K.huyen nghi mOt S{lchinh sach quan tn.mg nhat trong linh V~ICvi~cHim; m hlnh tcing qu,H V~Ih~thong bi~n phap l"\m b,\o th\IC hi~11c\nlllng trlnh qUC gia xuc tien vi~c H1I11.Trcn cO Sll
Trang 1ClllfONG TRINH KX04 NHDNG LU~N ctr KIIOA II<)C ClIO vntc O(}I 1\101 CllfNII SACII XA 11(>1 vA co cliff QUAN VI~C TnVc I11~N cHfNH SACH XA H<)1.
BAD CAD TOM TAT DE TAl KX04.04
"),. " , "),. "),.
SANG NEN KINH TE I-IANG BOA NHIEU THANH PHAN
PTS Trfln Hiiu Trung
IIA NOI, TnANG 3, 1995
Trang 2D~ tili "Lu(m Cll khoa IH,lc chD xay d\lng chinh s:lch, gi:\i quyct vi~c 1£1111 l) Illllk ta khi chuyen sang nen kinh 1I~ himg h{HI nhietl thimh phrin" m:i so KX.04.04, thU(lC cllllt)(lg trlnh nghien CUU khoa IH,lc c(mg ngh~ tn.lOg diem cilp Nhil Illl(k KX.04 "Nhllng lu(m Cll khoa h9C cho vi~c doi nu\i chinh sach Xci h(li vii co chc qlll\n Iy vi~c tl1\lc hi~n chinh s:lch xci h(li", B(> Lao dOng-Thuong binh va X:1 hOi chll tri nghien cllU vt\i s\I tham gia clm nhietl Nh:l khoa IH,lC,nh:1 qu:\n Iy C(l kinh nghi~m lien quan den linh v\lc vi~c HlIll V:I ph:'lt trien ngul.)n nhfm I\lc, kinh te vi m() t'\ Trung uong V:I dja phul1ng, Ulmg thl\i co 5\1 phoi IH,\P nghien CllU Clla m(lt sC; Vi~n, Trung tfllll nghien CllU chuyen ngimh, C:'ICtrul\ng d:.1i h9C, dc cO quan qu:\n Iy Nh£1 Illltk
D;ly 1:1c(mg trinh nghien ClIU C(l 5\1 ke thtla ket qu:\ nghien ClIU dc d~ t£1i nghien ClIU cilp Nhil nlHk vii dip Bt) thU(lC linh V\IC laD d(mg-vi(:c HlIn nhllng n[lIll 19X9-1991 Trong qU:l trin!l nghien CllU de t:1i dci C(l 5\1 IH.\p t:'IC V:I gillp dt\ quoc
tc, nh:lt 1£1ve m;)t ky thlll)t V:I plllwng phap lu~n clJa H) ChllC lao d(mg quoc te (ILO), ESCAP; lhi H) chllc m(>t so CU(lC hOi thc\o quC)C te va qUC)C gia, tham gia mOt St) hOi th;\o khu V\IC Chflu A-Th{1i binh duong D(lc hi(:t ket qlll\ elJa nghien ClIU d:i gitip dc do:m Vi0t nam tham gia V:IO holm thi0n tuyen ho Manila 10/1994 t:.1i He)i nghj cilp Be) trUl\ng cac nudc khu v\lc Chflu A-Th{li binh due)ng, chu{(n bi cho H(li nghi thut.\ng dinh ve ph{lt trit~n xu hOi tc,1iCopenhaghen 3/1995; Tuyen h(') New Dehli, 1/1995 t~1i1-I0i' nghi Be) trUl\ng Lao d(mg CclCnlH\c kh(mg lien ket V£Idang ph{lt trien; Tuyen he') compenhaghen 3/1995 t:.1i H(li nghi thu(.\ng dinh ve ph{lt trien xli Ill)i " Ket qu:\ nghien Cllu de tai d,i plwc V\I kip thl)i cCHlg t{ICqlll\n
Iy Nh:'1 nuek vii S\I nghi(:p trong linh V\IC vi~c lillll , dOc hi0t iii xflY d\lng B() LU(lt lao d(mg (clnlong vi0c lam) V:l chuong trinh quoc gia XllC tien vi~c l;'lIll
De tili KX 04.04, dlll.\c Ban hi thl1 Trung l10ng D:\ng X{ICdinh HI'm(lt trong C{ICde t:1i tr9ng diem thuOc ChlH\ng trinh KX 04, plll\i du(.\c t(lp trung ngu(lIl I\IC V:I chi d:.10 nghien cllU, nhtllll nll.IC tieu la:
Xfly d\lng IU(1Ilell khoa IH,lc elm vi~c de ra chinh sach gi:\i quyet vi(:c HlIn (1 nUtk ta trong dietl ki~n chuyen doi diU tr(lc nen kinh te vii deli me\i cO che qm\n Iy kinh te,
Trang 3K.huyen nghi mOt S{lchinh sach quan tn.mg nhat trong linh V~ICvi~cHim; m() hlnh tcing qu,H V~Ih~thong bi~n phap l"\m b,\o th\IC hi~11c\nlllng trlnh qU()C gia xuc tien vi~c H1I11.
Trcn cO Sll nwc tieu ClJa de t~Ii, ph~m vi va n(li dung nghien ClIUdlH.1Cx,kdjnh V11tlwc hi~n th(lI1g qua 10de Hii nhclnh, t(l() trung V~lC)dc van de cO b,\n sau
Nghien CllU nhfrng van de co b,\n ve Iy IU(1I1vii qua trinh hlnhth1\11h,phat trien thi tnlllng Ian d(lI1g II Vi~t nnm gan v(\i gi,\i quyctvi~c 1f1l11
0\1 b,ln tong qu,H xu Inl(\ng pluH trien ngu(m lao dOng, nhu dlu vi~eHlln va deli mdi h~ tlu)ng quan diem, plntong h\f(\ng bi~n philp gi<\iquyet vi~c HII11trong thlli gian tdi
Nghien CllUIlH}nCll khna ht,lc cua cac chinh snch vi m() (thue, rU(lI1gdat, tin d\lI1g ) lien quan den vi~c lam, C{ICchinh s,kh khuyenkhieh phat trien vi~c Hun va chinh s{lch vi~c Hun cho m(lt S() doi
t ll()ng d;)c bi~ 1
Nghien CllUh~ tlu)ng H"l chuc qlH\n ly Nhil Illl(\c vii S\I nghi~p ve gi<'1iquyet vi~c Hlln phll h()p vlli co che thj tnlllng (Clntong trinh qlH)Cgia xlk tien vi~c lilm, Qui quoc gin ve gi;\i quyet vi~c HII11,dc tochllc djeh V\I vi~c Hun )
PhU(lng ph{lp tiep e(1I1Chll yeu la dieu tra khan S{lt, phf\l1 tieh, tong IH,\pviikh,H qU;lt hOB, eoi tn~ng t(ing ket th\lc tien va nghien ClIU m(l hlnh tien tien de
Trang 4ttl d(l ph(lt hi~n nhflng qui luOt, tinh qui IU(lt gil\i quyet vi~e H\I11h Vi~t nam hi~nnay; dtll1g thili lIi)t n(l trong khung dnh chung HI dill nude dang trong qU{1trinhdeii nH\i, ehuycn dCli cau trlle nen kinh te theo htH\ng ph(lt tricn nen kinh te hfll1gh{l:\ nhieu thflllh phtll1, v,)n h;lI1h theo eel ehe thi tnl()ng, dinh Ill/dng x,i h(li ehllnghia, c(l s\I qlll'ln Iy elm Nhil Illlde.
D;1y Iii de tai eo qui me) I<\n, plli.ull vi r(mg, song nhi) sv he,1pt{le vii phoihe,1pnghicn ellu c(l hi~u qUi\ elm hon 40 nhil khoa 1H.le,nhil qu.\n Iy, grill IOO c(lIlgt;'le vicn elm me)t so B(l, ngill1h, dia pllllong V;l s\l ehi d.)n elJa Ban ehll nhi~mehl/ong trinh, nen (hi thu dll<,le me)t so ket qtll\ btlek dnu T',li H(li dtlllg nghi~mthu cap eel sc')de tt'ti d.i dlle,le d{1I1hgi{1vito Im.li xuat sac S.\n ph:lm ehinh elm det;li ban gtlm:
B(IO eao tong he,p ket qm\ nghien euu tit 1992den nay (d.i due.le boxung, hO;\I1 ehinh sau khi lx\o v~ t~li I-I<)idtll1g nghi~m thu cap eel
.
Ok tOp ky yeu h(li th;\o khoa hQe, trong d{l ban ghm cae ehuyen
de, cae bai tham IU(1I1elm e{lc nha khna hQc V;I qm\n IY
C(le s.\n ph am trung gian ban geml c.le tt'ti li~u tham kh.\n, dieu trakh;\n S{lt thlH)C Iinh v\le lao dc)ng-vi~e lam
B(1Ocao tcing he,lp due,le trinh bay trong hon 160 trang d{1I1hm{IY,ngn;li phiin mc'l diiu, nwe 1~lc,bao gom 7 ehuong co n(li dung tom tilt sau:
Chinh sach vi¢c lam· TGng quat v'CpllltlJng phap lu6n va phltlJng phap tiep c{rn.
DflY IfI phiin C(l tinh ehtit dinh hl/c\ng ve pllltelng phap 11Ji)nelm de tt'li
nghien etlU Trong do, xac djnh vi tri elm clz[llh stich vi~c lelm III m(Jt trollg IlI11lllg chilllz \'(~clzxt7 Iz(ii cO bdll WI cffp btich Illu1t lrollg Iz~ Ilu1llg c!zlllh stich xt7 Iz(ii lzi~1l
Trang 5/lay. Chl/ong I, elmg uanh nhieu ph;in quan tn:mg lam r6 nhllng nhOn tlnk nll\i vcplnll1ng ph:lp IliOn nghien etlu chinh sneh vi~e Hlln trong uieu ki~n chllyen sangnen kinh te hi'mg hoa nhieu thi'mh phlm (Ii'lln r6 kh{li ni~m chinh s{lch vi~c 1:1111,philn Im.1iCilU trLle, philn Hch di)C tnlng chinh sach vic;c Ifllll khilc vc\i cac chinhs{lch kh:'tc, trlH\c het In ehinh such kinh te) va plllfong ph{lp tiep C(1I1nghicn CtlUchinh s{lch vi~c Hlln (Xile djnh khung dnh chung elJa dat mIlk, Iy thuyct h~ th<lng,plnlong phap th\le chung, me) hjnh m\le tieu, qui trjnh tong qU{lt hO:,1chdjnh Vi'lth\fc hi~n chinh such).
Trcn cO S() nghien etlu nhllng quan ni~m ell ban clm the gil\i, nhat la phflnHch dc sO lItl cau true l\fc lu<.)ng lao d(lng ClJa To chuc lao d(mg quoe te (ILO),
vi'I m(lt sli nl/dc trcn the gil\i, c1nll1ng II da h~ thong hOll vi'I xfly U\lng h~ kh{lini~m Cl) 11:\nve vi~e H1I11trong so dtl l\fc hH.)ng lao d(mg ellil Vi~t nam vi'l phl/ong.
ph{lp tinh 1:1Il1Cll S() hinh thi'1I1hh~ thling thling ke C{ICchi tieu qu:\n Iy chil ycutrong linh V\ICni'IY
OilY Ii'l m(lt trong nhllng n(li uung rat ell b,\n elJa lie tfti KX 04.04 giLlp chovi~c xfly U\lng luOn Ctl de hinh thi'lIlh ehinh saeh vi~c Iflln 0 Vi~t nam trong lIieuki~n ml\i CO S() nguon Hli li~u ClliI de Uti In c,le so li~u thong ke ehinh thllc ellilNhi'l milk, de ket qUi\ dieu tm khi\O S{lt trcn qui ml11{\n eUil Trung l/ong vii dlcdja phl/ong trong nhClI1gnam vua qua; dtmg the)i ket hl)P vdi nhftng dicu tm kh:\osat sflu ClliI de tfli (ve khu v\fe phi ket cau, uoanh nghi~p nlH~ vi'I vila, vi~c 1i'1I11t~linha ) Tren CllS() d6 de tai d,l lIunh gin tong quat t1l\fc tn.lI1g ngutm lao d(mg vi'Ivi~c Hlln chung eho ca nude va rieng eho khu v\fe thanh thj, nCmg thCm, vi~c HllnClliI pht,l nft Vi~e d{mh gin khCmg chi UilI1g 1<,1il1 xem xet phim tich de so li~u,c,'tc hi~n tlH.)ng ben ngoi'li, ma ue Hti con di sflu phfln Hch dc mflll thu:in Chll yeuVi'lnguycn nhfm, khai quat hOil cae mel hjnh mdi gi,\i quyet vi~c Ii'lm trong dietlki~n chuyen sang nen kinh te thj true)ng Trong d6, di)C bi~t Ii'I kh,\ nfing t,,1ovi0cIi'lln thCmg qua ph:H tricn C{ICdoanh nghi~p c6 yon dnu tl/ milk ngoai gun vdi chlltrllong d:iy tdi m(lt bl/lk eong nghi~p hoa, hi¢n d:.li h6a dat nl/dc; m6 hinh vi~cIi'lln trcn c(l S() ph{lt trien kinh te h(l gia dinh, thong qua cae u\f (1Il nh(), dc
Trang 6Chlltlng trinh kinh te-x,i h()i Idn elm Nh;1 nlltk khai th:'tc C{ICvllllg, ph;'lt Iriendnanh nghi~p nlH) V;Ivila, khu vvc phi ket diu, vi~c 1;lIn t:.li nh;I D(l 1;1,nhllng m(lhinh g(lp phtm w;m dl,lIlg Ian d(Hlg, t',Hl dietl ki~n ellO m(~i nguili c(l vi~c HIIll dnydll, gi;ii quyel 111;)1x;i h(li ellil lao d(Hlg.
Ly IU(1I1ve thi truilng lao d(lng la van de rat mdi me doi vdi Vi~t nam lrongqU;'1Irinh chuyen doL Dc lid khCHlg nghien CltU thi tntilng lao dOng nillt 1;1m(ltlrong Ilhftllg thi Intilng quan tn,Hlg trong h~ thong thi tnti)ng clla nen kinh Ic IhiIntilng, 111;1chi nghien CltU, tiep c;)n dllt\i g(lC dO lien quan dcn vi~c 1;lIn nh:llnd;illl b:\n litng bll(k vi~c 1;lIn drty dll, vi~c If1m co hi~u qu:i V;Ivi~c Iflln dU(.lCt\1 do1~laelH,ln elJa ngui1i lao d(Hlg, gi:ii phong slrc Ian d(mg
Tuy nhien, de Iili cllI1g dfll1h Ill()t ph~ln nghien ClIUnhfrIlg vtin de chung vc
Iy lu(m thi tnli1ng lao d()ng nlur kh;'li ni~Ill, b;\n chat, dieu ki~n hinh thfmh vfl ph;'lttrien thi tnli1ng lao <.h)ng, quan ni~m ve hfll1g h(')a SllC lao d(Hlg
Phtlll quan tn:Hlg ciJa chuong IV, mft de ad tOp trung nghien ClIU IfI l110iquan h~ cung-dlu ve Ian d(Hlg tren thi truilng Ian d('Hlg va vai tf() ClJa n() trongdieu chinh Slrc ep ve vi~c lam Dc xuat C{ICbi~n ph{lp ph{lt trien thi tnti)ng laod(lng hLH\ng van sir dl,lI1gco hi~u <)u:i ngul')n lao d()ng V;I gi:ii quyet vi~c Hlln trene(l S('ldieu ehinh ciic <.)('lngdi ehuyen Ian d()ng, ap d~lI1gcac hinh thttc thu hllt Iand(Hlg, Irlltk het 1;1h(.lp d(Hlg Ian d(Hlg, phll h()p vdi eo che thi tntilng, t:,10 ra dcdieu ki~n de Ihi tnrilng Ian d(Hlg ph:H trien
Chllclng V: II~ th6ng quan dic"m va phllllng hilling gh\i quyet vi¢c h\m c'.Vi¢t
nam phil hc.lp viii n'en kinh te hang h{)a nhi'cu thanh phfln.
Tren cO sll dV b:lo tong quiit xu Illldng phat trien ngU(Hl Ian d(Hlg vfl nhuelIu gi;\i (juyet vi~c Iflln trung thili gian tdi, d(lc bi~t Ifl sv bien d(mg ve eO du kinh
Ie vfl laD d(mg trung dieu ki~n d:lY t(\i m(lt blHk c(mg nghi~p h(la, hi~n d •.1i h(lad:lt l1ll<k) Dc tfd d;i khai quat hoa h~ thong quan diem eO b;in gi:jj quyet vi~c IfllllV;I ph;'11trien ngU(Hl nhfll1 Ivc trong thili gian tdi Trang do, dOc bi~t nhan m'.lI1hm()i quan h~ giua chuyen djch cO cau kinh te va cO cau lao d(mg; nguyen Hie tv
Trang 7dn h(m trung Ian d(mg; vi tri, vai tn) quyet dinh ClJa van d~ tv t<.invi~c )fllll; vai tn)then chi)t nlnl ha lW clJa Nha ntllk, vi~c hnan thi~n thiet che xii h{)i, nhflt Ifl () cOS() );lIlg, phu()ng, xii trong v:ln d~ gi:\i quyet vi~c )f1l11theo C{ICe1nrong trinh, U~I(Ill.
Trong khi d~ tili neu Jen nhi'rng phuong hw\ng chung co tinh chat cO h:\nV:'Ichien Itfl)C Sll d\mg co hi~u qUi\ ngu()n Ian dl)ng va gi:\i quyet vi~c )fllll, trongh{In c{\() tling IH)p, d(Ic hi~t wi tn.Hlg dc phuong hlH\ng C\I the, khi\ thi doi vl\i khuvvc th:'lIlh thi, khu vvc nClIlg them, dili vdi Ian dOng nO nhat la phftt trien kinh te
hO gia dinh, vi~c );1111phi n(Hlg nghi~p, phrlt trien uoanh nghi~p nlH~ V1Ivila, khCliplll.IC dlc 1:'lI1gngh~ truy~n thong, kllll vvc phi ket cau, vi~c 111111t:.li nhll D(, 1:1nhi'lng hUl\ng c() kh:\ nfll1g tlm hllt lhfl.)C nhi~u lao d(mg, gi:\i quyet vi~c 1:'1111elmnhietl ngu()i hi~n nay V:'Itrong tuong laL
CllIlllng VI: Khuycn nghj djnh Iwilng I11I)t s6 ehinh such ql the v'e vi~c h\111
trung dicu ~i~n ell ehc thj tniling.
De gi:\i quyet vi~c )fllll elm lao d(mg xii h(li then C{ICquan diem, phuonghlfl\ng neu trong e1n/ong V, Nh:'l nt/dc din pl1i\i ban h:'lI1h hang Im.lt dlc chinh sikhC1.lthe phll Ill,)p vdi cO che thi tn/c)ng c6 lien quan nhietl den van d~ gi:\i quyetvi~c 1:'1111.Qua nghien cuu, ngoai dc chinh sikh kinh te vi mC! tac d(mg den to:1Ilhe) chien Itfl.\Cphat trien kinh te nhtllll thuc dfiy tang tru()ng kinh te, gi:\i quyet vi~c1:'1111elm phfll1 h\n lao dl)ng xii hOi, d~ tili tOp trung VflOnghien C(IUh~ thong chinhs:'lch tuy mang nOi dung kinh te, /ll/lil/g tlll(JC xem xci (!tl(li goc dO xa "Oi, tit! lac d(JIIg Vlio gicii ljllyft ville leim cI/li yell clIO Ilg11c1ielllia co villc leim, /lgll(Ji t"(1tllghillp IIO(k Ihiell ville him Trnng d6, hao g{'ml C{ICchinh such vi m() c6 tinh chat tn.) gillp
",10 111()vi~c Ifllll nhu chinh Sikh ti.\Ov(')n, chinh such dat dai, chinh sach thue ;)I~
tilling chinh such khuyen khich Cilc hinh th(lc va CilC Iinh vVC tllll hllt dw)c nhiculao d(mg (kinh te he) gin dinh () n(mg thC!n, chinh sikh di dfin xay d\rng C{ICVllllgkinh te nll\i, ph:'lt trien klm vvc kinh te qui roC! nho va linh hm.lt, chinh sikhkhuyen khich thanh nien xung phong, Ivc hH)ng vO trang 11'1111kinh te V11gi<\i lJuyetvi~c 1:'1111,chinh s:'lch dua lao dOng di Iflln vi~c l1 nudc ngofli ); chinh s{lch vi~c 1:'1111elm nll)t sli dlii tlH)ng d(lc bi~t vdi lJuan diem uu d:ii nhu chinh s{lch vi~c 1:'1111e110ngu()i Hill t(lt, dtii tUl)ng t~ n~m Xii h()i, nguc)i hc)i huong
Trang 8C;I(; chinh s;lch tren dfly khCHlgplll\i I~Iban ClIp, m~1IfI t'.ln ra dc dieu ki~n,m()i tnl('\ng thlli)n Il.\ivfl tn) gillp melt phtlll ve tai chinh de nglli\i Ian dOng tv t•.lnvi~c Hllll elm minh vfl tllll hlll them Ian d(lllg x.1h(li trong ml)t chlll1ng trinh x.i h(liC<lml,lc tieu.
Gi.\j quyet vi~c lam then c.ic chlll1ng trinh vi~c HUll (1 ClIp quoc gia IfI xuhlll'ng chung clm cac nUlk tren the gil'i, th~m chi ILO d.1 dlla ra phuong ane1ltrong trinh vi~e Iflln the gidi Tuy nhien, doi vdi Vi~t nam van de nay Cl)n 111l'i
me, nhieu khi el)n nhietl nglri\i nhtlln Ian no vdi chllllng trinh ph{lt trien kinh te.Trong ehullng nfly, de lid d.1 budc dtlU 1~lInn) nhfrng nhf.1ll thtrc co b.\n ve mOte1wong trinh qlll)C gia XllCtien vi~e lam (klHli ni~m, ClIUtrlle vii s\f kh(le bit;t giflan(l vl\i chllong trinh ph(lt trien kinh te); khuyen nghi mOt so chuong trinh tflng thexlle tien vit;e Hlln tir na)' den nam 2000, then Illrdng, m()t m(lt, vira kIwi th{le deyeu tll ph,H trien then ehietl sflu gan vdi c()ng nghi~p h(m, hi~n d~li hoa dilt mrlk,vira ph.H trien then ehieu n)ng gan vdi kIwi th{lc tiem nflng c{le vllllg, die Iinh V\levii c(IC d'.lllg nghe nghi~p e6 kh.\ nflllg thu hM them Ian d(Hlg mdi
Tn,Hlg tftm elm ehUl1ng VII con dUl.\Ct~p trung van nghien ctru co che qu,\n
Iy vit;c th\le hi~n clllrong trinh qlll)e gia XllCtien vi~c lam Bi1i vi, day Ifl van de nitquan tn.Hlg de b.\n di:\m tinh kh,\ thi cua vi~c dua chinh such vi~c Him vim cuOesling den dllllg m\IC tieu, dl)i tUl.1ngvii dem h.d hi~u qu.\ can, tr{lllh dlll.1Ce.ich Hllnthen kieu hilllh ehinh, ban cap tnrlk dfly Trang phan nfly, de Hd d(IC bi~t ChllYden vai tn) dietl hilllh cua Nha nudc, co che qu,\n Iy qui qUllC gia ve gil\i quyet vi~eHun, ph,H trien cac don vi sv nghi~p vi~c lam va nflng can vai tro clm die tfl ehtrenhftn dan, Hl chtrc phi chinh phll
Ok n()i dung tren dfly mC) te\ tong qunt nhflng van de tf(~ng tflm dUl.1ed(lt
ra nghien cl'lU elm de tai Trong b.\n C{IOt6m Hit nily, chi neu len mOt s() van de
co b,\n nhat c6 tinh chat ket lu~n nlltr sau:
Trang 9dot MOl VE PHUONG ])HAP LU~N VA pHuONG PHAP TIl1I) C~N NCHI~N cuu CHfNII SAcnI VI(;:C LAM LA V~u. cAu TA-f vl1u KHACII QUAN.
Vi~<.:lillll va thilt nghi0p iii m(lt trong nhung viln de x,i hOi co tinh ch.lttu:m dill, la moi quan Him Il\n cua Mlu het C{ICquoc gia Bili v(ly, tuycn boV:I e1ulong trinh Mnh d(mg toim dIU Copenhaghen t'.li H(li nghj thl/l.lngdinh 3/1995 cui nul r(illg vifc hlfn hi m(Jt trollg 1I11l111g 1I(i; dUllg cO bdll IIh([t Clia chiell Ill<JCphattrilll xl1 h<J; IL~ uay dell IIlTm 2000 Vii 2010. Xct vc khiaCi,lIlhx,i hOi, mQi ngulli co slk lao d(mg deu co quyen c() vi0c lillll D(> HImOt trong nhung quycn ell b.1n elm con nglllli Tuy nhien, tren th\lc h~ b.lOd.'llll quycn e(l vi~e )[1111,tien tdi vi~e lam e6 hi~u qUil, vi~c Hllll dlH.lCt\1 doI\la e1H.m,1:1van dc th{leh thtlC, iii bai toun pink t'.IP V~Ikho khrlll il Illllk
ta, dele bi~t I~\trong qu{\ trinh ehuyen d(Si ncn kinh te-x,i h(>i hi0n nay Viv,)y, chinh s{leh vi~e lilln plHli dlH,leco; hi nt(ittrollg Ul1l111g chfllh sach xa h(i;
cO btill IIluit clia qudc gia g6p phau dlint blio em tOelll, du dillh velplufttric;l xtl h(ii, hi m(i/ trollg 1I11l111g chi bao quan trl,lng ve djnh hUdng x,i h(li XHCN
il Vi~t nam
Chinh s(lch vi~c lilln H\ ehinh saeh xu h(li dll<JCtluf elle h6a belllg IllOt phap clia Nlul II/((k, m(J( hf tluJlIg cae quem dilm, cllli tnWlIg, pllllOllg 11l((1I1gvel hifll plufp gicii qllyft vife him clIO IIg11cJilao d<JlIg IIlulm g6p phall 0'11dillh,
WI (Oclll Vii pha( (rie;l xa h<Ji.Chinh snch vi~e Him ve eau trllC han gom dechinh s,Ich chung C(l tinh ch,lt vi nll) quan h~ vii t.IC d(mg den mil rOng V:'lph(lt trien vi0c I:un cho Ian d(lIlg toan x,i hOi; die chinh s.kh khuyen khichph.H trien nhllng linh V\le, hinh thue, ng~mh nghe V~Ic{le vimg c(l kh.l ni\ngthu hllt dUl,lCnhieu lao dOng trong co ehe thi truclng va cae ehinh s{lch vi~clam ehn d(li tUl.lng d~c bi~t (cho ngucli tan tOt, d6i tlll,lng t~ m.m x.i h(li, pill)nfl, ngulli hoi huong, Ian d(mg tn~ em ) Trong khi eoi tn~ng chinh s{lchvi~c 1:'1111dlll.lc tinh den, dlH,lCI(mg ghep trong cac chinh s{lch V:'IChUlll1gtrinh ph{lt trien kinh h~-x,1h(li kh{le, dm d,)c bi~t coi tn.lIlg chinh s{lch vi0clillll llu tien elm dlli tUl.lng ngllcli e1ula co vi~c 1£1111,thilt nghi~p 1100)clhh~uvi~c Ifull
Trang 101.3/ O~ phfll1 bi~t chinh sach vi~c 1l1mvdi cac chinh s{lch kh{lC, nhi'lt 1:1chinh
sitch kinh te, din ph;\i xem xct no dudi goc dO xii h(li, lillll n) khia Cl.lIlhxiiIH)i, tinh chat xii h(li Cllil no, m:1 nguyen tile cll b;\n <1dfly HIehim hc10cOllg hcTllgxc1lI<'Ji/r(JIIg /illll vile vi~c ldm trell ell sd Nlul n/lde t(1Ora nl1/711gelicu ki(1J1tll"(/1I I{Ji clIO m{)i IIg/le)i c6 ceJIzOi tmllg tim kilm vd t/,{ f(1O vi~e lell1l,
eh()ng ttr ttf<lng y J;,1iV:10 Nh:l IllHk, thvc hi¢n ehll nghia binh qufll1, ehianhau vi~c 1:1111vl\i thu nhOp thap, Nha IllHlc 111111til A den Z then kieuh:lI1h chinh trudc dfly Dtlllg thili cling chong quan diem ch~IYthen cO c111~thi tnrilng t\r do trong gi;\i quyet vi~c 1l1m,cni nhy tr{lch nhi¢m x;i hOi, Illlnelm tlnh tn.lIlg that nghi~p V;I khc)ng co vi¢c Hllll tril th:lIlh van de xii hOigay dn, tril th:lnh "diem nong" d;in den mat on djnh V;l an to:1I1xli hOi
1.4/ Gi;\i quyet vi¢c 1l1m trong dietl ki¢n chuyen sang cO che thj tnrilng, c(l sV
hO:,lt d(lIlg clm thj tnrilng lao d()ng 1;1van de rat nll\i me il nUlk ta M(lc dll,
c(l the tiep thu kinll nghi¢m elm the gidi, snng van de cO b;\n vii quan tn,lIlg1:1ehlll1g ta ph:\i tirng bUllC xfly dVng m(U II~ tllrJllg ly tlIllYc1r meli lrollg /illll v/,{cplUlf lricill IIguiill IIluIII h{c WI vi~e kim eliel Vi~1 lIelm phii Iz<Jpw}i eeJelu1 Ihi 1rl{()JI,~.Phuong ph{lp tiep C(lIlchu yeu 1;1dva tren pll/{llJlg plulp tiel) e(/1I tlllfC ellIlllg. Dietl dc) co nghia 1:1,vi¢c nghien c(ru chinh sikh ph{lt trienngullll nhfll1 Ivc V;I vi¢c 1:1111ph:\i xuat ph:11 tir nhll etlll cua CllOCsllng V:In(lI11bat dlll1g nlC,lehclm eUl)c song Tu do, plu\i tien h;lI1h tong ket 1yIU(II1,tCing ket tlwc tien, nghien cl'ru m(l hinh de hinh th:lIlh Iy IU(lIl ml\i vI; IinhV\ICn:ly
1.5/ Van de d(lc bi~t quan tfl.lIlg trulk tien ve h¢ thllng Iy 11I(1Ilml\i trong Iinh
vve vi~c Illm il Vi¢t nam HI ph:\i bat duu tu vi¢c nghien clru so dll ell C:lllIvc Itfl.lng lao dOng, de tu do holm thi¢n h¢ thllng khiii ni~m cO b,\n (nguilic(l vi~c 1l1111,that nghi¢p, thiell vi¢c lam, khong co vi¢c HII11 ) 0dfly, trenell Sll nghien cl'ru quan ni¢m ct'm ILO va m(lt s6 nUdc, de lid d,i v(\I1 dt,lI1gV:lll xfty d~rng Sll dtl cO cau Ivc Itre,lngIan d(lIlg clm Vi¢t nam Trong tl(l kh{dni~m the n:1OHI nguili c6 vi~c HlIn, Hl I()~likhai ni¢m g6c Then quan ni~mml\i, IIgll(); e6 vife /elm Id Jlgll()i /elm vi~e fmllg 1li1/71lglillit vile, Ilg(lllit Ilglt'e, cl(lIlg IU)(}1cI(illg c6 {ch, klullIg bi plulp lu(1t IIgc11laim, clem 1(1iIIIll IIh(IP dl lIuui s(illg belli Ihi'm vd gia dillh, dtillg tlu)i d61lg gap melt plzfm clIO xl1 Iz(ii.
Trang 11Vl\i kh(1i nit;m nily, se him cho nN dung cua vi~c IfUl1dUl,\C'm(\ r(lIlg tmngtilt C:\ dc thanh phtlll kinh t~, trong n1()i hinh thllc vii dp d(l clla to clllks:\n XU:ltkinh dnanh Vil sV dan xen gilla ChlJllg N(l ClJllg khClIlghi h:,1llche
vc m(lt khong gian vl\i m(lt chinh sach ci\i m(\ theo hlll\ng nglti\i lao d<)ngdtH.\(: t~r dn hilllh nghe, tv do lien dnanh, lien ket, tv do thlle nllll'\n Iand(lIlg then ph(lp hJ~t va sv Illldng dan cua Nha nltdc dt! tv t:,10vi~c HUl1clIOminh vii thu hut them Ian d(lng xu hl)i Quan ni~m vi~c HUl1tnllk dfly chithtfa nh(1Il ngui\i co vi~c lam khi lam vi~c trong kl1Uvvc kinh te x:1 h<)i Chllnghia vl\i hai thanh phan chu yeu (quac dnanh, tOP the) va do Nh:J Illllk
bo tri ttl A d~n Z d:i dUl)C lOt ngul)C 1~1i.Quan ni~m ml\i ve vi~c Hun d:1 ti,ln
ra kh:\ nflllg tn h\n gic\i pllllng tiem nang Ian d(mg, gi:\i quy~t vi~c Hun clIOnhicu nglti\i
Dflll so Vi~t nam Ifl IO:,lidflll so tre Ty I~ dan so dltdi 15 tuoi chi~mkhm\ng 45%, ty I~ tflllg tv nhien dflll so hilllg nam v:in (\ ml'lc can(tren 22%) Dieu do, chung tl) d:ln Stl Vi~t nam v:in dang trnngthi\i ky ph at trit!n m:,lIlh, nen ve m(lt kinh t~ se bat Il)i, vi binh quflllSl')ngui\i ph:.\i nUl)i du[\ng (an then) trcn m(lt Ian d(lIlg caD hOn c:kIllldc khac, ken then no la S\' cang thang ve vi~c lam, gian dl.JC,y t~v:\ cae nhu cau xli h(li khac Xet trcn g6c de) phat trit!n ngu'tlil nhflllhIe Vil gic\i quyet vi~c lam, thi bai toan d~t ra Ifl plH\i chuyen ttl d:1n
so tre sang dflll so truling thilllh, dong thi\i n:1ng can chut hll.\ng d:1nSl')va Ian d(lng Do HIvun de rat ph lIe t:,lp va kho khan, ph:\i c6 thiligian tuong dlli dlli vdi m(lt chien ItH,\cVll chinh s:kh ph:lt trit!n dansll gan vl\i ph(lt trit!n nguc)n nh:1n Ivc va vi~c Hun d(JIlg tl:'\n
ClJllg vdi tinh tqlllg ph:H trien m~lIlh ve d:1n so, nUlk ta c6 ngul)nIan dOng rat dt)i dan, hang nam v:in tang (\ mllC can (hi~n nay 3,4-
Trang 123,5%), ml)i niim c() hon ] tri~lI thanh nien hlHk vilo tlloi lao d(lIlg,den nam 20no ml\i gi.\m xlIong mllc 2,S% Vi v.)y, tren tong the,m:)c dll t:lng tnH')ng kinh te (GOP) c() l') mllc cao (hi~n nay blnhquflll 7,S% nrlln, dcn nrlln 2000 tren 10%), song v~ cO h"111Illllk lav.in dl/ thila lao dl)ng, elm du c{) nhftng gi:'1iph{lp tich cl,Ic thl til nayden nam 20no, th(lIn chi sau mlm 2000 Vi~t nam vtlll Ifl nlllk lhlthila Ian d(mg.
S61ao d(mg chua el) vi~c Iflm l') thilllh thi rat Idn, d(lc hj~t Iii l') m(ltSl) thilllh phl) Ic\n, kllU cCmg nghj~p tOp trung Ncu nhll c:\ nlllk tyI~ ngul)i e1nla c{) vi~c IfIlTIkho:\ng tren 6%, thi khu V\'C thflr1h thi tyI~ de) c() noi khoc\ng 9-] 2%, Iii ty I~ Vl/C.HqUit gic\i lH,lncho phep ded:\m hc\o an toim Xclhl)i Trong so ngul)i c1nla c{) vi~c lilln SO% tOptrung vilo tUlli thanh nien vii d',1i he) phc)n e1ll1a c{) nghe, thieu Yon
de tci ChllC If!m an; ml)t be) ph.)n IiI s6 ngl/l)i hi milt vi~c lil khu v~ICNhil nl/dc, bl) dl)i xlIat ngfl, lao d(mg til IllHk ngoili tn') v~, ngl/l)j hoi11lIelng
N(mg them HI J1(1itOp trung SO% dfin Sll viI Ian d(lI1g, nhung do celcall kinh tl~vii lao d(mg rat h.lc h(llI, kinh tc hilllg h{)a Cl)n l') tdnh dl)th,ip, Chll ycu IiI tl,l cung, t\l cap va thutlll nCmg (84%), do d{) m.lnthieu vi~c lam ral plHl hien va nghiem tn~ng, Vi~c Jilll1 vdi nflllgsu,it Ian d(lI1g rat th,ip vii kem hi~u qm\ d'-Ill dcn dll thila rat ll\n v~lao d(lI1g, Trong dieu ki~n dat canh tac hlnh quun tren ] Ian dOngnit thap (0,3 ha/ml)l lao dOng), neu lilm thuhn n(mg se dll thila itnhi'lt ]/3 lao dl)ng, c6 noi du thua 1/2 lao d(mg
Til nflln ]9S6 dcn nay, tlwc hi~n dl/l1ng loi deli mdi, SllC Ian d(lI1g titng hl/lk
dlH,)Cgi:'1i ph6ng, del xuat hi~n nhietl me) hinh mc\i tllU hM dlH,1Cnhietl Ian d(mg,quan h~ ve cung diu Ian dl)ng d,l c() thay dlli then Illlc\ng gic\m dhn SllCep v~ vi~clilln Di)C hi~t Iii til nrlln 1992 dcn nay sau khi c6 Nghi quyct ]20/1I0BT clla II()idi')ng Bl) trlH')ng (nay If1Chinh phll) v~ gi:li quyet vj~c Jilin, Nhfl mIlk cling d:1 dilutlf hilllg ngan ty dong cho chl/ong tdnh qUlic gin gi,li qllyct vi~c lilm, nen hfIngnflm d:l gi:\i qllyet dl/l.1c them nhietl ch6 lam vi~c mdi (nflm 1992: 60 V~IIl;1993:
90 V:,IIl;1994: 1,2-1,3 tri~u) 06 la nhftng co gang Ic\n cua Nha nudc viI toflll Xcl
Trang 13h(li Tuy nhien, vi~c Ifun viin la van de gay can va b(tc bach nhat hi~n nay, dii V;ldang gl) elta den ti}n tilng gia dinh Vf1la van de xii h()i rat nh:.lYciim, dill ph:'li gi:iiquyet.
MCH IfI: Mftu thuan giCta nhu diu vi~c lam ngay dlI1g It)n vdi khii nflllg gi;'1i
quyet con rat h~lI1che, trong khi tiem nang phat trien kinh te, t:.IOmi1 vi~c Iflm cClI1grat Idn, song I~li chua dw)c kiwi tht'lC phi'll huy,clHta gan dW)c giCta Ian d(mg vdi tiem nflI1g dilt dai V;l tfli nguycnthien nhien Nhat 1f1tiem nang ve dilt (} Tfty nguyen, DClng Namb(l, mien nCIiphia Dac, yen bien, h:ii dnn (ct)n khn:ing 3-4 tri~u hadilt c6 klui nang nCmg nghi~p chua dtH)C Slt dt.lI1g, 9 tri~u ha dattrong, doi n(1i trQc, h~ so SU d\lI1g dat binh quflI1 mdi 1,4 mn ).Hai 1:'1: Mftu thwln giCta,lao dt)ng Vi1vi~c Ifllll ngfly d1ng gay gat khi ch(lIlg
ta chuyen sang co che thj trui\ng, dieu chinh cO cau kinh te ph:'li t()ch(tc h.li Ian d(mg tren ph~lm vi toan xii h(1i, chuyen djch cO du Iand(lIlg chn phll ht)p vl\i cO diu mdi elJa nen kinh te, tat yeu drill denhi~n tW.1ngdu thila laD d(mg, xu hUdng "tach V;I d:ly" lao d(1ng klu'livi~c Ifun rat It'n (trudc Ilt~t 1f1Ian d(mg khu vvc Nhfl IllHk, dlc h<)p
t:k xii tieu thu c6ng nghi~p) D6 lei m(1u tlwtlll trollg Sl,' klzollg pMt Iz(JPgit1a eO el[u lao d(jllg ell WI eO el[u n?1l killiz uf dallg c1wy!n d6i.
Trong qml trlnh chuyen djch nay ch(lI1g ta vlta thieu deli ngll Iandt)ng ky thu~t, lao ut)ng chat xam, I:,li vita thlla kh{l Idn Ian d(mgpho thong, nfmg suat Ian u(lng thap Tv d6, dan den clu1y m{1l1"chatX{lIl1"ng:'IYdmg tang (chu yeu tu khu vvc quoc doanh ra khu V\ICngoai qlJ(lC doanh V;l sang CilC doanh nghi~p c6 yon drtu tu nudcngn;li, cac van pht)ng d~li di~n nudc ngoai c6 thu nh~p can hon)
na 1:'1: MflU thuiin trong bc1n thfm van de vi~c lam vua 1;1van de kinh te-x:i
h(1i co l1<ln,If1Udai, c6 tinh chien IW.1C,vila la van de dIp b:'ich trwkmat N6 vita c6 y nghia kinh te, lC)ivva la van de x:i hOi ph(tc t~Ip.NhCrng v:ln de cap b:lch trudc mat, nh:lt Ifl vi~c Iflln elm mOt so doitlH)ng thanh nien mdi Idn, bC)deli xuat ngO, lao d(mg h<)p t{lCtri\ ve,ngtti\i h(li IHtong, dtli tlH)ng t~ nC)n Xci h()i va <'1thanh thj, neu
Trang 14khCmg du~\c gini quyt'!t s8 la mam mong gfly ra nhClng I\th!m n(Hlgtl
\fun mat an toan xu hOi, thOm chi mat on dinh ve chinh trj
Ron Ifl: Mfm thui'm gii'ta nllu cau gh\i quyt'!t vi~e Hun rat h\n v(\i trinh dO t()
chuc qm\n Iy ehuu theo kjp yeu diu co che mdi, vdi h~ thong s~/nghi~p giai quy~t vi~e Ifml con phoi thai, de)i ng(J dm bO \fun dichVl) vi¢e lam con yt'!u kem
Vi~t nam Ia nUl.\cehGm phat trWn, co uiem xlIat phat qll{, thap, nenkinh tt'! con milt din doi nghiem trqng vii chua on djnh ThieunhOng dieu ki~n v(\teh~h de chuyen nwnh nen kinh te sang s.\n xliathang hou, d(ic bi~t Hi h~ tang co sc') yeu kem, thieu yon nghiemtrqng, Iva e!1(~nel)ng ngh~ thich h()p, dfm so ViI laD d(Hlg trlng qll{Inhanh va 0 mllc caD D6 Ii! nguyen nhfm ban trum V~IcO b.\n nhatIH.meht'! khn nling phat trien vi~e Him
Trong cO ehe cO, clUIng ta d,1 xfly dvng m(lt h~ thong chinh s{Ichkhuyt'!n khieh ngu(\i laD dOng tim vi~c lam trong khu v~/c Nh:I milk
iii ehu yeu, Nha nude lilm tll A den Z then kieu h~mh chinh va bancap n(ing n~, dAn dt'!n kim ham tiem nring Ian dOng, tri~t tieu d(mghIe tV.t\10 vi~c lam cua nguoi laD d(jng, nay chuyen sang cO che n1(\id.1 mo ra khn ndng to Idn gi.\i phong tiem nang !an d(mg tn:m x.1hOL Song Nha nude ehua c6 chinh s{lch dtmg he) v:, ql the dekhuy~n khieh pilat trien vi~e IiIm H~ thong dilD t',1n h.d, tHID t.,1oviipho e3p ngh~ chua dap ung yeu dm t~lO ra co cau Ian d(mg phllIH)p vl\i ",n kinh te dang chuyen uoL
ve t6 chtlc,'chua co m(1t h~ thong s\f nghi~p hoan chinh gi.'d quyetvi~c Ilun'(tftc bi~t Ii! cac v[m ph()ng djch V~Ivi~c lilln, dlc trung tfllllXlle ti~D~C lam, trung Him ap d~lI1gtien bO khna hqc ky thlll)t vf,ehuy~n,~ cOng ngh~ su d~lI1g nhieu laD d(mg ) Clll/ong trinhqullc."," vi~c lam cOng chua dtll'c tOp trung chi d'.ln, c()n ratphan U\l\ qui qUDe gia ve vi~e Jiun con nh6 he, cht/a dw)e tHlu tt!
Trang 15
;-~"b.-3 - PilAT TIUI1N 1'111TRHONG LAO nONG IIHONG vAo sDJ)~JNG CO
IlIl~U QUA NGu6N LAO DONG VA GIAI QuvlfT Vl~C tAM I.A sV
DOl 1\101 CAN BAN TRONG CIIINII SACII VI~C LAM 0VI~T NAI\I
PII6NG TIEI\I NANG LAO DONG.
3.1/ V:ln de quan tn,mg nhat trong gi<\i quyet Ian dOng V:Ivi~c I:lln phll hc,~pvc\i
cO che thi tru(~ng la dva tren cll S(l giai phong lao dOng (thvc chtit HI gi:\iph()ng ticm nang lao dOng hO(lc sllc lao dOng), Ian d(lIlg dl/l)c th\lc s\I tv dnV:l dl/(.lC Illltlng dlll1g gin trj lao d(lng cua mlnh Dicu d{l se t:,\Ofa d(lng 1~IC111<\ikich thich tang nang suat Ian d(mg va x6a be) dl/<.~ctl/ tl/('~ngy 1:,Ii,trongch(~ v:ln Nha nl/dc, van x:1 hc)i Trang dicu ki¢n cO che thi trl/(~ng, n{l dl/(,~Cth~lc hi~n vc co b:\n V:I Chll yeu thong qlla thi trl/(~ng Ian d(lIlg
Thi trl/(lng lao d(lng Id IOclll b(j cac qttem h~ lao d(jllg dll{JC xlk !(1p lrollg lillh Vl,{CIhwJ mlll}1l lao d(jllg, tJ d6 diell ra sl,l lrao d6i, IluJa "W(lll git1a m(jl bell lelllgllf1i lao d(jllg 11,1 do vel m(il bbl lelllglldi Sll d(lllg lao d(jllg vB vi~c Idm, IiBIl Il((Jllg (IiBIl CrJllg), cliC?ttki~1l laD d(illg, bdo hitfm xtl h(ji va cac qlUlIl h~ lao d(jllg khac.
Phl/ong thllc thll hut lao dc)ng gj,\i quyet vi~c )fun chu yeu la thClIlg qua hc)pd('mg Ian d(mg V;I dlle)C dicll chinh tllY thu(lc V;lO quan h¢ cling-dIU vc Ian dc)ngtren thi tnl(~ng laD d(lng thong qua cui van dieu chinh la gill e<\ Ian dOng 0 dayngl/(~i C{lvi~c Hlln HI ngl/(~i ky dl/C,lCh<.lp dCmg lao dOng Tllc 1:1Cling V:l dill Iand(mg g:)p nhall Dit~m gian nhau giua cung V:I cnu ve Ian d(lIlg 1:1diem gic\i h:,ll1
thap nhat clm vi¢c )fun hoOc cao nhat clm that nghi¢p Til do, clllllh sach virc hilll
vB Illl,lC clufl hi plzal Iri&l Catt vB lao d(illg dell mlle 16i da vd him clzo Cllllg vB lao d(jllg g(Tp Catt vB lao d(jllg tJ mlle cao IIlu11.N{li m(lt c{lch kh{IC Ifl t6 chllc tot V:Ikiem sn:H dl/l,lC thj trl/(~ng Ian d(mg
3.2/ Gi:li quyc't mOi quan M eung-efiu v~ Ian d(mg trcn thi tnlilng Ian dOng
lUllIng v~\o fit.le ticu Sll dl.mg e6 hi~u qua ngunn Ian dt)ng v~\gi:\i quyc't vi~e #
h\m plu'ti eh" y die vfin d'c e6 tinh nguyen t&e san day:
Trang 16Trong co che Ihi Irui)ng lat yell tlien ra S\' C<,lnhtranh vc laD d(Hlg.
Ai c() SllC qlllh tranh I(\n se c() C() h()i tim kiem vi~c Hllll I(\n h()/I, vikh,\ nang thi~ng trong Ci.lI1htranh Idn hon SllC Ci.lI1htranh <') d.ly clll'lyell nhan m'.lI1h yell t<'lchat hl<)ng lao d(lI1g phll IH.)pv(\i yell dillClJa Ihi tnli)ng lao d(mg
Di chllyen lao d()ng HI hi~n tll(.1ng kinh te-x,i h()i kh{lch quan Okd<'ll1gdi chuyen lao d(ll1g se tlien ra theo nguyen Hie (')dtlll c() vi~cHim vdi tien cCll1gV[Ithu nh(lp cao thi lao' d(ll1g se di chuyen \(\j d()
Vi v.)y, chinh sach ClJa Nha nudc vila ph,\i ll<\m\),\0 cho Ian d(lngdlH)C t\l do di chuyen, vila ph,\i khuyen khich btlng kinh te de ondjnh d()i ngll lao d(ll1g
Nh[i nlHk co the Sll d\mg Ill(lt tien luong t(}i thieu de dieu chinh moiqllan h~ cung-cau ve lao d(lI1g va lam gi.lm SllCep ve vi~c 1[1111.D;ly1[1cCll1gql co 11<\nV[i quan tH.ll1g nhat de Nh[1 Illllk qu;\n 1,9vi me)linh v\lc laD d(lng V[i vi~c lam
3.3/ Trong di~u ki¢n ct'Ja Vi~t nam, cung v~ Ian d(mg luim luim Itln IHJn cflll v~
Ina dOng, trung khi d6 do thay dlli chinh snch vi mt) dang c{) xu luttlng dfiy ngltlli Ian d(mg ra, khn nrmg thu hilt Ian d(mg hj h::m che, I:\m chn sltc cp v~ vi~c 1:\111 rift dng th&ng, thi chinh snch vi~c 1:\111 ph:\i t~p trung v:\n cac v[ln d~ san d:iy:
Ph;H trien yell te")dw ve Ian de)ng TIIC 1[1lam phong phu V[l da
d;,ll1g khe\ nang t'.lD me) vi~c )[U11,nhe!t )[1 pheH trien dic VllI1g m(\i,dlc Iinh vvc va ng[ll1h nghe mdi, coi tn:ll1g khn nang t\l t',lO vi~c 1[1111ClJa ngul1j Ian d(lng
T',IO ra cung vc lao d(ll1g dap ling yeu diu ClJa thi tnliHlg laD d(lng
o day, nhan m~ll1h chien IlH)c va chinh sitch ph{lt Irjell ngu()n Iande)ng gi~n v(\i vi~c 1[1111,nfll1g cao chat IlH)ng lao d(lng th(lI1g qua d[1Ot;,1O,dilo t;,lO Ie.liVii pho cOp nghe, hinh th[ll1h co cau Ian d(ll1g phl!h()p yeu diU cua co cau kinh H~111(\i
Trang 17Trong cO che thi trudng, nguc1i chu su d1.mg laD d(mg co vj tri d(Icbi~t quan tn~ng (chll doanh nghi~p, chu h(l co thue laD d(lng, chllkinh te hQ gia dlnh ) Nha nudc din co chinh s{Ich khuyen khich IH,lphflt trien C(l so s,\n xuat kinh doanh, dong thc1i ph,\j nhanh ch(lIlgdflO t'.IO hQ.
Gin plu\i hofm thi~n cac chinh sach vi m6, chinh such khuyen khichphflt trien thi trvdng lao dOng va co s\l dau tv de ph,H tricn dcdieu ki~n h~l ttlng cO so phil h(>p vdi nen kinh te hang h(nl nhicuth:lnh phan (nhat Ifl giao th(mg, th6ng tin vien th(mg, di~n, de 11l;)tbt'lng s,\n xuat kinh doanh )
T'.IO ra c,\c dieu ki~n va cO h()i dc cung va dlll g(lp nhau (') I1lllCcannhat tmng kh6ng gian va thC1igian Muon V(Iy,ph;\i to ChllC vfl ph{Ittricn nwnh C?C sv nghi~p tv van, gidi thi~u va djch V1.1vi~c 1:1111,tht'mg tin ve thi trvdng lao dOng, mo rOng kh6ng gian thj trvl1ng Iandc)ng
4 • n61 MOl QUAN DllfM VA PHUONG IIlJONG GIAI QUVtfT VII'tC
LAM () VI¢T NAM PlliI'HQP VOl NitN KINII Ttf HANG 116A NHIhu THANH PHAN.
4.11 Gi,\i quyet vi~c lam, sa d\mg toi da tiem nang laD d(mg Xli h(li Ifl m~lc tieu
quan trQng hang dau cun chien IUQc,HI mOt tieu chunn de djnh hw\ng cOcau kinh te va lva chQn cOng ngh~ Tren cO s(1 dc d\l baD ve ph,H tricnngucm lao dQng va nhu elu giAi quyet vi~c lam til nay den nam 2000 vfl xahon nua, wtll d'b d(J1fa Id, Ilhlft trollg /illh vl,{c /ao d(;llg-vifc /{Im hi him IJuf
lUiD eM/l,{C/1l(1Ilg lao d~lg hielJ co phl/ JUJP veli yell C~ll mcJi clla 1l~1lkillh Ie
Ihi /I1{{)llg. Trang dt\ _t m~it,ph,\i t~o ra mOt dQi ngfl lao dQng co chat1L1<.)ngcao d,\p un.~.cllu cua c6ng nghi~p hoa, hi~n d'.li hoa dat 11l1<)c,g{lp phan ngan ch,n~oo t\lt hou xa so vdi cac nwk xung <)uanh Nghia
la, Iva chQn cOlli 'hi. de tien th~ng Vfl t'.lO ra vi~c Ifll11co nilng slHltcao, tien tdi vi~ tv do lva chQn Mot khac, plu\i d(IC bi~t quantfll11den yeu dbt g lao d(mg Tuc la, phat tricn toi dn C{ICvllllg,
Trang 18linh vvc, ng1mh nghe mdi vdi Iva chc,m va up d~lIlg c6ng ngh~ thich he))) sl'd~lIlg nhieu lao d(lIlg, d~ nhieu ngu(li c6 vi~c lam, d:)c hi~t 1:\dCJive\i nh(Hllx,i h(li de hi ton thl.ong (ph~1 nCl, vi th1mh nien, ngu(li ngheo, nguili Hill
t(IL.).
4.2/ Dc c6 quan diem dung dun ve gi:\i quyet vi~c )[Im, tn.dc het pl1<\ic(l nh:)n
thl.c mdi ve vi~c )[1111phl! h<,lp vdi dieu ki¢n phat tri~n nen kinh te hfll1ghO(1 nhieu thlll1h phan 0 day dill nhan n1l,1nh rtlllg, de gi,\i ph6ng tremnung lao dQng, will d? qU(1Il /rr,mg Illu1/ III pluU qlUlIl ulm dill !{Ji leh c1dllh (Mllg elia Ilg11di lao d()llg vel gidi quyft hili hoa m6i qlUlIl h~ Ir,Jileh gilla en Illl(lll, I(lp /lu1 vel Nlulllll(Jc. Plu\i thay doi chui'fn mvc V[Ithang gi(1 trj d(lIlhgi,i c6ng hien clm nguili lao dQng cho xli hQi, dt'mg thili tn\ dlll1g vdi gi(1 triIan de)ng s(lIlg t',lO elJa IH) Plu\i coi tr<,lng,bao v~ quyen si) hf.u tri tu~ V11girl tri V(lt chat do nguc)i lao dQng sang t~lO ra theo luOt ph{lp, nham nfingcao chilt Iue)ng cU(lc.song, muu cau h~lIlh phuc el10 b,\n than V11c6 d{Hlgg{lp me)t phan cho xii hQi
Gi,\i quyet vi~c HIl11then nghia r(lIlg bao gom nhClng van de lien
<.Juanden ph{lt trien ngu(m nhan I\lCva su d~lIlg n6 c6 hi~u qu,\ Tt.c HI <.JU(Itrinh d6 dien ra hat drill tu van de giuo d~)c, dao t'.lo V[l phei cOp nghe,chui'fn bi cho ngu()i lao d(lIlg budc van cUQc doi lao dQng, den van de tv dolaD dOng va dlf(,lC huc)ng th~) Xllng d:ing gia tri m[1 lao d(lIlg s(lIlg t'.ID ra.Cc)n theo nghia hyp, gi:\i quyet vi¢c lam chu yeu huc\ng v:\O nwc tieu vadeli tue)ng that nghi~p, thieu vi~c lam ho~c chua c6 vi~c lam, nang caD hi~uqu,\ vi~c 111mva tang thu nh(lp Trang gi:\i quyet vi~c HIl11pl1<\icDi t\ t',IOvi~c )[lm Clla ngu(li lao d(lIlg trang cac thanh phan kinh te la chinh, chelng
y It,livao Nha nudc va hanh chinh h6a sv nghi~p n:\y
4.3/ Ttl nhting nh~n thllc ClJ ban trcn day, C{) the' ncu Icn h~ thOng quan dic'm
cd ban giai quyct vi¢c lam trung the)i gian t{li nhtt sau:
Melt If I: Quan diem c6 tinh chat m~c tieu va chien luc)e elm gi:\i quyet vi~e
Him HI plu\i 11l.dng V[lO phat trien va sl' d~lIlg e6 hi~u qu,\ ngu(lIlnhfln Ivc, te.10ra cO cau lao dQng ngay cang phl! he)p vc\i co cau kinh
Trang 19te dang trong qua trinh chuyen doi Trong chien hlc)c ph(lt tricnkinh te phi1i lay nwc tieu qUim trQng hang dtHI Ifl d,lm b,lo vi~cJilJ11,SlJ d\ll1g teii da tiem nang lao dOng xii hOi Vi~c Iva e1H,lncCmgngh~, m(H m~lt, phi1i t~IP trung vflo m(lt sei linh vvc Imii nlH,ln, Slld\ll1g ky thu~lt eao de trmg tnlc'lng kinh te Vlli toc d(l nhanh, 111:)tkhCIC,1~liphi1i ehll '1 flp dl,ll1getmg ngh~ thich 11l'p, Sllth,ll1g nhieu Iand(H1g.
De gii1i quyet vi~e Ifllll cho lao d(mg xfl h(li, van de ban trlll11 If1 pht'libtmg mC,1ibi~n phap tiep h,ICghli phong tiem nang lao d(lIlg tren cOsll phat trien Im.mh me nen si1n xUilt hfmg h(nl nhieu thfll1h phrlll,vl\i nhCtng hinh thllC to ChllC si1n xUilt kinh dnanh da di,mg, phongphll, dan xen va ho tn, nhau, vua hl.lp ({IC,Vlfa ci,mh tranh, hinhthimh thi truilng lao dOng thting nhat va linh hO',lt, khCmg bi chia dt
ve dia 1'1hfll1h cbinh Chi trong dieu ki~n del, slle lao dl)ng Im\i dllc)Cgil1i phong tri~t de, ngllili Ian dOng Im\i co co h(li tv t',Hl vi~c lfllllelm minh vii thu hllt them lao d(mg x, h(li Tl.{ do /rau fmllg luo C/(jllg hi qlUlIl die'm cO bcill IIluff dd /rill/r flulll/r chflllr S(~c/r vi~c; him
fmllg c/i~ll ki~1l nuJi. Quan diem nily pl1<lidl/{,lCthe che hoa thflllhIU(lt ph(lp de d,lm bi10 cho nguili lao d(mg t\1 dn hanh nghe, 1(lp hOinghe nghi~p, lien doanh lien ket; t\1 do Ifllll giilu chinh d(lIlg, coim(lt hl) phOn tliln cil giilU len la dll1 thiet cho S\I ph(lt trien vii tienb(l chung; tv do thile Imldn lao d(mg tren e(l sll ph(1/1 11Ii)tvii sV
hl/{'lng thin elm Nhil nl/{k; xoa he) ml,li ngan cUm, troi bU(lC ngl/ili laod(lIlg; ph(lt huy den mllc cao nhat kId nrll1g silng ti,lO trong tv t:,10vi~c Jilm, phClt trien vi~c Him elJa e(mg dfin
Git1i quyet vi~e /:1111HI tr(lch nhi~m elm toan Di1ng, Nhil nl/{k, elWeac ngunh, e(le cap, e(le to chtle Xi:1h(li Vil ellil I11l)ingucli Ian d(lI1g.Nhil milk l11(lt 1110t, phi:1i khuyen khieh philt trien thi tnlclng laod(mg, Ifllll elm no hOi,lt d(lI1g seli d()ng vii c{l hi~u qlli\ tren ell $('1c(lehinh s,lch hi10 v~ va khuyen khieh c(le tll chlle, dl1n vi kinh te, de
ehll doanh nghi~p, ke Ci:lcae ehu tu nhfin, hl) gia dinh vii 111(,linguclilao d(ll1g<1 I11Qithanh phan kinh te tc,\OdUl,le nhieu eho Hllll vi~e l11l\i
Trang 20vii thu hllt dlll)C nhieu Ian d(Hlg, mi)t kh{IC, ph,'i co hi~n ph{lJl tichevc kiem SO(11thi tru{\ng lao dOng, gh'm hni)c khong ch~ ty I~ th~tnghi~p (1 mtlC el10 phep, klH)ng de VU{.HqU{1diem "gi{'i h:.IIl" drillden nhung diem "nong", diem "gay dn" s~ g<1ynguy hiem cho !lcnkinh te vii an toan x,i h(li, thCHlgqua c,k e{'HlgqldiCu tiet vi mClCllaNhfl Illllk.
Git'i quyet vi~c HUll trong dieu ki~n nudc ta c{)n nghcn, ph;'1i ph;'1thuy Illl,lingu(lI1 tiem nflllg trnng nudc, kIwi thac den mtlc toi da ticlllnflllg trnng tHin (von, ky thU(lt va kinh nghi~m \full fill), di)ng thi\itranh thll vii Sll d~lIlg co hi~u qua e;k ngui~Hlvon utili tll I1lllk ngoilivito e,\c chuong trinh va d\l ,\n vi~c lam e(l m~le tieu Song din ph:'1ixac djnh ro tnkh nhi~m elHl Nhil nudc 0 dc c;lp Nhil I1lHk Chll yeu1ftphai co chien hH)C, ke 11O~lchphat trien kinh te-x;i h(li dllllg dnnhudng vilo sll d~lIlg co hi~u qu;} tiem nflllg Ian d(Hlg x;i h(li, dtHlgth{1it'.10 ra nl;Ctng dieu ki~n din thiet thClng qua cO che, chinh s{lch,lu~t ph;\p de el10 d<1nt\1 do HUll fill theo IU(lt ph{lp vii ho tn.l m(ltphrlll ve Hli chinh nhu la "hil dfl", t;.IOra c(li "huych" de drill t~1t:.IOvi~c lam (xfly d\lng co S{l h~1tilng, tn) gillp ve von dudi hinh thtlcelm vay vdi hii suat nang dl1, chuyen gian ky thu~t va cClng ngh~,dim t'.IOva pho C(lp nghe, tlm kiem thi tW{lng ), tllll hllt them Iand(Hlg x,i h(li
Gi,'i quyet vi~c Hlill vila HI van de cO h,'n co tinh chat chien llH.lC,vim la van de cap b{lch trl1lk mat Trong nhflng nam tdi, ph:'i t:}ptrung uu tien t;.IOthem chti Him vi~c mdi, gi;'i qllyet chn m(lt so tUlihH)ng btlc bach nh;lt: Ian d(Hlg thi)i vi~c trong khu v\lc Nhil nlHk,thanh nien den tuoi Ian d{)ng (1 thilllh thi, khu c(Hlg rrghi~p t(lptrung, b(l d{)i xllat ngO, hQc sinh d,l tot nghi~p C{ICtnl{lng It'll dimt~lo, ngu{li di lao d(Hlg IH.1Pt,k tro ve, ngui1i nghen (1 nCHlg thCm(nh,lt la vimg nui cao, dlll1g bao d<1ntOc it ngui1i, kllll can ell.dchIlWng cO), C{ICdili tlH.1ngd(lc thi! (ph~1 nfl, tre em, nguili tim t:}t),ngui1i xuat c,'nh tnli phep tV nguy~n hoi Illlong, doi tlH.1ngt~ m.m x,ihQi (nguili nghi~n Illa tllY, g,\i m,,1idam, ngui1i m;in h'.111til ). Gil'liquyet vi~c If1m ph;'i tien hfmh co trQng Wm, tn)ng diem, trong d{l
Trang 21dm chd '1 dlmg mllc gi;'ti quyet vi~c 1~1I11() Thll dt) }-HInOi vtl Thill1hphl) 1-10 Chi Minh; ph,\i hlnh th1111hh~ thong t6 ChllC tll Trung llongden dja phuong V~lco S(l han gtllll h~ thong qu,\n 1'1Nhil nUdc, dlcdon vj s\l nghi~p chi\m In gi,\i quyet vi~c lill11chn Ian d(lIlg x,1 h()i.
4.4/ Khuyc'n nghj phlltlng Illillng chi' yc'u gh\i quyc't vi~e h\m ci Vi~t nam hi~n
nay V1\ trung thili gian tlli.
Phuong )llldng cO }),\n c() tinh chilt chien IlH.1cde sa u~lIlg c() hi~u qU;'1ngu(ln Ian d(Hlg vii gi,\i quyet vi~c lilln (1 mHk ta )il tlwe hi~n tot chien IlIl,1eph:lttricn kinhte-x,l h()i, t6 chlle I\ti toan b() )ao U(Hlgxfl h()i dc ph:lt huy ticl11 nill1g diethill1h phtll1 kinh te; ket hl.1p gird quyet vi~e )ill11t\li cho Iii ehinh vdi phan bo h.dlao dOng then vlmg Iclnh thl), xay u\lng dlc Vllllg kinh te-x,l hOi uan Cll I11l1idc gi'inIan d(Hlg vdi dilt dai Vil liti nguyen ella di'lt nudc, dtmg thil1 I11l'lr(mg S\l nghi~pdua lao d(mg ui lilln vi~c co thi1i h'.1Il(1mIlk ngoai, ph{lt tricn vi~c 1i1l11ngnili Illllk..
Tll ehlle di'lO t,.lo, di'lO t'.l0 1\li dl)i ngu )ao d(mg hi~n c6 va phl) cOp nghe nghi~pelm Ian d(Hlg x,l hOi, trude het lil cho thanh nien, nhtil11 hinh thill1h dOi ngll Iand(Hlg c() cO e<\u, Scl IlH.1ngvii ehtit IUl,1ngphu hl.1Pvdi cau trllC clJa h~ th(lng kinh
te mc'li vii yeu diU elm thj trui1ng Ian dOng Da <.h.lIlghoa vi~c Iflm, tren cO S(l d()mil da d'.lng hoa tlm nh~lp, phat tricn C{IChlnh thlle tel ehllC s,\n xui'lt kinh uoanhphnng phll va da U'.lIlg trnng m(li quan h~ dan xen gilla die thimh phnn killh te(kinh te qUl)C l!nanh, kinh te t~IP thc, kinh te C{lthc, hO gia dinh va kinh te tu 11,\n
tu nhfll1); coi tfl.mg khuyen khich cae hinh thllC thu h(lt dlH.1Cnhietl lao d(Hlg viiphll hl.1Pvdi quy luOt pllllt tricn nen kinh te thj tflli1ng (1 IllHk ta (xi nghi~p nhl)vii vlla, khu v\le phi ket cau, vi~c lilm phi 1ll1ngnghi~p, hinh thllC thanh nien xungphong, hl) deli lillll kinh te )
4.5/ Phlltlng Illlilng ehung tren dfly v'e giai quyc't vi~c lilm cftn phai ellll.le Cl,l th~
h{m nllli sau:
Pllllong IUIl1ng nit quan tn:mg dc gi,\i quyet vi~e )illn cho lao dOng thanhthj iiI ph,\i gan vdi chuong trinh pllllt tricn cac uoanh nghi~p quy mo Idn, nhat Iii(1dlc dia hi1l1co dieu ki~n lOpde khu che xuat, kllll cong nghi~p t~IP trung, ph{lt
Trang 22trien e;le t(lp doi\l1 s,\n XWlt nwnh clm Nhi1 mHk l) cac vung ho,)c tren pIH.lI11vie<\ nude, die eCmg ty eClphan, cCmg ty tr{leh nhi~m huu h~m, e{lCdV (m tlm hM v()n
lltiU tlr I1lH\c ngoi1i de t,,1ovi~c HUll c{) gi.l tri kinh te cao vii gia tri lao dOng ellllgcan, phll IH.1Ptinh ch.lt d.jc thll lao d(mg thimh thi Theo Illrdng n'-lYplllii d.)c hi~tquan tam den dilO t~lO Vi1hoan thi~n ky nang nghe nghi~p chn ngtllli Ian d(lIlgthimh thi II trinh dO can thClng qua ph{lt trit~n eac trung tlIm huan nghi~p eao cilp
II m(lt s('l dia bim trc:mg diem
Gi,\i quyet vi~c 1f1mchn Ian d(mg thimh thi, melt Inrdng quan trc.mg kh:IC iiiph;\i ph:lt trien C{lCIinh vvc, ng'-mh nghe c{) klu\ nang tlm h(lt dl/(,lc nhieu Ian d(lIlgvii phll h(.lp vdi d~lc diem clm laD d(mg thimh thi Trong d{), ph{lt trien klm vVC phiket cilu, d1C dnanh nghi~p nho Vi1vlla hO<,1td(mg trong Iinh V\{Cs.\n xu;,t kinhdoanh vii dich Vt.!Iii hUdng can dtH)C d(le hi~t quan tfUll D(l iiI 100,1ihinh hO<.ltd(mgnit linh ho;,1t, tinh thich nghi can Khi nen kinh te dang trnng qU:I trinh ehuyen lIoi,trong khu V\ICNha nu(k dan"g sap xep ".li san xuat Vi1Ian d(mg, Ian d(mg du thilatimg len nit I(\n, thi day li1 Iinh vvc tlm h(lt Ian lI(mg va gi<\i quyet vi~c lam ellOnhieu nglll\i nhat
Ph;lt trien hinh thlrc gia c(lng s;\n xuilt hang h()a tieu dlmg elm xuat khtlucling Ii'l htl(\ng rat Ic\n de gi<\i quyet vi~e li1m ehn lao dOng thfmh thi Ph,\j cni giae(mg xu;lt khiiu 1£1mc)t '1m1c saeh V'-I1<.lid\JI1g t(1i da UUthe clm nudc ta la Ian d(lIlg
re, de tiep thu ky thuOt ViI eCmg ngh~ mc\i, I<)ic6 nguon nguyen li~u trong I1lHk,t;.1ieh() doi diln Vi V(ly, Illr(\ng ph;lt trien gia eCmg xuat khau l) Vi~t nam Iii ph.'1i
da d;.lI1g h{la mOt himg, trudc het H1c,)c m(lt hang e6 cClI1gngh~ Sll d\JI1g dIH,lCnhihl lao d(mg nhu may mOc, da giay, gClm slr, lap nlp di~n tll, xe gan m;ly V'-lml\ r(H1g thi tnll\ng, nhilt H1thi tnl<\ng c{ICnu(k phat trien, trong d(l coi trc.lIlg thitnrllng khu vvc chau A-Thai binh duong
Ph;lt trien cac cO sll dich V\I cCmg c(mg vii s\l nghi~p nh'-I l) trong dlc thi\l1hph(), thi x,i se t,.1o ra rat nhihl vi~c lam cho thanh nien thimh thi, lI(lC bi~t iii l\m(lt sll thimh phci I(\n (Hit n(li, Thimh phei Htl Chi Minh, D'-I n[mg, IUIi ph()ng ),
dc khu cClIlg nghi~p tOp trung (ke cc\ kllU che xuilt) Nhil nudc dlll s(\m c(l quyhO;,1chtong the mOt btlllg, c6 ehinh sach IH.)p19ve dat dai, t~ln dieu ki~n cho dfmdl/(.lc phep Xf1ynhil h()p ph.lp se t'.ln ra kha nang to Idn trnng vi~c huy lI(mg yontrung dfm de phat trien vi~c lam thCmg qua s\l nghi~p phat trien nha Cl,c,lc cO Sl)