TAn s Alien k@tboa trj dtlQ'c binb thiinh : LienkSt hoa tri duqc hinh thanh Ianhfrng lien kSt hoatrin6i cac nu tl,l do I1;1thanh chui 6i m1;1ch polinucleotit m6i - S6 nu tu dodn dung thi
Trang 13,4
1= - 3,4A =>
2
5.noh kh8i lU'ongphao tir ADN (M) : Ml)t nu cokh6i hrong trung binh la 300 dve khibiSt t6 g s6 nusu ra
M=Nx 300dvc
6.noh ehi~u dili ella p ao tir ADN (L) Phan tilADN la1 ehu6i g6m 2 mach don chay so g song va xoan
d u d~n quanh 1truc , vi v~y chieu dai cua ADN lachieu dai ella 1 mach va ban chieu dai true cua n6 M6i mach co ~ nucleotit, e dai cua 1n la 3,4 AO
N=Cx20
4.noh s8 ehu kix ~ (C) Met ehu kixoin g6m 10 e~p nu =20 nu khi biet t6 g s6nu ( N) cua ADN :
T6 g s6nu cua ADN lat6ng s6cua 4lo~i n A+T+G+ X Nhung thea nguyen t~e b6sung (NTBS) A= T ,G=X Viv~y ,t6ng s6n cua ADN duoc tinh la :
N=2A +2G =2T+2X hay N=2(A+G)
Do d6 A +G = N hoac %A +%G=50%
2
-S n m6i loai cua ADN la s6nu loai d66-c 2 mach :
A =T =Az +A2 =Tz+T =Az +Tz =A2+T G~=~+~=~+~=~+~=~+~
Chity ikhi tinh til~ %
%A=% T= %Al+%A2 = %T1+%T2 =
Ghi nhb : T6ng 2 loai n khac nh6m b6 sung luon luon b~ gmra s6 nu cuaADN hoac b~ g50% s6 nucua ADN : Nguoc lai nSu biSt :
+T6 g 2loai n =NI2 hoac bang 50% thi2 loai nu d6phai khac nh6m b6 sung +T6n 2 loai nukhac N I2 hoac khac 50% thi 2 loai nu d6phai clingnh6m b6 sung
3.Tang s8 n ella ADN (N)
2 D8i voi eli2 maeh :
I Tinh s8nucleotit ella ADN hoae ella gen
1.Dai vOim8i maeh ella gen :
-Trong ADN ,2 mach b6 sungnhau ,nens6 nuva ehi~u dai cua 2mach b~ gnhau
N
Az + Ti + G i + X i = T +A2+X2+ G2
=-2
- Trang cung mdt mach ,Ava T clingnlnr Gva X ,kho g lien kSt b6 sung nen kho g nh~t thiSt phai b~ gnhau S\I b6 sung chico giifa2mach:A cua machnay b6 sung v iT cua machkia, G cua machnay b6 sung voiX
cua mach kia Vivay ,s6nu m6i loai6-mach 1bang s6nu loai b6 sung mach 2
Az =T2 ;Tz=A2 ; Gz=X2 ; Xz =G2 PHAiv I. cAuTRUC AnN
Trang 2A t d =Tt d = A=T ; G t d = Xtd = G = X
+S nu tvdodn dung bang s6 nu cua ADN
N t d=N
2.Qua nhi~u dot to' nMn dai (xdot ) +TinhsA ADN con
- 1 ADN me qua 1 dot tvnhan doi tao 2=2' ADN con
- 1ADN me qua 2dot tvnhan doi tao 4=2 ADN con
- 1 ADN me qua3 dot tvnhan doi tao 8=2 ADN con
- 1 ADN me qua xdot tvnhan doi tao 2xADN con
I TiNH s oNUCLEOTIT TV DOcANDiJNG
1.Qua1IAnto' nhlin dai ( to'sao, taisinh, taiban ) + Khi ADN tv nhan doi hoan toan 2 mach d~u lien kSt cac nu tvdo theo NTBS :A AD N n i voi TTl,fdova nguoc lai ;GAD Nn i voi X Tl,fd vangiroc lai Viyay 86nu tv do m6i loai e~n dung bang 86nu rnaloai n b sung
N
HT D _ P=2( - -1) +N = 2 (N-1)
2
c) S lien kSt hoatriduo g - photphat trong gen (HT E> - p)
Ng ai cac lien k@thoa tri n6i gitrac c nu trong gen thi trong m6i nu e6 Ilk hoa trig~n thanh phan cua H3P04 vao thanh phan dirong Do d6 86 lien kSt hoa tri D- P trong eliADN la:
N
a) S6len kSt hoa tri n6i cac nu tren I mach gen: - - 1
2 Trong m6i mach dan cua gen ,2 nu n6i voi nhau bang 1 lk hoa tri,3nu n6i nhau bang 2 lk hoa tri ~ nu
n01 nhau bang - - 1
2 b) S6lien kSt hoatri n i cac nu tren 2 mach gen: 2(N -1)
2
Do 86 lien kSthoa tri n6i giiia cac nu tren 2 mach cua ADN: 2(~ - 1)
2 Salien k~thoa tr] (HT )
H =2A +3 G ho iic H =2 T +3X
ll Tinh salien k~tHidrava lien k~tHoa Tri D- P
1 Salien k~tHidra ( H ) + A cuamach nay n6i voi T amach kiabang 2 lien k@thidrf +G cua mach nayn i voi X amach kia b~ng 3lien k@thidro V~y 86lien k@thidro cua gen la :
•
•
1 micromet =104 angstron (Ao)
1micro met =103nanomet (nm)
1mm= 103micro met = 106nm = 107A
•
Dan vi thuOng dUng:
Trang 3HT d U'{J ' c hinh t himh = 2 ( ~ - 1)=N - 2
2.Qua nhi~u dot ttl nban doi (xdot )
a Tinb tAn salien k@thidrf b] phav 'va tAn salien k@thidrf binb thanh :
-T6ng s6lien kSt hidro bi pha va :
_L Hbi pha v '=H(2X- 1)
-T6 g s6lien k6t hidro d oc hinh thanh :
_L H hinb thanb =H 2x
b TAn s Alien k@tboa trj dtlQ'c binb thiinh :
LienkSt hoa tri duqc hinh thanh Ianhfrng lien kSt hoatrin6i cac nu tl,l do I1;1thanh chui 6i m1;1ch polinucleotit m6i
- S6 nu tu dodn dung thi ADN trai qua xdot tu nhan doi bang t6ng s6 nu saucung coup trong cac ADN con tnr s6nuband ucua ADN me
• T6ng s6nu sau cung trong trong c c ADN con: N.2
• S nu ban d~u cua ADN me iN
Vivay t6ng s6nu tudo c~n dung cho 1ADN qua x dot nr nhan doi :
_L N l d=N ZX-N=N(r - 1 )
S nu tudo m6i I01;1id dung la:
_L Atd= _L Ttd =A(r- 1) _L G ld= _L X t d = c t r-1)
+NSu tinh s6 nu nr do cua ADN con rnaco 2 mach hoan toan moi :
_L N Id h oimtoa nm Ui =N( r -2)
_L Aid h oanl o n mUi= _L T t d = A ( r - 2)
_LGId h iin t o n m Ui= _LX t d =G( r 2)
II.TlNH SO LIEN KET HIDRO ; HoA TRJ D- P DVO C HiNHTHANH Ho Ac Bl PM vo
1 Qua 1 dot ttlnban doi
a Tinh salien k@thidrfib] phavO'va salien k@thidrf dO"Q'chinh thanh
Khi ADN tu nhan doi hoan toan :
2 mach ADN tach ra ,cac lien kSt hidro giira2 ma h d u bi pha va nen s6 lien kSt hidro bi pha va bang s6lien kSt hidro cua ADN
H h i d Ut =H AD N
-M6i mach ADN d~u n6i cac nu nr do theoNTBS b~ gc c lien kSt hidro nens6 lien kSt hidro duoc hinh
thanh lat6 g s6 lien kSt hidro cua 2 ADN con
H hinh thimh =2.H AD N
b Sa lien k@thoa tr] dtlQ'Cbinb thanh :
Trong q a trinh tu nhan doi cua ADN ,lien kSt hoa tri D-P n6i cac nu trong m6i mach cua ADN khong bi pha va Nhung cacnu tudo dSn b6 sung thi diroc n6i voi nhau bang lien kSt boatri d~hinh thanh 2 mach moi
Vi v~ s6 lien kSt hoa tridiroc hinh thanh bang s6 lien kSt hoa tri n6i c c nuvoi nhau trong 2 mach cua
ADN
+Tinb s anu to" do cAn dung:
-Du (]dot tu nhan doi nao ,trong s6 ADN con tao ra ill1ADN ban d~ ,van co 2 ADN con mam6i ADN con nay co chua 1mach cfi cua ADN me Vivay s6 ADN con con I1;1Iai co ca 2 mach cftu thanh hoan toan ill numoi cua moi tnrong nQibao
S6 ADN con co 2 mach d~u moi =2 - 2
T a gsaAD N c on= r
Vay :
Trang 4%A =%T= % rA +% r U
2
% G = %X= % r G + % r X
2
II TINH KHOI LUQNG p llANTU ARN(MARN)
M9t ribonu cokh6i hrong trung binh la300 dvc ,nen:
N
MARN =r N 3 00il v = - 300 dvc
2
-ARN g6m co mach rN ribonu voi d9dai 1nu la 3,4AO Vi vay chieu dai ARN bang chien dai ADN
+Ti 1 %:
-ARN th ong g6m 4loai ribonu : A ,U ,G , Xva dUQ"Ct6 g hop nr 1mach ADN theo NTBS Vivay s6
ribonu cuaARN ban s6 nu 1mach cuaADN
rN =rA+rU +rG+rX= N
2
-Trong ARN A vaU clingnhu G va Xkho g lien k€tb6 sungnen khon nhi thiet phai b~ gnhau S l,Ib
sung chi cogiffaA,U ,G,XcuaARN l~nhrotv i T, A,X,G cua mach g c ADN Viv~y s6 ribonu m6i
loai cua ARN bang s6 nub sung 6mach g6c ADN
rA=T g6c ; r U= A g6c
rG =Xgbc ; r X = G g6c
*Chuy :Nguoc lai so hrong vat 1~% nmg loainu cuaADN duoc tinh nhu sau :
+S 1 Q"n :
A =T = rA + r U
G =X = rR +r X
p lIAN m cAu TRUC ARN
2
m.TINH TH(n GIANSAOMA
Coth~q an niem S l,Ilien k€t cacnutud vao 2 mach cuaADN lad n thai, khi mach nay ti€p nhan va
d ng gop dUQ"Cbao nhieu nu thi mach kia cling lien k€t duoc bay nhieu nu
Thai gian d~2mach cuaADN ti p nhan va kien k€tnu nrd
-Khi bi€t thai gian d t€p nhan v 1ien k€ttrong 1n la dt thai gian nr sao duoc tinh la :
TG t u s ao =d t N
Khi bi€t t6c d9tu sao (m6i giay lien k€tdiroc bao nhieu n )thi thai gian nr nhan doi cua ADN la:
TG I I!' s ao= N : t 6c il 9 t l!' s ao
S lienk t hoatri.n i cac nu tro g m6i mach don:. N -2 1 Trong t6 g s6ma h dan cua cac ADN co con co2mach cficua ADN med oc giftlai
Do dos6mach moi trong cac ADN con la2.2 - 2,vivay t6ng s6lien k€t hoahidUQ"Chinhthanh la
Trang 5b.S lien k~t hoa tri :
*Chu y :Khi biet s6ribonu tu do cAndung cua 1loai :
+MU6 xac dinh mach khuo ~ va s6 IAnsao rna thi chias6 ribonu d6cho s6 nuloai b6 sunga
mach 1va mach 2 cuaADN = S IAnsao rnaphai la uoc s6 gifra s6ribbonu d6 vas6 nuloai b6 sung amach khuonrn~u
+Trong tnrong hop din ctc vao 1 loairibonu tu do cAndung rnachua du xac dinh mach g6c ,cAnc6 s6ribonu tu do loai khac this6 IAnsao rnaphai lauoc s6 chung giira s6 ribonu ttr do rn6i loaicAndung voi s6
nu loaib6 sungcua mach g6c
II TiNB soLIEN KET HIDRO vALIEN KET BoA TRJ D - P:
1.Qua llAn sao rna :
a.S lienk~t hidro :
H dtrt =H AD N
H hinh thanh =HAD N
= H aUt=H hinh t hanh =H AD N
L rXtd =K.rX =K Gg6c
LrGtd =K.rG =K Xg6c
Vivay :
+S ribonu tu dorn6i Ioai cAn dung b ng s6nu loai rna n6 b6 sung tren mach g6c cua ADN
rAtd=T gJc; r U,d=AgJc
r G t d=XgJc· rX t d=GgJ c
+S ribonu tu do cac loai cA~ dungbang s6nu cua 1 mach ADN
N
r Ntd=
-2
2.Qua nbi~u I§ sao rna (k I§ )
M6i IAnsao rnatao nen 1phan ill ARN nen s6phan ill ARN sinh raill 1gen b~ngs6 IAnsao rna cua
gend6
S phan ill ARN =S IAnsao rna =K
+S ribonu tu docAndung la s6ribonu d uthanh cacphan ill ARN Viv~yqua KIAnsao rnatao thanh cac phan tir ARN thi t6 g s6ribonu tirdo ck dung la:
L rNtd =K rN
+Suy luan nrong tu , s6ribonu nr do rn6i loai cAn dungla :
L rAtd =K.rA =K Tg6c L rV t d =K r V =K Ag6c
p lIAN IV c oCHE TONG HQP ARN
I TINH s oRIBONUCLEOTIT TVDO cANDUNG
1.Qua 1I§ sao rna : Khi t6 g hop ARN ,chi mach g6c cua ADN lam khuon rn~u lien cac ribonu tu do theoNTBS :
AAD N n 6i U ARN; T AD Nn 6i A ARN
G AD Nn 6iXARN ; X AD Nn 6i G ARN
+Trong chu6i mach ARN :2 ribonu n6inhau bang 1 lien k~t hoa tri,3 ribonu n i nhau bang 2 lien k~t hoa tri Do d6s6 lien k~t hoa tri n6i cac ribonu trong mach ARN larN- 1
+Trong rn6i ribonu c6 1 lien k~t hoa trig~n thanh phAn axi H3P04 vao thanh phAndirong Do d6 s6len k~t h6a tri loai nayc6 trong rN ribonu larN
Vq, y sa lie n k i h od tri D - P cua ARN :
HT ARN= r N -I + r N=2 r N
2.Tinhsalien k~tboa tr I)-P:
- Vi yay LAD N = LARN = rN 3,4Ao = N 3,4AO
Trang 6III TINH so CACH MAHOA C VAARNvA so CACH s A pD~T A AMIN TRONG CHUOI POLIPEPTIT
Cac lo~li a amin va cac bl)ba rnahoa: Co 20loai a amin thuong g~p trong cacphan tirprotein nlnrsau :
1) Glixerin :Gly 2) Alanin: Ala 3)Valin: Val 4) Loxin :Leu
5) Izoloxin : Ile 6) Xerin : Ser 7) Treonin :Thr 8) Xistein :Cys
9) Metionin : Met 10)A aspartic: Asp ll)Asparagin: Asn 12) A glutamic: Glu
I TiNH so BO BA ~ T MA -so AXIT AMIN
+Cir3nu k~ ti~ nhau tren mach g6c cua gen hop thanh 1bl)ba rna g6c, 3 ribonu ke tiepcua mach ARNtho g tin ( mARN) hop thanh 1bl)ba rna sao Vis6 ribonu cua mARN b n v i s6nu cua mach g6c ,nen s6bl)ba rna g6c trong gen bkg s6bl)ba rna sao trong mARN
s li bOba mat ma = !!_ =r N
+ Trong mach g6c cua gen cling nhu trong s6rnasao cua mARN thico 1bO ba rnak~t Mc khong rna hoa a amin Cacbl) ba con lai co rna hoa a.amin
SoAbA{Jb a c o ma oa a amm ' - hod ' / Ia.amm ' h :::'c UOI po tpeptit) li. ' ,I = - N -1 = -r N -1
2.3 3
+Ngoai rna k~t thuc khong rnahoa a amin, rna rna d~utuy co rnahoa a amin, nhung f!
amin nay bi cit be khong tharn giavao d u trUc protein
SoaammA 'c?uap hAan tuprot., AeAOtn t/a.amin p' r o A h ' oan c h i, m h) =-N -2 =-rN 2
2.3 3
II TINH so LIEN KET PEPTIT
S6lien k~t peptit hinh thanh =s6phan tU H20 tao ra Hai a amin n6i nhau bang 1 lienk tpepti ,3 a amin co 2 lienk tpep t chu6i polipeptit com
la a amin thi s6 lien k~t peptit la :
sli li e n k i t p e pt i =m - 1
£>6iv i nhieu I~ sao rna (K l~ ) :
+N~ thai gian chuyen t~ gifia 2 I~ sao rnarna khon dang k@thi thai gian sao rnanhieu l~nIa:
TG sao rnanhieu I~ =KTG sao rna 1 I~n
+N~u TG chuyen t~ gifra 2 l~n sao rnalienti pdang k@la ilt thai gian sao rna nhieu l~n la:
TG saornanhieu l~ =K TG sao rna11~ +(K-l) ilt
HT hinh thimh =r N - 1
2.Qua nhieu IAn sao rna (K IAn) :
a.T6 g s6lienk thidrf bi pha va
L Hphti v ii=K : H
b T6 g s6lien k~thoa trihinhthanh :
LHT hinb t himh = K ( r N - 1)
m TiNH THin GIAN SAOMA :
* T8e dQ sao rna :S6ribonu diroc ti~p nhan va lien k~tnhau tro g I giay
*ThOi gian sao rna :
-D8i vOi m6i IAn sao rna: Ia thai gian d@mach g6c cua genti pnhan valien k~t cacribonu tudo thanh
cacphan tU ARN
+Khi bi~t hai gian d@ti~pnhan 1 ribonu Iadt thi thai gian sao rnala :
Tti saoma = dt r N
+Khi bi~tt6c dl)saorna (rn6igiay lienk t duoc bao nhieu ribonu ) thi thai gian sao rnala:
TG sao mii =r N : tlic d {j s a o ma
Trang 7s eoaarum nr. do ca0 candun' g: s e0aatd= -N -1 = -rN -1
• Khi roi kh6i ri!>oxorn ,tt:0n~chu6i polipeptit kho g con a amin tuon~ img voi rna rno:dAu.Do do,s6
aamin tv do can dungdec u thanh phan tir protein (tharn gia vao cau true protein de tlnrc hi~n clnrc
nang sinh h9C) la :
sA a amintv·d cAndungd~ du thanh protein hoan chinh :
p 2.3 3
Tro g quatinh giairna ,t6 g hopprotein, chi bQba MO cuamARN cornahoa a amin thimoiduoc ARN
rnang aamin d~ giai rna
1 ) Giai rnatao thanh 1 phan nr protein:
• Kbiriboxom chuyen dich tu dAu nayd n dAu no cua mARN d~hinh thanh chu6i polipeptit thi s6 a
amin tv do cAndungduoc ARN van chuyen rnan d nlad~ giai rnarnadAuva cac rna k~ti p,rna
cu i cungkho g dirocgiai Vi v~ys6 a amin tvd cAndung ch rn6i IAnt6 g hop chu6i polipepti hi
; ** rnak~t thiic
Kihi~u:* rnamo'dAu
GUU
A
G
1 )Phenilalanin :Phe
20) Prolin : pro
15) Lizin : Lys
19)T ptofan :Trp
14) Arginin : Arg 18) Histdin :His
13) Glutamin :Gln
1 )Tirozin: Tyr
Ba g bP b m~t mii
Trang 81 vi v~yt6ng s6lien k€t peptit thuc su hinh thanh tro g cacphan tilprotein la :
Lpepti =TAog sa phan tfr protein ( r N -3) =Sa P(sa aar - 1 )
3
ill.TiNH soARNv ~ CHUYEN (tARN)
Trong qua trinh,6 ghop protein, tARN nang axit amin d€ ~iai rna M6i IUQigiai na, tARN cung c~p 1axit
amin 7 mot phan tilARN giai rnabao nhieu IUQithicung cap bay nhieu axit amin
S giai rnacua tARN c6 thS khong giong nhau :c6 loai giai rna 3 lAn,c6loai 2lAn,1 IAn
-N€u c6xphan t ilgiai rna 3 IAn s6 aado chung cung cAp Ia 3x
• Khi chu6i polipeptt roi khoi riboxorn tharn gia clnrc nang sinh h9C thi axit amin rna dAu tach ra 1rn6i
lienk€t peptit v i axit amin d kho g con 7s6 lienk€t peptit tlnrc sutao I~p duoc la rN-3=sa
aa 3
rN - 2
3
LH20 giiii pho g = sa phan ro 'protein
Tro g quatrinh giai makhi chu6i polipeptt dan hinh thanh thi ctr2 axit amin k€ ti€p n6i nhau bang lien k€t peptit thi d6 g thai giai ph6 g 1 phan tilmroc, 3 axit amin n6i nhau bang 2 lienk€t paptit, d n thai
giai ph6ng 2 phan tilmroc Vi v~y :
• S phan t ilmroc duoc giai ph6n tron qua trinh giai matao 1chu6i polipeptit la
So p;. han nr, H20 gi.aipohne = 3r N -2
• T6ng s6phantilmroc diroc giai ph6ng trong quatrinh t6 g hop nhieu phan tilprotein (rn6i phan til
protein la 1 chu6i polipeptit )
" rN
L." aaP =SoP.( -2)
3
II TiNH SO plIANTUN U aC vA soLrENKET PEPTIT
- T6 g s6 a amin tharn gia c~u true protein d~tlnrc hien clnrcnan sinh h9C (kho g k~ a amin rna dAu) :
L." aatd=SoP ( -1) = Kn (- -1)
• T6 g s6 axit amin tu dothu duoc hay huyd n vira d tharn gia van d utrue cac ph tilprotein vira
d tharn giarnarna dAu Vi v~y: -T6 g s6 axit amin tudo duoc dung choqua trinh giai rnala s6 axit amin tharn gia van c~u true phk til
protein vas6 axit amin thjarn gia van viec giai rnarna dAu(duoc dung 1 IAnrna rna th i )
Lsa P =tAng sa lU"C;rttruc;rtRB =K n
M9t gen sao rnanhi~u lAn,tao nhi~ p an tilmARN cung loai M6i mARN d~ c6 n IUQiriboxom tnrotqua thi qua trinh giarnab i Kp an tilmARN se taora s6phan tilprotein :
C6n riboxomchuyen dich qua mARN vakhong tro lai ac6n IUQitnrotcua riboxom Do d6 s6phan
tilprotein ( g6rn 1chu6i polipeptit )=s6 IUQitnrotcua riboxom
• Trong quatrinh giai rna,t6n hop protein, rn6iIUQichuyen dich cuariboxom tren mARN setao
thanh I chu6i po Iipept
2 ) Giai rna tao thanh nhi~u phan tilprotein :
Trang 9T6c dQ giili rna =sAbQciiamARN :
2 Th ai gia n t D n h f/]J1 ph a til' p rote in (Ph a tic pro te in ga m 1c hu g i polip eptit )
1
t =
-t
L aatd =ai+a2+ +ax
T6 g s6 aamintv do cAn dung lat6 g cua day dp s6 congd6:
x
2
1
v= - (Ao/s)
t
-La s6 axit amin cua ehu6i polipeptit keo dai trong 1giay(s6 bQba duoc giai trong 1giay )=S
l.V,n tActrlfC}1cuariboxorn tren mARN
3x+2y+Z = L a a t ~ do ca n d u g
y ph a n tir gi a i rna 2 I ft n-7 Ia2y
Trang 10PuAN VI: DI TRUYEN vABIEN DJ
1/ LAI MOT C~ TINH T~G:
*Cac bmrc lam bai t~p lai:
• Xacdjnh trQi l~n
• Quy urrc gen
• Xac djnh ki@ugen ciia P
• Vi~tso'd lai
• Tinh til~ki@ugen, ki@u inh
1 T icki@ugen vaki@uhinh 0'P -+ki@ugen v aki@uhinh 0'dOl con
2 Ticki@uhinh 0'dOlcon -+Ki@u en vaki@uhinh 0'P
• Co laicokieuhinhkhacsovoi P thiki€ hinhd hitinh trangl~n
3 Tictil~ki@uhinh 0'dOlcon -+ki@ugen va ki@uhinh P
• Fl db gtinh -+ P thuanchung,nrongphan (AA x aa)
• Fl ( 1 : 1)-+ Daylak~t quacuaphep laiphan tchrnacath mang tinhtrang trQicoki~ugendihQ'P
(Aaxaa)
• -+Ti ~(1:1)-+Co 2 t6hQ'P.V~y=2 gt x 1gt-+(Aa x aa )
• Fl (3:1) -+P d~u di hQ'P(Aa xAa)
• -+ Ti ~ ( 3:I -+co4t6hQ'P-+c3 2gtx ~ 2 gt-+( Aax Aa)
• Fl d ng tinh trung gian -+P thuAnchung nrong phan va ca th mang tinhtrang trQilatrci kh6 gh an
toan
• Fl ( 1:2:1)-+ P d~u di hQ'Pva cath man tinhtrangtrQila trQikh6 ghoantoan
III LA! HAl cAPTiNH TRANG:
1 Tu kieu genvaki€u hinh6P -+ ki€ genvakieuhinh 6P
2 Tir s6hrongki€ hinh6daicon -+ki€ genvakieu hinh6P
• Xet nrng c~ptinhtran :
• Th ng ke s6lieuthu duocvaduav~t l~
• Xac dinhtQi-lan,
• Qu ir ocgen
• Xac dinhkieugencua timgc~p
• Xac dinhki€ gen cua P
• Vi~ts od lai
3 Tirt l~ki€uhinh6dai con-+ki€ genva kieuhinhP
• Fl (9:3:3:I -+1 t6hQ'P-+ 4gtx4 gt.D~ cho 4lol;ligiaoill-+ di hQ'P2 c~pgen(AaBb )-+
( AaBbx AaBb)
-+(9:3:3:I) -+(3:1) x(3:I -+(Aa x Aa) x(Bb xBb)-+ (AaBb x AaBb)
• FI ( 3:3:1: ) -+ 8t6hQ'P-+4gt x 2gt.-+(AaBb x Aabb) hay (AaBb x aaBb)
-+(3:3:1:1)-+(3:)x(II -+(AaxAa)x(Bbxbb)-+ (AaBbx Aabb)
• F1(1:1:1:I) -+ Dayla k~t quacuapheplai phan tichrnaellth~mangtinhtrangtrcico ki€ gen
dihQ'P2 c~p tinhtrang -+(AaBbxaabb)
-+(1:1:1:1)-+(1:1) x( 1:1)-+(Aa xaa)x(Bb xbb)-+ (AaBb x aabb)
-+(1:1:1:1) -+ 4t6hQ'P-+ 2gtx2gt-+Tu vao kieuhinh6P -+(1:1:1:1) -+ 4t6hQ'P-+ 4gtx Igt -+ (AaBb x aabb)
II VDITRUYEN LrEN KET:
Til~phanly ki€u hinh6doi conm6itinh trang la3:1rnaco2tinh trang v~n la 3:1-+Chun tom6i tinhtrang d~u co kieu gendi hQ'P,2 c~p gen xac dinh2 c~ptinhtranglenk~t hoantoantren 1NST
Ti ~3:1-+DihQ'Pd~u -+ P( ;; x !:>
TiIe1:2:1-+ Dihoncheo-+P( B v x b V )