tài liệu tập huấn giáo viên chuyên ngành hóa bằng tiếng anh

TÀI LIỆU TẬP HUẤN GIẢNG VIÊN DẠY CHUYÊN NGÀNH BẰNG TIẾNG ANH KHOA: HÓA HỌC... 1 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh MỤC LỤC BÀI 1: KINH NGHIỆM XÂY DỰNG CHƯƠNG

Trang 1

TÀI LIỆU TẬP HUẤN GIẢNG VIÊN DẠY CHUYÊN NGÀNH BẰNG TIẾNG ANH

KHOA: HÓA HỌC

Trang 2

1 Tài liệu tập huấn giảng viên dạy chuyên ngành bằng tiếng Anh

MỤC LỤC

BÀI 1: KINH NGHIỆM XÂY DỰNG CHƯƠNG TRÌNH MÔN HÓA HỌC

BẰNG TIẾNG ANH 2

BÀI 2: MATTER AND CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER 4

BÀI 3: ELEMENTS AND PERIODIC TABLE 12

BÀI 4: THE ALKALI METALS 23

BÀI 5: ANKANES 32

Trang 3

BÀI 1: KINH NGHIỆM XÂY DỰNG CHƯƠNG TRÌNH MÔN HÓA HỌC BẰNG TIẾNG ANH

1.1 Cơ sở lý thuyết

Chương trình chi tiết giáo dục đại học ngành Sư phạm Hóa học dạy bằng tiếng Anh được xây dựng trên cơ sở chương trình khung giáo dục đại học ngành Sư phạm Hóa học trình độ đại học, ban hành theo quyết định số 2682/QĐ – ĐHSP HN, ngày 21 tháng 9 năm 2009 của Hiệu trưởng trường Đại học Sư phạm Hà Nội

Chương trình chi tiết giáo dục đại học ngành Sư phạm Hóa học bằng tiếng Anh được xây dựng trên cơ sở kế thừa bề dày truyền thống gần 64 năm đào tạo giáo viên của khoa Hóa học, trường Đại học Sư phạm Hà Nội, kết hợp với nguyên tắc đảm bảo tính hiện đại, tính hiệu quả, tính hệ thống và tính phát triển, tính thực tiễn và mềm dẻo Trên cơ sở đó, chương trình phát triển phù hợp với các yêu cầu và đòi hỏi ngày càng cao của đời sống xã hội, về sự hòa nhập quốc tế và khu vực, thực hiện tốt hơn nhiệm vụ đào tạo giáo viên giảng dạy Hóa học ở các trường THPT Chương trình đào tạo nhằm đào tạo đội ngũ giáo viên có năng lực chuyên môn, nghiệp vụ chất lượng cao, có khả năng giảng dạy Hóa học ở phố thông bằng tiếng Anh, thể hiện được đổi mới về nội dung và phương pháp đào tạo theo hướng cập nhật với quốc tế, đồng thời phù hợp với điều kiện của Việt Nam

Chương trình chi tiết giáo dục đại học ngành Sư phạm Hóa học dạy bằng tiếng Anh được xây dựng đáp ứng yêu cầu của chuẩn đầu ra là đào tạo cán

bộ có đủ năng lực làm giáo viên dạy học Hóa học cấp học trung học cơ sở, trung học phổ thông bằng tiếng Anh Có ý chí vươn lên và có đủ khả năng tiếp tục học tập để trở thành giáo viên các trường trung học chuyên nghiệp, trường cao đẳng và đại học; cán bộ nghiên cứu tại các trung tâm nghiên cứu khoa học, viện nghiên cứu, cơ sở sản xuất thuộc ngành Hóa học, Môi trường, cơ sở sản xuất kinh doanh có liên quan đến lĩnh vực Hóa học Sinh viên tốt nghiệp ngành Sư phạm Hóa học có đủ khả năng tiếp tục học tập và nghiên cứu chuyên môn ở trình độ thạc sỹ và tiến sỹ hóa học, cũng như có

đủ khả năng để có thể xin được các học bổng của nước ngoài

Trang 4

1.2 Tiến trình xây dựng:

- Xây dựng chương trình đào tạo cử nhân sư phạm Hóa dạy bằng tiếng Anh

- Xây dựng khung trương trình chi tiết

- Xây dựng bài giảng bằng tiếng Anh

- Tiến hành dạy mẫu, rút kinh nghiệm

- Chỉnh sửa tài liệu

- Nghiệm thu chương trình và tài liệu giảng dạy Hóa học bằng tiếng Anh

- Tiến hành dạy cho sinh viên khoa Hóa học

- Hàng năm có tổ chức rút kinh nghiệm, chỉnh sửa chương trình, đề cương chi tiết cũng như bài giảng cho hoàn thiện

Trang 5

BÀI 2: MATTER AND CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Dictionary definitions of chemistry usually include the terms matter, composition, and properties, as in the statement that “chemistry is the science that deals with the composition and properties of various forms of matter”

Matter is anything that occupies the space and displays a property

known as mass Every human being is an object of matter We all occupy space, and we describe our mass though a related property, our weight All the objects that we see around us are objects of matter The gases of the atmosphere, even though they are invisible, are example of matter; they occupy space and possess mass

Composition refers to the parts of components of a sample of matter and their relative proportions Ordinary water is comprised of two simpler substances – hydrogen and oxygen – present in certain fixed proportions

Properties are those qualities or attributes that can be used to distinguish one sample of matter form others

Matter is classified into two broad categories, namely, pure substances

and mixtures A pure substance can be either an element or a compound The

composition and properties of an element or compound are uniform

Trang 6

throughout a given sample and from one sample to another A chemical

element is a substance comprised of a single type of atom The elements are

the building blocks of our nature An element is either discovered in nature or synthesized in the laboratory in pure form that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical methods Currently, there are about 118 elements discovered; some are found to be unique; no two elements are alike

Elements are made up of tiny particles called atoms Atoms are the smallest

particles of an element that have the chemical properties of that element Each element contains only one type of atoms The atoms of one element are not the same as the atoms of another element Most of the elements exist as

monoatomic forms, which means that the smallest individual complete parts of

these samples of pure elements are single atoms Seven of the known elements

are called diatomic elements, because they are found in nature in their

elemental form as two-atom molecules The seven diatomic elements are chlorine (Cl2), fluorine (F2), bromine (Br2), iodine (I2), hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), and nitrogen (N2)

A compound is the substance formed by the chemical union of two or

more element The number of compounds now known is in the millions In

some cases we can isolate a molecule of a compound A molecule is the

smallest entity having the same proportions of the constituent atoms as does the compound as a whole A molecule of water consists of three atoms – two hydrogen atoms joined to a single oxygen atom Components of the compounds are in a definite ratio, which is fixed by the nature We cannot change this ratio, no matter who does it For example, water is made up of one part oxygen and two parts hydrogen This ratio is fixed by the nature and we cannot alter this Compounds are formed by chemical reactions, where the individual elements lose their individual properties and take on the new properties of the compound that is formed Compounds can be separated into elements using chemical methods but not the physical methods

A mixture is a physical combination of two or more substances where

the substances retain their original identity Some examples are air, milk, various fruit drinks The most important aspect of the mixture is that it has no definite or constant composition, Mixtures can be separated into pure

Trang 7

substances by physical methods Mixture is further classified as either homogeneous or heterogeneous based upon its uniformity

A homogeneous mixture is a solution that has a uniform consistency

throughout, for example, a salt solution after dissolving and mixing it thoroughly Not only that but also the individual components cannot be

identified A heterogeneous mixture does not have uniform composition like

homogeneous mixture where the individual components can be identified, for example, a mixture of sand and salt

The scheme that classified matter into elements, compounds and mixtures is summarized in figure 1

Figure 1 A classification scheme for matter

I Comprehension questions

1 What is chemistry?

 Chemistry is the science that deals with the composition and

properties of various forms of matter

2 Why is water an object of matter?

 Because water occupies space and has mass

3 What is water made up of?

 Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen

4 What is the difference between an element and a compound?

Trang 8

An element is a substance composed of a single type of atom while a

compound is the substance formed by two or more element chemically

combined

5 What is a molecule defined as?

 A molecule is the smallest entity having the same proportions of the

constituent atoms as does the compound as a whole

6 What is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous

mixtures?

 A homogeneous mixture has a uniform consistency throughout while

a heterogeneous mixture does not have uniform composition

7 Which kind of matter has uniform composition?

 Pure substance has uniform composition

8 What are the building blocks of the elements?

 The building blocks of the elements are the atoms

9 Why is chlorine called a diatomic element?

 Because chlorine contains two atoms in its molecules

10 Which kind of matter can be separated by physical methods?

 Mixture can be separated into substances by physical methods

II True (T) or false (F) or not mentioned (N) statements

No T/F/N Statements

1 A substance is a type of matter that has a consistent composition

2 Elements are substances that are made up of two or more elements

chemically combined

3 Whereas a compound is made from the chemical combination of two

or more substances, a mixture is made from two or more substances that are physically combined

4 Heterogeneous mixtures are mixtures that have a consistent, or

uniform composition throughout the entire sample

5 Unlike in the example of compounds, the substances that make up a

Trang 9

mixture do not lose their individual properties

6 The individual substances in a mixture do not lose their original

properties, and the substances in a mixture can be separated by physical means

7 When the compound is formed, altogether a new substance is formed

and the properties of which are similar to its constituent elements

8 All mixtures have a variable composition, it means that the

substances that are found in the mixture can be mixed in with varying proportion or concentrations

9 Chemical reactions can break more complex substances down into

elements, but elements can only be broken down further by nuclear reactions

10 Oxygen is a substance because it has a consistent composition and it

is an element because it is only made up of one type of atom

2 Phân tử là nhóm gồm hai hay nhiều hơn các nguyên tử mà liên kết một

cách hóa học với nhau

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are chemically

combined

3 Hợp chất được tạo bởi các nguyên tố khác nhau liên kết một cách hóa

học với nhau theo một tỉ lệ xác định

A compound is made up of different elements chemically combined in a

fixed ratio

Trang 10

4 Các ion tích điện dương được hình thành khi một nguyên tử mất đi electron

A positively charged ion is formed when an atom loses electrons

5 Nhiệt có thể được sử dụng để phá vỡ hợp chất thành các hợp chất đơn giản hơn hoặc là các nguyên tố

Heat can be used to break down compounds into elements or simpler compounds

6 Các thành phần của hỗn hợp có thể trộn lẫn với nhau theo một tỷ lệ bất

kỳ

The components of a mixture can be mixed in any proportion

7 Một số chất nguyên chất, giống như bạc, chỉ chứa một loại chất

Some substances, like silver, contain only one kind of matter

8 Hỗn hợp đồng thể của chất tan và dung môi được gọi là dung dịch

A homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent are called solutions

9 Các dạng đơn giản của chất mà không thể phân hủy thành các chất đơn giản hơn được gọi là các nguyên tố

Simple forms of matter which cannot be decomposed into further simple substances are called elements

10 Hợp chất của sắt và lưu huỳnh là sắt sunfua

A compound of iron and sulfur is iron sulf ide

Translation 2

1 Petroleum is a very complex mixture that we extract from the Earth

Xăng dầu là một hỗn hợp rất phức tạp mà chúng ta có thể chiết xuất từ Trái Đất

2 Colloids are the heterogeneous mixture of two or more components with the size of the particle is 1nm to 100nm

Các chất keo là hỗn hợp dị thể của hai hay nhiều các thành tố với kích thước hạt từ 1nm đến 100nm

3 A mixture of two components that appears in a single phase is called a homogeneous mixture

Một hỗn hợp của hai thành tố tồn tại ở một pha được gọi là hỗn hợp đồng thể

Trang 11

4 The amount of a solute present in a unit volume of the solution is called concentration of the solution

Lượng chất tan tồn tại trong một đơn vị thể tích của dung dịch được gọi

in the compound occur

Một đặc tính quan trọng của hợp chất là chúng có công thức hóa học

mô tả tỉ lệ các nguyên tử của mỗi nguyên tố tham gia trong hợp chất

8 Elemental symbols are the abbreviated notations for elements consisting of one or two letters

Kí hiệu nguyên tố là dạng kí hiệu viết tắt của các nguyên tố bao gồm một hoặc hai chữ cái

9 The weight is a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object

Trọng lượng được đo bằng lực trọng trường tác dụng lên vật

10 A phase is a region of matter that possesses uniform intensive properties throughout its volume

Pha là vùng của chất có các tính chất cường độ đồng nhất trong toàn

bộ thể tích của chúng

IV Further reading

The states of matter

Matter can exist in three different states, solid, liquid, and gas, based on the way the atoms and molecules are arranged inside them These three states

are known as three different states of matter

Trang 12

In solids, atoms or molecules are tightly bound to one another thereby

creating a rigid nature Each atom or molecule is caged by its neighbors creating non-mobility, although they might vibrate around the equilibrium position Here attractive forces are very strong Consequently, solids have definite shapes and volumes Some examples of solids are diamond, metals, and ice

In liquids, the atoms or molecules are not as tightly bound as in solids

and due to that they have some freedom to move around They still experience attractive forces but not as strong as solids In addition, they also begin to experience some repulsive forces Thus, liquids have definite volume but not definite shape- they assume the shape of the container Due to their flexibility, the liquids can be poured from one container to another Some common examples are water, gasoline, and alcohol at room temperature

In gases, the atoms or molecules are far apart due to they are not

bounded at all, meaning, they do not have any attractive forces but only repulsive forces Due to that they can occupy a large volume They do not have their own shape or volume, but assume the shape and the volume of the container Some common examples are oxygen, hydrogen, and helium at room temperature

Trang 13

BÀI 3: ELEMENTS AND PERIODIC TABLE

Vocabulary

Azimuthal quantum number Rule

Electron configuration Wave function

Magnetic quantum number Confusion

I Reading comprehension

Periodic table

The idea of arranging the elements into a periodic table had been considered by many chemists, but either data to support the idea were insufficient or the classification schemes were incomplete Mendeleev and Meyer organized the elements in order of atomic weight and then identified groups of elements with similar properties By arranging these groups in rows and columns, and by considering similarities in chemical behavior as well as atomic weight, Mendeleev found vacancies in the table and was able to predict the properties of several elements—gallium, scandium, germanium, and polonium—that had not yet been discovered When his predictions proved accurate, the concept of a periodic table was quickly accepted The discovery

of additional elements not known in Mendeleev’s time and the synthesis of heavy elements have led to the modern periodic table, shown inside the front cover of this text In the modern periodic table, a horizontal row of elements is

called a period and a vertical column is a group The traditional designations

Trang 14

of groups in the United States differ from those used in Europe The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has recommended that the groups be numbered 1 through 18 In this text, we will use primarily the IUPAC group numbers Some sections of the periodic table

have traditional names, as shown in Figure 1

Starting from hydrogen, over 100 elements are constituted as electrons

are successively accommodated into 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, and 3d orbitals one

by one from lower to higher energy levels When elements with similar properties are arranged in columns, the periodic table of the elements is constructed The modern periodic table of the elements is based on one published by D I Mendeleev in 1892, and a variety of tables have since been devised The long periodic table recommended by IUPAC is the current standard, and it has the group numbers arranged from Group 1 alkali metals through group 18 rare gas elements Based on the composition of electron

orbitals, hydrogen, helium and Group 1 elements are classified as s-block elements, Group 13 through Group 18 elements p-block elements, Group 3 through Group 12 elements d-block elements, and lanthanoid and actinoid elements f-block elements (Fig 1) s-Block, p-block, and Group 12 elements are called main group elements and d-block elements other than Group 12

and f-block elements are called transition elements Incidentally, periodic

tables that denote the groups of s-block and p-block elements with Roman

numerals (I, II, , VIII) are still used, but they will be unified into the IUPAC system in the near future Since inorganic chemistry covers the chemistry of all the elements, it is important to understand the features of each element though reference to the periodic table

Trang 15

Figure 1 Periodic table I.1 Question:

1 How did Mendeleev and Meyer organize the elements?

Mendeleev and Meyer organized the elements in order of atomic weight and

then identified groups of elements with similar properties

2 What is the best advantage of Mendeleev’s organization of element?

Mendeleev found vacancies in the table and was able to predict the properties

of several elements—gallium, scandium, germanium, and polonium—that had

not yet been discovered

3 What are names of horizontal row and vertical column of elements called in a modern periodic table?

The horizontal row of elements is called a period and a vertical column is a group

4 How electrons are filled up in the first 100 elements in the periodic table?

s-block

d-block

f-block

p-block

Trang 16

These electrons are successively accommodated into 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, and

3d orbitals one by one from lower to higher energy levels

5 How does IUPAC recommend for group numbering?

It has recommended that the groups be numbered 1 through 18

6 What is general name of elements if the Group 18?

It is the rare gas

7 Which elements are classified as the s-block elements?

Hydrogen, helium and Group 1 elements

8 What is another name of d-block elements?

They are called transition elements

9 What are main group elements?

s-Block, p-block, and Group 12 elements are called main group elements

10 What is the necessary ideal to learn about periodic table?

The periodic table helps us to predict the features of each element

I.2 True (T), false (F) or doesn’t say (DS)

11  Arrangement of elements is based on considering similarities in

chemical behavior

12  IUPAC has suggested using Roman number for labeling groups

13  All elements are constructed by electrons that accommodate 1s,

Trang 17

16  f-Block elements are only called transition elements

17  A variety of tables have since been invented at the same time

with D I Mendeleev’s periodic table

18  Mayer had recommended that the groups be numbered 1 through

18

19  The d-block corresponds to the transition metals

20  Blocks are sometimes called families

I.3 Fill in blank

number ionization properties trend character become

acidic non-metal basic across group properties

carbonate silicon basic

CHEMICAL CHARACTER

In any (21) …………of the periodic table we have already noted that the 22)……… of electrons in the outermost shell is the same for each element and the (23)……… energy falls as the group is descended This immediately predicts two likely (24)……… … …… of the elements in a group The first property is their general similarity Another one is the (25)……… towards metallic behavior as the group is descended We shall see that these predicted (26)……… are borne out when we study the individual groups Increasing metallic electropositive behavior down a group also implies a change in the (27)……… of the oxides They will be expected to (28)……… more basic as we descend the group and a change from an (29)………… oxide, i.e an oxide of a (30)………… which

readily reacts with OH~ or oxide ions to give oxo acid anions , to a

Trang 18

(31)……… oxide, i.e one which readily yields cations, in some groups

The best example of such a change is shown by the Group IV elements; the oxides of carbon and (32)……… are acidic, readily forming (33)……… and silicate anions, whilst those of tin and lead are (34)……… giving such ions as Sn2+

and Pb2+ in acidic solution Metallic character diminishes (35) ………… a period and in consequence the oxides

become more acidic as we cross a given period This is clearly demonstrated

in Period 3

II Grammar

THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

An adjective clause is a subordinate clause used to modify a noun or a pronoun in the main clause It may be introduced by the pronouns who, whose, whom, which, or that (and sometimes when or where) These pronouns are called relative pronouns because they relate to a noun or a

pronoun in the sentence Occasionally, no relative pronoun is used, but it is implied or understood

Identifying Adjective Clauses

Note: Nouns are bolded, the adjective clauses are underlined

1 Mike, whose ancestors came from Ireland, marched in the St Patrick's Day

parade

2 The woman who lives next door is a registered nurse

3 Williamsburg, Virginia, is a place that I'd like to visit

4 Math, which is Dave's favorite subject, has always been easy for him

5 There is the house that I'd like to buy

6 Larry's letter, which he mailed Tuesday, reached me on Thursday

7 Summer, which is my favorite season, will be here in another week

8 Phil is reading The Call of the Wild, which is Jack London's most famous

book

Trang 19

9 We live just twenty miles from O'Hare Airport, which is the world's

busiest airport

10 Newton, Iowa, is the town where Barbara was born

11 I'm taking golf lessons from Erika Lavery, who is a pro at the country

club

12 That dog that you found belongs to the Olsons

13 Is that the jacket you want to buy?

14 There is a chance that Norm will win the election

15 Is this the letter you were expecting?

16 Over there is the school that I attended

17 Mr Hartman is a history teacher who also coaches track

18 Is that the antique show you visited?

19 The Harveys have a dog that is fourteen years old

20 For dinner, we had chicken fried steak, which is my favorite dish

Exercise

36 Mendeleev had no idea what atoms were made of or why they behaved as they did

37 Electronegativity is one of the most fundamental atomic parameters

which express numerically the tendency to attract electrons to atoms in a molecule

38 The Pauling scale, which was introduced first in 1932, is still the most frequently used

39 Those elements which are hard to ionize and easy to attract electrons have large values

40 In the formation of a molecule, atomic orbitals overlap to generate a

molecular orbital which is the wave function of the electrons in the

molecule

Trang 20

41 The Group 6 to 10 transition metals that do not form binary hydrides give many hydride complexes with auxiliary ligands such as carbonyl and tertiaryphosphines

42 Most of this silicon exists as a component of silicate rocks that is not found

45 s-Block elements have sodium element, which is a alkaline metal

46 Beaker is the most popular glassware that is used in chemistry laboratory

47 Halogens that are strongly oxidative elements are located in the group VII

48 Sodium chloride that is easily dissolved in water causes the high pressure disease

49 Higher-grade silicon is obtained by hydrogen reduction of SiHCl

3, which

is produced by the hydrochlorination of low purity silicon followed by rectification

50 Silicates and organosilicon compounds that are shown a wide range of

structures in silicon chemistry can be synthesized in laboratory

III Translation

III.1 Translate into Vietnamese

51 In 1884, Arrhenius defined that an acid is a substance that gives H+ and a base one that gives OH-

52 Namely, if an acid is HA and a base BOH, then HAH+ + A- and BOH 

B+ + OH-

53 Therefore, when an acid and a base react, water is formed

Trang 21

54 In a new theory submitted in 1923 independently by Bronsted and Lowry,

an acid is defined as a molecule or an ion which gives H+ and a molecule

or ion that receives H+ from a partner is a base

55 A base is not only a molecule or an ion which gives OH- but anything which receives H+

56 The acid HA gives H+ to water in an aqueous solution and generates an oxonium ion, H3O+

57 Water is also a kind of base according to this definition

58 Water can be an acid or base dependent on the co-reactant

59 Although the definition of Bronsted-Lowry is not much different from that

of Arrhenius for aqueous solutions, it is more useful because the theory was extended to non-aqueous acids and bases

60 The strength of an acid in a dilute aqueous solution is estimated from the equilibrium constant Ka

III.2 Translate into English

Oxidation number

61 Số oxy hóa là điện tích hình thức của một nguyên tử trong hợp chất

The oxidation number is the formal electrical charge of a component

atom in a compound

62 Nguyên tử có độ âm điện nhỏ hơn có điện tích dương

The atom with smaller electronegativity has a positive charge

63 Số oxy hóa của nguyên tử có thể giống hay khác khi nó kết hợp với các nguyên tử khác nhau

The oxidation number can be different for the same atom combined with different partners

64 Một dung môi có thể hoạt động như một axit hay một bazơ

A solvent also works as an acid or a base

Trang 22

65 Tính axit phụ thuộc vào dung môi hòa tan nó

The acidity and its range depend on the solvent dissolving the acid

66 Sự phân li của một axit trong nước tạo ra H3O+ trong dung dịch

Full dissociation of an acid gives H

70 A L Lavoisier cũng định nghĩa oxy hóa là sự hình thành oxit từ một nguyên tử và một oxy

He also defined oxidation as the formation of oxides from an element and oxygen

IV Futher Reading

Electronic structure of elements

Wave functions of electrons in an atom are called atomic orbitals An atomic orbital is expressed using three quantum numbers; the principal

quantum number, n; the azimuthal quantum number, l; and the magnetic quantum number, m

l For a principal quantum number n, there are n

azimuthal quantum numbers l ranging from 0 to n-1, and each corresponds to the following orbitals

Định dạng
Số trang	44
Dung lượng	1,49 MB