Sách Tiếng Anh công nghệ ô tô và chế tạo máy: Phần 3

Phần 3 cuốn sách trình bày các nội dung: Keeping your car clean and beautiful, getting rid of dings, dents, and other hard knocks, the ten most important preventive maintenance sensations,... Mời các bạn tham khảo.

car hard to handle after a turn? If your tires show any unusual wear patterns and/or you answered yes to any o f these ques­

tions, your car probably needs an alig n m en t.

F ig u re 19-7:

Turning radius.

Angle of inside wheel

Angle of outside wheel

F o ca l point

Checking your steering

C h eck in g your steering is easy Just stand outside your vehicle, near the door on the driver’s side Stick your hand through the open w indow and m ove the steering wheel, with your eye on the left front tire If you can move the steering w'heel at all before the tire starts to move, then you need to have both your steering and alignm ent checked T here should

be no “p lay” in the steering wrheel before the signal is trans­mitted to the tires

As you drive your car, be alert to signs that it isn’t han­dling as easily as before If the vehicle seems to have a mind

o f its own and begins to resist you on turns (and pulling out of turns), take a good look at your tires for signs o f w ear caused

bv m isalignm ent

6 03Checking your tires for wear

You should check your tires for wear at least once a month and before and after long trips To determine whether you need to (a) buy new tires, (b) have your wheels balanced, (c) have your wheels aligned, or (d) change your driving habits, simply read your tire treads for clues Table 19-1 and Figure 19-8 show you what to look for

Table 19-1 How to Read Your Treads

Both edges w orn U nderinflation Add more air, check fo r leaks Center treads w orn O verinflation Let air out to m anufacturer's

specifications One-sided w e ar Poor alignm ent Have wheels aligned

Treads w o rn unevenly,

with bald spots, cups,

or scallops

W heel im balance and/or poor alignm ent

Have w heels balanced and aligned

W hining, thum ping,

and other w e ird noises

Poor alignm ent, w orn tires or shocks

Have w h eels aligned or buy new tires or shocks

Squealing on curves Poor alignm ent

or underinflation

Check w e a r on treads and act accordingly

Figure 19-8:

W h a t the

s i g n s of

p o o r tre ad

w e a r m ean Severe underinflation O verin flatio n Poor alignment

Underinflated tires wear out faster, create excessive heat, increase fuel consum ption, and make your car harder to handle Overinflated tires can “ blow out” more easily, wear out faster, and make the car unstable and unsafe to handle And a new set o f tires on w h eels that are out o f alignm ent can wear out completely in as little as one day o f hard driving!

To determine w h a t’s causing problems with your tires, try the following:

♦ Look for th in gs e m b ed d ed in each tire Do you see

nails, stones, o r ’ other debris em bedded in the treads? Remove them But i f you’re going to rem ove a nail, first make sure that your spare tire is inflated and in usable shape

I f you hear a h issin g sound when you pull a nail, push the nail back in quickly and take the tire to be fixed If you aren’t sure w h eth er air is escaping, put some soapy wa­ter on the hole and look for the bubbles made by escap­ing air I f you’re still not sure whether the nail may have caused a leak, check your air pressure and then check it again the next day to see w hether it’s low er (for help, see “C h eck in g your air pressure,” earlier in this chap­ter) Tires with leaks should be patched by a professional

I f the leak persists, get a new tire

♦ Look at the sid e w a lls Check for deeply scuffed or worn

areas, bulges or bubbles, small slits, or holes Do the tires fit evenly and snugly around the wheel rims?

Poor a lign m en t

6 05

♦ L ook at the treads Most tires have tread-wear indica­

tors built into them (see Figure 19-9) These bars of hard rubber are normally invisible but appear across treads that have been worn down to Xs o f an inch of the surface

o f the tire (the legal limit in most states) If these indica­tors appear in two or three different places, less than

120 degrees apart on the circumference o f the tire, re­place the tire

If your tires don’t show these indicators and you think that they may be worn below legal tolerances, place a Lincoln p en n y head-dow n in the g roove betw een the treads If you can see the top of Lincoln’s head, your tire probably needs to be replaced

Figure 19-9:

It's tim e fo r

ne w tires

w hen tre a d -w e a r

in dica tors

appear.

To measure tread wear more exactly, place a thin ruler into the tread and measure the distance from the base of the tread to the surface It should be more than Xs inch deep (Note: I f your front tires are more worn than your rear ones and show abnormal wear patterns, you probably need to have your wheels aligned.)

♦ Pay attention to leaks If you keep losing air in your

tires, have your local service station check them for leaks Som etim es an ill-fitting rim causes a leak The garage has a machine that can fix this problem easily

If the garage can't find a leak, your rims fit properly, and

you’re still losing air, you probably have a faulty tire valve that’s allow ing air to escape You can buy tire valves to replace the ones on your car Look for the number molded into the base o f the tire valves; then buy new ones that match it.

In the process o f replacing the valve, you will lose most of the air from the tire, so either plan to do this jo b at a gas station where you can have access to an air hose, or have a

m echanic replace the valve for you

Words and phrase - Tit vd cum tu:

♦> Tire size codes: cdc md ve kich cd ciia lop.

♦> Speed ratings: toe do

•> Tire quality grade codes: cdc md chi cap chat luqng cua

lo p

DOT identification and registration: so nhan dien va so

d an g ky D O T

❖ Other sidewall information: nliUng tliong tin kliac xac

dinli tren tlianli ben cua lop.

♦> C h eck in g tire inflation pressure: k iem tra dp suat hai

lop.

•> A dding air to your tires: bom th em hoi

❖ Rotating your tires: xoay lop

♦> Balancing your wheels: cdn bdng cdc banli xe.

❖ A lign in g your wheels: dinh th d n g h a n g cdc banh xe.

♦> C hecking your steering: kiem tra do mdn lop xe

♦> C hecking your tires o f wear: co n g tdc kiem tra tay lai

60 7Translate the paragrap 1, 2, 3 into Vietnamese -

Bdi dich doan 2, 2, 3

1 Cau true cua lop xe.

Mdi lop xe dieu co mot so thanh phan chinh (xem hinh 19-1):

♦ M at gai la phdn cao su cua lop thudng de bi mdn vd de

bi rach nlianli Cdc liieu hinh cua mat gai giup cho lop khdi bi truqt tren dudng vd klioi bi dam tilling Cdc hinh gai nay cung la nhitng dau hieu tuyet vdi de bao cho chung ta biet lop bi mdn O phan chi "ltiem tra do mdn cua lop".

♦ Mat ben cua lop la phdn lop xe ndm giiia mat gai vd

vien lop Phdn nay duqc goi la "nhitng bi mat ndm tren thd nil lop" duqc de cap d phdn sau cua chuong nay se giai md tdt cd nhitng dit lieu duqc due nan tlianli lop.

♦ Vien lop la m ot vong day thep duqc dinh dang de giU

lop xe ndm tren vanli banh xe.

♦ Vo lop Id than lop ndm ben dudi m at gai vd tlianli lop

Vd nay giu p cho lop dinh duqc hinh dang khi duqc bom cang thay vi d e cho lop bom len g io n g nliU m ot cliiec kinh khi cdu Vd lop duqc lam bdng nliieu vat lieu ltliac nhau duqc g o i la cdc day bo.

♦ Cdc dai lot cung duqc lam bdng cdc sqi bo duqc cdn len

m ot ldp cao su vd ndm ben dudi mat gai vd than lop Vd nay giu p cho lop dinh duoc hinh dang khi duqc bom cdn thay vi d e cho lop bom len g io n g nliU mot /mill khi cdu

L op duqc lam bdng nliieu vat lieu kliac nhau duqc g oi la cdc day bo.

Cdc dai lot cim g duqc lam bdng cdc sqi bo duqc cdn len

m ot top sao su vd ndm giita than lop vd mat gai Dang

vat lieu nay duac du n g lam cdc dai vd phuong tliitc md

no boc xung quanli vien lop se xa c dinh loai lop vd gid

cd ciia no N guyen thuy ngudi ta sii du ng cotton d$ lam

cdc soi bo nhung cdc soi nay som nliUdng clio cho cdc vat lieu tot hon nliU thep, aram id (no cilng hon thep)

S oi thuy tinh polyester, to nhdn tao vd nylon Cdc radi­ als du oc tao dai bdng th ep la danh lop p h o bien nhat ngay nay.

♦ Van lop cd cliiec ndng d e cho khi di vdo vd ra khdi lop,

than van giQ cho kh i klioi bi tlioat ra khdi lop Moi mot van thi p h ai cd m ot lop d a y d e kliong cho bui vd hoi nUdc xam nhap vdo lo.

* Cho den tlidi gian gan d a y thi cdc lop duqc che tao vdi nliieu k et cdu kliac nhau T itng cd cdc loai lop xien cd cdc soi bo duoc boc xu n g quanli vien lop, cdc lop clieo Sau dd cdc loai lop nay du qc thay the bdng cdc lop cd dai xien la no cd cdu tru e cu n g g io n g nh u lop xien nhung cdc dai thi duqc lam bdng m ot vat lieu kliac duqc boc

xu n g quanli vien lop d e g iu p cd do mdn lau hon, kho bi dam tliung hon vd cd tinh on dinli gian hudng Ngay nay tdt cd cdc x e d eu duqc ldp cdc lop d on g tdm vd cung do

la tdt cd cdc loai x e cu n h at d eu sii du n g tdt cdc loai lop

n ay nen cdc loai lop x ien vd cdc loai lop cd dai xien klion g cdn duqc sii d u n g nUa.

Cdc lop d on g tdm da tro nen m ot tieu chuan do no cung cap duqc do van chuyen tdt hon, dac biet la o tdc do cao, cdc lop nay cd kliuynli hudng la bam x u o n g m at d u on g hieu qua hon, dac b iet la tai nhitng do cu a; cliun g cd the cung cap vdi

sd dam hoat d on g gap 2 lan so vdi cdc loai lop cd bo cheo Cdc lop d on g tdm cliay it tao n liiet hon boi vi no cd it ma sat tron (cdc loai lop xien vd cdc loai lop cd dai xien thi cd cdc ldp boi keo ddn truyen nliieu ma sat trong vd nlueu nliiet hon

6 0 9

khi chuyen ddng) Do mdn ciia cdc lap cd thay doi tu 25000 ddm tro len phu tliuoc vdo vat lieu dai duac sd dung Phdn tren ciia cdc lop cd dai tliep cd the ton tai til 40000 den 100000 ddm vdi dieu liien lioat dong binli thudng.

De quyet dinli dung loai lop danh cho xe ban thi liay xem phdn "liUdng ddn mua lop" a sau chuong nay.

2 Nhitng bi mat tren thanh ben cua lop, ditctc

bQC l o !

Co nliieu ngudi sdn sang bo ra them sd tien d e mua cdc lop duqc danli ten tlianli cdc cliU cai Ion mau trdng tren thanli lop nhu macho Wildcats hay Tough Guys nhung ban cd biet rdng sU p h on g pliu ciia thdng tin viet bdng nhitng chit cai nlio nliat mau den tren tlianli lop thi cd the cd gid tri hon nliieu ve mat lau ddi ltliong vd thdng tin nay duqc viet tu do neu ban biet cacli giai md no Cho du ban ltliong phai la mot ngi/di td md vdi dit lieu a cdc phdn sau day cung cd the giup ban khi mua vd bao duong cdc lop.

Cac md ve kich cd cua lop.

Vi du day la thdng tin ve mdt md lop m etric P thudng gap

dd la P205 / 75R-14:

♦ P la loai x e (trong trudng liqp nay la lianh liliach Cdc

md liliac bao gom L T dung cho xe tai nhe vd T dd la dung tain thoi hoac lop dit pliong)

♦ 205 la chieu rong cua mat cdt lop duqc do ngang qua

mat ga tit tlianli ben nay qua thdng ben kia tinh bdng

m l.(trong trudng liqp nay do rong cua lop la 205)

♦ 75 la ty le canh ben thay sd seri lop - dd la ty le eliieu

cao tlianli ben cua lop so vdi chieu rong (eliieu cao cua thanh ben lop bdng 75% so vdi clueu rong cua no) Cdc lop cd cdc sd s e n thap (nho hon 70) thi duqc xem la cdc lop cd mat hinh thap vd cd tlianli ben ngan.

♦ R la loai lop (R d o n g tdm, B la co dai ch eo, D lop bo

ch eo hoac lop bo xien va E la hinh elip T ron g trudng hop nay thi lop nay g o i la lop d on g tarn)

♦ D u ong kinh ciia banli x e duqc do bdng don vi inches,

(tron g trudng liqp n ay dudng kinh la 14 in ch es)

do toe do cao tao ra Dudi d ay la m ot bdng liet ke cdc cliQ cai chi mQe toe do cd y ngliia la g i:

♦ Z = 149+ mph

Ban cun g co the tim mile toe do duqc liet ke cung voi cdc chi so ve tai trong cua lop chdng han nhu 97H Trong trUbng hop nay 97 la chi so ve ty trong, H la chi mile toe do.

Neu x e cua ban nguyen thuy duqc ldp cdc loai lop chi toe

do thi ban p hai nen thay cdc loai lop nay bdng cdc loai lop chi mite toe do.

Cdc md chi cap chat litcfng cua lop

Hay tim cdc cap lop nay tren thanh bi cua lop hoac tren thanh ben ciia lop hoac tren cdc nhdn ddn vdo mat gai lop dudi day la y ngliia cua chung:

ludng T ron g tliUc te thi m ot loai lop duqc danh gid bdng chi so 200 thi no se co do mdn mat gai gap hai lan

so vdi loai lop duqc danli gid chi so 100 - neu tdt cd cdc yeu to g a y mdn kliac deu nliu nhau.

♦ Sm'c k eo: dd la cap AA, A, B, hoac C no the liien ltlia nang cua lop dilng tren dudng nliUa Udt lioac tren cdc via lie b eton g ditdi cdc dieu liien kiem soat (AA la cong suat cd th e la tot nliat) cdc cap nay chi pliu tliuoc dieu liien thdng d phia trildc chit liliong pliu tliuoc vdo doan cua hay doan quay dau M ot loai lop cd cap C la no da dat duqc tieu cliuan kiem tra cua chinh pliu trong khi cdc loai lop B, A, vd A A (theo trinh tu giam ddn) thi no vilqt qua tieu cliuan cua cliinli pliu.

♦ N h iet d o: Cap A, B, vd C nay la no the hien cliiu nhiet

vd klia nang tai nh iet neu lop cd du ng do can vd khong qua tai Cap C dap itng cdc tieu cliuan toi tliieu ciia Hoa

Ky trong khi cdc cap B vd A thi no vUqt qua tieu cliuan ciia Chinh Phu.

So nhan dien vd so ddng ky DOT

So nhan dien D O T xac dinh tren thanh ben cdc cliitc ndng

nhu la m ot so dd ng ky cho lop trong trudng hap cd yeu cdu tlidc mdc Sd nay cho ban biet noi vd thai gian sdn xuat cua lop H au liet cdc di2 lieu viet bdng md thi k lion g cd j nghla quan tro n g Idm NliUng neu ban to md tlii vi du sau day se chi cho ban b iet nliieu chit cai vd chi? so kliac nhau cua mot mau

md D O T, D O T W O K A A B C 262, cd nghla la:

♦ D O T cd nglila la lop nay dat duac lioac vi/qt qua tieu

cliuan an todn cua cuc van tai Hoa Ky

♦ W O la nha m ay sdn xuat ra lop Bdi vi cdc lop duqc sdn

xu at d cdc nha m ay kliac nhau nen ban liliong cdn biet tdt cd cdc bien doi cua md nay N eu ban quan tdm muon

b iet cdc noi sdn xu at ra cdc lop tlii liay lioi ngudi ban hang.

♦ K A la chi ch o biet kich cd lop T ron g trudng hop nay

kich cd lop la P194 / 75R14 Bdi vi kich cd lop cung duqc xac dinh tren tlianli ben cua lop nen ban ltliong cdn biet

tdt cd cdc bien d oi cua md nay.

♦ A B C la no ch i cho biet nhdn liieu vd tinh cliat cua lop

thay vi gia i md cdc chit nay thi ban cd th e d oc trong so hudng ddn m o td lop d e biet chi tiet.

♦ 2 6 2 la no chi tlidi gian sdn xuat lop (tro n g trudng hop

n ay sd 262 cd nghla la lop duqc sdn xu a t tron g tuan thii

2 6 cua ndm 1982 that la trang nlia p h a i lilion g?)

D e biet them nhieu chi tiet trong viec mua lop thi hay xem

phan "liUdng ddn mua lop d sau chuong nay"

Nhting thdng tin khde xde dinh tren thanh ben cua^lop.

H ay ltiem tra cdc tlianli ben ciia lop d e b iet du qc cdc dit lieu an todn sau d r y :

♦ Tai trong toi da: Trong litqng cua lop la bao nhieu thi

co the la an toan thudng la bieu luen bdng kg hoac bdng pou n d s

♦ A p suat toi da: la dp suat khi toi da d e co the gilt an todn cho lop thitdng duqc the hien bdng pounds/ inches Ban cd the tim thay cdc cacli liitang ddn ve kiem tra cdc

dp suat lop, cach doc tren mat gai de tim dau moi vd cdc cong viec kliac md ban co the tliitc hien tren lop a phdn sau ciia cliUong nay goi la cliam soc lop.

3 HiXdng ddn mua lop

Dudi day la m ot so lop md ban cdn phai danh gid:

♦ Cdc loai lop chay of tdt cd cdc mua la tieu chucin tren liau liet cdc xe hai Mite toe (xem mite toe do a phdn ddu cua chuong nay) thudng la S lioac T neu "M+S" (bim vd tuyet) duqc in d tlianli ben cua lop thi lop se hoat dong tot trong tinh trang tliai tiet kliong cdn phai sit dung cdc loai lop dung de chay trong tlidi tiet cd tuyet.

♦ Cdc lop xe du lich thtfctng thi ddc hon so vdi cdc lop

xe chay trong tdt cd cdc mua vd cluing cd ddc tien hay kliong phu tliuoc vdo titng sdn pham Cdc loai lop nay thudng cd mite toe do la S lioac T

♦ Cdc mu'c co hieu suat duqc thiet ke danli cho cdc ngudi lai xe bac Cdc lop nay ph u c vu tot han cho hoat dong thdng vd chay den nhitng doan cua nlutng thudng cd do

on hon vd mdn nlianli han Cluing thudng duqc dinh tdc

do Id H vd cd mat hinh rong thap hon.

♦ Cdc ld p co hieu suat sieu cao vd cd cd cdc mat tich

citc vd mat tieu citc vdi mot mite do Ion hon: cdc lop nay

cliay nlianli han, lioat d on g thdn g a d ieu kien tot hon a nhitng dieu liien dm Udt vd liho rao nhung chau it tliodi mdi han vd cliay tot han Cdc lop nay cd be mdt rong hon vd thudng cd mite toe do la V h oa c Z.

♦ Cdc lop xe tai n h e: cho cdc x e tai nlie, cdc loai xe cao cap Cdc lop nay cd nliieu dan g ltliac nhau duqc tliiet he lioat d on g a nhitng d ieu hien binh thudng cliay tren dudng

vd ngoai dudng lioac pliu c vu cho cd hai Cdc mat gai

d a y han p h u c vu chay a dia liinli n goai dudng luu thdng

no se cung cap m ot site heo m anli han tren cdc be mQt ltliong lat dudng Cdc lop x e tai n h e cu n g dd giam ve site

d id binli thudng d id nang lioac chd sieu ndng.

♦ C d c lop x e ch a y tren tu yet co th e la tot han so vdi cdc

lop x e chay a tdt cd cdc m ua d u n g d e cliay a tren cdc

vu n g niii ncri cd tu yet rai nliieu nliUng ch u n g rat on vd liliong hoat d on g tot tren cdc dudng luu thdng hoi ham

Do vay ch i sit d u n g cdc loai lop n ay klii cdn thiet.

♦ Cdc loai lop x ep cd the duqc cliay md klion g cdn pliai co

bdt ky m ot dp suat khi ndo ben tron g lop Cdc loai xe sit

d u n g lop xep thi ltliong cdn p liai cd kich x e hay lop dit

p lio n g (neu ban sd d u n g m ot loai x e ddi 1997 hay loai xe mdi hon C h evrolet C orvette hay m ot loai x e mdi cd trang

bi m ot loai tUang tu nliU vay thi chdc lidn ban cd loai lop ddng tdm dac b iet nay) Cdc tlianli ben cua lop thi no co cdc nu t k et liqp d a c b iet d e lam ch o lo p klioi bi xep

x u o n g khi lop mdt dp suat khi Ban cd th e lai x e vdi mot

sd lop x ep vdi tdc do len d en 50m /gid hoac 50 dam hoac cao hon md liliong lie liU lion g lop.

Cliay lop xep d cdc mite tdc do cao a tron g m ot tlidi gian ddi thi cd the bi h on g lop do vay cdc nlia sdn xuat xe hen

cd ldp m ot lie thdng canh bao vi du x e C orvette thi cd

cdc bo cdm bien dp suat lop a moi banh xe do vay tai xe

co the duqc bao lueu khi mot hay nlueu lop bi xep lioan todn Do ngudi tai xe kliong the cdm nhan duqc bdt ky mot sU cdm nlian ndo khi lop bi xep nen den bao hieu se phat sang tren bdng dieu ltliien bao liieu cho ngudi tai

xe biet gidi lian toe do dieu ltliien cua tai xe vd klioang cacli de tranli gay liong them cho lop hay banli xe TrUdc khi quyet dinli ve mot loai lop dac biet thi ban liay nliin ky thoi quen lai xe cua minh:

Ban co kho dieu khien banh xe hay k h o n g ? N eu ban

cd khuynh hudng dot cliay cao su khi den nhitng doan cua khi kliai lianli vd khi dilng thi ban pliai biet la cao su dd xuat pliat tit ddu Mot cap lop re tien cd the bi mdn rat nlianli, ban

cd the mua mot loai lop cd cliat luqng tot nliat trong klia ndng

co the.

Ban co lai nhanh va lai nhieu tren ditdng cao toe hay k h ong? Mot cliiec cd be mat cling hon thi se lau mdn hon vdi cdc dieu liien nay.

Ban cd chay xe nhieu tren mat diidng co dd go ghe,

cd chd nhieu tai tron g hoac de xe diidi trdi ndng trong mot khoang thdi gian ddi hay k h o n g ? Ban se cdn cd nliUng

cliiec lop cd cliat luqng cao hon cd do ben hon de trdi qua nhitng tliacli tliitc nay.

Thdi tiet nhu' the ndo d khu vitc ciia ban? N gay nay,

cdc loai xe ddn dong bdng cdc banh xe trudc vdi cdc loai lop chay trong tdt cd cdc mua duqc xUong sdn suat vdi cong nghe cao vi no cd site keo manli hon so vdi tdt cd cdc loai lop cu

chay d nhitng vung cd tuyet md da phai thay the khi mua he

dd den Tuy nliien neu ban cliay xe dudi nhitng dieu kien citc

ky kliac ngliiet cdn phai kiem tra cdc loai lop thiet he cho cdc

dieu kien thoi tiet nay: neu tro mita nhieu thi ban hay tim

nhitng cliiec lot phuc vu cho trdi mita cd cdc ranli gai sieu

rong Cdn d nhitng noi cd nliieu tuyet hay d cdc doi cd da thi

tim nhitng noi cd clul M +S (bun vd tuyet) glu tren thanh ben

cua lop.

Co p h a i ch a y xc hau hct tron g thanh p h o ncfi phai

d d n g nhieu vd qu a y ddu n h ieu hay k h o n g ' Thi co cdc loai lop m em hon co cdc m at gai ron g hon la phu hop nhat.

N h u vay neu ban co y dinh g id x e lai trong vong mot vdi ndm thi ve m at lau ddi ban co th e tiet kiem tien bdng cach la chap nhan nlidng cliiec lop ddc tien hon, ben hon so vdi nlidng cliiec lop re tien hon hay nlidng cliiec lop duqc danli gid sii

d u n g it hon 40000 dam NliUng cliiec lop re tien se mdn nlianli hon vd ve m at lau dai thi se ddc hon neu ban di/a ra mot tinh todn ve gia mua, gid lap rap, gia cdn chinh d bo lop lie tiep Con m ot dieu niia la neu ban bi x ep lop lioac lop xe liliong bam tren mat dudng thi pliai chiu m ot th iet hai Ion hon nhieu neu x e liU liong.

* Ban co th e tim cdc d d lieu xac dinh d u n g liicli cd lop cho

xe cua ban tron g tai lieu liUdng d en cua nha sdn xuat hay tren nhdn dd ng vdo xe N eu liliong co hai dd lieu nay thi hay h oi ngudi ban hang.

* Cho du la ban klion g lie m ua cdc loai lop nlio hon cdc

loai lop danli x e ban nliUng ban cung cd the mua cdc loai Ion hon cd hay 2 cd (neu do h o ciia banh xe cho

pliep) de di chu yen tot hon vd cd ltlid ndng chuyen chd tai tron g nliieu hon T uy nliien ban nen mua cdc loai lop

Ion nay thanh cap vd ldp len co t true H ay hoi tliq may

hay ngUoi ban h a n g lop x e h oac phu tung xe noi tieng de

biet du n g p h a m vi kich cd lop danh cho xe ban De biet

them chi tiet tlii liay xem phdn sau cua chuong nay duqc goi la hudng ddn mua lop.

* Cdm sd d u n g hai lop tren cu n g true x e cd kich cd liliac nhau.

* N eu ban chi thay m ot hodc 2 lop thi hay thay cdc lop trudc de dieu kliien vd thdng 6 nlidng doan cua tdt hon (bdi

6 17

vi trong luqng trubn den phia trudc khi ban thdng xe).

♦ N eu ban vdn du ng nhUng loai lop cd bo xien hoac cd

dai xien tren xe bdt budc ban pliai thay tdt cd cdc ldp nay trong cun g m ot thdi diem bang cac loai lop ddng tdm khi cluing bi mdn Ban kliong the thay nlueu loai lop ltliac nhau tren cung xe; md ban phai thay cung loai lop tren tdt cd bon bank Mi(c do cliay xc rat Ithac nhau den mile cdc lop ddng tdm no se bi lech liang neu ban thd ldp tdt cd cdc lop bdng cdc lop ddi cu.

♦ Phai nlid la ban phai til tao do ldp cua cdc lop mdi, do vay ban ltliong nen lai xe nlianli hon 60 dam /gid trong vong 50 dam ddu tien tren cdc lop mdi hay lop dit phong.

♦ Hay cdt gift cdc lop mdi md ban ltliong sit dung trong

chd toi de xa chd nguon nliiet manli vd cdc md to dien vi

no se tao ra cdc ozon.

Notes of figure - Chu thich hinh

1 Hinh 19-1: H ieu m ot cliiec lop qua liinli ve

2 Hinh 19-2: D u ng m ot dp lte do lop de Idem tra x e xem lop

cd dung do cdn hay ltliong.

3 Hinh 19-3: cach de thay ddi lop

4 Hinh 19-4: G oc n ghien g tdi cua true banh xe

5 Hinh 19-5: do ngh ien g cua cdc banli xe so vdi mat plidng dilng.

6 Hinh 19-6: Do clium ciia cdc banli xe.

7 Hinh 1-9-7: Ban kinh quay

8 Hinh 19-8: Ddu hieu mdn mat gai lop cd y nghla gi

9 Hinh 19-9: Den luc ban phai cdn nen thay lop mdi khi xuat hien cdc ddu hieu chi do mdn mat gai tren lop.

<Bdt 20

Troubleshooting Leaks, Squeaks, Smells, and Strange Sensations

Purpose and layout - Muc dich vd bo cuc:

□ R ecogn izin g the sounds o f trouble: nhan biet nliQng tieng

on cua su co.

□ G e ttin g rid o f squeaks, rattles, and vibrations: xti ly

nhitng tien g keu Idc cdc lach each vd nhUng dao dong.

□ Sniffing out unusual smells: p h a t hien ra cdc mui la

□ D eciph erin g sm oke signals: xa c dinli nhitng tin hieu tao

klioi

□ Locating and dealing with leaks: dinli vi vd xii ly nhitng

cho bi rd ri.

□ G etting to the bottom o f strange sensations: k iem tra vd

gia i thich nhitng cdm g ia c la.

□ T ro u b le s h o o tin g w ith d irection al signals: xii ly sit cd

cdc tin h ieu chu yen liUdng.

As you w ork on your vehicle, you’ll get to kn ow it better Before long, you ’ll becom e m ore sensitive to its signals If som ething sounds funny or smells funny or just d oesn ’t feel right, you’ll soon sense it This can help you forestall expen­sive repairs, because you’ll be able to prevent trouble or catch

it before it becom es a major problem This chapter show s you how to use your eyes, ears, and nose to sen s e automotive

symptoms, and how to deal with those symptoms

The words in special type are defined in the Practical Glossary o f Automotive Terms at the end of this book

1.Sounds

You probably know how your vehicle sounds when it’s run­ning properly, and your ears can alert you to anything that sounds strange Well, listen to your ears! If you hear a strange

or different sound, pay attention to it and react accordingly

♦ If a fan belt or accessory belt “sings” (m akes a con ­ tinuous, h igh p itch ed sound), readjust or replace it

These belts should have at least half an inch of play and shouldn’t be frayed, cracked, or glazed on the underside Some belts tend to sing more than others Rubbing a bit

of petroleum jelly on the undersides o f these belts usu­ally quiets them down You can find instructions for ad­justing and replacing belts in Chapter 14

D on’t drive with a broken fan belt I f you carry a spare

belt or an old belt in the trunk, you may be able to save yourself towing charges

♦ If your rad iator “sin g s” (sim ilar sound, d ifferen t tune), check the radiator pressure cap The rubber ga s­ ket may be worn, and steam from the hot engine may be

escaping past it Chapter 14 tells you how to remove a radiator cap safely

♦ If your tires squeal on curves - and you aren ’t sp e e d ­ ing - check their inflation pressure, treads, and a lig n ­

m ent by using the instructions in Chapter 19.

♦ If you hear a w hining or hum m ing sounds on curves, your w heel bearings may be wearing Chapter 18 turns

you on to the sensual thrill of repacking them with your bare hands

♦ If your tires “tram p” (make a w eird, rhythm ic sound

as you d r iv e ), check inflation, tire w ear, and wheel

b a la n cin g (see Chapter 18).

♦ If you h ea r sq u e a lin g w hen you step on the brake, you’ve probably worn the brake pads down too far Get

them replaced immediately Some disc brakes are natu­rally noisy, but if the sound gets louder, take heed

♦ If so m e th in g ticks rh ythm ically w hile your engine

id les, shut o ff the engine, wait ten minutes, and then

check the oil level The hydraulic lifters that operate the valves in your en gin e can make these noises if you’re down as little as a quart o f oil I f the level is low, add oil

up to the “ Full” line on the dipstick and check again in a couple o f days I f you have enough oil, have a mechanic

ch eck the valve adjustm ent if your car has adjustable valves (some d o n ’t) Faulty valves can seriously affect your car’s perform an ce and fuel consumption

♦ If you h ea r a loud k n ock in g sound in your engine,

pull to the side o f the road im m ed iately and call for road

service It may be just a loose rocker arm or carbon buildup

inside the engine, but if it’s a loose b e a rin g or a faulty

piston, letting it go unheeded can destroy the whole en­gine

Mild kn ocking or “ p inging” may be the result of using fuel with the w ron g octane rating C heck your owner’s manual to see w h eth er your vehicle needs low-octane or premium gas

♦ If you h oar th e e n g in e running a fter y o u ’ve turned

o ff the ign itio n , your engine is dieseling This condition

is often flue to using fuel with too high an octane rating, but a tank o f inferior gas or an idle speed that's set to high may also be the culprit

♦ If you h ea r ru m b lin g noises com in g from under or

to w ard the re a r o f the veh icle, the trouble could be a

defective exhaust pipe muffler, or catalytic converter; or

it could be coming from a worn universal joint or some other part of the drive train Have a service facility put the car up on a hoist and find the problem

♦ If you hear clunking under your vehicle, especially when you go over a bum p, check the shock absorbers

and suspension system If it’s toward the rear, your tailpipe

or muffler may be loose

♦ If you hear a w histling noise com ing from under the hood, check the hoses for vacuum leaks If the w his­

tling comes from inside the vehicle, there’s probably a

leak in the weather-stripping Patch the weatherstripping according to the directions in Chapter 24

♦ If you hear an unlocatable sound, get an old stetho­

scope from a medical supply house or ask your family doctor As shown in Figure 20-1, take off the rubber disc and insert a piece of tubing in its place (about 134 inches will do) Then put the plugs in your ears, run the engine, and move the tube end o f the stethoscope around the hood area The stethoscope amplifies the sound as you near the part that’s causing it

Figure 20-1:

A piece of tubing and

an old stethoscope make an effic ie n t tro u b le ­ shooting device.

A metal com bination wrench w orks the same way Place one end o f the wrench on the bone behind your ear and, leaning over, place the other end o f the wrench on the parts that seem to be the source o f the noise Be careful not to get a shock or get your hair tangled in the fan.

♦ I f yo u r b ra k e s squeal, the b rak e lin in g s may be glazed

or worn Som e disc brake pads have built-in wear sen­

sors that squeal when it’s time to replace them Even though som e disc brakes tend to squeal under normal circumstances, it’s safer to have the brakes checked, or follow the instructions in C h apter 18 and check them yourself

♦ I f the car id les with an o ffb ea t rh yth m , it isn’t be­ com ing creative; it’s probably m isfirin g - one o f the spark

p lu gs or the wires that connect them to the distributor cap may be at fault Try the following:

• With the en gin e off, check the spark plug cables for

breaks or shorts in the wiring

• W ith th e en g in e off, rem ove the spark plugs one at a

tim e and c h e c k w h e th e r t h e y ’ re c le a n and properly

g a p p ed Replace any that are fouled or burned.

I f that d oesn ’t help, have a technician check the igni­ tion sy stem with an electronic en gin e analyzer People

used to check spark plugs by hold in g the end o f the spark plug cable close to a metal surface to see whether a spark

ju m p e d across wh en the e n g in e w a s cranked, but the high voltage in most ignition system s now makes that procedure ex trem ely dangerous

♦ If the id lin g is rough but e v en and yo u r vehicle has

a c a rb u re to r, the carburetor settings may need to be

adjusted C hapter 13 shows you h ow to do this yourself

I f that d oesn ’t work, you may need to replace the car­buretor Fuel-injected vehicles d o n ’t have carburetors, and

a technician must check and adjust these complex elec­

6 23

tronic systems Try checking the compression in each cylinder, following the instructions in the section o f Chap­ter 13 called “Checking the Compression in Your Cylin­ders.” If the engine needs to be rebuilt, you may prefer to get another engine -or another vehicle

An easy way to see whether your car is idling evenly is

to place a stiff piece o f paper against the end o f the

tailpipe while the car is idling (with the em ergen cy brake on, please) Doing so amplifies the sound and en­

ables you to hear the rhythm A misfiring cylinder comes through as a pumping or puffing sound An even but rough

idle is a clue that it’s time to retune your carburetor- especially the idle m ixture and idle sp eed screw s

Chapter 13 has instructions for doing this job

♦ If your car sounds like a je t plane or m akes some other loud, abnorm al sound, a hole in the m uffler is

probably the cause Replace it immediately: Traffic cops hate noisy mufflers, and carbon monoxide hates people!

♦ If the horn is stu ck , your vehicle is producing what

may be the worst noise it can make B efore this happens,

have someone honk your horn until you can locate it un­der your hood There are usually two horns Each has a wire leading to it I f your horn gets stuck, pull these wires to stop the noise (see Figure 20-2) - sometimes you have to pull only one When you have the horn fixed, tell the mechanic that you pulled the wires and find out why the horn got stuck (If you can’t get at the horn wires, disconnect one battery terminal or pull the fuse that goes

to the horn to stop the noise.)

♦ If y ou r car sou n d s like an old taxi, esp ecially when you drive it on a b u m p y ro a d , it may just need lubri­

cation (see Chapter 16) H ow ever, the problem might be worn shock absorbers or struts, suspension ball joints, or broken stabilizer links (see C hapter 11)

You may get used to the squeaks and groans, but they also indicate wear, because th e y ’re caused by parts rub­bing together or m oving without the proper lubrication Obviously, action is called for T h e following section may

be o f help

2 Squeaks, Rattles, and Vibrations

I f you hear suspicious rattles, squeaks, or vibrations, you may be able to save yo u rse lf som e m oney by checking and tightening the follow ing items before seeking professional help:

♦ L oose screw s and b o lts (C h eck both inside the vehicle

and under the hood.)

♦ R e a rv iew and side m irro rs

♦ D a sh b o a rd k n ob s and trim

♦ S ou n d -sy stem sp e a k e r grills

♦ W in d ow and door cran k s and locks

♦ A sh tray (Is it empty? Does it fit snugly?)

♦ Glove box (Is the door shut tight? Is anything in the

glove box rattling around?)

♦ Hubcaps (If your vehicle has them, remove them and

check inside for pebbles.)

♦ Outside trim

♦ Trunk (Is som eth in g you’ve stashed in there m oving

around?)

If none o f these is the culprit, or if the noise persists, have

a repair facility find the cause Often, something inside the vehicle vibrates sympathetically because another part of the vehicle is running roughly

Many squeaks respond well to a lube jo b (see Chapter 16 for details on doin g one yourself) I f there is a persistent squeak under the vehicle, your mechanic may be able to in­stall an additional grease fitting in the squeaky area at a low cost Tweety Bird and other old Mustangs o f her vintage were prone to squeaks in the A -frame under the front bumper A grease fitting on each side o f the upper control arm cured the sound effects quickly and cheaply

3 Smells

Ideally, other than that new-ca” smell, the only odors you should smell inside your vehicle should come from smelly things that you’ve put in it: the takeout lunch that you bought at a drive-through, the perfume that your 6-year-old squirted all over herself, your not-so-freshly groomed dog w ho’s pressing his nose against your recently washed windows You can get rid of persistent odors easily by using Febreze, a spray that eliminates odors rather than masking them But if you smell any of the items in the following list, take immediate action

to correct it:

♦ Do you sm ell ru bber burning under the hood? One

o f your hoses may have come loose and landed on a hot part o f the engine Rescue it before it melts through.

♦ Do you sm ell b u rn ed ru b b er with the h ood closed?

Feel your w h eels I f one is hot, a brake shoe may be dragging, or you may have left the parking brake on If neither o f these checks out, an overheated clutch may be the cause

♦ Do you sm e ll oil b u rn in g ? (It has a thick, acrid odor.)

First check the oil dipstick by following the directions in

C hapter 3 Your oil pressure gauge may be lying, and you

m ay be out o f oil Or your engine may be overheating, and your temperature gauge may be broken If neither is the case, look a r o jn d the engine for an oil leak that may

be frying in the heat o f the running engine If the oil situation seem s to be okay, check the transmission fluid dipstick S om etim es a faulty vacuum m odulator can si­phon the fluid out o f the transmission and feed it to the engine, w h ere it’s burned Also, if the transmission fluid

is very low, it can be burned in the transmission because the gears aren ’t lubricated enough and are getting very hot

♦ Do you sm e ll oil or e x h a u st fum es in the passenger

co m p a rtm e n t? The cause could be burned oil from the

engine area - but it could also be a faulty exhaust pipe under the car that lets exhaust gases get into the vehicle through the floorboards

Exhaust fumes are full o f carbon monoxide, so if you smell oil or exhaust in the car, be sure to keep your windows open at all tim es and have the problem checked out as quickly as you can W e ’ve all heard stories about people who have died on the highw ay from carbon m onoxide or from p assing out at the wheel because o f it Such stories are true

♦ Do you sm ell so m e th in g sw eet and ste a m y ? Take

a look at the temperature gauge or light on your dash­board to see whether your car is overheating Chapter 14 tells you how to cool things down

♦ Do you sm ell rotten eggs? The smell is probably com ­

ing from the catalytic converter, which is part o f the exhaust system The converter may be malfunctioning, or you may have a problem with your engine

♦ Do you sm ell burned toast (a light, sharp odor)?

Unless you’ve brought breakfast with you, it may be an electrical short circuit, or the insulation on a wire may

be burning Check around under the hood Driving is a bit risky, so either get to the nearest garage or have a technician come to you

♦ Do you sm ell gasoline? If you just had trouble starting

the car, the engine may be flooded Wait a few minutes and try again I f the smell comes from under the hood area, check your fuel injection system or carburetor to make sure that it isn’t leaking fuel Also check your fuel pump The gasoline will wash a clean streak across it, which can be seen with the naked eye Then check for leaks down the fuel line all the way to the fuel tank Also, check all the fuel lines and hoses If they’ve rotted

or are disconnected, you’ll smell fuel vapors without see­ing any leaks Taking a look under the vehicle after it’s been parked overnight may help, but remember that fuel evaporates quickly, so the clues may be stains rather than wet spots Obviously, you don’t want to smoke while you’re

doing this! But then you never want to smoke when you’re

working on your car

Gasoline ignites easily, and gasoline vapors can explode,

so if you smell gasoline - and you didn’t just fill your tank -find the source of the leak and have it repaired im m edi­

ately I f your usual repair facility isn’t close by, either drive to the closest garage and have them repair it, or call your auto club and have them deal with the leak by eith er fixing it on the spot or tow in g the vehicle to a repair facility.

4 Sm oke

I f you see smoke coming from your tailpipe, pay attention

to the color for clues to what the problem is:

♦ I f y o u see w hite vapor on a cold m o rn in g , disregard

it i f it stops after the car warm s up I f it continues after the car is warm, a cracked engine block or cylinder head

or a lea ky head gasket may be lettin g w ater into the engine Y ou’ll need professional help with this one

♦ I f yo u se e b la ck sm oke and you h ave a carburetor, the fu e l/a ir m ixture may need to be adjusted to a leaner

setting You can find information about adjusting it in

C h apter 13

B lack sm oke from a vehicle with fuel injection usually requires special diagnosis and should be left to a repair facility

You can check to see w hether the fuel/air mixture is too rich by running your finger around the inside edge of the tailpipe (first make sure that it’s not hot) I f carbon comes

o ff on your finger, the mixture is probably too rich

♦ I f th e sm ok e is ligh t or d ark b lu e, the vehicle is burn­

ing oil, w hich can indicate that oil is leakin g into the com b u stio n ch am bers and you either need your piston rings replaced or your engine rebuilt or replaced Rem­

ed yin g this situation usually costs at least S I ,000 But it

m ay sim ply mean that the oil h asn ’t been changed and has gotten so low and cruddy that it’s sm oking If this is

the case - and you’re the one responsible -shame on you! Chapter 15 tells you how to change your oil quickly and easily

♦ If the sm oke is light gray, the car may be burning

automatic transmission fluid Check the transmission dip­stick Is the fluid dark and burned-looking? Does it smell burned? With luck, you may just need to change the fluid

A faulty vacuum modulator can also suck transmission fluid into the engine, where it’s burned in the cylinders and causes the same type o f smoke to come out o f the tailpipe You can usually replace the vacuum modulator quite cheaply Or the smoke may mean that your transmis­sion is going out

Being low on transmission fluid can cause the same symp toms as a transmission that needs servicing, repair, or replacement To avoid paying for work that your vehicle may not need, be sure to read Chapter 17 before you see

a specialist

5 Leaks

Pay close attention to leaks Running a vehicle that’s dras­tically low on vital liquid can ruin your engine After you find the source o f the leak, the following information will help you decide whether you can handle it yourself or you need profes­sional help

If water is getting inside your vehicle, check the rubber gas­ kets and weatherstripping around the windows, doors, and

sunroof, and refer to Chapter 24 for instructions on how to fix it.Here’s an easy way to see whether anything is leaking out

from under your vehicle, and a few pointers to help you de­

cide what to do about it:

1 Park your vehicle overnight on a clean patch of p ave­

m ent or a large, clean piece of white paper.

Either tape some sheets o f paper togeth er or buy a roll

o f plain white com m ercial w rap p in g paper Newspaper

is too absorbent and car change the color o f the stains

2 P lace m arks on the p ap er to sh o w w here each of the four w h ee ls is restin g , and in d icate the front and rear en d s o f the veh icle.

3 In the m orn in g, m ove the v e h icle and look for small

p u d d les or tra ces o f liq u id on the ground or paper

T ou ch and sm ell each p u d d le or tra ce o f liquid.

H ere’s how to decipher the evidence:

I f it’s clear, w atery, and u n d er the air conditioner,

it’s probably just normal condensation (if you’ve used the air conditioner recently)

I f it’s b lack or d a rk b row n , grea sy , and located

u n d er the en g in e area, it’s probably oil Figure out

which part o f the vehicle was over the spot and look for leaks around the oil-drain plug, the crankcase, and the engine

I f it’s red or p in k and g re a sy and you have an

au tom atic tra n sm issio n , it’s probably transmission fluid Check the transm ission dipstick and, if the level

is low, top it o ff with the proper transm ission fluid Then check the dipstick again in a day or two If it’s low again, have a professional check the transm ission to make sure that the seals are intact

I f it’s w a tery or slip p e ry ; it’s g re en , red, blue, or­

an ge, or ru st c o lo re d ; and it’s co m in g from under the rad iator or e n g in e , it’s probably coolant To check

the radiator, engine, and hoses for leaks, see “Checking For and R epairin g Leaks in the C ooling System’’ in Chapter 14

If it’s oily; it’s pink, red , or c le a r; and you find it tow ard the front b u m p er (u su a lly on the driver’s sid e), it’s probably p o w e r -ste e r in g fluid Chapter 3

tells you how to check the power-steering dipstick If the level is low, add more fluid and check again in a couple o f days I f it’s low again, have a mechanic check things out

If it’s a ligh t-colored or clear fluid, it may be brake fluid Even if the leaks have dried, the stains should be

visible Depending on which part o f the car was parked over the puddle or spot, check for brake fluid leaks around the master cylinder and around the brake lines

If the leak is where a wheel was standing, check down the inside surface o f that wheel I f you find stains or

wetness there, the brake cylinder could be leaking -

or a dog could have “marked” your car!

Leaky brakes are too dangerous to leave unattended Have a professional repair any brake fluid leaks im m e­diately

If it sm ells like gasoline, it probably is! If the leak is under the hood area, check around the fuel pum p and the fuel in jecto rs or the carburetor, if your vehicle

has one If the leak seems to be under the center o f the

car, check the fu el lines If it’s under the rear end, check the fu el tank (Don’t smoke while you’re doing

this!)

Gasoline ignites easily, and gasoline vapors can explode,

so if you smell gasoline - and you haven’t just filled your tank - find the source o f the leak and have it repaired immediately I f your usual repair facility isn’t close by, either drive to the closest garage and have them repair

it, or call your auto club and have them either fix it on the spot or tow the car to a repair facility

If you can ’t locate the source o f the leak and your vehicle is losing liquid from the radiator on a reg u ­ lar basis, Chapter 14 can help you find the leak and check your radiator pressure cap.

6 Strange sensations

This is a catchall category for those things that just “feel funny.” Use the process o f elimination to check anything that may cause your vehicle to run roughly: hoses, tires, brakes, oil

levels, and sp ark p lu g connections; the carb u reto r, cooling system , clu tch , g e a rsh ift, and ste e rin g lin kage The index

can steer you tow ard the chapters that include instructions for checking these things

Here are a few specific sensations that you may encoun­ter:

♦ If ste e rin g is d ifficu lt and you have p ow er steering,

see “Check the P ow er-S teerin g Fluid” in Chapter 3 for information about checkin g the dipstick in the reservoir attached to the p ow er-steerin g unit to see whether there’s enough p ow er-steerin g fluid I f it’s low again soon after you fill it, ch eck for leaks in the hoses leading from the unit to the front wheels

♦ If your car sta rts w a n d e rin g in stead o f running in a straigh t lin e, the problem can be caused bv worn steer­ ing com ponents or wheels that are out o f alignm ent If

the vehicle starts pulling to the left or right, one o f the tires may be underinflated, or the front end may be out

o f align m en t L ook for the solutions to these problems

in Chapters 16 (steerin g) and 19

♦ I f your car p u lls to one side w hen you step on the

b rak e p e d a l, C h a pter 18 tells you how to check your

brakes

♦ If the en g in e s p e e d s up b u t yo u r car d o e sn ’t accel­ erate w h en y o u step on the gas p ed al; if th e re ’s a

d ela yed r e s p o n s e (or none at all) w hen you shift

g ears; or if sh iftin g su d d e n ly b eco m es aw k w ard or noisy, check the transm ission (see Chapter 17) If you have an a u to m a tic tran sm ission , you may just be low

on transm ission flu id , or you may have a disconnected

hose or plugged filter

If you seek professional help, make sure that they check the problem s that are cheapest to remedy before they decide that you need major transmission work!

Finally, I strongly suggest that you do the under-the-hood check in Chapter 3 This easy, 15-minute monthly checkup can prevent 70 percent of the problems that could cause your vehicle to break down on the highway By checking for symp­toms o f trouble in advance, you can save yourself time and money that you’d otherw ise have to spend for towing and repairs

7 Directional Signals

Did you know that the directional signal flashers on your dashboard are designed to provide clues to malfunctions else­where on your vehicle? If one e, of your directional flashers stops flashing or stops m aking that ticking noise when it flashes, the light isn’t necessarily out o f order The manufac­turer of your vehicle has cleverly utilized these lights to tell you that a light on the outside o f your vehicle isn’t working.Using the left flasher on your dashboard as an example, here are what various symptoms indicate:

♦ If the left fla sh er on your dashboard stays on w ith ­ out b lin k in g or m aking a noise, get out o f the vehicle

and check w h eth er your left directional signal lights are on in the front and rear If one is out, simply replace the bulb A fter you replace the bulb, your dashboard flasher should work normally again

♦ If your left rear directional signal light goes on but d o e sn ’t blink, and your left front d irectional signal light d o esn ’t go on at all, but both your right

d irectio n a l signal lights are w orking p erfectly, your

left front directional signal bulb is bad After you re­

place it, the left rear light will start to blink again.

♦ I f all y o u r d irection a l signal ligh ts a r e n ’t going on,

check the fuse Chapter 12 has instructions for finding your fuse box and replacing fuses

♦ If all y o u r d irectio n a l signal lights go on but don’t

b lin k , your flasher unit is bad This unit usually plugs

directly into the fuse box, so look for trouble there first

A fter you replace the bulb or fuse that’s defective, the dashboard flashers go back to normal Isn ’t that lovely?

♦ If b oth sign a l lights on one side a re n ’t going on,

check to see w h eth er the bulbs need replacing If they

d on ’t, the signals may not be grounded properly Your

m echanic can tell you w hether this is the case

♦ I f th e r e ’s no ligh t on y o u r d ash b o a rd w hen you

m ove y o u r d irectio n a l sign al le v e r, either the bulb

on your dashboard flasher is out or the unit is malfunc­tioning

♦ If one sig n a l ligh t is flash in g fa ster or slow er than the o th e rs, check to see w h eth er the bulb is the proper

one for your vehicle A heavy-duty bulb will flash faster than a standard bulb Also check for loose connections

or corrosion around the socket the bulb fits into

Be sure to replace burnt-out bulbs at once They usually cost very little M ost service stations will replace them for the cost o f the bulb Headlights are more expensive because they have to be replaced as a unit (see Chapter 12 for instruc­tions)

Words and phrase - Tit vd cum tit

Sounds: Cdc tien g keu.

I f a fan belt or accessory belt “sin gs” (m akes a continu­

ous, h igh p itch ed sound): N eu m ot d ay dai h oa c m ot day

dai p h u p h a t ra dm thanh u ii (la no p h a t r c dm thanh

lien tuc cao do)

If your radiator “sings” (similar sound, different tune):

Neu tilling tai nliiet pliat ra dm thanh u u (la m ot dm thanh tliong til dm thanh cua day dai nliUng cd dm dieu kliac).

❖ Squeaks, Rattles, and Vibrations: T ien g keu rit, tien g

keu lacli cacli vd dao d on g

& Ashtray: Khay dung do

❖ Glove box: Hop dung gan g tay

❖ Hubcaps: Ndp chup dung xe

❖ Outside trim: Kiem tra do ngan ndp o ben ngoai xe

❖ Trunk: Tliung xe

❖ Smells: Cdc mui la

❖ Smoke: Khdi

❖ Leaks: Cdc tinh trang rd ri.

<+ Strange sensations: NliUng cdm giac la

❖ Directionat Signals: Cdc d'en xi nhan

Translate the paragrap 1, 7 into Vietnamese -

Bdi dich de nghi doan 1, 7:

1 Cdc tieng keu.

Chdc hdn ban se biet xe ban ph at ra tien g keu nliU the ndo khi no hoat don g kliong dung vd doi tai cua ban se bao cho ban biet bdt ky m ot vat gi p h at ra dm thanh la Vang, hay lang nghe ddi tai cua minh neu ban nghe m ot dm thanh la vd kliac biet, liay luu y dm thanh do vd cd liUdng phdn ling thich hop.

thanh u u (Id no phat ra am thanh lien tuc cao do)

thi hay dieu chinh hoac hay thay day dai dd Cdc day dai

n ay cd do roi it nhat la m ot inch va m at dudi ciia day dai

p h a i k h o n g bi son bi ni(t g a y Co m ot so d a y dai co khuynli hudng ph at ra dm thanh u u nhieu hon cac ddy dai Ithac Chd mot it m o bo len m at dildi day dai nay tlii thudng no se lam giam cdc dm thanh dd Ban se tim thay

cd c hu dng ddn d ieu ch in h vd thay th e cd c ddy dai a

ch u on g 14.

K h o n g du oc chay xe vdi d ay dai bi dilt N eu ban cd mang

th eo ddy dai dll p h o n g h oac m ot ddy dai cii 6 tilling xe thi ban cd the tiet kiem chi p h i p h a i k eo x e ve

mot dm thanh tiictng tii dm thanh ciia ddy dai nhiing

nh iet Ron den cao su cd th e bi mdn vd hoi nUdc a dong

c o bi ndng cd the tlioat qua do N oi du ng cua chuong 14

se ch i cho ban biet cach thao ndp nay m ot cach an toan.

m at gai cua lop vd do thdng hang theo cach hudng ddn a chuong 19.

d ch u on g 18 se dua ban v i nh iin g cdm nhan ddng bac bdng tay trong.

nhiing tieng keu la nhip nhang khi ban chay xe)

hay kiem tra dp suat hoi lop, ltiem tra do mdn ciia lop vd

do cdn bdng ciia cdc banh x e (h ay xem chu ong 18).

xa Ban hay m ang den tliq thay ngay tile ltliac Cd mot so

th d n g dia binh thudng cu n g p lia t ra tien g on nliilng neu tien g on Ion hon thi ban cdn luu y den.

c a k h d n g h o a t d o n g tlii liay tdt ngay dong ca va cho sau 10 phut sau do ltiem tra lai mile ddu Cdc can nans tliuy lilc hoat dong cac sut pap trong dong co co the tao

ra cdc tieng on nay neu ddu bi liut mot it bdng lthodng 250ml N eu mice ddu thap ban liay cliam them ddu den vach phun tren que tliam ddu vd sau mot vdi ngay hay ltiem tra lai N eu xe ban co du ddu thi ban hay nho mot tliq co khi ltiem tra dieu chinh lai sut pap neu xe co trang

bi cdc su pap co the dieu chinh lai (co mot so xe ltliong

co trong sut pap nay) Cdc siit pap bi hong thi no co the gay anli hudng nghiem trong den liieu suat hoat dong cua xe vd mile tieu hao nliien lieu.

cot thi liay lteo xe ngay vdo le diCdng vd hay nho den tho siia chfCa 6 ben dildng Sii co nay co the Id do cdn md sut pap bi long hodc do cdc chat can nliiC bim dong ben trong ddng co nhiing neu bo bac bi, long hoac pitton g bi liong

ma ban vdn tiep tuc chay xe ma ltliong hlu y gi den thi no

cd the pha huy todn bo dong co xe.

Nhiing am tlianli va dap nlie vd nhiing tieng lteu nghe u

u cd the la do sii dung nliien lieu cd do de tan bi sai Hay

xem lai tai lieu liildng dan ciia nlia sdn xuat de xem la lieu can xe cd do dc tan tliap hay do oc tail cao.

chay bdng ddu dezen Tinli trang nay la do sic dung nhien lieu cd do dc tan qua cao nliilng neu ben trong tilling cliiia cd lan xang hoac tdc do cong tai dinh dat qua cao thi cung cd the gay ra sii co do.

ddn thanh hoac bo loc khoi bi hong hodc cd the la do khdp ndi van ndng hoac mot bo phan ndo do ciia true chuyen dong bi hong Hay mang xe den co so bao dudng

de ho kich xe vd xae dinh sii co.

♦ Neu ban nghe tieng keu dm dm cf ben dtfcfi xe dac

giam xoc va he tlion g nliip N eu dm thanh n ay phat ra til

p h ia sau xe thi co th e la do on g khoi hay o n g ddn thanh

bi long.

kiem tra cdc ong ddn chdn kliong cd bi ro ri hay khong.

N eu dm thanh nay phat ra a ben trong xe thi chdc hdn la

cdc ldp vo boc che mUa ndng bi rd ri H ay quan lai cdc

ldp vo boc nay theo hudng ddn cliUong 24.

thi liay mua m ot cliiec o n g nghe cu tai m ot ciia hieu ban

do y klioa lioac h oi m uon bac si cham soc siic klioe gia dinli NliU m inh lioa a liinli 20-1 tlii liay tliao dia cao su

ra vd an m ot doan o n g vdo (klioang 1,5 inch ) sau do dua

nu t nghe vdo tai vd klioi d on g d on g c o vd di chuyen dau

on g nghe xun g quanli Ithu vUc capo O n g nghe nay no se

k h u ech dai dm thanh khi ban dat gan a bo plian gay ra

dm thanh dd.

B dng viec sii d u n g m ot chia van to liqp kim loai no cung

cd tdc du ng g io n g n h u o n g nghe M ot dat m ot ddu cliia van len xuon g ndm sau tai, dat ddu kia cua chia van len cdc bo p han nghi ngd la nguon p liat ra tien g on Cdn than k eo bi va dap lioac bi quan tdc vdo quat gid.

cd th e bi lai lioac bi mdn Cd m ot so d em thdng dia co cdc bo cdm bien dd ng bo ldp ben trong vd no se phat ra tien g lieu lit rit khi d en thdi d em thay the Cho du cd mot

so tlidng dia cd k/iuynh hudng p h a t ra tien g keu lit rit dudi m ot sd tinh hudng binh thudng nliUng dieu an todn hon la phai m ang th dn g di kiem tra vd hay tuan theo cdc liUdng dan d ch u on g 14 vd cu n g cd the tu kiem tra cliung.

liien; cd le nguyen nhdn la do danli liia sai m ot trong cdc

buri danli IQa hay ddy ddn noi buri den ndp phdn phoi dien co th e bi hong Hay thii tliitc hien cdc budc sau: Tdt d on g co kiem tra ddy dien buri xem co bi diit hay

bi chap mach a m ang ddy hay khong.

B e don g co bdp tliao titng buri m ot vd kiem tra xem la chung co sqch vd like lid cua buri co dinli dung hay ltliong H ay thay bdt lty mot buri ndo bi don g can hay

bi cliay.

N eu cdc bien ph ap tren ltliong co tdc dung thi hay nho mot ky tliuat vien sii dung may phdn ticli dong co bdng dien tii de ltiem tra lie tliong danli liia M oi ngudi dd titng ltiem tra buri bdng cacli giQ m ot ddu ddy buri vd dat gan vdi be m at kim loai de xem la tia IQa co bdn ra hay ltliong nliUng ngay nay dien dp cao trong liau liet cdc lie tliong danli liia co mot mQc do citc lty nguy hiem neu tliQ bdng ph u on g pliap dd.

pliai dieu chinh lai N oi dung o'chuong 13 da chi cho ban biet cacli d e tu d ieu chinh cong viec nay N eu vaji ltliong

cd tdc d u ng sau khi dieu chinh thi ban cdn pliai thay bo che lioa khi B o i vdi cdc xe sii dung he tliong phun nliien lieu kliong cd cdc bo che lioa khi thi ngudi ky tliuat vien bdt budc phai kiem tra vd dieu chinh cdc lie tliong dien tii pliQc tap nay H ay thQ Idem tra site nen trong mdi xilanli theo cdc hudng ddn a chuong 13 duqc g oi la kiem tra sQc nen trong cdc xilanh N eu don g co cdn pliai pliuc hoi thi dieu tot hon Id ban nen mua m ot don g co ltliac hoac mua m ot cliiec xe ltliac.

Cach de ddng de xem xe ban no ltliong tai la cd dieu dan hay ltliong, hay dp m ot mau g ia y ddy len dau on g xd khdi khi x e dang no khong tai (xin liay cai thdng tay) Bdng viec thuc hien nhu vay thi no se khuech dai dm thanh vd no g 'lip cho ban nghe duqc nhip no M ot xilanh danh IQa sai tro ve binh thudng khi ban nghe thay tien g

no bom deu M ot ch e do no kliong tai d eu nhung co am thanh Ion do la m ot ddu moi bao cho b iet den thdi diem ban phcii d ieu ch in h bo che hod khi dac b iet la dieu cliinli cdc vit hon h op kliong tai vd vit no a ch e do kliong tai

N oi du ng d ch u on g 13 se cho ban biet cdc hudng ddn de tliUc hien co n g v iec nay.

may bay phdn IvCc hoac phat ra mot am thanh nao

thiing H ay thay ngay on g ddn thanh Vi canh sat cong lo rat g h e t cdc o n g ddn thanh p h a t ra tien g on vd khi carbo

m on oxid e rat n gu y liai cho con ngUbi.

toi te Trudc khi sU co nay xay ra thi liay a lib mot ai do bam coi cho d en khi ban cd the dinli vi duoc tieng coi d ben dudi capo TliUbng thi cd hai coi Mdi m ot coi deu co

m ot ddy d ien dan d en dd N eu coi bi nglien tlii liay keo thao cdc ddy nay ra d e ngUng tien g on (xem liinli 20-2) - ddi khi ban ch i p h a i keo m ot ddy ddn K hi coi da duqc ldp thi ban h a y bao th o m ay rdng ban dd keo cdc ddy ddn vd p h a t h ien x em tai sao coi bi nglien (neu ban kliong the tliao d u oc cdc ddy ddn thi ban liay tliao m ot ddu cUc

dc qui vd k eo cdu chi noi coi d e ngilng tien g on.)

chiec xe taxi cu, dac biet la khi chay tren diibng

16) Tuy nh ien sii cd nay cd the la do cdc bo giam xoc cdc tru clion g cdc khdp noi bi nliip bi mdn lioac co cdu on dinh bi g a y (xem cliUong 11).

Cd the ban quen vdi tien g keu lit rit, cdc tien g gam nhung

dd la nh iin g ddu liieu chi do mdn, bdi vi nguyen nhdn la cdc bo plian chd xa t vdi nhau vd chu yen d on g md khong

cd du do bdi tron D i nluen la cdn p h ai lianli dong Phdn sau ddy cd the la g ia i ph ap g iu p ban.

vd ben dudi capo)

liliong duoc ldp cliat).

vat gi trong hop dilng gang tay keu lacli cacli hay ltliong)

ra vd kiem tra ben trong cd bi liet dd cuoi hay ltliong.

hay liliong?)

N eu nguyen nhdn ltliong pliai la m ot trong cdc chi tiet tren hoac tieng on vdn cii ton tai thi liay dua x e den co sd siia cliiia de tim nguyen nhdn Thudng thi cd m ot vat gi dd d trong

xe dao d on g m ot cach de chiu khi m ot bo plian Ithac cua xe hoat ddng ltliong deu.

Cd nliieu tien g rit khi duoc boi tron (xem chuong 16 de biet them chi tiet ve cacli tliitc liien cong viec nay) N eu tien g rit vdn cit ton tai d ben dudi xe thi ngudi tlio may cd the ldp mot chi tiet vd md phu d vung pliat ra tieng rit vdi gid rat thap D oi vdi cdc loai xe Tw eety Bird hay cdc loai xe M ustang