Nghiên cứu cơ sở lý thuyết cho việc xác định các ưu tiên trong phát triển bền vững vùng kinh tế

S\Icua tUng vung, mai co thS th\Ic S\Iph::ittriSn bSn vfrng vung dugc.Ngoai ra, cho dSn nay vftn chua co cong trinh nao chuyen tim kiSm cO'so IythuySt cho vi~c xac dinh uu tien phat triS

VIl;:N KHOA HOC XA HQI VI$T NAMVIEN NGHIEN CUu PHAT TRIEN BEN virNG VUNG BAc DO

DE TAl cAp BQ

NGHIEN cUu co sa LY THUYET CHO VIlLCtic InNH cAc lfu TIEN

TRONG PHAT TRIEN BEN virNG VUNG KINH TE

Chii nhi~m d~ tili: TS Hit Huu Nga

Association of Southeast Asian NationsCentral Institute for Economic ManagementCambodia - Laos - Mianmar - Vietnam

CU nhanDevelopment Budget Coordination CommitteeD~i hoc Khoa hoc Xa h<)iva Nhan van Qu6c giaD~i hoc Kinh t~ Qu6c dan

Economic CooperationExport Processing ZonesEuropean Union

Economic and Monetary UnionFree Trade Agreement

Great Mekong Sub-regionGreat Mekong Sub-region Economic CooperationGross Regional Product

International Monetary FundInstitute de la national recherche scientiqueIntegrated Regional Information SystemInformatics Technology

International Union for the Protection of NatureJapan External Trade Organization

Japan International Cooperation AgencyMarginal Regional Disparity

Newly Industrializing CountryRegional Allocable FundRegional Development FundRegional Development AuthoritiesResearch & Development

Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunioties, ThreathsTrung tam Khoa hQc Xa h<)iva Nhan van Qu6c giaUnited Nations Centre for Regional DevelopmentUnited Nations Development Programme

United Nations Environment ProgrammeWorld Council for Environment and DevelopmentWorld Conservation Strategy

World Wild Fund

MODAU I" •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6

3 M. \lc leu,t·" dr.·01tu(}'ng va p ~m'h' VI ng len cuu cuah'" , ? d"e alt" .7

5 MQtsa k~t qua nghien cUD bu6'c d§u 8

co sa LY THUYET PHAT TRIEN BEN VUNG 10

2 Vitng biiu thi muc lieu 12

3 Vitng cam nhgn (vitng c(jng iJ6ng) 12

3 Nh6m nhdn t6 kinh tiva h(l tdng ca sa 13

4 Nh6m nhdn t6 con nguai 13

5 Nh6m nhdn t6 thi chi va chinh sach 13

3 Ky ItC vitng 15

6 Vit,ngt;ong b6i canh toan cdu hqa : 16

7 Va tf,"tAc g o'tro . An ~ 9A n U.AI _n? g h'tt'A a r,len en vung vung bA ~ , .16

8 M9t so b9 chi tleu xa h91 ca ban 16

9 Vai tro cua chinh sach va thd chL 17

V Khai nifm cong vien cong nghi~p • • • •• •••.• •.•.• •• •.••• •.• •• • 19

VIII ViIny kinh t~ thong tin • 19

X Lan toa phat tri~n kinh tSviJng 20

XIII Can bang cong - Dong nghi~p vung 21 XIV Lien k~t phat trien vilng kinh tS 21

XV Phat trien vilng kinh t@ xuyen quae gia 21

2 Xay d"mg ht?chi bao phat tri~n b€n vung vitng kinh ti 22

4 Thih Mcac chi bao uu lien thl,fc hit?nchu ch6t 23

I Kinh nghi~m U'u tien phat tri~n viIng f1 Trung Quae • 24

1 Cac.}huynh hu~ng.~he~h It?c~vit~g t~~g thd cua Trung Qu6c 24

2 Chzen lur;c phat trlen vung bat can aOl 24

3 Truong hr;pphat tri~n b€n vung vitng kinh tiChau Giang 24

II Kinh nghi~m U'u tien phat tri~n viIng 0' Thai Lan • 25

1 Chinh sach Phat tridn vitng cua Thai Lan 25

2 Cac khu c6ng nghit?p huang adn cac qu6c gia 16ng gi€ng 25

III Kinh nghi~m U'u tien ph at tri~n viIng Philippines • 26

I Chidn lur;c Phat tridn N6ng th6n va Phan vitng 26

3 Can bang N6ng-C6ng nghi?p va Giai t9P trung hoa 26

IV Kinh nghi~m phat t~i~n,vimg Thuy f)i~n 27

J Chinh sach phat trien hen vung vimg 27

2 Phuang thuc phat tridn b€n vfmg vimg t(1i Thu)! Didn 27

v Kinh nghi~m phat trien vung ciia Ve 27

J M¥c lieu, va t6m nhin 28

2 LlIa ch(Jn b(j chi bao phq,t tr!dn b€n vung vimg 28

3 Cac b(j chi bao phat trien hen vung vimg 28

I Vin d~ viI.~gki~nh,t~ V~~tN:~ :.: 29

J Quan nl?m ve vung kznh te a V,?t Nam 29

2 Kinh dvimg va phan vimg kinh d 29

3 C~c v~ng ~in~ t€ Vi~! Nam ; ~ : ~ :~ 29

4 De xuat mo hznh mal cho cac vung kznh te VI?t Nam 29

II Cae nguyen tA~phat tri~~ b~n vfrng ~ ; 30

J C'. ~c nguy~n t~c p ~t tr~~n ~n vz:.ngA V h' .A b A - q~?CA teA .30

2 Cac nguyen tac phat tnen ben vung VI?t Nam 30

III Khung U'utien p,hat tri~n b~n vifng viIng kinh tiVift Nam 30

J Djnh huang chien lu(J'c 30

2 Khung chuang trinh lIUlien phat tridn b€n vung vimg kinh d 31

3 Tham khao b(j chi bao phat tridn vimg kinh dtr(Jng aidm Bc'icB(j 31

KET LU~N • • • 32

1 Gi6'i thi~u chung v~ d~ tai

B~ hi~n th\Tc hoa m\lc tieu phcit tri~n d~t nuac ma B~i hQi Bang IX da d~ ra,Nha nuac chu truong phcit triSn b~n viing cac vung va dia phuang "ChiSn lugc phcittriSn vung rnQt m~t phai Uti tien phat triSn truac cac vung kinh tS tr<;mgdiSrn, co kha nang bUt pha len truac, nhung m~t khac phai h6 trg cac vung kern phat triSn va co

di~u ki~n kh6 khan han, nh~m tl;lo ra rnQt S\Tcan d6i nh~t dinh trong phcit triSn

khong gian, tUng buac thu hyp khoang cach v~ xii hQi va tiSn tai giam bat S\Tchenh

l~ch v~ kinh tS trong nhfrng nam sau nay Cac vung phcit triSn kinh tS trc;mgdiSm sedong vai tro la dftu tau, la dQngco loi keo cac vung mi~n nlii, vung sau, vung xa c6di~u ki~n kh6 khan han

Vi~c nghien elm xac dinh uu tien danh dugc S\Tquan tam dang kS cua mQiqu6c gia Tuy nhien, xac dinh Uti tien phcit triSn vung kinh tS khong thS la mQt vi~clam thuftn tuy hanh chinh va kS hOl;lchhoa cUng nh~c tir tren xu6ng Ngugc ll;lixacdinh Uti tien phcit triSn vung va vung kinh tS phai la thao tac cu6i cung d\Ta trenhang 10l;ltkSt qua nghien Clm ky lu6ng v~ cac lu~n Cll ly thuySt khoa hQc va lu~n Cll'th\Tc tiSn dugc t6ng kSt b~ng cac phuong phap va cac cach tiSp c~n khoa hQc, vaphfli dugc trinh bay b~ng h~ th6ng thu~t ngii va khai ni~m khoa hQc

Lau nay atrong nuac, vi~c nghien Clmco sa ly thuySt va th\Tc tiSn cho phattriSn n6i chung va cho uu tien phcit triSn vung kinh tS n6i rieng da: dugc d~ c~p dSntrong nhi~u chuang trinh, d~ tai, dv an nghien Clm cua cac tac gia thuQc cac coquannghien Clm, cua cac bQ, nganh va dia phuong Trong d6 phai kS dSn cac cong trinh

tieu biSu va quan tr<;mgnhu: Nhimg vein tJJ chung cua Chiin IWlc phat tridn kinh ti

- xii h(>i2001-2010: Vi tri, tinh cheit, tJgc tJidm cua thai kj; chlin IU(1c;quan tJiim, tu tuimg chi tJc;lO va ml;lclieu phat tridn (BQ KS hOl;lChva Bftu tu 1999); M(>ts6win tJJ phat triin kinh ti cua Vi¢t Nam hi¢n nay (B6 Hoai Nam - Vo Bl;liLuqc (Chu bien) 2005); Xac tJinh co ceiu kinh ti liinh th6 theo huang phat triin co trQng aidm a Vi¢t Nam (Ngo Doan Vinh - NguySn Van Phli 1998); Phat triin kinh ti vimg trong qua trinh cong nghi¢p hoa, hi¢n tJC;Zi hoa (NguySn Xuan Thu - NguySn Van Phil 2006); Qui hoc;zchphat tridn kinh d -xii h(>i:M(>ts6vein tJJ If; lugn va th1!Ctiln (Vi~n

ChiSn lugc Phat triSn 2004), V.v

Tuy nhien hftu hSt cac nghien Clm d~ c~p tai phat triSn va phat triSn b~n vfrngvung kinh tS d~u chQn xu~t phcit diSrn tir cach tiSp c~n kS ho~ch hoa nh~m b6 tri cacnganh, va phan b6 cac ngu6n l\Tccho cac vung Trong cac cong trinh d6 nhin chung

khai ni~rn vung chua dugc t~p trung phan tich mQt cach dfty duo Vi V?y vimg con can phai tJu(1c quan h¢ hoa, ban siic hoa, trim tU(Y11ghoa, qu6c ti hoa va tl;l'qui chiiu Chi co nhu v~y thi m6i co thS thlJc SlJtim ra dugc ti~m nang phat triSn thvc

S\Icua tUng vung, mai co thS th\Ic S\Iph::ittriSn bSn vfrng vung dugc.

Ngoai ra, cho dSn nay vftn chua co cong trinh nao chuyen tim kiSm cO'so IythuySt cho vi~c xac dinh uu tien phat triSn bSn vung vung kinh tS DiSu nay co thSgiai thich b~ng 2 Iy do: i) MQt la, ph::ittriSn bSn vfrng chi tro thanh mQt chu truO'ngchinh thuc, mQt yeu cfiu b~t bUQctrong cong tlk quan Iy phat triSn 0 nuac ta trongvai nam gan day, kS tir khi nha nuac cong b6 chuang trinh nghi S\I 21 cua Vi~tNam; ii) Hai la, ph::it triSn vung dii dugc nghien cUu nhiSu, nhung chu ySu maidugc tiSp c?n duai goc dQ kS ho~ch hoa, thuOng bo ht;p trong nSn kinh tS qu6c dantuO'ng d6i khep kin; trong khi do phat triSn vung d~t trong b6i canh qu6c tS hoa,toan cfiu hoci va khu vvc hoa thi con it dugc nghien cUu ca vS Iy thuySt, th\Ic tiSn,qwin Iy phat triSn Iftn ho~ch djnh chiSn Iugc va xay d\ffig thS chS va chinh sach

2 Tinh c§p thi~t cua d~ tai

Nghien cUu phcit triSn ngay nay khong thS khong d~t trong m6i quan h~ tuangtac gifra khu vgc hoa va toan cfiu hoa 0Vi~t Nam hi~n nay phat triSn vung, ma Cl,lthS Ia phat triSn cac vung kinh tS dii tro thanh chiSn Iugc phcit triSn qu6c gia Dochinh Ia qua trinh giai t?P trung hoa phat triSn kinh tS, kh~c phl,lc nhfrng khuySt t?tcua roo hinh kS ho~ch hoa bao cfip va khep kin cli, thuc dAyhQi nh?p kinh tS dS thgchi~n m\lc tieu cong nghi~p hoa, hi~n d~i hoa dfitnuac. Vi V?y vi~c nghien cUu cac

Iy thuySt, cac cach tiSp c?n phat triSn vung lam cO'so cho vi~c xac dinh cac uu tientrong phat triSn bSn vung vung kinh tS Ia mQt cong vi~c hSt suc cfip thiSt

3 M\lc tieu, d8i trrqng va ph~mvi nghien CtrU cua d~ tai

3.1 Xay dVng cO'so Iy thuySt cho vi~c xac dinh cac uu tien trong phcit triSnbSn vfrng vung kinh tS

3.2 Xay d\lllg khung Iy thuySt cho vi~c t6 chuc thgc hi~n Agenda 21 cua cacdia phuO'ng 0 Vi~t Nam

3.3 DS xu~t khung chuang trinh xac dinh cac, uu tien trong phat triSr; bSnvfrng vung kinh te, dong gop vao vi~c ho~ch dinh chien Iugc phat trien kinh te - xiihQi vung kinh tS B~c BQ noi rieng va Vi~t Nam noi chung

D8i trrqng va ph~mvi nghien CtrU

3.4 D6i tuqng nghien CUucua dS tai Ia: cO'so Iy thuySt cho vi~c xac dinh uutien phat triSn bSn vfrng vung kinh tS

3.5 Ph~m vi cua dS tai vS linh VlJCnghien Clm la nghien Clm cac cO' sO' lythuySt cho uu ti,en phat tri@nbSn vtmg vung kinh tS;,vS phuO'ng di~n khong gian 13cac vung kinh te Bac BQ noi rieng va cac vung kinh te Vi~t Nam noi chung.

4 Khung logic va phU"O'ngphap nghien cuu cua d~ tai

4.1 Khung logic cua dS tai duQ'cxay dlJng dlJa tren gia thuySt nghien ctm chor~ng: 6 Vi~t Nam hi~n nay vi~c xac dinh uu tien phat triSn bSn vang vung kinh tSdang g~p phai nhiSu van dS, trong do co tinh tr~ng thiSu h\lt mQt cO' sO' ly thuySt

mang tinh khoa h9C, toem di¢n, nhcit quem va c¢p nh¢t Vi v~y dS tai mong mu6n tim duQ'c CO'sa If; thuyit cho vi~c xac dinh uu tien phat triSn bSn vang vung kinh tS.

Ngoai ra dS tai con tim kiSm cO'sO'thlJc ti~n phat triSn vung tir kinh nghi~m cua mQts6 qu6c gia duQ'c coi la nhfrng nghien Cll'lltruOng hQ'P Va khau cu6i cung cuakhung logic la vi~c dS xuat giai phap giup xac dinh uu tien phat triSn bSn vfrng vungkinh tS Vi~t Nam

4.2 Phuang phap lu~n phat tri@n bSn vang khong chi duqc quan ni~m la

"quem If; vi¢c sir d¥ng sinh quydn cila con nguai sao cho no co thd aem Igi hli ich b~n vilng IOn lao nhcit cho cac thi h¢ hi¢n tgi ma van duy tri aU(Jcti~m niing eila no nhlim thoa man cac nhu e6u va khat wIng eila cae thi h¢ tuang lai ", ma con la phat

triSn bSn vang kinh tS, xa hQi, van hoa va con nguai vai cac gia tri lau dai

4.3 Phuang phap lu~n chuyen nganh cua khoa hQc vung, va kinh tS hQc vung,bao g6m cac quan ni~m vS vung, cac khai ni~m vung khac nhau, cac cach thuc phanvung, cac phuang phap phan tich djnh tinh vung va bQ cong C\l thu~t ngfr nghienClm phat triSn vung

4.4 Phuang phap lu~n lien nganh: d6i tuqng cua dS tai bao g6m cac llnh V\fCkinh tS, xa hQi, va moi truOng, trong do m6i linh V\fCl~i la d6i tuqng cua rat nhiSunganh khoa hQc khac nhau, bao g6m kinh tS hQc, dia ly hQc, nong hQc, xa hQi hQc,nhan hQc, sinh hQc, cac khoa hQc moi truang

4.5 Phuang phap dinh tinh: i) cac gia thuySt, cac phan doan, cac nh~n dinh,tieu chi, cac, kSt lu~n va cac khuySn nghi giai phap chinh sach doi hoi cac phan tichdinh tinh, ket hQ'Pvai phuoog phap chuyen gia bang thao lu~ ban tron; Ii) phuO'ngphap danh gia SWOT (M~nh, YSu, CO'hQi, De do~)

5 M• "tQ so e qua ng len cU'u U"O'cauJ kJ t , h·" , b ' d)

5;1 ~S tai da buac dfiu dS c~p va lam r? dU9c mQt lOliltkhai ni~m cong ,cv vSphat trien ben vfrng va lien quan den phat trien ben yang, lam cO'sO'Iy thuyet chovi~c xac dinh cac uu tien trong phat triSn bSn vang vung kinh tS Vi~t Nam DS tai

cling xac dinh ro h~ chi bao cho phcit triSn bSn vfrng vung noi chung va vung kinh t~noi rieng.

5.2 DS tai con xac dinh mQt tf\l cQt quan trQng khac, do la khai ni~m vung vacac v~n dS co lien quan, lam ro them dinh nghia vung; dii dua ra 11 v~n dS g~n liSnvai tinh bSn vfrng vung la: bim s~c vung, van hoa vung, ky uc vung, di san vung,trao lUll vung, vung va toan cAu hoa, xung dQt vung tQc nguai, v~n dS xii hQi vung,v~n dS chinh sach va thS ch~ vung, quy hOC:lchvung va mo hinh cu dan vung

5.3 D~c bi~t dS tai dii t~p trung phan tich khai ni~m vung kinh tS va mQt 10C:ltkhai ni~m cong q} co lien quan d~n phat triSn bSn vfrng vung kinh t~ nhu: qrc tangtruong, trung tam tang truang, C\lm kinh tS, vai tro cua do thi trong phat triSn vungkinh tS, vung kinh tS sieu do thi, do thi hoa vung kinh t~, xac dinh Uti tien phat triSnvung kinh t~ v.v

5.4 MQt k~t qua khac cua dS tai la dii c6 g~ng lam sang to them khai ni~mvung kinh tS cua Vi~t Nam va cac v~n dS co lien quan bao g6m quan ni~m vS vungkinh t~, v~n dS kinh tS vung, phan vung kinh tS, cac vung kinh tS Vi~t Nam, cac mahinh vung kinh tS, cac giai phap Uti tien phap triSn bSn vfrng vung kinh tS Vi~t Nam

5.5 KSt qua cu6i cung ma dS tai dC:ltduqc la dii buac d~u th\l'c hi~n dugc cac

m\lc tieu dS ra la xay d\l'ng ca So' ly thuy~t cho vi~c xac dinh cac Uti tien phat triSnbSn vfrng vung kinh t~; dii dS xu~t khung ly thuySt cho vi~c t6 chuc th\Jc hi~nAgenda 21 cua cac dia phuang aVi~t Nam; va dS xu~t khung chuang trinh xac dinh

cac Uti tien trong phcit triSn bSn vfrng vung kinh tS, dong gop vao vi~c hOC:lchdinhchi~n luqc phat triSn kinh t~ - xii hQi vung kinh tS B~c BQ noi rieng va Vi~t Nam noichung

D6i vai Vi~t Nam nghien cUu phat triSn bSn vfrng vung kinh tS la mQt lInhV\l'C,mai me, va phuc tC:lp.Vi ,v~y ch~c ch~n bao ca~ nay 10on~ thS tranh kl;oi cackhiem khuyet, ke ca sai sot ve hQc thu~t cling nhu ve cac van de lien quan den th\Jc

tiSn phat triSn DS tai chi co thS dong gop mQt ph~n nho dS cung giai nghien cUuvung, nghien cUu phat triSn bSn vfrng vung va vung kinh t~ aVi~t Nam di dAn d~ncac mvc tieu trq giup cho phcit triSn bSn vfrng vung kinh tS

Cu6i cung dS tai cling mong mu6n va hy vQng Liinh dC:loVi~n Khoa hQc XiihQi Vi~t Nam se tiSp tvc cho phep va tC:lOdiSu ki~n vS thai gian va kinh phi dS nhomcac nha nghien cUu cua dS tai co thS ti~p tvc di sau va ma rQng han nua nhiSu v~n

dS mai duqc d~t ra trong qua trinh nghien cuu.

co soLY THUYET PHAT TRIEN BEN VUNG

Phat triSn bSn viing la thoa miin nhu c~u cua hi~n t~i nhung khong gay h~icho cac thS h~ tuang lai trong vi~c dap lmg cac nhu c§u cua hQ DS tai th6ng ke 4diSu ki~n tinh bSn vfrng lam co sa cho Uy ban Brundland dua ra dinh nghTa PhMtriSn bSn vfrng

DS tai dii t6ng hQ'PduQ'c 8 lo~i tinh bSn viing bao g6m: 1) Tinh bSn vfrng ySu;

2 Tinh bSn viing m~nh; 3 Moi truang bSn viing; 4 Tinh bSn vfrng kinh tS; 5 TinhbSn viing xii hQi; 6 Tinh bSn vfrng van hoa; 7 Tinh bSn viing thS chS; 8 Phat triSn bSn vfrng con nguai

HI San xuAt va tiell dung b~n vfrng

San xul1t va tieu dung bSn viing bao g6m tl1tca nhiing phuong phap cai thi~ncach thuc tim kiSm, khai thac, san xuAt, mua, ban, tieu dung va thai b6 cac sanphfim V?t chl1tdo t\1'nhien va con nguai lam ra

Bao g6m i) ph\l lo~i v6n t\1'than; ii) ph\llo~i v6n v~t thS hoa, va iii) ph\l lo~ithS chS hoa;

V 8ue ehua eua h~ sinh thai va tinh b~nvfrng

MQt s6 lugng dan s6 ma moi truOng co thS chiu d\1'ngva nuoi s6ng dugc b~ngd6 an, thuc u6ng, noi sinh cu, va nhfrng nhu cAu thiSt ySu khac co trong mQt h~th6ng sinh thai thi dugc gQi la suc chua cua h~ th6ng sinh thai do

VI. D~usinh thai va cae thU'o-edo tinh b~nvfrng

Dfru sinh thai la vi~c tinh toan di~n tich biSn va dat san xufrt vS phuong di~nsinh hQc cAn thiSt cho vi~c tai sinh cac ngu6n ma cac quAn xa sinh v~t, d~c bi~t la

con nguai tieu dung va dS hap th\l, hoan tra mQt cach vo h~i cac lo~i chat thai tra l~i

t\1'nhien

VII Phat tri~n b~n vung va eh§t lU'Q"ngeUQe sAng

Chat luqng cUQc s6ng la nhfrng gi t6t d~p d6i v6i con ngmJi, g6m sue khoe

va h~nh phuc Chinh vi v~y, khai ni~m chat luqng cUQcs6ng tru6c hSt g~n liSn v6isuc khoe va h~nh phuc dS chi thuQc tinh quan trQng thu hai cua chat luqng cUQcs6ng, biSu hi~n tinh tr~ng thoa man cua con nguai

us tai lam r5 mQt khai ni~m co ban nhat cho vi~c xac dinh Uti tien phcit triSnbSn vfrng vung kinh tS, do la khai ni~m "Phcit triSn bSn vfrng" v6i b6n diSu ki~n h~th6ng, dugc coi la 4 nguyen ly khoa hQc dam bao cho mQt xa hQi phat triSn bSnvfrng US tai phan tich 6 tf\! cQt dam bao cho tinh bSn vfrng la: moi truOng, kinh tS,

xa hQi, van hoa, thS chS, va con nguai Ngoai ra con lam r5 6 lo~i v6n dugc sir d\lnglam cac cong C\lph6 biSn trong gi6i nghien cuu phcit triSn cua thS gi6i, do la: v6n t\1'nhien, v6n xa hQi, v6n van hoa, v6n con nguai, v6n biSu tuqng, va v6n t~o d\Tng;phan tich cac cong C\l khai ni~m "suc chua cua h~ sinh thai", "dau sinh thai", m6ilien h~ giua phat triSn bSn vfrng va chat luqng cUQcs6ng

I Binh nghia khai ni~m vilDg

Vung la m')t thu?t ngu dia ly dugc su d\mg theo nhiSu cach khac nhau tuy

theo tung nganh khac nhau Nhin chung di~n tich trung binh cua m')t vung dAtho~cnuac nh6 han di~n tich m')t dmg thS, va Ian han m')t vi tri ho~c m')t dia diSm C\lth~ M')t vung la m')t b') ph?n giai h~n cua khong gian trai dAt D6ng thai vung con

dugc xem la nhung cAu truc nhan van co th~ tl! th~ hi~n b~ng ca nhfrng cach thuc

hi~n thvc va tuO'ng tugng Khung ly thuySt ph6 quat va hfru d\lng nhAt bao g6m 3lo~i vung: 1) vung th~ chS; 2) vung biSu thi m\lc tieu; va 3) vung cam nh?n ma trenth\fc tS la vung c')ng d6ng

II Cae nhan tB t~o vilDg

1 Vimg thd chi

Vung th~ chS la cac vung dugc thira nh?n la nhung thvc th~ hi~n t6n vai nhfrng ranh giai dugc xac dinh m')t cach ra rang tren giAyto', m~c du trong th\fc tSkhong phai bao gia cac ranh giai do cling dugc xac dinh ra rang tren m~t dAt Vung

thuang dugc th~ chS hoa thanh nhfrng h~ th6ng phan cAp, co th~ dugc th~ hi~n b~ng

nhfrng cach thuc khac nhau, ch~ng h~n nhu cac dan vi hanh chinh lien bang, bang,qu?n, va cac dan vi hanh chinh dia phuang

2 Vimg bidu thi ml;JClieu

Lo~i vung nay thuang dugc cac nha khoa hQc, cac nha phan tich, cac nha l?p

kS ho~ch, ho~c cac nha t6 chuc t~o ra nh~m giam thi~u tinh chAt phuc t~p cua cAutruc khong gian, phdn nhiSu la cac khong gian nhan van san cho co th~ nh?n thuc va

quan ly dugc dS dang han Qua trinh t~o ra cac vung bi~u thi m\lc tieu trong dia ly

hQc cling gi6ng nhu qua trinh phan lo~i t6ng quat cua hdu hSt cac b') mon khoa hQc.Cac vung bi~u thi m\lc tieu bao g6m hai lo~i: vung hinh thuc va vung chuc nang

3 Vimg cam nh4n (vimg ct;5ng afmg)

Vung cam nh?n t6n t~i qua nh?n thuc cua cong chung va co th~ khong dugc

h~ th6ng quan phuang phe chufin Vi V?y ySu t6 trung tam t~o nen vung cam nh?n,quySt dinh S\f t6n t~i cua vung cam nh?n chinh la ban s~c dia phuang Vi~c thiranh?n ban s~c cua m')t vung co th~ phat sinh tu nhfrng nguai dang s6ng ca 6 ben

trong l~n ben ngoai ph~m vi vung Do la tam thuc vS m')t nai ch6n C\lth~ nao do.

II Cae nhan ta t~o vung

1 Nh6m nhan t6 tlf nhien

Nhom ll<ly bao ~6m: i) moi truang - canh quan v6i cac ySu ,t6 t?O thanhkhong gian; ii) cac nguon t\f nhien trong mQt moi twang canh quan nhat dinh; iii) vitri dia ly cling la mQt trong s6 cac ySu t6 tlilOvung nit quan tr9ng, d~c bi~t la khi vitri do hQi t\1 dfiy du cac nhan t6 thai co t~p trung cac quan h~ kinh tS, chinh tri, xahQi, v.v trong nu6c, khu V\fCva qu6c tS

2 Nh6m nhan t6 xii h(ji

Nhom nhan t6 xa hQi t?O thanh khong gian xa hQi v6i cac ySu t6 dan s6, dan

cu, m~t dQ dan s6, cach thuc cu tnl, cac cong trinh dan sinh va cong cQng; t?O thanhkhong gian xa hQi v6i cac h~ th6ng canh tac, cac khu V\fCchuyen mon hoa vS laodQng, san xufit; t?O thanh khong gian van hoa, lich sir, ton giao tin nguang b~ng cac

di san v~t thS; t?O thanh khong gian van hoa, lich sir, ton giao, tin nguang b~ng cac

di san phi v~t thS; t?O thanh khong gian xa hQi v6i cac ySu t6 dan tQc, s~c tQc, ngonngfr, tOn giao, cac nhom thiSu s6, cac cQng d6ng di dan, cac nhom IQ'iich va sathich, v.v ;

3 Nh6m nhan t6 kinh ti va hr;ttdng cO'sa

Thai d?i ngay nay co ba d~c trung lam cho kinh tS va h? tfing co sa trathanhySu t6 trung tam t?O vung: i) mQt vung kinh tS ho~c mQt khu V\fCsim xufit co h?tfing co sa t6t, khong lam t6n phi thai gian cua con nguai chinh la mQt thi truangcung cfip ngu6n I\fCthai gian t6t; ii) h? tfing co sa t6t lam tang tinh di dQng cua cacySu t6 sim xufit; iii) h? tfing co So' t6t cling t?O diSu ki~n tang hi~u sufit thi truangcua cac sim phfim duqc san xufit ra

4 Nh6m nhan t6 con nguoi

Nhom nhan t6 nay dong vai tro quySt dinh t?O vung va duqc coi la tac nhanvung theo ba nghia: i) con nguai v6i cfiu truc xa hQi, v6i di san van hoa, lich su, v6i

ky uc va truySn th6ng; ii) con nguai v6i ky nang lao dQng, san xufit va giao dich;iii) con nguai v6i ca tinh, gia dinh, cQng d6ng, xa hQi t?O thanh m?ng lu6i cac m6iquan h~ nQi vung va ngo?i vung chinh la chfit keo g~n kSt t?O nen vung

5 Nh6m nhan t6 thi chi va chinh sach

Co thS noi thS chS va chinh sach vung la nhfrng lo?i ngu6n l\fc d~c bi~t t?Onen vung Khong co thS chS vung va khong co chinh sach vung thi khong thS co

vung theo dung nghTa cua khai ni~m do D&ng sau nhan t6 th~ ch~, va chinh sachvung chinh la vai tro cua nha nu6c trong vi~c t~o vung.

II MQt sa lo~i vung chii y~u

1 Vimg sinh thai

Vung sinh thai duQ'c cac nha khoa hQc dinh nghla la m(>t b(> ph~n m?t d~tr(>ng 100 co chua m(>t ~~p hqp cac c(>ng d6n~ tv nhien khac nh,au v@phuong di~n dia

Iy v6i cac ranh gi6i xap xi v6i ranh gi6i goc cua cac c(>ng dong tv nhien tru6c khithay d6i su d\mg vung d~t do Co ba lo~i vung sinh thai: Lo~i hinh vung sinh thaitren c~n; Lo~i hinh vung sinh thai bi~n; Lo~i hinh vung sinh thai nu6c ngQt

2 Vimg thuy van

Co nhi@u h~ th6ng dinh nghla cac vung nu6c b@m?t M(>t lo~i vung co bancua cac dong thuy lUll la lUll vvc ho?c lUll vvc song T~m quan trQng d?c bi~t cuacac vung lUll vvc song la chung thuang trvc tiSp g~n H@nv6i cac vung lich su, kinh

tS, van hoa, chinh tri r~t lau dai Sau c~p vung dOll vi thuy hQc duQ'c d?t ten tu 16nnh~t dSn nhi> nh~t la cac vung, cac tiSu vung, cac lUll V\lC, cac ph\! lUll, cac thuyvvc, va cac ti~u thuy vvc

LTnh vvc dia Iy lich sir tham gia vao vi~c nghien CUll lich su con nguai vi nolien quan dSn cac vi tri va cac vung, ho?c nguQ'c I~i, no nghien CUu qua trinh vacach thuc thay d6i cua cac vi tri, cac vung theo thai gian a Vi~t Nam cac vung lich

su duQ'c khai thac r~t ph6 biSn trong ngon ngii khoa hQc cfing nhu trong dai s6ngthuemg nh~t

Cac van hoa khac nhau thuang khong gi6i h~n ph~m vi cua chung vao trongcac bi~n gi6i qu6c gia Vimq van hoa hinh thue bao g6m nhiing cu dan C? chungm(>t so d?c diem van hoa chang h~n nhu ngon ngii, ton giao ho~c cac h~ thong sinhk~ Cae vimg van hoa ehue nang: d~u hi~u phan bi~t cua m(>t vung van hoa hinhthuc la tinh d6ng nh~t van hoa Cae vimg van hoa ng6n ngif: la lo~i vung t6n t~i ph\!thu(>c vao nh~n thuc cua cu dan s6ng trong vung do nhu dff th~y ph6 bi~n cung v6ivi~c Slr d\!ng ten vung d?c bi~t

Thuang thS hi~n du6i hinh thuc cac nhom tQc nguai, trong khi do mQt nhomtQc nguai ho~c mQt tQc nguai la mQt nhom cu dan bao g6m cac thanh vien d6ngnhdt v6i nhau dva tren co sa pha h~ ho~c t6 tien duQ'Cgia djnh la chung ho~c duQ'cnhfrng tQc nguai khac ho~c cac nhom khac thua nh?n la mQt nhom rieng bi~t, ho~cbfulg cac d~c diSm thS chdt, ton giao, ngon ngfr va van hoa chung.

IV• M" t AQ so vanAd" e ve vung va", 'hp a' t t flenA b"en vU'ng

-1 Rim size vimg

Ban s~c cQng d6ng vung la mQt thuQc tinh duQ'c cdu thanh va duQ'c sang tl;10

ra Vi V?y ban s~c co thuQc tinh lien chu thS Ngay nay cac nha nu6c hi~n dl;1idSu rasuc can thi~p vao qua trinh diSu chinh va giam sat cac ban s~c qu6c gia Chinh triban s~c bao g6m nhiSu phong trao va ml;1nglu6i xii hQi vung, co phong trao dua racac vdn dS mang tinh phe phan, trong khi do Il;1ico nhfrng phong trao nh~m taikh~ng djnh cac m6i g~n kSt bSn ch~t cua cQng d6ng

2 Van hoa vimg

Qua trinh san sinh van hoa vung hi~n dl;1it?P trung vao vi~c tieu chuftn hoacac tuang tac xii hQi tru6c hSt duQ'c phat triSn trong san xudt hang hoa cong nghi~phang 101;1t,sau do du<;ycchuySn giao thong qua vi~c t6 chuc h~ th6ng cua hang ph\lcV\lnhanh dS thl,Tchi~n mQi trao d6i gifra khach hang va nguai cung cdp san phftm vadjch V\l Tru6c khi dua san phftm ra thj truang cac cong ty co thj truang toan cAubao gia cling xem xet rdt ky luang cac d~c trung vung va phat triSn cac m6i quan h~v6i cac vung va dja phuang, do la qua trinh "dja phuong hoa toan cAu", tim kiSmnhfrng d~c san van hoa va tam thuc xac thvc trong m6i vung

Ky uc duQ'c nh6 Il;1iqua cac dfu dOl;1nIjch su, vi V?y ky uc va ljch su luon

luon la leYue vimg va itch su vimg Ngay nay nhfrng nguai c6 g~ng duy tri ky lic

van hoa vung dang phai V?t IQn dS gifr gin saD cho no khong bj thuang ml;1ihoaph\lc V\l cho cac m\lc dich du ljch, ho~c su d\lng no nhu la mQt phuong ti~n khang

cv v6i nhfrng thay d6i

Hi~n vfin chua co mQt khung khai ni~m kha di nao co thS su d\lng dS khao sattinh chdt ch<;mlQc cua ky lic van hoa vung t6t hon la khai ni~m "di san" Nguaip~u~g Tay co thS thua nh?n han~ 10l;1ttv sv vS mQt qua khu ljch su nao ~o, nhunghau het cac su gia Il;1ikhong tin rang toan bQ cac thol;1itich ve qua khu ay la chanthvc va hfru ich, vi cac thol;1itich dii duQ'c su d\lng mQt cach thien l~ch nh~m dVng

ljch su ho~c mQt lo~i dia ly hQc lich su nao do M~t khac, di sim chu ySu dlJa vaothien kiSn vS t6 tien.

La mQt trao luu chinh tri ho~c van hoa tim cach chinh tri hoa nhfrng kh~ngdinh tru6c vS lanh th6 cua cac vung v6i m\lc dich bao v~ ho~c giup cho cac lQ'iichvung Ben c~nh do, tinh chfit chinh tri cua tdo lUll vung thS hi~n ph6 biSn b~ngnhfrng tinh cam vS ban s~c t~p thS Trao lUll vung cling thuOng xuyen lien quan dSncac khu VlJCtQc nguai, vi tfit ca cac lo~i trao lUll vung thuang lien quan dSn mQt vanhoa khac, do h~u hSt la cac van hoa uu th6ng ho~c van hoa cua cac nhom da s6trong khu V\fC

6 Vimg trong b6i ccmh toim cdu hoa

Toan c~u hoa co thS duQ'c d~c trung nhu mQt SlJma rQng khong gian hQ'Ptactoan thS gi6i vS kinh tS, chinh tri, tieu th\l, san xufit, va phan cong lao dQng Ngoai

ra toan c~u hoa con chua dlJllg rui ro sinh thai toan c~u va ca nhfrng h~u qua khongthS luang truO'c duQ'c Qua trinh phM triSn mO'ic~t qua cac h~ th6ng chinh tri xa hQicli va co thS t~o nen cac vung bao g6m nhiSu dan tQc, nguQ'c I~i co thS co nhiSuvung khac bi~t I~i thuQc vS mQt dan tQc, tac dQng to 1O'ndSn cac m6i tuong tac xahQi, no nhfin mlimh nhiSu hon vao tinh chAt chung cua cac thay d6i lien quan dSn cacfiu trUc dia phuong cling nhu toan c~u

7 Vdn t1~t(Jcnguai trong phat triin bJn viing vimg

Hi~n nay dang t6n t~i cac cUQcxung dQt gifra cac nhom tQc nguai vO'i nhanuO'c Vi m\lc dich cua minh mQt s6 nha nuO'c da dung cac phuang phap diSu chinhxung dQt trong do co ca mQt s6 phuong phap khong thS chfip nh~n duQ'c vS d~o ducnhu: i) cac phuon~ phap xoa b6 khac bi~t: ~i~t tQc, di chuySn s6 lUQ'llg,16odan cucu5ng buc, chia cat vaJho~c ly khai (tlJ quyet dinh), tich hQ'PvaJho~c dong hoa; ii)phuang phap quan ly cac khac bi~t: kiSm soat ba quySn, phan xu (can thi~p cua benthu ba), chia thanh don vi val ho~c thiSt l~p thS chS lien bang, hQ'PnhAt ho~c chia sequy~n IlJc

8 M(Jt s6 b(Jchi lieu xii h(JicO'bem

Cac chi tieu xa hQi vung: i) nhu c~u muc s6ng v~t chAt; ii) nhom chi tieu phananh giao d\lc va trinh dQ dan tri; iii) nhom chi tieu vS tu6i thQ binh quan va chamsoc suc khoe cho cu dan trong vung; iv) nhom chi tieu vS dan s6 va vi~c lam Chi s6phat triSn con nguai: dS danh gia t6ng hQ'Pva xSp lo~i trinh dQ phM triSn bSn vfrng

vS kinh tS xa hQi mQt qu6c gia cling nhu mQt vung kinh tS gQi la chi s6 phM triSncon nguai HDI BQ chi tieu ngheo doi va bAt binh d~ng: thS hi~n ra rang nhfit qua

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