Sy yau kem cua nan kinh ta ndi chung va khd khan ciia thi trudng bat ddng san ndi riang gay ra bdi nhiau nguyen nhan, ca khach quan lan chii quan, nhung rd rang cd sy yau kem trong boat
Trang 1GIAI PHAP DAO TAO NGUON NHAN LI/C THAY THE LAO DONG Nl/CiC NGOAI Cl VIET NAM
Nguyin Thi Thu Huong*, Trin Bich Thuy*
Bdi viet gi&i thieu thuc trgng lao dong nudc ngodi a Viet Nam trong nhicng ndm qua, mdi quan
he cua n& ddi v&i tdng tru&ng kinh te vd khuyen nghi cdc gidi phdp ddo tgo thay the ngudn nhdn lifc ngi dia ddp ung nhu cdu canh tranh doi v&i su bien dong cua lao ddng nu&c ngodi
Tir khoa: Lao ddng nudc ngoai d Viet Nam, di chuyen lao ddng, dito tao thay tha
1 Gidi thieu
Hpi nhap kinh te quoc le da tao lap vit phat Uian
cac loai thi tmdng trong dd cd Ihj tmdng lao dgng
Trong bdi canh dd, ddng lao dpng nudc ngoai tham
gia thj tmdng lao ddng ngay mpt ddng hon Van da
kat noi cung cau tran thi tmdng lao ddng trd Idn da
dang va phirc lap han; lao ddng nudc ngoai d Viet
Nam da mang den nhirng lpi ich cho tang tmdng
kinh tl, xa hpi nhung cung lao ra nhung bat cap
Uong ddi sdng kinh te xa hdi Ddng lao ddng nudc
ngoai Viet Nam qua ddng se gay ra nhimg bat Igi
canh Uanh ngity cang khdc liet hon Uen thj tmdng trong khi nan kinh te khiing hoang Iran loan cau Co che quan ly lao ddng ndi chung cdng tac quan ly lao ddng nude ngoai ndi neng ciing can dugc hoan thien va phai trien phii hgp vdi thi tmdng Chinh vi vay, cac tae gia da lya ehgn nghien cim chu da "Giai phap dao tao thay the ngudn nhan luc lao ddng nudc ngoai d Viet Nam"
2 Lao dong nudc ngoai d Viet Nam
2.1 So luang lao dgng nirdc ngodi (LDNN)
Lao ddng nudc ngoai vao lam viec d Viet Nam khdng nhiing gia lang vl so lugng ma cdn md rpng cho lao ddng Viet Nam, ty le that nghiep gia tan]
Hinh 1: Tuong quan giua toe do tang truong GDP d Viet Nam vdi su gia tang LDNN
= 1 Lao ddng nu'dc ngoai lam viec d Viet Nam - • - T d c dd tang GDP
Nguon Cue Viec ldm - Bg Lao dgng Thuang binh ui Xd hdi (2002 2012/
Trang 2vl nhilu loai hinh thuc nhu ngoai cae doanh nghiep
thye hien theo luat doanh nghiep luat diu tu cac nha
thiu, van phdng dai dien, td chiic chinh ui-xa hgi,
dem vj sy nghiep Nhit nudc cdn cd them td chiic
hiep hdi doanh nghiep, eac hd kinh doanh vii ca
nhan kinh doanh
Nam 2002 cd xip xi 7000 LDNN vao Viet Nam
Iam viec Din nam 2012, tiie la sau mudi nam, sd
LDNN lang hon gip 11 lin, dat hon 78000 ngudi
Nhu vay, sd LDNN viio Viet Nam cd xu hudng gia
tang theo mat dp day (tdc do tang trung binh lit
26,9% uong giai doan 2002-2012)
2.2 Moi twang quan giira tdng trir&ng kinh te
v&i LDNN
2.2.1 Xel ve moi luang quan giu tdng truang
kinh te vd gia tdng ty le LDNN vdo Viet Nam
Cd the ehia lam hai giai doan trudc va sau khi hdi
nhap thuang mai the gidi (WTO):
- Giai doan tmdc hdi nhap (2004-2007), lang
tmdng GDP cua Viel Nam cao thi tdc dp tang cua
LDNN vao Viel Nam cung lang eao (tmng binh
46,7%/nam);
- Giai doan sau khi hdi nhap (2008-2012), khung
hoang kinh te the gidi va tiep do la ng cdng chau Au
da hudng manh den Viet Nam, nan tdc dp tang
Irudng GDP giam dang ke, ldc do LDNN vao Viet
Nam lang cham han (Imng binh 11,5%/nam)
Thdng ke cho thay, sd lupng lao ddng nudc ngoai
litm viec tai Viet Nam cd xu hudng gia tang, mat dp
day Bang 1 eho thay ty le tang sd ngudi lao ddng
nudc ngoai lam viec tai Viet Nam tang tir nam 2002
din thang 10/2012
2.2.2 Xet vi he sd co gidn viec ldm cua LDNN & Viet Nam
- Tmdc hgi nhap, giai doan 2004-2007, he so co
gian viec lam la 2,76%;
- Sau hgi nhap, giai doan 2008-2012, he s6 co gian viec lam la 1,97%
Nam 2011: cu 1% tang len cua GDP thyc tl eua khu vyc FDI thi ty Ie LDNN vao Viet Nam lam viec tang 3,91% Dilu nay cho thiy dau tu cua nudc ngoiti tang se lao ra nhieu viec Iam, tang cau cua thi tmdng lao dgng
2 2.3 Xet ve mirc do m& cua ciia Viet Nam
Sau khi Viet Nam gia nhap WTO (nam 2008), toe
do md ciia nen kinh tk cao, thu hiit dau tu nudc
ngoai cang nhieu, gia Uj xuat nhap khau gia lang manh, Cac nganh tham dung lao dgng cd co hdi md rpng san xuat vit xuat khau dan den tang nhu cau lao ddng Cling vdi su chuyen giao va ky thuat cdng nghe mdi, md rpng san xuat da lam cho ddng lao ddng nude ngoai vao Viel Nam tang nhanh hon va vdi nhiau hinh Ihiic da dang hem Sau khung hoang kinh te (2009-2010), de lang cudng xuat khau, sau giai doan Ihu hut manh vdn dau tu nudc ngoai, Viel Nam can cai thien nang lyc canh tranh da trd thanh eae ddi thu manh tran thuang tmdng, diau nay ddi hdi tmdng lao ddng trong nudc cin cd ngudn nhan luc du sire thay thd va canh tranh vdi lao ddng nudc ngoai
2.3 Ty le LDNN vdo Viet Nam theo chau luc
Bang 1: T> le tang hiing nam so LDNN lam viec dViet Nam (2002-10/2012)
43000 52.633
55 428 56.929
74000
78440
181.64 168,36 160,80 126,04 122,40 142,49 102.71 129.99 106,00
Ngudn: Tgp chi Cdng sdn dien lir sd 16 (ndm 2009) vd Cue Viec ldm - Bd Lao ddng, Thuemg binh
vd Xd hdi (2002-2012)
Trang 3GlH IflO DUC S BflO Tl #
Hinh 2: He so CO gian viec lam so vol GDP
^ ^ H e so CO gian viec lam cua lao dong nu'd'c ngoai khu vuc FDI
Nguon: Tinh todn cua de tdi tu ngudn so lieu cua Tong cue thdng ke
Bang 2: MIJC dp mtf cira cua nen kinh tl giai doan 2004-2011
GDP ThiJc te (Ty
dong)
Xuat khau + NhSp
khau (Tydong)
Mirc do mis cira
nen kinh te (Tong
4,21
2008
490,458 2.540 183
5 18
2009
516,568 2.437 038
73
Ngudn: Tinh lodn cua de tdi lir ngudn sd lieu cua Tdng cue thdng ke
2.4 Ty le LDNN vdo Viet Nam theo gi&i tinh vd
do tudi
Lao ddng ngudi nudc ngoai la nam gidi chiem xip xi 90% va nu gidi ehi chiem 10% tdng sd ngudi nude ngoai d Viet Nam, trong dd lao dpng cd dp tudi lit 30 trd len chiam da sd,
2.5 Ty le LDNN vdo Viet Nam ldm viec theo trinh dp chuyen mon vd vi tri ldm vifc
Theo Ihdng ka eua Cyc Viec lam - Bd LDTBXH
thi sl LDNN lam viec tai Viet Nam ehu yeu lit
nhirng ngudi mang quoc tich chau A (Nhat Ban,
Han Quoc, Dai Loan, Tmng Qude ), ehiem 58%;
con lai la chau Au (Anh, Phap, ) chiem 28,5% va
cac chau luc khac la 13,5% Dac biet, trong nhiing
nam gan day (nhat la nam 2010) sd lao ddng phd
Ihdng khdng nghe tir Tmng Qude vao kha nhiau
theo cac chii dy an tning thiu tai Vidl Nam
Bang3: LDNN lam viec & Viet Nam phan theo gidi \ a dp tuoi
Nguon Cue Viic ldm - Bd Lao ddng Thuong binh vd Xd hdi (2002-2012)
Trang 4Hinh 3: S6 LD.N.N diigrc cap phep tinh din nam 2012
39.90% v ^ ^ ^ ^ H
7.10%
/ _ 52.90%
• Khdng thudc dien cap phep i^Oa du'gc cap phep
s Chiia d i i g c cap phep
Nguon; Cue Viec ldm - Bg Lao dgng Thuang binh vd Xd hgi (2002-2012)
Bang 4: Trinh dp chuyen mon ciia lao dong nunc ngoai
Tit dai hoc Ircr len
Nghe nhan nganh nghe truyen thong
Kinh nghiem lam viec tren 5 nam
Ty le (%)
100
66,75 1,05 13,55 18,65
Ngudn: Tdng hop sd lieu bdo cdo cua cdc Sa Lao dong- Thuang binh vd Xa hdi
Trong ty le LDNN la nghe nhan va Iam nghe LDNN lit nhiing lao ddng khac bao gdm nhirng tmyen thdng thi bao gdm ca lao dgng khdng ed Irinh LDNN khdng ed trinh dd vao Viet Nam lam viec
dp Cd 81,35% LDNN vao Viet Nam Iam viec la lao Tuy nhian, thuc tl rit khd xae djnh ehinh xac eac dgng ed Uinh do va ky nang trong eac ITnh vyc, con sd nay vi nhung bit cap trong edng lac quan ly Phan Idn LDNN vao Viel Nam la chuyen gia LDNN d Viel Nam hien lai Tinh hinh tram Ugng chuyen giao edng nghe va can bp quan Iy, 27% han khi dia phuong ed eae edng Irinh/du an do nudc
Bang 5: Vi tri viec Iiim cua LDNN
27
Ngudn - Cue Viec ldm - Bo Lao ddng Thuang binh vd Xd hoi (2002-2012)
Trang 5ngoai dau tu hoac tinng thiu tiong ITnh vyc xay
dyng, khai khoang, nhu xay dyng nhii may, xay
dyng cdng trinh giao thdng, khai thac md, mang
theo lao dpng phd thong la ngudi nudc ngoai vao
Vi^t Nam
73% lao dpng nudc ngoiii la quan Iy, giam doc
dieu hiinh, tmdng dai dien cac td chiic qude tl,
thuemg mai va cac hinh thiie hgp tac qude ll khae d
Viet Nam, nhung nha chuyen gia va quan ly d bac
cao, phy Iraeh cae cdng viec ddi hdi chuyan mdn ky
thuat cao ma lao ddng Viet Nam chua dam nhan
dirpc litm viec trong eac doanh nghiep Bai toan dat
ra cho cac nha quan ly doanh nghiep va cae nha
hoaeh dinh chinh sach d nudc ta trong Ihdi gian tdi
can phai dito lao ngudn nhan luc thay thi khi lyc
lupng nay chuyen giao va di chuyen khdi thi tmdng
laodong Viet Nam
3 Cac giai phap dao tao thay the nguon nhan
lyc Viet Nam
Trong qua Irinh tai ca ciu nan kinh te vii phat
trien theo hudng cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda eac
dong lao ddng uan ihi tmdng cd sy djch chuyan
manh, nganh ndng ngbiep, quan ly cdng cd xu
hirdng thu hep lao ddng Lao dgng trong nhung
nganh nay se dugc djch chuyen sang cac nganh
cong nghiep vit dich vu khae, tac ddng manh vao
chuyen djch lao ddng theo nganh chu yau la cac yeu
to nhu: ehinh sach dito tao, gia lang tdng viec lam va
giam dit ndng nghiep Ty le lao ddng khdng cd bang
cap, lao ddng liim nghi gian dan va lao ddng trong
nong nghiep giam manh do lai cau tnic kinh la
hudng tdi nen kinh ta tang tmdng va chal va ben
vung Cac doanh nghiep, do dd cdng budc phai eo
cau lai lao dpng eho phii hgp vdi viec ddi mdi, nang
cap cong nghe Lao dpng cd tay nghe va lao ddng
trong cdng nghiep va dich vii lang
Lao ddng cd chuyen mdn bae cao vit bac Imng, va
lao dpng djch vu ed ky nang lit nhimg nghe dugc su
dyng nhieu trong cac nganh dich vu, chu yau phue
vy cau trong nudc dan ddn tang cau ddi vdi can bd
lanh dao va quan ly Mat khac, nhu cau bd sung cho
lupng lupng lao ddng nudc ngoai nil khdi thi trudng
lao dpng Viet Nam dan dan cau kep ddi vdi lao ddng
chuyan mdn ky thual bac cao Vdi xu hudng bian
ilpng ddng LDNN vao Viet Nam vit de dap iing nhu
cau thi tmdng, trong thai gian tdi can chit trgng mdt
so giai phap sau:
Thir nhal, can hoan thipn the cha dao tao tuyen
dung va sua dyng lao ddng trinh do trinh do tmng
va eao cip Trong dao tao, cin cd co chi lien kit khuyen khieh doanh nghiep tham gia vito dao tao phat trien dao tao dung dja chi va theo don dat hang Cac chinh sach cua Nha nudc can tao dilu kien
da eae co sd dao tao edng lap va tu thuc phat triln
bmh dang, canh Uanh cdng bing Uen ca sd tiau
chuan dau ra Cac chinh sach dao tao, diu tu, thui, dat dai cung can cd ehe dp khuyin khich ddi vdi cac tmdng "dang cap" dao tao trinh do ky thuat cdng nghe bae eao dap ung nhu cau canh Uanh ciia thj tmdng
Doanh nghiep can xay dyng chian lugc phiit trien ngudn nhan lyc cua minh da cd the thay thi lao ddng nudc ngoai Dao tao va sir dyng hieu qua ddi ngu va phat uian dpi ngu Xay dung cac quy che dao lao vii vj tri viec litm trong doanh nghiep dam bao
Ua edng tuong xirng vdi vj tri chirc Uach dam nhiem
Can cd chinh sach dai ngd nhan titi va mi dai tuyen dyng hpc sinh dat kat qua xuat sac Ddng thdi khuyan khich cac em hpc tiep tuc d cac bac cao hon
da CO tha ddn dau nhirng thanh tyu ucn bp ve khoa hoc cdng nghe nan tian uan tha gidi,
Thii hai, hoan thienchucmg trinh giao trinh va dpi ngu giang \ ien nam bat dugc cdng nghe mdi va nhu cau thj tmdng
Tang cudng quan ly dao tao theo chat lugng dau
ra He thdng cac eo sd dao tao can dupc phan loai vii xay dung chuan dau ra theo nhu eau bian dpng eua ihi tmdng Da la dugc dieu nay ddi hdi chuang trinh giao trinh ludn dugc cap nhat ddi mdi, Ke hoach dao tao, he thdng kiem dinh chat lugng, dinh miie vit cbi phi dito tao ciing can phat trien linh hoat dam bao cho dao tao
Mdt trong nhiing giai phap phat trian dito tao quan trgng lit dao tao ddi ngii giang vien "vira hdng vira chuyen" Ddi vdi dpi ngii giang vian cd trinh dp cao vl ly thuyit va tay nghe can cd ca che chinh sach dai ngd nhu lien luong tian thudng, ehinh saeh chdng "chay mau chit xam" de hp het Idng tmyan dat kiln thiic eho hpe sinh Xay dyng chinh sach khuyin khieh cac co sd dao tao cd tha phat tnen san xuit dich vu, nghian ciru khoa hpc iing dung vao thuc lien
Thii ba nang cao ca sd vat chat ddi vdi cac ca sd
dao lao nhit ia hp thing thipl bi may mdc phgc vy
dao tao Phat huy nghien cim cai tien ky thuat ddi
kinhlrittiilH'ii'fi
Trang 6vdi phdng thi nghiem phyc vu giang day Nang cao
thuang hien dao tao ddi vdi cae ca sd dao tao He
thdng thdng tin, thu vien Uong cac co sd dao lao
cdng can dugc diu tu nang cap de cd the kdt ndi lien
thdng khdng nhihig trong nudc ma cdn lien thdng
vdi cac CO sd dao lao ngoai nudc
Thu tu, Dy bao nhu cau va vj tri viec lam thay the
lao dpng nuac ngoai; can ddi vdi nhu cau dao tao
cho nen kinh Id qude dan
Tang cudng ddi mdi Ur duy Uong dao tao va quan
ly giao due dao lao theo hudng xay dung nan kinh
te Ui thiic va xa hgi hda sy hgc tap sudt ddi Irong
loan xa hdi
4 Ket luan
D I nang cao hieu qua dao lao va sii dung ngudn nhan lyc thay Ihl LDNN, dap iing nhu ciu thi tmdng, Nha nudc can quan tam dau tu tir hoan thien thi chi, thiet chi din td chiic thyc hien dieu tiet, theo ddi va giam sat thi tmong lao dgng vdi eac budc di thich hgp Phan cdng rd tiach nhiem su phdi hgp giiia cac nganh cac cap tir tmng uong den dja phuang gdp phan thuc hien thang igi chien lugc
kinh le-xa hgi den 2020 •
Tai lieu tham khao:
Cue Viec lam - Bp Lao dpng, Thuang binh va Xa hpi (2002-2012) Bao cao thudng nien Ha Npi
Bp Lao dpng, Thuang bmh va Xa hpi (2012) Gid hda ddn sd a Viit Nam - thdch thiec ddi vai suphdt trien kinh ti
- xa hdi http://www.molisa.gov.vn/new Tmy cap lan cuoi ngayl5/12/2012
Bp Tai chinh (2012) Birc Iranh todn cdnh kinh texa hSi Viet Nam ndm 2011
http://www.mof.gov.vn/portal/page/por-tal/mof^vn/1539781?pers_id=2177092&item_id=52479885&p_details=l Tmy cap lin cudi ngay 25/3/2013
Chinh Phil (2012), Bdo cdo cua Thit lu&ng Chinh phu truac Quoc hdi ve tinh hinh kinh te- xd hdi ndm 2011, ke hogch phdt triin kinh te- xa hgi nam 2012 vd 5 ndm 20! 1-201 xem todn vdn lai http.//www vietnamplus vn/Home/Thu- luong-bao-cao-linh-hmh-kmh-texa-hoi-2011/201UO/110068.vnplus Tmy cap lan cuoi ngay 30/3/2013 Thu tudng Chinh phu (2004) Quyet dinh sd 87/2004/Q§-TTg ngdy 19/5/2004 ve ban hdnh qui chi qudn ly hoat ddng cua nhd ihdu nuoc ngodi trong linh vuc xdy dung lgi Viit Nam Ha Npi
Solutions to improving the local human resource to compete with foreign workforce
Abstract;
This paper presents the foreign labor situation in Vietnam in recent years and the relationship between eign labor with economic growth The paper also recommends alternative solutions to improving the local human resource to compete with foreign workforce
for-Thong tin tac gia:
* Nguyen Thi Thu HirOng, thgc si
- Noi cong tdc: Vien Khoa hoc Lao dgng vd Xd hoi
- Linh vuc nghien ciru chinh cua tdc gid: Cdc vdn de lao dgng vd xd hgi
- Mgt so tgp chi tieu bieu md tdc gid dd timg ddng tdi cong trinh nghien cuu: Tgp chi Lao dong vd Xd hgi Email; khtcqlkh(^gmail.com
**Trdn Bich Thiiy
- Nai cong ldc- Vien Khoa hoc Lao dgng vd Xd hgi
Trang 7MOT SO DE XUAT DOI VOI HOAT DONG HOACH D M CHINK SACH QUAN LY NHA M'OC \'E THI TRU'O'NG BAT DONG SAN' VIET NAM THOd GLiN TOd
Ngo Tuan \nh^
Thong qua ddnh gid thuc trgng thi truang bdt dong sdn, hogt ddng hogch dinh chinh sdch qudn ly nhd nu&c ve thi tnrdng bdt dgng sdn cua Viet Nam trong nhirng ndm qua, tdc gid nit ra nhiing tdn tai, hgn che doi vol hogt dgng hogch dinh chinh sdch qudn ly nhd nu&c doi vai lmh vuc ndy Nghien cicu cdng dua ra mot sd de xudt ddi v&i hogt dgng hogch dinh chinh sdch qudn
ly nhd nuac ve thi trudng bdt dong sdn trong thai gian lai theo hudng tudn theo cdc quy ludt cita kinh te thi Irucmg
Tir khda: Bat ddng san, chinh sach quan ly nha nudc, thi trudng bat ddng san, quan ly nha
nudc ve thi trudng bat ddng san
1 Gidi thieu
Thj irudng bat ddng san cimg vdi thj Irudng vdn
va thj Irudng lao dpng cd vai trd dac biet quan trong
trong CO cau thj trudng cda nen kinh lc, sy bat dn
xay ra vdi bat cir thj trudng nao deu tae ddng lieu
cyc ddn cac thi trudng khac va loan bg nan kinh te
Thyc te da chiing minh cac tac ddng tich cue lan
tiau cue cua thi trudng nay tdi cac nen kinh le Iran
the gidi, lii cac nen kinh ta Idn nhu My, Trung
Qude, Nhal Ban ldi cac nudc nhd nhu Viet Nam
trong sudl nua the ky qua
Viet Nam eung vay, nen kinh te dang phai ddi mat
vdi rat nhieu khd khan, dac biel ddi vdi thi trudng
bat ddng san trong nhiing nam qua, bieu hien la tdn
kho bat ddng san cyc Idn, np xau ngay cang tang
cao, mac du Qude hgi, Chinh phu va eac nha dau lu
da cd nhiau bien phap thao ga nhung kat qua khdng
niiiy kha quan Nam 2013, mac du gia bat ddng san
t^i cac Thanh phd Idn nhu Ha Ngi, Hd Chi Minh
da giam 30- 35% so vdi mire dinh diam tai mdt sd
khu dd thi, thj irudng bat ddng san van du thira
ngudn cung va khdng ban duge hang Ng xau bat
dgng san da gay ra tinh trang ng xau ddi vdi nhieu
ngdnh kinh te khac khdng thao gd dugc khd khan
cho thj Irudng bat dpng san thi cac thj trudng khac
cung khdng giai toa dugc Giai quyel dugc hang tdn
kho thi mdi giai quyet dugc tinh thanh khoan ciia
doanh nghipp, tir dd giai quyat dugc ng xau cua
doanh nghiep, dan ddn giai quyel duoc ng xau ciia ngan hang, day chinh la nut that ciia nan kinh ta hien nay
Sy yau kem cua nan kinh ta ndi chung va khd khan ciia thi trudng bat ddng san ndi riang gay ra bdi nhiau nguyen nhan, ca khach quan lan chii quan, nhung rd rang cd sy yau kem trong boat ddng quan
ly nha nudc, yeu kem trong hoach djnh chinh sach quan ly nha nudc, nhiau chinh sach dugc ban hanh khdng phu hgp vdi thue ta khi Viet Nam da hdi nhap sau rdng, trd thanh thanh vien cua WTO va dang xay dung kinh ta thj Irudng Do dd, cac chinh sach
quan ly nha nudc ve kinh le ndi chung va quan ly thi
trudng bat ddng san ndi neng phai phii hgp vdi cac
quy luat cua kinh ie ihi trudng
2 Thi trudng bat dong san nam 2013 va hoat dong hoach djnh chinh sach quan ly nha nudc vc thj trud'ng bat dong san trong thoi gian qua
2.1 Ve naxdu vd tdn kho bdt dgng sdn
Trudc khd khan hien lai, Qude hpi, Chinh phii va cac doanh nghiep deu quyet tam giai ciiu inrdng bat ddng san bang mpt loat cae quydt sach quan trpng nhu ban hanh cac co cha chinh sach thao gd, tung ra gdi giai ciiu ng xau 30000 ly ddng, thanh lap Cdng
ty quan ly tai san cua cae td chirc tin dung Viet Nam (\A\1C) nham giai ciru ng xau Tuy nhien, kel qua dal dugc khdng may kha quan Dau nam 2013 thi truang bat ddng san tai cac thanh phd Idn van am
kInlihU'liiillrii'i
Trang 8^ ' GHICN cuu-TflflO BOI
dam, du gia tiep tyc giam, nhung tinh thanh khoan
van thip, chi cd diem sang d phan khiic can hd
chung eu cd gia tren 10 trieu ddng/m^, dien tieh nhd
va nha d da hoan thien cd giao dieh tang Khi thj
trudng bat dpng san gap khd khan, hien tugng dau
ca, Iam gia, tam ly dam dgng se giam thidu, khi dd
Ihi trudng se bj ehi phdi manh han bdi quy luat cung
ciu, nhiing phan khue bat dpng san van chua dugc
dua ve gia thi ttirdng se tilp Uie khd khan va se cdn
khd khan hem nua, gia se tilp Uic giam Uong nam
2013, danh gia ehung thi gia se tiep Uic giam trong
nam 2013 vi Cung van tang nhieu ban Cau
Vl ng x i u : Cd nhilu sd lieu khac nhau vl ng xau
dugc dua ra, day la dilu hoan toan binh thudng, thi
nao la xiu nhieu khi khd doan dinh, so lieu cdng bd
thi nao thudc pham vi ciia doanh nghiep nan kho
can thiep, cac co quan quan ly nha nudc thu thap sd
lieu lu ngudn nao Thuc tl hien nay, khi cac Id
chirc tin dung hay doanh nghiep coi mdt khoan np
la ng xiu, thuc ll nd da rat xau rdi, neu khoan ng
xiu nay cdn chua giai quylt dugc trong khoang thdi
gian dai thi nd cdn xau hon rat nhieu
Theo {Bdo cdo na xdu khong dung 2013) cho
bilt: Iheo Ngan hang nha nudc (NHNN), linh dan
ngay 28/2/2013, ty la ng xiu trong Iinh vue bit ddng
san giam xuong chi cdn 5,68%, cao hon so vdi mue
5,39% lai thai dilm 31/12/2012 Tuy nhidn, IJy ban
giam sal tai ehinh qude gia eho rang, didn bian ng
xau eua nganh nay phan anh khdng diing vdi bien
ddng cua thj trudng bat ddng san Theo ea quan nay,
tinh ddn cudi thang 4/2013, li leng xau eua bat dpng
san thupc nhdm cao nhat vdi con sd 11,4% Vdi sd
lieu cdng bd hian nay, con sd ng xau rat khac nhau
va eae suy dien qua dd ciing khac nhau Thdng
Ihudng, d cae nudc, sd no xau thd hian khoang 1%
tren tdng du ng da bi coi la nhieu, dan 2% la bao
ddng, 3% la trudng hpp ngoai Ie
\'e hang ton kho: Theo (Ton kho bdt dong sdn
gidm con 108 nghin ty ddng 2013j cho bidt: can cii
so lieu thdng kd cua Bp Xay dung tinh den bet thang
3.'2013 sd lugng hang tdn kho bat ddng san tren 125
nghin ty ddng trong do tdn kho can hg chung cu
khoang 65 nghin ty, dat nen khoang 6 nghin ty
tinh den thang 6/2013 gia Iri hang ton kho bat dpng
san da giam xudng edn 108 nghin ty ddng tuong
ling 15%, nguyen nhan viec hang ton kho bat ddng
san giam la do mdt phan can hp da dugc giai phdng
trong dd tap trung d phan khiic du an cd gia binh
dan, quy md dien tich nhd Dac biet, xu hudng ng vay ngay cang Idn bit chip doanh thu va lgi nhuan sut giam manh Vdi viec bang tdn kho eua cac doanh nghiep ngay cang lang chi phi lai suat dugc vdn hda se Iam cho gia thanh bit dgng san ngay cang tang Dilu nay tiem in nguy eo thi trudng bat dpng san sup do trong tuong lai
Tuy sd lieu cdn chua thong nhat, nhirng thuc te cho thiy ring, thi trudng bit dpng san dang tdn tai
2 vin dl la hang tdn kho Idn va no xau cao, dan den tinh trang tren bdi nhieu nguyen nhan, nhu:
Thic nhdt, thj Uu'dng bit dpng san phat trian mat
can ddi, dac biet ddi vdi dit biet thy va ehung cu cao cap Su phai triln lech lae ciia Ihi tnrdng din din sir phan bd ngudn lue khdng cd hieu qua Tinh Uang mil thanh khoan Uong phan khiic bit dgng san cao cip, nha diu Ur thilu vdn, ngudi tiau dung thilu nilm lin vao thi trudng, thilu cung nha 6 gia re xay
ra d hau het cac do thj
Thir hai, kilm soat ludng vdn Iim chuyin ddi vdi
thj trudng bit dgng san cdn han chi, ludng von nhilu khi khdng din duoe dung dia ehi, din din khdng hieu qua, gay lang phi ngudn lyc Do vay, co thi danh gia chinh sach tai chinh bit dpng san con nhiau yeu kem, bat cap
Thir ba, cac thdng tin vl bit ddng san khong diy
du, thiau minh bach nan nha dau tu ciing nhu nguoi dan khd khan khi lilp can Nhirng han cha nay da gay tae dpng dau cyc dan su phat trien eua nen kinh
te ndi chung va mat di long tin eiia ngudi dan, nha diu tu Sy tang gia phi ly Iren thj trudng bat dpng san thdi gian trudc la do tinh trang ddng vdn dau co
ao at do vao thj trudng nay vdi hy vpng thu Icfi nhanh, day gia bit ddng san tang qua cao va hau qua
la dan den bong bdng bit ddng san
2.2 Ve hogt dgng hogch dinh chinh sdch qudn
ly nhd nicdc
He thdng cdng cy quan ly vT md ddi vdi thi trudng bat ddng san la mdt ehinh tha thdng nhat cua cac quan diem, chian lugc, giai phap, phuong hen
cu the duge Chinh phu su dung trong qua trinh hi?n thuc hoa cae muc tieu da dat ra Hien nay, quanly thi trudng bat dpng san dua Uen nhiing loai cdng cu chinh sau: cac cdng cu phap luat va dat dai, bat dpng san; cac cdng cy quy hoach, ka hoach sir dung dat; cac cdng cy lai chinh bat ddng san; cac cdng cv quan ly hanh chinh
kjiiltli'Attriii
Trang 92 2.1 Cdng cu lugl phdp
Chinh sach quan ly bat ddng san dugc quan tam
diing vai tam quan trpng cua nd doi vdi nIn kinh tl
Trong khoang thdi gian Ur nam 2004-2011, Viet
Nam da ban hanh he thdng cac van ban quy pham
phap luat lien quan den nha d va thi trudng bat ddng
san tuong ddi do so, khoang gan 100 cac van ban
quy pham phap luat quan trpng nhu Luat, Nghj
quyat, thdng tu, quyel djnh trong do ed nhieu
Luat quan trpng nhu nhu Luat Dat dai, Luat Nha d,
Luat Kinh doanh bat ddng san, Luat Xay dyng
dieu chinh phan Idn cac hoat ddng Irong Iinh vuc
nay
2.3 Cong cu quy hogch, ke hogch su dung ddt
Dang Hung Vd (2013) cho rang mac du Quoc hpi, Chinh phu va cac nganh da ban hanh cac van
ban quy pham phap lual ve lap, pha duyet \ a quan
ly cac loai quy hoach lao ra khung khd phap ly cho viec xay dung va quan ly cac quy hoach hidn cd, nhu Nghj djnh sd 92/2006/ND-CP, ngay 07/9/2006
ve lap, pha duyel va quan ly quy hoach tdng thd phat triln kinh te- xa hdi; Nghj djnh sd 04/2008/ND-CP sira ddi, bd sung mdt sd dieu ciia Nghj djnh sd 92; Nghj dinh sd 69/2009/ND-CP, ngay 13/8/2009 sua ddi, bd sung ve quy hoach, ka hoach su dung dat theo hudng mdi cap quy hoach chi quan tam ldi mdt
sd ehi tieu sir dung dal nhat dinh; Luat Dat dai nam Bang 1; IVIot so van ban quy pham phap luat Uen quan den thi trudng hat ddng san
121 ciia Luat Dat dai Van ban do Chinh phii va Thu tuong Chinh phu ban hanh
Trien khai thi banh Luat Kinh doanh bat dpng san
Ve mdt sd giai phap day manh phat tnan va quan ly Ihi irudng bat ddng san
dung ban hanh
13/2008/TT-BXD
12/2011/TT-BXD
Hudng dan thuc hien mdt sd ndi dung cua Nghi dinh
sd 153/2007,'^D-CP ngay 15/10/2007 cua Chinh phu quy dinh chi tiat va hudng dan thi hanh Lual kuih doanh bat ddng san
Hirdng dan thuc hien mpt sd npi dung eiia Nghj dinh
sd 74 2005 ND-CP ngay 07 6 2005 cua Chinh phu vl phdng, chdng nia tian ddi vdi hoal dpng kinh doanh bat dpng san
.\giidn Tdng hif/} cua tdt gui (2013)
Trang 10^ < 'GHICN CUU - TRflO iDOl
2003 da tap Uung no lyc vao hoan ehinh he thdng
quy hoach, kl hoach sir dung; Nghi dinh sd
181/2004/ND-CP vl thi hanh Luat Dit dai; Sau khi
Luat Dit dai nam 2003 dugc thdng qua, Qude hdi
cung da thdng qua quy hoach su dung dit din nam
2020 va kl hoaeh sir dung dit giai doan 2011-2015
cap quoc gia eho thiy rieng linh vyc quy hoach,
kl hoach sir dung dat cd nhiau van ban quy pham
phap luat quy dinh cho thiy khd cd sy thong nhal
trong lmh vue quan ly nay
Cao Van Ban (2013) tin ring cac quy djnh Uong
he thong van ban phap luat hian hanh ciing cdn bdc
Id nhiing han chi ve hieu lyc phap Iy, thiau cac quy
djnh dam bao dp tin cay va tinh kha thi cua cac quy
hoaeh dugc phe duyet, dan ddn cdng tac quy hoach
cdn nhieu bit cap, thieu tam nhin xa, thidu tinh du
bao; Ur do din din cac quy hoach se rdi rac, chap va,
thilu lien kit, kem ban vung, khdng hieu qua, gay
lang phi vl ca hdi, lai nguyan, dat dai, vdn dau tu',
ngudn nhan luc
2.4 Cong CIA tdi chinh bdt dgng sdn
Cac cdng eu cda chinh sach tai chinh ludn cd vai
trd cue ky quan trong Uong viec tao vdn, ngudn luc
cho phat Uien kmh te- xa hgi Thi trudng bat ddng
san cung khdng la ngoai Ie, va dugc qui dinh Uong
nhiau van ban quy pham phap luat khac nhau nhu
Luat dil dai, Luat xay dung Tnrdc bdi canh thi
trudng bat ddng san sul giam keo dai, Quoc hdi,
Chinh phu va cac nganh da ban hanh nhiau chu
Uuong, chinh saeh Idn nham thao go khd khan cho
thj Irudng bat ddng san, nhu: Chinh phu da ban
hanh Nghi quyll so 02/NQ-CP ngay 7/01/2013 eua
Chinh phu ve mgt sd giai phap thao gd khd khan
cho san xual kinh doanh, hd trg thi trudng, giai
quyat ng xau; Thdng tu sd 228/20I2/TT- BTC cua
Bd Tai chinh ban hanh ngay 27/12/2012 quy djnh ro
ve viee huy dpng vdn, thanh lap, quan Iy va giam sat
boat ddng eua Quy Dau tu bat ddng san, cdng ty dau
tu ehimg khoan bai ddng san va neu ro vai trd cua
ngan hang giam sat cung nhu td chue tham dinh gia
Hanh lang phap ly eho Quy Dau tu bat dpng san edn
dugc xac djnh tai Dilu 91 Nghi dinh
58/2012/ND-CP quy dinh bat ddng san duge phep dau tu phai d
Viet Nam vdi muc dich cho thua hoac de khai thae
nham muc dich thu lgi Uic dn dinh Chinh sach quan
ly diau hanh gia dat la edng cu ciia Nha nude dl
thyc hien cac ehinh saeh lai chinh ddi vdi dil dai
nhu thu lien sii dung dal, Uen thua dit, Ihul thu nhap
tir chuyin quyen sii dung dit, thui sir dung dat, bdi thudng thiet hai v l dit, le phi dja chinh, Ie phi ti^dc
ba Do do, viec xac dinh gia dit phai dam bao nguyen tic: Sat vdi gia chuyen nhuong quyen sir dyng dat thuc tl Uen thi truong Uong dieu kien binh Ihudng cung dugc Chinh phu va cac dja phuong quan tam, Ihuc hien Diln hmh, nhu Uy ban Nhan dan (UBND) Thanh phd Ha Npi vira ban hanh Quylt dinh sd 27/20I3/QD-UBND cd hieu luc Ihi hanh Ur 28/7/2013 v l quy dinh chi tiet viee xac dinh gia dit d, gia ban nha tai dinh cu (TDC) Iam can cir
bdi thudng, hd tra va tai djnh cu khi Nha nudc thu
hdi dit Uen dia ban Theo do, tirong UTidng hgp xac djnh gia dit d Iam can cii de bdi tiiudng hd Up, neu gia dit d do UBND Thanh phd Ha Ndi quy dmh tai tbdi diem sau Ihdng bao thu hdi dil chua sat vdi gia chuyin nhupng quyln su dung dat thue ta uan thi Irudng Uong dilu kien binh thudng dieu nay the hien quyll lam cua cac cip, cac dja phuong tiiong qua hoach dinh chinh sach tai chinh se giup thj trudng bit ddng san phat trien dn djnh trong Urong lai
2.5 Cong cu qudn ly hdnh ehinh
Npi dung cua quan Iy hanh chinh ddi vdi thi trudng bit dgng san rdt rpng, ehu yeu nhat la quan
ly khai thae, xay dung bat dpng san; quan Iy thj Irudng bat ddng san; quan Iy thu nhap bat dpng san
va quan ly quyen tai san bat ddng san Day la he Ihdng van ban banh chinh quy djnh Ihii tuc tao lap, giao djch, chuyan nbugng quyan lien quan tdi nha dat, bat dgng san da duge cae eo quan quan ly nha nude ban hanh Uong sudt thdi gian qua Don gian hoa thu tuc hanh chinh cung nam trong chian luoc cai each thu bac hanh chinh cua ea nude, 86 Xay dung da ban hanh Thdng Ur sd 02/2013/TT-BXD nham nil ngan Ihu tuc hanh chinh nham giup cac doanh nghiep ehuyen ddi muc dich cac dy an nha d thuong mai sang nha d xa hpi Tuy nhian, con nhieu ndi com, nhu le nan tham nhiing, quan lieu, thu tuc hanh chinh rudm ra dang la trd ngai Idn cho
su phat trien, ndi com xay ra trong ITnh vyc tai nguyen dat dai, va dang lo ngai la miie dp nay cang tang trong nhiing nam gan day
2.6 Tdn tgi, hgn chi ddi v&i hogch dinh chinh sdch qudn ly nhd nu&c
Chinh sach quan Iy nha nudc cdn thieu, chua ddng bp, cdn nhiau khoang Udng, thieu nhat quan, chua dap iing duge nguyen tac kinh te thj trudng,
kinlKvJMtrifi
Trang 11thdi gian ban hanh cham, nhu: Lual Kinh doanh bit
dpng san quy dinh "chii dau tu dugc huy ddng vdn
khi xong co sd ha ting cua dy an" Uong khi Luat
Nha d lai quy djnh "chi dupe huy ddng von khi
xong mdng", quy djnh viee huy ddng vdn tir nha dau
tu nuoc ngoai khdng ro rang dan dan tinh trang dy
^n cua nha dau tu ngoai nhung vdn Iai chu yau huy
ddng d trong nudc; chinh sach phat triln thj tifdng
nha d khdng cd mdt lp trinh nhat quan; Luat Kinh
doanh bat ddng san khdng dieu chinh boat ddng
kinh doanh djch vu tai chinh ddi vdi thj trudng bit
dgng san Nam 2013, trudc tinh hinh kinh le khd
khan, Chinh phu da ban hanh Nghi quylt
02/20I3/NQ-CR Dong thdi, Bp Xay dung va Ngan
hang nha nudc da ban hanh cae thdng tu hudng dan
Nghi quylt 02/2013/NQ-CR Tuy nhien, Nghj quylt
02/2013/NQ-CP dugc ban hanh vao thang 1/2013,
den thang 5/2013, cac thdng tu hudng dan mdi duge
ban hanh Cho den nay, cdn nhieu bat cap Uong viec
trien khai nhu tiau chi de xac dinh ddi tugng, trinh
tu thu tuc chua ro rang Nhirng bit cap ddi vdi cac
chinh saeh nay can ehinh siia ngay trong thdi gian
ldi
Tinh minh baeh Uong hoach djnh chinh sach va
thdng tin thj trudng cdn chua cao, huy ddng sire
manh epng ddng trong viae hoach djnh chinh sach
cdn nhieu ban ehe
Chinh sach ban banh chua du manh, thdng Ihoang
da thu hiit dugc ngudn lyc tir ban ngoai ciJng nhu
cpng ddng, vi du ke tir khi Qude hdi cho phep ngudi
nudc ngoai va Viet kidu mua va sd hiiu nha a tai
Vipt Nam, dan nay mdi ehi cd gin 500 trudng hgp
mua dugc nha, chi bang 0,5% ddi tugng thudc dien
nay dang sdng va lam viec tai Viet Nam, cho ngudi
nudc ngoai mua nha la hinh thirc xuat khau tai chd,
cd the giup giai quyet hang tdn kho d thi trudng cao
cap Tai cac nudc nhu Thai Lan, Malaysia, Trung
Qude cho Ihay viec khuyan khich ngudi nudc ngoai
sd hiru bit dpng san ed the hd trg cho sy tang gia on
djnh cua thi trudng bat dgng san
3 Mgt so dc xuat doi % di hoat dgng hoach dinh
chinh sdch quan ly nha nudc ve thi truong bat
dgng san N'iet Nam trong thdi gian tdi
3.1 Chinh sdch qudn ly nhd nudc ve thf trudng
hdt dgng \dn phdi phd hgp cdc quy lugt ciia kinh
te lh{ trirdng
Ngudn lyc cua ndn kinh te chi hiru ban khi thj
inri-mg nay khdng mang l^i hi^u qua cho nan kinh te
thi can thiet la ngudn luc dd phai dugc di chuyen sang cac khu vuc khac cua nen kinh le mang lai hieu qua eao hon, va tieu chuan de danh gia hieu qua la
sy phan bd ed hieu qua cac ngudn lai nguyen khan hilm cua xa hgi Han nira, quan ly thj trudng hat dgng san can tuan thu quy luat cung cau, de thj trudng didu tiet, Chinh phii cd vai Ud quan Upng la khac phyc cac khiem khuyat cua Ihi trudng ma ban than thi trudng khdng ty khac phue dugc, nhu tinh trang thdng tin khdng hoan hao, do ngoai img, hang hoa cdng cdng, do siic manh ddc quyan va phan phdi thu nhap khdng cdng bang
Vai trd cua chinh phii la thiic day hieu qua va su cdng bang, cac chinh sach kinh te ndi chung deu hoac nham vao myc lieu lam cho nen kinh ta Idn ian, hoac lam thay ddi each thuc phan chia ngudn lyc cua nan kinh te Khi ngudn luc eua nen kinh ta
la hiru ban, thi tnrdng van banh theo quy luat cung eau se gdp phan phan bd ngudn lue cd hieu qua, khi
dd thi trudng se dal duge diem phan bd hieu qua (diem E uan hinh ve), khdng cd hien tugng du thira hoac thieu hut hang boa Ddi vdi Viet Nam hien nay, mudn xu ly dirt diam, cac giai phap xir ly ng xau va tdn kho phai tuan theo ca chi thi trudng, nhu Cdng
ty xu iy ng xau VAMC can thiet phai mua na xau cua cac id chirc tin dung theo gia \a nguyen tac thi trudng, ddi vdi cac du an bat ddng san cd tiem nang
sc duac hd trg, phdi hgp vdi cac td chirc tin dung eung cap vdn dd tiap tuc hoan thien, ban ra thj trudng, eae du an khdng kha thi can hat sire can nhac nau hd trg, bdi vai Ud cua Chinh phu la phan
bd ngudn luc hieu qua dua Iran quy luat ngudn luc
Hinh 1: Can bang thj trircmg canh tranh
S=XMC
D=^MU
Ngudn ciia tdc gid (2013)
kinlitiUliiillrit'll
Trang 12la khan hilm, Tdm lai, cac ehinh sach hoach djnh
phai man theo quy luat va cac nguyen lac cua kmh
ll thi irudng thi mdi ed hieu qua
3.2 Chinh sdch phdt trien thi trudng bdt dpng
sdn cdn duac hogch dinh gdn chat v&i chinh sack
phdt trien thi truang tdi chinh
Trong ITnh vue kmh doanh bat ddng san, lugng
lien luu chuyan tren thj trudng ehu yeu la vdn vay,
ddi vdi ca ngudi mua va ngudi ban Neu Ihj Irudng
bat dn se anh hudng Idn tdi loan bg he thdng Ban
chat he thdng tin ehinh hat sue phue tap, su pha san
eiia ngudi mua, ban se lan toa den toan bd nan kinh
te, lin dung den biing nd va chinh phu khdng kiem
soat dugc, nguy co do vd day chuyan, nhiing ngudi
nop thua va ngudn luc cua nen kinh ta lai phai ddn
vao ciiu cac id chtic tin dung thua Id Do do, can ed
CO che giam sal chat che cac boat ddng dau tu va
kinh doanh bat dpng san thdng qua kiem soal ludng
uln, ludng vdn den dung dja cbi, tranh tinh trang
that thoat vdn hoac vdn dugc su dung khdng hieu
qua; cam cac loai hinh dau tu bat ddng san gay anh
hudng lieu cyc den sy phat Uien cua thj trudng va
phue lgi xa hpi irong dai han Chinh sach lai chinh
bat dn, khdng quan Iy dugc thi trudng lai chinh,
hoac chinh phii su dung sai cac cdng cy cua chinh
saeh tai chinh - lien te se gay bat dn nen kinh ta ndi
chung va Ihi trudng bit ddng san ndi neng
3.3 Hogch djnh vd phd bien chinh sdch phdi
minh bgch
Trong mdt nen kinh te dang trong qua trinh
chuyen ddi nhu Viet Nam linh trang thdng tin
khdng hoan bao uan thi inrdng la phd biln vi cae
nguyen tac kinh te Ihi Irudng chua duge hoan thien,
he thdng phap lual, cac nguyen tic iing xii, dao dire
kinh doanh cdn yeu kem Vi du, thdng tin vl ng xiu,
ton kho bat ddng san cd nhilu sd lieu khac nhau thi
hien tinh thiau minh bach cua thj trudng, khiln eho
eae nha quan ly dua ra nhiing ehinh saeh dilu hanh
khdng hieu qua Tinh trang khdng minh bach thdng
tin dan den ngudi ban khdng cung cip diy du thdng
tin eho khaeh hang, Nha nudc chua cd cac chi lai xir
ly cac boat dgng kinh doanh khdng lanh manh din
dan ngudi mua mat nidm tin vao ngudi ban, tam Iy
dam ddng chi phdi dan din ngudi mua rit khd doan
djnh khi ihi trudng nan thi dua nhau mua, khi thi
trudng xudng thi dua nhau ban gay ra tinh Uang
hoang loan va bit dn ciia thj Irudng Do dd, minh
bach hoa thdng tin doi vdi thi trudng bit dpng san
Viet Nam hien nay la tien quylt nhim lay lai niem tin cua ngudi tieu diing, ngudi lieu dung chi chju bo tien ra mua nha Idii hp bill chic ring tai san cua hp dugc dam bao, thdng tin khdng bj che lap bdi cac nha kinh doanh bat ddng san, va umg dyng cdng nghe thdng tin va truyin thdng tao la mot giai phap nang cao tinh minh bach va hieu qua cua quan ly nha nuac cung nhu hoach dinh chinh sach quan ly
nha nude ve bat ddng san, cho phep ngudi dan c6 co
hdi tiep can vdi bd may ehinh quyen thdng qua co eha "mdt cira dien Ui" (theo nghTa "chi can vao mpt cira la duge dap iing mpi yeu cau tur bd may chinh quyen"), cac eo quan nha nude cd the phdi hgp vdi nhau mdi each de dang de thyc thi cac quy trinh nghiep vu quan ly nha nudc, tien tdi Ud thanh Uung tam cua he thdng chinh phii dien Ui, va quan ly thj Irudng bat ddng san la diam ndng Uong nan kinh te hien nay, cang can day manh ung dyng phuang thitc hien dai nay
De chinh saeh dugc hoach dinh ed hieu qua, tranh trudng hgp khi ban hanh chinh sach, Chinh phu thudng quan tam den lgi ieh eua minh nhieu hon loi ich cua ngudi dan va nha dau tu, yeu eau lien quyel
la can mmh bach trong hoaeh djnh chinh sach, co sy tham gia chat che cua cdng ddng dan cu, cac doanh nghiep, nhirng ddi Urgng dugc hudng Igi trye liep tir ehinh sach Can nang cao linh phap Iy, tinh kha thi cua he thdng cac van ban quy hoaeh tii chd cong khai thdng tin khi lap quy hoach, phd bien quy hoaeh dd mgi ngudi biet, tham gia va tuan thii Neu cdn tinh trang cat eir thdng Un, thdng tin bj ehe diu thi se dan den tinh trang dau ca, Iam gia, Igi ich nhdm phat sinh Iam tdn hai din ngudi tieu diing va meo md thj trudng, vi muc lieu eua doanh nghiep, nha dau Ur la tim kiam va tdi da hoa Igi nhuan Neu thdng Un day du, minh bach, thi trudng van hanh theo qui luat cung cau se xoa bd dugc cae ton tai Uen
3.4 Rd sodt, hodn thien ngay he thdng chinh sdch qudn ly nhd nu&c ve thi truomg bdt dgng sdn
Tien hanh ra soal ngay he thdng chinh sach quan
ly nha nude ve thj trudng bit ddng san, sira chira, bo
sung, lam mdi chinh sach nham khic phue nhiing tdn tai han che Uong thdi gian qua da lam cho thj tnrdng bat dn, anh hudng tiau cue din nen kinh le Thj Irudng bat dpng san lien quan din nhieu thj trudng khac Uong nen kinh le va quan ly nha nudc
ddi vdi thj trudng nay rat phirc tap Do dd, dk cac
Trang 13chinh sach cd sy ddng bd can phai cd diem quy quyln sd hun tai san va thuc hien giao djch Khi chieu, do chinh la cac quy luat cua kinh ll thi quyln so him dugc xac lap rd rang se thu hiit dugc trudng, cin cd cae chuin muc ddi vdi hoach djnh cac ben tham gia thi tmdng cung nhu huy ddng
chinh sach kinh te ndi chung va quan ly thi tmdng ^^^^ ^^^^ ,^^ pj,-^ ^ ^ ^^.^^^ ^.^ ^ ^ ^-^ ^
bat ddng san ndi riang, tranh y mudn tuy lien cua *A i , • L ^ - ^ L - I L-
l.•- ,, -^ •' • hucmg lieu cue den nen kinh te ma Chmh phu phai
cac CO quan quan ly
can Ihiep
sach quan ly bit ddng san la cin cd cac chi tai vl ^^^' ' ° "^^ ^ ' ^^ "'^'^ "^^"^ ^'^^ ^'^} ''^ ''^° '^ xac lap quyln sd hihi ddi vdi bit dpng san va cac ^^^ ^^^ S^^o dich Hang hoa eung cap Uen Ihi
dilu kien hpp dong rd rang nhim thu bill va bao ve tmdng phai cd chit lugng dat yeu ciu, phu hgp vdi eac ben Iham gia thj Irudng, khi dd ngudi dan va iripc dich, phai dung nhu md ta cua ngudi ban va nha dau tu Uong va ngoai nudc se yen lam khi tuan thii cac cam kat giiia cac ban •
Tai lieu tham khao:
Cao Van Ban (2013), 'Nang cao chit lugng lap va thim djnh quy hoach", Tgp chi Kinh tevdDubdo, s6 12(548), tr
8-11
Chinh phu (2012), Nghi dinh so 58/2012/ND-CP vi Quy dinh chi tiet vd hu&ng ddn thi hdnh mot sd dieu cita Ludt ehimg khodn vd Lugt sda ddi, bo sung mdt so dieu ciia Lugt ehimg khodn, ban hanh ngay 20/7/2012 Chinh phii (2013), Nghi quyet sd 02/NQ-CP ve mot so gidi phdp thdo gd kho khdn cho sdn xudi kinh doanh, hd trg thi trudng, gidi quyet naxdu, ban hanh ngay 7/01/2103
Dang Hiing Vo (2013), 'Thong nhat the che ve quy hoach: Van de cap thiet can lam ngay", Tgp chi kinh te vadubdo
Thdng tin tac gia:
*Ngi') Tudn Anh, Tien sT kinh le
- Nai cdng ldc Khoa Kinh te hoc - Dai hgc Kinh te quoc ddn
- Lmh vuc nghien ciru chinh: Kinh te vi md
- ,\ /()/ so tgp chi tieu bieu dd ddng bdi cua tdc gid Tgp chi Kinh te \ d phdt trien Tgp chi Thuang mgi Email: ngotuananh@neu.edu vn
s.i 199 Ihdng 01/2014 35 kliililp.vFlial tfifn
Trang 14Ifng dung phirong phap bao d& lieu trong danh gia va phan loai hieu qua • Rui ro cac ngan hang tai Viet Nam giai doan 2008-2012
Hd Dinh Bao*, Nguyin Thanh Tiing'"
Nghien cuu ndy duoc thuc hien nhdm muc dich iing dung phuong phdp bao dU lieu (DEA) trong ddnh gid vdphan logi hieu qud - rui ro hogt ddng cua cdc ngdn hdng thuang mgi (NHTM) tgi Viet Nam giai doan 2008-2012 Ket qud nghien ciru cho thdy (i) He thdng ngdn hdng a Viet Nam dang hogt dgng v&i mice do rui ro cao hem trong moi quan he tuang doi so v&i hieu qud; (H) Nhdng ngan hdng thuang mai vai quy mo nhd thuang chdp nhgn mirc nu ro cao han nhdm cgnh tranh, ngugc lgi nhung ngdn hdng thuang mgi quy md lan thudng co xu hu&ng ua thich an lodn han
Tir khoa: Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), DEA trudng hgp xau nhat, xep hang, nii ro
I Gidi thieu
He thdng ngan hang Viet Nam da cd mpt thap ky
(2001- 2010) tang tmdng tin dung vdi tdc dp rat cao
(gan 30%), vdi su phat tnen vugt bac ca ve chit vii
lugng Tang tmdng kinh ta nhanh; chuyen djch ca
cau kinh te theo nganh, vung; img dung khoa hpc
cdng ngha vao san xuat da gian tiep thue day sy phat
Uian cua he thdng tai chinh Tuy nhien, ke lir nam
2010 Ud lai day, song hanh eung vdi nhiing bat cap
trong md hinh tang tmdng kinh le vit nhiing bat dn
nan kinh ta vT md, khu vyc tai chinh gap nhiau klid
khan va thach Ihiie Tang tmdng tin dung nhanh
nhung khdng ben virng da lao ra cang thang thanh
khoan ngan hang, ty le an loan vdn tdi thieu thap, ng
xau gia tang Nhu vay, xet ve tdng tha thi he thdng
till chinh - dae biet, he Ihdng ngan hitng Viet Nam
cdn chira dung nhiau nii ro Viee Ihyc hien danb gia
hieu qua va giam sal tai chinh chu yau thien vl giam
sat tuan thit, thiau eae edng eu phyc vu eho boat
ddng giam sat Cac md hinh phan tich djnh lugng,
kiem dinh nil ro (nhu md hinh eanh bao sdm EWS),
md hinh xac djnh gia tij nii ro bi tdn thai (VaR), eac
md hinh xep hang nii ro tin dung edn it duge nghian
cim va ung dung
Trong hai Ihap ki qua, da cd nhieu nghien ciru cda
cae nha kinh le lai ehinh khip nai tren thi gidi di
sau phan lich su hieu qua trong hoat ddng cua ciic td
chuc tai chinh Hau het eac nghien ciru vl hoat dpng
ngan hang dau su dung each tilp can tap tmng vao
muc lieu kinh te nhu tdi thilu hda ehi phi hoal
ddng, tdi da hda lgi nhuan, tdi da hda kT thual quan
ly Trong nhiing nam gan day, da ed mot su gia tang
an tupng cua cac nghian ctiu danh gia nii ro hoat dpng eua cae ngan hang khi ma ngan hang tren the gidi da toan cau hda, cung vdi do la nhiing quy dinh bai bd rao can tai ehinh Ihi rui ro tin dyng la thach thire rat Idn ddi vdi cac ngan hitng Ihuong mai Thdng qua quan tn hieu qua rui ro tin dyng, cac ngan hang khdng chi hd tro kha nang tdn tai va Icri nhuan cua chinh ban than ngan hang ma edn gop phan dn dinh he thdng tin dung vit phan bo vdn hieu qua trong nen kinh te (Pssillaki va cdng sy, 2010) Viec xac dinh vit djnh lugng rui ro tin dung ngay citng quan Upng hem trong nang cao hieu qua, chinh xac va nhat quan ciia eac sang kien quan Uj nii ro, mang Iai lgi ich true tiep trong viec pha duyel tin dung, quan Ui tin dung, eho vay chihig khoan, quan
ly danh mue dau lu
Mpt loat eac kT thual phan lich da dugc sir dung nham danh gia hieu qua hoat ddng vit rui ro tin dung bao gdm: thdng ke md la, eac md hinh dua tren bao hiem gia trj tai san cua cac nghTa vy ng, lap trinh tuyan tinh hoac bae hai, , Uong dd phuong phap bao dii lieu DEA duge img dung nhiau ban ea, Muc lieu eua nghian ciJru nay la danh gia hieu qua hoat ddng eung nhu nii ro lin dung cua cac ngan hang Ihucmg mai Viet Nam giai doan tir 2008- 2012 thdng qua sir dung DEA ehuan va DEA tmdng hpp xau nhat, tir dd da xuat each xap hang cac ngan hang thuong mai Ihdng qua chi sd danh ddi nii ro - hieu
kinimyiiiiiwi
Trang 15£ ) ^
quit Ngoai phan gidi thieu, nghian eiiu dugc chia ra
lam 4 phan: (2) Tdng kat cac nghien ciiu cd lien
quan va cac each phan loai NHTM d Viet Nam; (3)
Md hinh ly tiiuylt; (4) Kit qua nghien cihi tiiuc
nghiem; vit (5) kat luan
2 Tong quan tai lieu
Dudng bao (Frontier) dua Udn phuong phap hieu
qua duge Farrell (1957) de xuit Md hinh cd tbi
dugc ap dyng tu mdt thanh phan cua nen kinh ll Tac
gia khdng chi phat trien mdi ky thuat dk do ludng
hieu qua tdng the ma cdn phan chia bieu qua thanh
cac thimh phan, Chames va cdng su (1978) (CCR) lit
ngudi dau tian thuc nghiem each tiap can eua Farrell
va dat ten eho md hinh lit phuong phap bao dii lieu
(DEA) Md hinh DEA cua CCR la mo hinh djnh
hudng mdt dau vao va gia dinh dudng bao cd dac
diem hieu suat khdng ddi theo quy md (CRS) Sau
do da dugc sir dung rpng rai Uong danb gia thuc
hien, danh gia nang suit Y tudng chinh cua DEA cd
dian la xae dinh dudng bidn san xuat, Uen dd eac don
vi ra quylt dinh (DMUs) dugc coi la hieu qua Sau
dd, DMUs khdng nam Uen dudng bien se duge so
sanh vdi DMUs tuang ddng tren dudng bian de udc
linh diem hieu qua Tit ca DMUs Uen dudng bien se
duge coi la ed cung mot muc dp hieu sual Mdi Uong
nhimg uu diem chinh cda DEA la cho phep cac
DMUs ed quyen tu do chgn, cd tha mang Iai thudc
do va hieu sual, bang each xir Iy nhiau dau vao, dau
ra ma khdng can thyc hien danh gia miic do quan
Ugng Urong ddi eiia nd vii can rat il gia dinh,
Tran the gidi da cd nhieu nghian ciiu sir dung
phuong phap DEA trong danh gia hieu qua hoat
ddng cda cac NHTM, lieu biau nhu cua Liu vacdng
sy (2007); Eken M,H va Kale S (2011); Chen va
Pan (2012); Dac biet, Paradi J.C va cdng sy
(2004) da de xual sii dung phuang phap DEA chuan
kat hgp phuong phap DEA Irudng hpp xau nhat
trong danh gia nii ro tin dyng
Hien nay tai Viet Nam, da cd nhiau nghien ciiu
ung dung phucmg phap DEA Uong danh gia hieu
qua hoat dgng cua cac NHTM Tuy nhien, hau het
ciic nghien cim nay mdi chi su dung phuong phap
DEA chuan, van chua cd nghian ciru nao kel hgp
vdi phuang phap DEA Irudng hgp xau nhat Dau
tien, phai ke den nghien ciiu cua Nguyen Viet Hung
(2008) da danh gia hieu qua boat ddng cua 32
NHTM Viet Nam giai doan 2001-2005 Diu vao
dugc sir dyng bao gdm tai san ed dinh rdng; chi cho
nhan vien; tdng huy dgng vdn tir khach hang; va cac
diu ra bao gdm Ihu lai va cae khoan luong duong va
thu ngoai lai Ngoai ra, gin day cdn cd nghidn ciiu
ciia Ngd Dang Thanh (2010) va Duong Thanh Thuy (2013) Ngd Dang Thanh (2010) da sir dyng bd sd lieu vdi 22 NHTM cua Viel Nam nam 2008, Duong Thanh Thuy (2013) lai dua ra mpt each kit hgp diu
ra, dau vao khac Uong do dang chu y la diu ra duge
su dyng la kat qua xip hang eac NHTM do Bankscope and Moody cung cip
3 Mo hinh ly thuyit
3.1 DEA chudn vd DEA tru&ng hgp xdu nhdt
Phuang phap bao dir Ueu (DEA) dugc dua ra bdi Chames, Cooper va Rhodes (1978), dya uan y tudng cila Farrell (1957) vl udc lugng hieu qua ky thuat vdi dudng bian san xual, DEA la mgt phuang phap phi ngau nhian va phi tham sd dya tren each tiap can quy hoaeh tuyan tinh Nd dugc su dung rdng rai da do ludng hieu qua tucmg ddi eiia eac don
vj ra quyat dinh (DMUs), sii dung nhilu dau vao va dau ra khac nhau,
Gia djnh cd n DMUs dugc danh gia, tat ca deu su dung m dau vao da san xuat ra s dau ra khae nhau
Miic dp su dung dau vao cua DMU dupe xac dinh
bdi vecta X = (Xj, x^, , x J^, va cd vecta dau ra:
Khi dd, diem udc lugng bieu qua ky thuat, vdi gia djnh hieu suat cac DMUs thay ddi theo quy md (VRS) duac eho bdi:
hh' = max 0
s.t: X'>i:j1i?v^y 0Y'<S;=|A.,Y, (1)
Xj>D
Md hinh DEA chuan djnh hudng dau ra nay danh gia cac don vi nam uan dudng bien la nhirng don vj hieu qua nhat va cac don vj nam ben trong la chua dal hieu qua Nhung don vj nam uan dudng bian duge coi la cd hieu qua nhal vii cang nam xa dudng bien se cd hieu qua ky thual giam dan Do do, cung vdi mue dau vao khdng ddi, nhiing don vi nay cd the tang san lugng dau ra bang each cai thien ky thuat
Md hinh DEA trudng hgp xau nhat eiing su dung
md hinh tuong tu (1), nhung thay vi ehgn nhiing bian phan anh chi sd lot, chung ta chgn nhirng bien phan anh ehi sd xau, dae biet Man quan den phan tich tin dung Cd tha thyc hien dieu nay bang each chpn