Some pertinent siotistics will put some perspective on the oroblems: The distonce through the portion of the Stroits within the TSS is obout 265 miles the conholling depth in the eostbou
Trang 1Buoy Tender 'KN Jadoyot' (Courtesy Nippon Foundofion)
L:i:-Irt^b":: l":ent effori expended in hydrogrophic surueys of the srroirs rogether wirh experi wreck ossessmenr,
l^T119^t^" :*:l-,ty o,much sofer ploce lhon,ii used to be with respect to.position keeping ond knowledge o[ under*ote oongers Nevertheless, the increosing.size cnd, number,of ships poses problems, wiih ihe;isks of collisioi ond grounding
ever-present ond requiring wotchkeeping stondords of the hiqhest orde r.
Some pertinent siotistics will put some perspective on the oroblems:
The distonce through the portion of the Stroits within the TSS is obout 265 miles the conholling depth in the eostbound lone ot Buffolo Rock is 22.7 m ond r 6 m wesrbound
:lTglr:ll?fh.k" poinrs include one Forhom Bonk (oFB) Goor posr beocons ot t,aOo m, rqkong beocons or
duu m ond the westbound lone in the Singopore Stroit oi 530 m
' the officiol rules for rhe srroirs require o.3'rz'm UKC fo, ;hip;;iouu r5 m in drought ond
ships corrying hozordous corgoes should opply o rirnilor t5L.on.u
ot Eostern Bonk outhorities recommend o
4 m UKC ollowonce
The lost moior.improvement to.novigotionol focilities in the Stroits took ploce in the lote I 99Os ond included o number 9t, n"f nquls"tiolol oids corelully positioned to demorcote the revised TSS The improvements
extended the TSS ond
rntroduced StrqitRep, with continuo_us rodor coveroge ond sofety odvisories Other improuements ot the time included DGPS, continuous shore-bosed vHF listening worch -ond speed limits for certoin or"or ih" TSS itseliwos otro i''jror"J
to include Deep,Woter routes in criticol oreo-s Rodor surveillonce .t tt'r" si-itr r"a r"'i"'y
"a'iJ"ii r"rr"ges to shipping
commenced with the inhoduction of the,stroiiRep WS These *"r"
"^."ptio*il;;;lJ#;r- f:; ;e improvemeni of
novigoiion in the Stroits, os reduced qccident stotiirics hove sho-n
Trang 2L:
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Joponese finonciol conhibution to novigolionol qids in the oreo hos been significont ond, os the for eosiern economies
of Koreo ond Chino continue to grow, oiher noiions now contribufe Todoy the oim is io hove on inclusive opprooch
to ihe Stroits, mointoining the woterwoy os one freely open to world shipping By befter ensuring the sofety o{ the
Stroits, oll concerned hope to minimise occidenls ond ollo- unimpeded hoffic flow The porlies contribufing to the
elfori include the shipping industry, the liitorol stotes ond the mojor user noiions, with Jopon, Koreq ond Chino ot the
forefront The effort to improve sofety is multi-functionol ond multi-notionol ln 2007 o mojor diplomotic meeting held
in Singopore sow, for the first time, internoiionol ogreement bringing into effect UNCLOS orticle 43* The meeting
olso so- ogreement providing o mechonism for future cooperotion within o newly formed Cooperotion Forum The MEH is o proiect run under the ouspices of IMO thot seeks io integrote oll novigotionol informotion, including reol-time
troflic conditions, to befier monoge troffic in the Stroiis li is on ongoing proieci heodquortered ot Botom lslond (lndonesio)
ond, ouer the next few yeors, most ships tronsiiing the Stroits will form o port of the triol phose lntegrotion will include o new hydrogrophic survey of the TSS to produce seomless elecironic choris for the whole trock
The MEH is o morine informoiion ond infrostructure system iniegroting stote of the ort morine novigotionol technologies,
of which ENCs ond ECDIS ore the bockbone The MEH system will provide vitol morine in{ormolion, such os tides ond currents, to ships in reol-time, ollowing integroted digitol electronic novigotion This will enoble occurote novigotion for
every ship, which will in turn significontly improve novigotionol sofety
a: Ba am MEl l DaG Ccnre, and Prolecl
E S ngapore Daia center and !a []lS
Porr K ans oaia Cen(er aid VTS
l TTDAUAS Sllonsw|]Telemel.csyslenrllndonsa)
n Pobnlrar T DAUA S Slations l[,ra ays a)
n(erconn€.t viy Beh{en T DAL Slaron!,/Als
Slal ons lYth 8alaff
P, senAlS Sl:,.ns:nn Teeme r.T DA Sl:li.ns
' Lndonera Un!e'Fu S-le [rEr]prore.l Areavr rA S Stal'ons afd Posbe Expansion
lnte Fal'onal Bou
^daies
'Ariicle {3 - Novigoiioncl ond sofety cids ond other improvements ond the prevention, reduction ond conirol of po luiion
User Siotes and Stotes borderlng o siroit should by ogreement cooperoie:
io) n the esbblishment ond mointenonce in o srroit o{ necessory novigotionc ond sofety oids or other improvemenis in oid of iniernotionol novigotion; ond ib) for ihe prevention, reduction ond conirol of pollution from ships.
SoutheastAsia [,4arine Electronic Highway (MEH)
THAILAND
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a 50 101t r5u 200 25a
(iom-"lres
SUN4ATERA
INDONESIA
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1.3 Speciol lssues
From both ihe ship monogement viewpoint ond from the perspective of the Shipmoster, there ore points orising [rom
recommendolions in this publicotion thol require speciol ottention When quidonce is qiven, difficulties con oiire in specifying feotures thot moy olreody oppeor or differ to o procedure.in.the shipt Sofety Moiogement System The primory
issues tor speciol ottention ond upgrode of the Possoge Notes provided in Pqrt 2 ore os follo*s:
Bridge monning levels for the possoge through the Stroits engine monning levels for the possoge through ihe Strqits
opplicotion of speed controls {see Annex I ) speciol novigotion for bunkering, storing ond crew chonges off Singopore
troining in bridge teomwork speciol issues reloting to ECDIS
L3.1 Bridge Monning levels
The Possoge Noies mention strengthening of the bridge teom for:
Possoges of high hoffic densify oreos requiring o high degree of teomwork
The Moloccc ond Singopore Stroiis eoch meet both criterio ond so demond speciol ottention to bridge monning levels Therefore, th.e,ship monogers procedures (lSM Code) should determine bridge monning levels for the Sloirs AccJrdingly,
discussion oF this is omitted from this guide
Whotever monning system opplies, fogether with suitoble experience ond troining, it is essentiol thot oll teom members ore fully owore of their duties ond thot cross checking of octions is on integrol port oT the novigoiion
Considerotion should be given io the need for o helmsmon
1.3.2 Engine Room Monning Levels
The rules specified ot Annex I (see Rule 8) require oll vessels to mointoin o sofe speed oi oll times ond to hove moximum stote of monoeuvring reodiness To comply, the engine room should be on stondty conditions ihrouqhout the Stroits bui monning levels in the engine room will depend on the engine control system fitted '
Ships without bridge control
musl hove the engine room monned ot oll times
ships with bridge conrrol
must hqve.monqgement policies (under the ISM Code) describing engine room monning in the circumstonces For instonce, the procedures should specify when the enqine room should be monned
I.3.3 Speed of VLCCs ond Deep Drought Vessels
VLCCs ond deep drought vessels novigoting in the Siroits of Molocco ond Sinoopore sholl, qs for os ii is sofe ond
procticoble, proceed ot o speed of not more ihon 12 knots over the ground in the flllowing oreos:
(o) At One Foihom Bonk troffic seporotion scheme
(b) Deep woter routes in the Phillip Chonnel ond in lhe Singopore Stroit
(c) w.estbo-und 1one1!elw99n posirions 01 "'t 2.51 'N, 't
03'52 I 5'E ond 0 t " I L59'N, I 03'50.21 'E ond berween posirion
0l"l Ll3'N, 103'49.08'E ond 0]"08.65'N,103"r'r'.30'E
(Refer to Annex l: Rules for Vessels Novigoting through the Stroits of Molocco ond Singopore)
\
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I 3.4 Use of Engines
The MPA circulor 20 ol 2006 noles thot speed odiustment is infrequently used for collision ovoidonce, yei ohen oppeors
vitol for locol sofety lt recommends thot greoter use is mode of this fociliiy for collision ovoidonce Shipmosters should ensure thot oll OOWs ore prepored lo use the engines
L3.5 Storing in Tronsit
Ships frequently coll ot or off Singopore for sfores, bunkers or crew chonges However, close quorter situotions con orise if
they ore sloring in the troffic lones, especiolly between ihe Nipo onchoroge ond Botu Berhonti Generolly Singopore WS
does not recommend storing 'Off Port Limits' (OPL), recommending only port entry However, the following procedures ore
commonly procticed
Eostbound: An eostbound proctice is to rendezvous OPL to the south-eost of Chongi (oher longitude 'lO4'E), keeping
well to the south of the centreline of $e lone Eostbound tonkers ore normolly in the looded condition, ond course olterotion ocross the lones into Singopore is unwise Deviotions while looded moy require speciol qgreement under the terms of lhe chorler porty or bill of loding, where voyoges must be occomplished
without deviotion ond with utmost dispotch
Westbound: Westbound storing OPL offords limited seo room ond oppeors difficult Locol odvice from ogencies
indicotes thot some westbound ships toke stores off Chongi before becoming too closely involved with the high density troffic off southern Singopore Alternotively, o less sotisfoctory storing oreo is reported
off Nipo beocon or onchoroge is sought within port limhs For gos corriers the primory onchoroge is ot ALGAS, close to Sulton Shool, which is olso used for storing For port enfry lo ALGAS o pilot is required
ond full port dues ore poyoble* Gos corriers entering Singopore must reloy their in-port progromme to the Port Operotions Control Centre (POCC), providing detoils of eoch horbour movement, ond here ogents qssist
Storing procedures should be ogreed with locol ogents well in odvonce of orrivol, poying porticulor
respect to the timing of the operotion qnd its locoiion
There ore some 90,000 ship movements in ihe Singopore Stroits in o yeor ond fhere ore opproximotely 400-500 ships ot onchor on ony one doy, with oll of the onchoroges being heovily utilised While ot onchor, the ships perlorm o voriety of
octivities such os toking stores, looding bunkers, owoiting orders, undergoing mointenqnce ond repoiri/off-hire or *oiiing
to enter shipyords More thcn 957 of the ships stoy for less thon lO doyi Movemenls in ond oround the onchorogei require extreme coution ond coreful plonning.
There ore 3y' onchoroges oround the port oreo of Singopore An A3 fold-out chori showing the locotion ond purpose of
eoch onchoroge oreo is ovoiloble in Annex y'
Some onchoroges in the Eqst ond West of Singopore ore height reslricied oreos Mqsters ore to check with locol ogents
regording the use of these onchoroges wifh respect to their oir droft
+ with ALGAS overcrowded gos corriers moy be red;rected to (o) ASUBA/ASUBB if bunkering, (b) AMFR, or (c) ASSPU,/ASH see chort 5502 for onchorage obbrevictions ond detoils These oddiiionol onchoroges ore more likely to be used if ihe ship h bunkering, ottrocting reduced port costs.
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:_-\ 1.3.7 Off Port limit Anchoroges (OPL) Singopore
There ore two OPL onchoroges off Singopore port limits To the west of Singopore, in the oreo of Toniung Pelepos, ihere
is the Wesiern OPL Anchoroge To ihe eost of Singopore, between Johor Shool buoy ond the entronce io ihe Johor Stroit, there is the Eostern OPL Anchoroge
While mony ships hove sot quietly ot these onchoroges for extended periods of time, there hove been reports of on increose in investigotions by the Moloysion Morine Deportment (MMD), porticulorly involving vessels engoged in bunkering
octivities As_Moloysion regulotions permit the investigction of vessels involved in operotions such os 6unkering ond ship
io ship honsfers, ships should confirm their octions before corrying out such operotions in oreos thot they moy-believe to
be rn rniernotionarl woters
ln these OPL oreos in porticulor, becouse of the proximity of other counfries, it is generolly occepted thot the Port Limil {3 miles) is used in lieu of the normol I 2 mile limit of territoriol boundories defined by UNCLOS However, there ore o number
of inslonces where I2 miles hove been cloimed by the locol outhorities to enoble bunker ond STS operolions to foll under
their control You should exercise coution ond diligence os lhese misinterpretotions con leod to costly ond time consuming investigotions, detentions ond fines
1.3.8 Ship to Ship Tronsfer of Bunkers
Ship io Ship {STS) tronsfers by port limit tonkers ore only permitted oi the Tuos Petroleum Holding Anchoroge ond Eostern Peholeum B Anchoroge At ony time, noi more thon 2 port limit tonkers ore permi ed io tie olongside eocli other All STS
ironsfers must be qpproued by the Port Moster, MPA For further informotion, see Annex '10.
Trang 6
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L3.9 Troining in Bridge Teomwork
Bridge teom monogement ond bridge resource monogement ore two seporote subiects ond ore lought os seporofe courses Bridge teom monogement covers the preporofion ond implementotion of o possoge plon os well os troining in ihe skills requireJ lt is normolly corried out on o bridge simulotor Bridge resource monogement focuses on o psychologicol
opprooch, oiming to ovoid occidents by improving effeclive interoction wiihin the teom
r.3.r0 GPs
ln Moy 2002 the downgroding of GPS signols for non-militory use *os removed ond overnight row GPS improved
positionol occurocy io be-tween-15 to 25 m, bosed on the locotion of the receiving oeriol The provision of DGPS in the Skoits by the littorol stotes further enhonces occurocy to l0 m lt is likely thot, given the quolity ol chorfing ond the occurocy
o{ novigotion, eiiher occurocy is suited to the novigoiion of merchont ships in the Siroits
Onboord GPS doto is usuolly provided from ot leost two units, ollowing for cross-checking The integrity of ihe GPS signols
con olso be improved by differentiol correction from sotellite systems such os WAAS/EGNOS providing on oliernotive
checking locility to terrestriol-bosed DGPS
Toble 1 provides the stoius of British Admirolty poper chorts with regord to plotting GPS positions on the siondord poper
chorts, os oi end 20'10
Port I Bockground
Chori Tirle GPS Plotting lnlormolion Scole
1358 One Fothom Bonk to Singopore
Stroit
Not used for deioiled novigotion 500,000
Approoches
WGS Positions ore plotted directly
on this chort
200,000
on this chori
7s,000
on this chori
25,000
3940 One Fothom Bonk Troffic
Seporotion Scheme
Before plotting odjust Lot 0.01'N
Long 0.08'E
80,000
3946 Port Klong to Meloko Before plofting odiust Lot 0.01'N
Long 0.09'E
200,000
Long O.'l O'E
200,000
4039 Western Approoches io Moin Stroit WGS Positions ore plotted directly
on ihis chort
30,000
4040 Tuos View to St John's lslond WGS Positions ore plotted directly
on ihis chort
30,000
4041 Pulou Seborok to Chongi WGS Posiiions ore plotted directly
on this chort
30,000
on this chort
30,000
Toble I - British Admiroliy Choris Stqlus ol End 2010
Trang 7PorE I Bockground
IBS is o combinotion,of syslems ollowing cenkolised monitoring ond control of operorions such os possoge execution,
communicotions, mochinery conhol, sofety ond,securii'y Ho-evei there ir no."ntroid"Jinlia" i iuilrig" ip".ili-i.",
tor IBS ond so one mqnufocturer's system moy differ significonrly irom thot of onoiher N.ri;"r, ,i;rld E"
";;;;;J;";
closs nototion thot is opplied ro rheii ship , ill;, ."sord"1us NaVt i."rn il.yari il;;ilbiH Li'i"'"o." ho_ rh" ,yrru,
is expected to perform, whot ii con do ond whot-it ionnot Jo Typicolly on icors *iii li"
"itr-'" "*"
"r the lBS,s novioorion
runcrron rnrs usuollv rncludes o roule plonning focility thoi is occessible seporotely for current novigotion tosks Troin'ing in
the use of IBS is recommended
1.3.12 Electronic Mopping
Electronic mopping moy toke ploce on on ARPA or on on ECDIS, however, whichever is used, it is virol to double check thot
woypoint positions ond other monuolly inserted dolo is occurote
1.3.13 Ats
WS in Singopore worn oJ the following possible erroneous informotion, os disployed:
Incorrecl set-up of stotic doto such os MMSI number, vessel dimensions.i -li.f,t moy hove been incorrectly set
omissions by the crew in updoting voyoge reloted doto such os destinotion, ETA ond chonges in novigotionol stotus
incorrect processing ond ironsmiision oI some dynomic doto, such ., "r;; o"; ,p;;J fY.,n
"**fi""i r, fri",.
to tronsmission
Further points on Als include its usefulness os o.novigorion oid, [o^r exomple *hen opprooching singopore, where o
porticulor ship moy be held offshore owoiiing o pit.r d."ii"r;"g hs communicotion helps to identify the ship, providing
usetul clues os to future course ond speed "
1.3.14 VHF Communicotion ond Collision Avoidonce
A decode ofexp-erience ot Singopore W S led to the following comments ond
recommendotions on the use of VHF:
lnvestrgotrons hove shown ihot vHF communicolion is o contributing foctor in mony collisions ln mony ,VHF ossisted,
collisions, communicoiion between bridges ho ruot"a ,ilrnj; i";J;;g " ''
'VHF' ossisted collisions ond neor missles ore not uncommon ot seo T"he lMo tokes o serious view of this ond
Resolution A 9.54(23,) ,proper
lJse of VHF Chonn"t, ot-i.o) ,"f"r, o *" f-[f ", 5rngopore believes ihot, in iis experience, such incidents ore ovoidoble 'Becouse of this they reiterote the following
dongers in lhe use of VHF communicotion:
' Unceriointv over the identify of uessels (AlS mov overcome this), especiolly during dorkness, poor visibility, ond
when there is more Aon on! u"r,"i - v v iiigl vrvrlvrrre
' uncertointy over messqqe interprelotion
,due to longuoge difficulties ond imprecise or ombiquous descriptions
' loss of voluoble time in irying to estoblish .onro.r o"n vili inr.;J;i;;;;;'"""".nY.riiX"" ra""ce wirh rhe
Collision Regulotions
' the donger in,ogreeing io o course of oction thol does not comply with
rhe Collision Regulotions, resulting in o
m isu nderstond ing
I .3.1 5 Exomple Tidol Window Cqlculorion
For,deep drought vessels, porticulorly eostbound, ihe tronsit iime of shollow oreos oround one Fothom Bonk, Buffolo Rock
ond the oreo to the eost of the Horsburgh lighthouse mrst [e ;il;
Exomple:
A vessel with odrouoht20.5 m thot will poss over the 22.7 nchorted depih (01" 22.g,N l03 47.1,E)west ol Buffolo
lfifr.ll^" '".'"s iisins tide r 8ih r"t i0ii , ;1";;;-J( ; 1: ; ,,,i["',"i"i"]""i,
'"Jia,*"q,,.," " heishr of ride
Height obove chort dotum
Drought
Avoiloble UKC
Required UKC
Required heighr of ride
22.7 n
20.5 m
2.2 n
3.5 m 1.3 m
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t-The times of high ond low woter for Roffles Lighthouse (secondory port) ore os follows:
17 luly 2O11
l8 July 201 I
0.9 m
Hish
Low
Hish
Low
Using the Admirolty TotolTide (ATT) product, the colculoted tidol window for the vessel to tronsit the oreo west of Buffolo Rock, while mointoining o UKC of 3.5 m, is between l0:y'6hrs ond l7:24hrs locol time
00:42 3.'l m 08:1 4 0.4 m
'l 3:55 2.5 m
19:28 0.9 m
Figure 1 - Extrocl from fololTide
@ British Crown Copyrighi, 201 l, All rights reserved.
Figure 2 - Close up o{ Tololfide screen
O British Crown Copyright, 201 1 , All rights reserved.
1.3.16 Visuol ond Rocon Novigotionol Aids
The primory oids, both visuol ond Rocon, identified by the three littorol slotes ore shown in Toble 2
The odditionol lights, denoted with odditionol lower cose leters, ore other useful oids mentioned in the Possoge Notes The oids without position ore buoys
ll
Trang 9Port I Bockground
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Toble 2 - Visuol ond Rocon Novigotionol Aids
N
Long
tighl
Ghoroclerislic Ronge(M)
I Tompok Utoro Light Beocon 1'27.75 104" 27.03 None Fl (3) W l5 sec t5
Jb Chongi Airport Control
Tower Light Beocon t' 21.55 r 03' 59.36 None Fl W l7: sec 't0
4 Pulou Nongso Lighthouse 1' 12.12 104'04.60 None LFI W 8 sec 20
5o Pulou Seborok Light Beocon t'1t.84 103" 48.36 None Fl R5sec t0
7 Botu Berhonti (Deep
7o Pulou Sokijong Pelepoh Light Beocon l'13.30 103' 51 27 None Flw 21/2 sec t5
9 Buffolo Rock (Deep
14 Tokong Kecil Lighthouse r' 06.3r '103' r'3.l4 None Fl (2) WR I O sec 18 t5 Tokong Resilient Light Bn I' 05.90 103 43.25 TK Q(6)+LFl 15sec 9
l6 Tokong (Deep drought
17 Sulton Shool Lighthouse | ' 14.38 103'38.88 K Fl (2) W 15 sec 20
l9 Pulou Culo Light Beocon 1'02.40 1C3 42.69 None FI 3W 15 sec 12
12
Trang 10Port I Bockground
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N
Long
tight
Ghoroclerislic Ronge(M)
21 Pulou lyu Kecil Light Beocon 1' 11.46 103' 21.12 None Fl (3) W l5 sec 18 Pulou Pisong Lighthouse l'28.16 103'r5.35 None Fl W l0 sec 20
24 Poniong Seloton {Long
Bonk South) Light Beocon l' 23.50 103' 07.80 None Fl W5sec l5
26 Poniong Utoro (Long
27 Bukit Segenting Lighthouse t'47.5 102'53.4 None Fl (4) W 30 sec 23
28 Toniung Tohor Lighthouse 1'50.7 102'42.3 None l-l W 5 sec IJ
29 Toniung Porit Lighthouse 1' 3r.50 102'26.10 None Fl W5sec l8
30 Bengkolis {Gosong
3t Pulou Undqn Lighthouse 2'02.9 102'20.1 None Fl (2) W 15 sec l8
32 Rob Roy Bonk Light Beocon 1' 5r'.51 r02'03.01 N Fl (2) W 10 sec t3
JJ Roleigh Shool Light Beocon 2'06.78 r 0r " 53.06 o Fl {2) W6 sec 13
34 Toniung Medong Lighthouse 2 07.46 r 0r' 39.36 None Fl W l0 sec t9
(Tonjung Tuon) Lighthouse 2' 24.4 101 ' 5t .2 None Fl (3) W l5 sec 23
36 TM Buoy (Deep
37 Pyromid Shool
37o furomid Shool
(centrol reservotion) Light Buoy None Fl (2) W 10 sec
?a Toniung Gobong Light Beocon 2' 40.90 r 0r ' 29.00 None Fl W4sec 16
Toble 2 (Cont.)
13