nghiep (nhif xem cay rupng, xem gat Ilia ) ma phai nghi lai Con hanh dinh la
Trang 11Rghien euru Lieh sit so 1.2011
dinh thli, doanh trai d ngoai Kinh do tren
nguyen tac xay diing phuc •vu cho •viec quan
d ndi quan yeu, nhifng trong thiic te, ngifdi
ddng dau hanh dinh thay mat cho trieu
dinh van phai cai quan nhiing "viec dan sii
ma trieu dinh uy thac Sach Dg.i Viet sH ky
todn thu cho bie't vao thang 8 nam 1044 sau
khi danh thang Chiem Thanh, tren diidng
tif Phat The trd ve Kinh do Thang Long, -vua
Ly Thai Tong "den hdnh dinh Nghe An, ggi
Uy Minh hdu Nhat Quang den uy lao roi
trao cho tiit viet trdn thu, chdu dy, gia phong
tudc vUdng TrUdc day vua uy cho Uy Minh
thu to hdng ndm d Nghe An vd sai lap trg.i
Ba Hoa khie'n cho [trdn dy] dUdc vUng chdc,
lg,i dat die'm canh cdc ndi cdt chda lUcfng
thiic ddy du, cdi gt cdng viia y vua, cho nen
dUdc tudc phong nhU the" (16)
Tiec rang cho de'n nay chiing ta chifa cd
nghien cdu cd ban va nha't la chifa tufng td
chdc khai quat khao co hpc quy mo ldn de
xac dinh chinh xac -vi tri va quy mo cua
hanh dinh Yen Hifng thdi Ly Thee quan
sat bifdc dau cua chiing toi thi d •viing eda
song Bach Dang chi cd hai dia diem cd
nhieu kha nang c6 lien quan de'n •vi tri
hanh dinh nay:
Thli nhdt la khu viic thanh Quang Yen
thdi Nguyen Toa thanh nay nam tren go
niii Tien Sdn, xa Quynh Lau, triic tie'p an
ngii eda seng Bach Ddng va sdng Chanh, la
•vi tri trpng ye'u nha't cua toan •viing (17)
Khi •vua Gia Long thanh lap •vifdng trieu
Nguyin lap ra tran Yen Quang cai quan
toan bp mien Dong Bac, nam 1804 da quyet
dinh chpn go nui nay lam ly sd ciia toan
train Liic do tren go da cd ddn An Bang vd'n
la tri sd cua phu Hai Dong gdm 2 huyen
Yen Hifng, Hoanh Bd va 3 chau Tien Yen,
Van Ninh, Van Ddn Hdn 2 chuc nam dau
difdi thdi Gia Long va Minh Menh, tran ly
Yen Quang rdi Quang Yen (18) vSn chi
nhan lay nui lam thanh ma hdu nhii chifa
cd xay diing mdi Den nam Minh Menh thd
7 (1826) mdi dap them liiy da't va nam Tii Diic thli 12 (1859) mdi xay gach chu vi 295 trifdng, md 3 ciia, ma mpt phan dau tich con lai den ngay nay Diidi chan gd la Ben Ngli sdng Chanh ma cac •vi hoang de - thi nhan liing danh trong lich sd nhif Tran Thanh Tong, Le Thanh Tong deu da tifng difng thuyen ngii, lam thd ca ngdi canh sac
va con ngifdi cua quan tri An Bang
Chung tdi hy vpng rdi day trong chifdng trinh qudc gia bao tdn va ton tao •vung chie'n trifdng Bach Dang, cac chuyen gia khao cd hpc se cd cd hpi khai quat d khu
•viic ben trong cua tda thanh thdi Nguyen
va qua dd cd the tim ra dd'u tich cua ddn An Bang xiia Ne'u xac dinh difdc chinh xac -vi tri cua ddn An Bang thdi Le thi cung cd nhieu kha nang se tim diidc da'u vet cac hoat dpng ciia td tien ta d •vi tri difdc coi la quan trpng nha't cua viing ciia song Bach Dang vao thdi diem cua chie'n thang Bach Dang nam 1288, ciing nhif vet tich con lai cua cac thdi ky trifdc, trong dd khong loai trii hanh dinh trai Yen Hifng thdi Ly
Tha hai la khu •viic niii Dinh chi each
thanh Quang Yen khoang 2 km ve phia Dong Bac Day ciing la mpt qua nui tha'p, dinh niii kha rpng, xifa cd Thanh Tre, tifdng truyen la Dinh Phu vd cung linh thieng, hau nhif khong ai dam dung tdi (nhifng vi qua lau ddi nen ciing khdng co ai bie't day la
dinh hay phil nao) Thanh nay no'i thong vdi
song Chanh va sdng Bach Dang ma ddng song cd, ben Xifdng tii dau niii (nay la xdm Dinh, xa Cpng Hda) chay ra Khe Chanh nay van cdn nhan difdc da'u vet
Tuy chifa bie't difdc -vi tri that chinh xac ciia hanh dinh Yen Hifng, nhifng hoan toan
cd the khang dinh nd khong the d ngoai khu viic xa Quynh Lau, tdng Ha Bac xifa