The implementation of computer assisted tranlation tools in translating technical documents the case of english translation and interpreting senior students at can tho university

CAN THO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND CULTURE B.A THESIS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPUTER-ASSISTED TRANSLATION TOOLS IN TRANSLATING TECHNICAL D

CAN THO UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

B.A THESIS

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPUTER-ASSISTED TRANSLATION TOOLS IN TRANSLATING TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS: THE CASE OF ENGLISH TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING SENIOR STUDENTS

AT CAN THO UNIVERSITY

Field of study: English Translation and Interpreting

Can Tho, May 2015

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, and it has not been submitted for any other degrees All of sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by the complete references

Trần Đức Tài

April, 2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Mrs Truong Thi Ngoc Diep, who has given me valuable comments and guidance Without her dedicated support and patience, the thesis could not have been completed

Next, I would like to appreciate Mr Chau Thien Hiep for his valuable suggestions on my interview questions

I also would like to express my appreciation to Mr Le Sang Thien Phu, and Ms Luu Thanh Phung Co for helping me finding necessary materials to conduct this thesis

Finally, I would like to thank all participants of this thesis Without their assistance, my research study could not have been completed

TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iii

LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES v

ABSTRACT vi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale 1

1.2 Research aims 2

1.3 Research significance 2

1.4 Research organization 2

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.1 An overview of translation, technical translation, and technical documents 4

2.1.1 Definitions of translation 4

2.1.2 Definitions of technical translation 5

2.1.3 Definitions of technical documents 5

2.1.4 Types of technical documents 6

2.1.5 Problems encountered when translating technical document 7

2.2 An overview of computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools 8

2.2.1 Definitions 8

2.2.2 Types of CAT tools 9

2.2.3 Benefits of CAT tools and users’ skill requirements 12

2.3 CAT implementation in technical translation 13

2.4 Research questions 14

2.5 Expected outcomes 14

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS 16

3.1 Research design 16

3.2 Participants 16

3.3 Instruments 17

3.3.1 Questionnaire 17

3.3.2 Interview 18

3.4 Data collection 18

3.4.1 Questionnaire 18

3.4.2 Interview 19

3.5 Data analysis 19

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 20

4.1 Research results 20

4.1.1 Questionnaire 20

4.1.1.1 The implementation of online and electronic dictionaries, glossaries when translating technical documents 20

4.1.1.2 The implementation of tools that can capture data into electronic form, spelling checker, grammar checker, and Google Translate 21

4.1.1.3 Terminology management methods 21

4.1.1.4 The implementation of translation softwares 22

4.1.1.5 Students’ definition of CAT tools 23

4.1.2 Interview 23

4.1.2.1 Frequency of CAT tools use 23

4.1.2.2 Benefits of CAT tools when translating technical documents 25

4.1.2.3 Effectiveness of CAT tools 26

4.1.2.4 Types of documents that students used CAT tools to translate 27

4.2 Discussion 28

4.2.1 The popularity of CAT tools among students when translating technical documents 28

4.2.2 The frequency of CAT tools implementation among students 29

4.2.3 Types of technical documents that students use CAT tools to translate 29

4.2.4 Benefits and effectiveness of CAT tools 29

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS 31

5.1 Conclusions 31

5.2 Limitations 32

5.3 Recommendations 32

5.4 Directions for further research 33

REFERENCES 34

APPENDIX A 37

APPENDIX B 39

LIST OF CHARTS AND TABLES

Chart 2.1 6

Table 1 20

Table 2 21

Table 3 22

Table 4 22

Table 5 23

ABSTRACT

Computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools are prominent and beneficial tools for translators in the translation process, especially in translating technical documents Although CAT tools are very popular among translation-majored students, research studies on CAT tools implementation in translating technical documents in Can Tho University have not been found This research study aims to describe the implementation of CAT tools among students and to explore students’ perception on the benefits of CAT tools application when they translate technical documents Descriptive quantitative and qualitative data were collected from a 16-item questionnaire and a 6-item interview There were 60 participants from English Translation and Interpreting major at Can Tho University The findings suggested that (1) simple CAT tools were more popular than complicated CAT tools, (2) the students used CAT tools very often although they did not have a clear understanding of CAT tools, (3) manuals were the most popular technical documents type that the students use CAT tools to translate, and (4) most students considered CAT tools as effective tools in translating technical documents This research study can help students and teachers to have a better understanding of CAT tools, thus they can consider teaching

or applying these tools for more effective technical translation

TÓM LƯỢC

Các công cụ dịch thuật có hỗ trợ máy tính (CAT) là những công cụ nổi bật và có nhiều lợi ích cho dịch giả trong quá trình dịch thuật, đặc biệt là khi dịch các văn bản kỹ thuật Tuy nhiên các nghiên cứu liên quan đến đề tài ứng dụng của các công cụ CAT khi dịch văn bản kỹ thuật ở Đại học Cần Thơ đã không được tìm thấy mặc dù các công

cụ CAT được sử dụng rất phổ biến trong các sinh viên ngành dịch thuật Nghiên cứu này nhằm mô tả việc sinh viên ứng dụng các công cụ CAT và tìm ra quan điểm của họ

về lợi ích của việc ứng dụng công cụ CAT khi dịch văn bản kỹ thuật Dữ liệu mô tả định lượng và định tính được thu thập thông qua một bảng câu hỏi gồm 16 câu và một bảng phỏng vấn gồm sáu câu Đã có 60 sinh viên chuyên ngành Biên Phiên Dịch tiếng Anh tại trường Đại học Cần Thơ tham gia vào nghiên cứu này Kết quả nghiên cứu chỉ

ra rằng (1) các công cụ CAT đơn giản phổ biến hơn các công cụ CAT phức tạp, (2) sinh viên sử dụng các công cụ CAT rất thường xuyên mặc dù họ không hiểu rõ về chúng, (3) hướng dẫn sử dụng sản phẩm hoặc thiết bị là loại văn bản kỹ thuật thường được sinh viên sử dụng công cụ CAT để dịch nhất, và (4) hầu hết sinh viên đánh giá công cụ CAT là các công cụ hiệu quả khi dịch văn bản kỹ thuật Nghiên cứu này có thể giúp giảng viên và sinh viên hiểu rõ hơn về các công cụ CAT và nhờ đó họ có thể giảng dạy hoặc áp dụng các công cụ này nhằm đạt được những bản dịch kỹ thuật hiệu quả hơn

of the mistranslation of the word mokasuiu in the Japanese telegram sent to the United States of America prior to Hiroshima bombing, when mokasuiu was translated as

“ignored” instead of “considered” Translation also has a great impact on the whole society as it appears in big, international events to small, daily events (Hatim & Munday, 2004) Thus, the importance of translation and translation studies are undeniable

Documents are classified into genres or types Technical translation is the translation

of technical documents It is stated that any documents in any specialized fields that have technical terms are properly classified in technical documents (Dickins, Hervey,

& Higgins, 2002) From a different point of view, technical document is claimed to be the communicating tool used to transfer technical information to a small group of professional readers (Nirmaldasan, 2005)

Swift advances in computer technologies and information technologies have resulted

in great benefits for translators in the translating process A new form of translation arrives from these advances is computer-assisted translation (or computer-aided translation, machine-assisted translation) in which human translator incorporates with

computer software in the translation process (Wikipedia, "Computer-assisted translation", 2015) Automation, accuracy, time saving, and searching for equivalences have been impressively improved since the appearance of CAT tools However, few research studies on CAT have been found in Can Tho University, especially in translating technical document Nguyen (2014) only focused on challenges in translating manuals, a type of technical documents This is the main reason that

motivated me to conduct the research study on “The implementation of

computer-assisted translation tools in translating technical documents: the case of English

translation and interpreting senior students at Can Tho University”

1.2 Research aims

This research study aims (1) to describe the implementation of CAT tools among students, and (2) to explore student’s perception on the benefits of CAT tools application in technical translation

1.3 Research significance

The results from this research study can help students and teachers to have a better understanding of CAT tools, thus it can help them to consider teaching and applying these tools more effectively In addition, this research study can also be a reference source for further research studies on related topics

1.4 Research organization

The research study is divided into five chapters: (1) Introduction, (2) Literature review, (3) Research methods, (4) Results, discussion and conclusion, and (5) Limitations and recommendation

Chapter One presents the current situation of CAT tools implementation among translation-majored students Background information about translation, technical translation and reasons to conduct this thesis are also mentioned in this chapter

Chapter Two reviews previous related studies and background information on translation, technical translation and CAT tools

Chapter Three includes research method designs, materials, participants and data collection procedures

Chapter Four presents the research results from the questionnaire and the interview, discussions about the findings and related conclusion

Chapter Five covers the research limitations, recommendations and directions for further research

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter reviews some previous theory studies in relation to technical translation and CAT tools This chapter includes: (1) an overview of translation, technical translation, and technical documents, (2) an overview of CAT tools, (3) CAT implementation in technical translation, (4) research questions, and (5) expected outcomes

2.1 An overview of translation, technical translation, and technical documents 2.1.1 Definitions of translation

Translation is the act of transferring the message in one language to another language (Newmark, 1988) From this point of view, translation attempts to replace the message

in the source language (SL) by the same message in the target language (TL) while preserving the message in the SL as much as possible Translation can also be understood as a process of transferring the written document in one language into another language (Hatim & Munday, 2004) However, whether the focus is on the meaning or on the form of the translated document is not shown

Bhatia (2002) defines translation as an act of communicating the meaning of a document in one language and an equivalent document in another language This definition focuses on the communicative aspect of translation Having the same perception, the process of translation includes the reproduction in the TL the closest natural equivalence of the SL message, first in terms of the meaning of the message and second in terms of the style of the message (Nida & Taber, 1982) This definition considers the process of translation as a communicative process and focuses on the TL readers because Nida & Taber (1982) also focus on style

In conclusion, translation can be defined as the process of rendering, in the written form, the message, meaning and style in one language to the equivalent message, meaning and style in another language Therefore, the term “translation” in this thesis can be defined as the process of rendering the message, meaning and style of the SL document to the equivalent TL document This definition is contributed from all of the

aforementioned definitions, yet it is simple and easy to understand For that reason, this definition is suitable for students, potential readers of this thesis

2.1.2 Definitions of technical translation

Technical translation is a sub-group of specialized translation which includes technical translation and institutional translation (Newmark, 1988) In this definition, specialized translation focuses on professional fields, while technical translation deals with technical documents such as documents in the field of medical, geography and so on Technical translation focuses on technological documents such as user manuals, service guides, or documents that belong to subjects that are based on applied knowledge from the natural, scientific fields (Byrne, 2006) Both Newmark (1988) and Byrne (2006) describe technical translation as the one that deals with technical documents In conclusion, technical translation in this thesis paper can be considered

as the translation that focuses on technical documents because this definition is adopted from the definitions of technical translation proposed by Newmark (1988) and Byrne (2006)

2.1.3 Definitions of technical documents

Technical documents are the tools for communicating technical information to a small group of professional readers (Nirmaldasan, 2005) It can be derived from this definition that professional documents are written by technical writers and intended for professional readers Technical writers are professional writers who prepare instruction manuals, journal articles or other types of supporting documents in order to communicate technical information in written form (Bureau of Labor Statistics,

“Technical writers”, 2014)

Other features of technical documents are described as objectivity, absence of expressiveness and emotion, precision, economy, conciseness, and formality (Baakes, 1994) Newmark (1988) also lists some grammatical features such as: nomination (or nominalization), passive, third person, empty verbs, and present tenses Based on terminology and syntactic features, and the relationship between subject and matter,

Byrne (2006) classifies a number of technical translation features such as nominalization, heavy pre and post-modification, extensive use of passives, third person, long and complex sentences

However, terminology, defined by Cambridge dictionary as “special words or

expressions used in relation to a particular subject or activity”, is the most important feature In addition, Newmark (1988) exerts that terminology is the feature that helps distinguish technical translation to other forms of translation, despite making up only five to ten percent of the documents in terms of the number of words

2.1.4 Types of technical documents

Technical documents such as documents in the fields of geography, medical and so on are probably non-cultural and for that reason, are universal While institutional translation deals with more cultural documents in the fields of politics, commerce, finance, law, government, etc (Newmark, 1988) The reason for this classification is that terms used in technical documents are common to all languages and not dependent

on culture while terms used in institutional translation refer to a specific cultural phenomenon

Chart 2.1: Division of specialized documents by Newmark (1988, cited in Nguyen, 2014)

Specialized translation

Subject field Geography Art Medical Finance Law Politic

T (Theoretical approach): textbooks, articles, essays

P (Practical approach): rule, code, research

According to Byrne (2006), technical documents can be classified into four groups: (1) documents that have a function to guide in a procedure such as instructions, (2) documents that describe or explain such as descriptions or explanations, (3) documents that persuade or evaluate such as research proposals, and (4) documents that investigate or report that has the purpose of introducing new information Byrne’s classification of technical documents is based on the function of the documents and thus, focuses on the practical aspect of technical documents The definition of technical documents that this thesis paper focuses on adopts Byrne’s classification The adoption is due to the focus of this thesis paper is on the practical aspect of technical translation Byrne’s classification is also eighteen years later than Newmark’s and therefore more modern The more modern it is, the more likely it is compatible with the implementation of CAT tools in translating technical documents Because CAT tools emerge and change in accordance with computer and information technologies while these technologies are probably changing and developing really fast

2.1.5 Problems encountered when translating technical documents

Translators usually encounter with various difficulties in the translation process The challenges can be found in many levels from words, phrases, sentences, and even the whole document Technical translation is not an exception to this overall phenomenon The general difficulties in translating technical documents are mainly related to terminology and consistency

There are three types of lexical problem that the translator can encounter when translating technical documents (Dickins et al., 2002) These lexical problems can be generalized as terminology problems due to the fact that they all relate to technical

terms According to Dickins et al (2002), these lexical problems are (1) technical

terms that are unfamiliar to the translator as they are only used in the technical

documents; (2) technical terms that are familiar to the translator because they are also

used in normal, non-technical contexts, but they seem like they are also used by the

writer in a technically specialized way in the technical documents; and (3) technical

terms that are familiar to the translator because they are also used in normal,

non-technical contexts, but they do not seem like they are also used by the writer in a

technically specialized way in the technical documents Also, according to Nguyen (2014), terminology is the most difficult challenge for translation-majored students when they translate technical documents

When translating technical documents, according to Dickins et al (2002), conceptual problems are related to the underlying knowledge in the specialized field that the translator does not understand or fully understand due to the fact that the translator is not an expert in the field and also does not have the necessary skills and/or knowledge

in that field Conceptual problems can be seen as the problems when the translators do not understand the underlying message in the technical document

Another type of problems when translating technical documents is consistency (Merkel, 1996) As many technical documents or many translators are involved in the translation process, “it is very difficult to produce consistent translations of recurrent stretches of document, such as paragraphs, sentences and phrases” (Merkel, 1996, p 1) Interestingly, translation memories, which is one of the main types of CAT tools, are also proposes by Merkel (1996) as a solution to this problem This is discussed in

to help them complete the translation process and improve the translation productivity (Bowker, 2002) Therefore, CAT tools are the computer tools that help the translators

to improve the translation process efficiency

Both definitions are rather similar, yet Bowker’s definition of CAT tools states the purpose of implementing CAT tools in the translation process As this thesis paper focuses on the practical aspect and the use of CAT tools, the definition of CAT tools in this thesis is an adoption of Bowker’s definition of CAT tools: CAT tools are the computerized tools that can assist the translators in their translation process to improve the translation efficiency

2.2.2 Types of CAT tools

Bowker (2002) classifies CAT tools into four main types as follow: (1) tools that can

capture data into electronic form for simpler editing: if the translators want to utilize

any computerized tools for the translation process and enjoy the benefits of these tools, they must have the documents in electronic form This is the CAT tools that can capture the data in the printed, hard copy form of documents into electronic form (2)

corpora and corpus-analysis tools: these CAT tools are large collections of texts, built

by translators in their research for terminologies, and usually divided into specific fields These texts can be useful for the translators because they can compare the function, meaning and message of the texts in their contexts or environment; thus helps them to understand better the texts if they encounter them again in other

documents (3) terminology-management systems: the function of these CAT tools is

to help the translators to manage their terminology database management systems can help the translators to store, retrieve and manage their terminology records Therefore, the translators have a clear understanding and control

Terminology-of their terminology usage during the translation process, which can help the translators to solve terminologies and conceptual problems when translating technical

documents (4) translation-memories systems: this type of CAT tools is one of the

main types of CAT tools which can store segments of the SL and their equivalent segments of the TL in the previous translations These segment pairs can be used by the translators during their later translation Also, there are many options for segment pairs that offer the translators many solutions to translate Bowker (2002) also predicts the developments of CAT tools in the future such as the adjustments of user interface

to be more convenient for the translators when they use these CAT tools, and the

emergence of localization translation CAT tools Localization is the process in which the translation process occurs even before the writing process of the documents is finalized The writing process and the translation process can happen simultaneously

In addition, Craciunescu, Gerding-Salas, & Stringer-O'Keeffe (2004) classify CAT tools into four following groups from the most simple to the most complicated: (1)

electronic dictionaries, glossaries, and terminology databases: these electronic

dictionaries and databases can help the translators to type and look for words, jargons and terms much faster than printed dictionaries Moreover, the translators can also

manage the finding process (2) concordances: the definition of concordances is rather

similar to the definition of corpus and corpora tools of Bowker In fact this can be understood as another name of corpus and corpora analysis tools However,

concordances also handle part of the word such as prefix as suffix (3) online bilingual

documents: this is basically another type of concordance but gather their segment pairs

from online user and attempt to apply the most-suggested segment pairs in the translation process This type of CAT tools attempts to store a source document and it’s previously translation This is called a bi-text; and from this bi-text, segment pairs

and options are offered to the translators (4) translation memories: its definition is

similar to Bowker’s one The segment pairs are primarily offered by translators from the same segment pair occurrence that belongs to previous translations

Wikipedia.org (“Computer-assisted translation”, 2015) also gives a classification of CAT tools and each type definitions as follow:

(1) translation memory softwares: This type of CAT tools is already defined by

previous studies However, Wikipedia states that segments can be large units such as paragraphs, to smaller units such as sentences and clauses

(2) spelling checker, grammar checker: This type of CAT tools is used to check for

spelling and grammatical errors A prominent tool of this type is attached to Microsoft

Word software, in which errors in grammar and spelling are shown and highlighted to the translators so that they can apply appropriate adjustment

(3) language search-engine softwares: This tool can help the translators to search for

previously translated version of the texts The softwares focus on searching the repositories of the translation memory softwares that are available on the internet Some notable search-engine softwares are ISYS Search Software and dtSearch

(4) project management softwares or crowd translation: This type of CAT tools can

help translation project managers to assign and manage the translation tasks to the translators participate in the translation project Some examples of this type of CAT tools are Projetex, Quahill, and Project Translation Trados also has a small extension that functions as a project management tool for individual management purposes

(5) alignment softwares: This type of CAT tools aligns the SL texts and TL texts for

better analysis and translation Some advanced CAT tools can also attempt to determine what segments from both languages can be group into a pair Thus these pairs can be used to construct database for translation memory softwares

(6) interactive machine translation: In this type of CAT tools, the process of

automated translation is based on predicting the way the translator will translate Then, the translator is free to edit the resulted translation An example of interactive machine translation is Google Translate

(7) terminology management softwares and electronic dictionaries: This type of CAT

tools provides the translators the ability to quickly search for the meaning of terminologies and vocabularies Some advanced CAT tools can also allow the translators to edit and add terminologies into their terminology databases, or check for errors in using terms

The main reason for the differences in the classification of CAT tools are the development of information technology and computer technology CAT tools are understood in this thesis paper as: any computerized tools that the translators use to assist them in completing their translation process The classification which contains nine types of CAT tools is as follow: (1) tools that can capture data into electronic form for simpler editing, (2) online or electronic dictionaries, glossaries, terminology management softwares, (3) spelling checker, grammar checker, (4) interactive machine translation, (5) project management softwares, (6) language search-engine softwares, (7) alignment softwares, (8) concordances, and (9) translation-memories systems

2.2.3 Benefits of CAT tools and users’ skill requirements

Barrachina et al (2009) assert that in the experiments with Xerox Corpora, when using Alignment template (AT)-based or Stochastic finite-state transducers (SFST)-based interactive system, a translator from Spanish to English only needs to spend about 20% typing effort to type the characters in order to produce a correct translation The percentage when using Phrase-based models (PMBs) system is even less than 20% When experimenting with EU Corpora and using PMBs system, a translator from French to English only needs 20% effort of typing in order to produce the translation The percentage of Alignment templates (ATs) and Stochastic finite-state transducers (SFSTs) is about 30% Therefore, it can be concluded that the translators can save a great effort of typing when using translation memory softwares listed above

To use CAT tools requires certain skills As CAT tools based on computer, it requires the translator to have a sufficient level of computer skills in order to utilize them In the survey Translation Memories Survey conducted by the Imperial College London in

2006, this computer skills requirement could be concluded The survey was conducted with the participation of 874 translation professionals from 54 countries in two months The language combinations, according to the survey, covered all living languages Among 874 participants who were translation memory tool users, 64% of respondents reported to have “good” level computer skills and 30% reported to have

“excellent” level, no one reported to have no skills at all This clearly showed that all

translation memory tools required their users to have high or excellent computer skill

to use Although this survey was only about translation memory – one of the major types of CAT tools, it also could show that CAT tools required their users to have a sufficient level of computer skills to use

2.3 CAT implementation in technical translation

According to Merkel (1996) translation memory, a kind of CAT tools can help with consistency in technical translation Repetitions can be transferred to the TL documents consistently due to segment pairs in both SL and TL that are stored in the database

Automation as much as possible from using CAT tools is advised among the five methods of translating technical documents proposed by Byrne (2006) namely: the length of the text, the localization-proof, the utilizing of CAT tools, the documents should be well-prepared and well-organized, the sample of a technical translation should be prepared However, he only advises CAT tools in case the same rule of terminology management occurs in the technical document Actually, as CAT tools develop and become better due to better computer hardware and information technology, CAT tools can be used to support technical translators in most technical documents

Terminology management softwares and electronic dictionaries can help the translators to easily manage and search for terms appear in the translation process

Wikipedia (“Computer-assisted translation”, 2015) As analyzed in 2.1.5, terminology

is one of the main problems in technical translation With the help of this type of CAT tool, the translators can search for, store previously used terms for future use, or even check for errors in using these terms

In the Translation Memories Survey in 2006 of the Imperial College London, among the translators who used/are using Translation Memory tools, 61% reported to have their area of specialization in technical translation This clearly indicates that most

professional technical translator utilize this type of CAT tools in their translation process However, this study only focused on translation memory but not on all types

of CAT tools

While there are posts on CAT topic in Vietnam such as Các phần mềm hỗ trợ dịch

(CAT) có trên thị trường thế giới (Retrieved May 2nd, 2015) which was not conducted

in a systematic research methods, in Can Tho University, previous study by Nguyen (2014) only focused on challenges in translating manuals – one typical type of technical documents According to Nguyen (2014), terminology is the most difficult challenge facing English translation-majored students in translating technical documents Moreover, due to the newly emergence of CAT tools, research studies on CAT tools in Can Tho University has not been found These are the motivating reasons for conducting this research study on the implementation of CAT tools when translating technical documents in senior English translation and interpreting students

at Can Tho University

2.4 Research questions

To fulfill the two research aims: (1) to describe the implementation of CAT tools among students, and (2) to explore student’s perception on the benefits of CAT tools application in technical translation, this thesis tries to answer the following questions: 1/ How popular are CAT tools among students when translating technical documents? 2/ How often do students use CAT tools to translate technical documents?

3/ What types of technical documents do students use CAT tools to translate?

4/ What benefits do students think CAT tools provide them?

2.5 Expected outcomes

From the research aims, there are three expected outcomes for the research questions: 1/ CAT tools would be very popular among the students

2/ Google translate would be the most frequently used CAT tools

3/ Manuals would be the most frequent type of technical document that students apply CAT tools to translate

4/ Students would consider CAT tools as highly effective, fast and convenient tools when translating technical documents