An analysis of the evaluative language in news about islamic states on cable news network (CNN) and channel news asia (CNA) from november 30, 2014 to december 10, 2014 in light of appraisal theory

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT ******************** NGUYỄN MAI LÊ AN ANALYSIS OF THE EVALUATIVE LANGUAGE

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT

********************

NGUYỄN MAI LÊ

AN ANALYSIS OF THE EVALUATIVE LANGUAGE IN NEWS ABOUT ISLAMIC STATES ON CABLE NEWS NETWORK (CNN) AND CHANNEL NEWS ASIA (CNA) FROM NOVEMBER 30, 2014 TO DECEMBER 10, 2014 IN LIGHT OF APPRAISAL THEORY

(Phân tích ngôn ngữ đánh giá trong các bản tin về nhà nước Hồi giáo trên CNN và CNA từ ngày 30/11/2014 đến ngày 10/12/2014 dựa trên

thuyết thẩm định)

M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS

Field: English linguistics Code: 60220201

HANOI – 2015

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT

********************

NGUYỄN MAI LÊ

AN ANALYSIS OF THE EVALUATIVE LANGUAGE IN NEWS ABOUT ISLAMIC STATES ON CABLE NEWS NETWORK (CNN) AND CHANNEL NEWS ASIA (CNA) FROM NOVEMBER 30, 2014 TO DECEMBER 10, 2014 IN LIGHT OF APPRAISAL THEORY

(Phân tích ngôn ngữ đánh giá trong các bản tin về nhà nước Hồi giáo trên CNN và CNA từ ngày 30/11/2014 đến ngày 10/12/2014 dựa trên

thuyết thẩm định)

M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS

Field: English linguistics Code: 60220201

Supervisor: Nguyễn Thị Minh Tâm, Ph.D

HANOI – 2015

i

ACCEPTANCE

I hereby state that I: Nguyen Mai Le from group K22B, ULIS, VNU, being

a candidate for the degree of Master of Arts, accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master‟s Graduation Paper deposited

in the library

In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library should be accessible for the purpose of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the librarians for the care, loan or reproduction of the paper

Hanoi, July 15th 2015 Nguyen Mai Le

Last but not least, I am eternally indebted to my family – my parents and my brother – and my close friend Pham Thuy Mai, who exhorted me to start the thesis and cheered me during the process

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ABSTRACT

The research focuses on exploring evaluative language in news about IS on CNN and CNA from November 30, 2014 to December 10, 2014 in the light of Appraisal theory With careful investigation, the paper finds out how evaluative language is realized in news and points out similarities and differences between writers‟ journalistic stances on CNN and writers‟ journalistic stances on CNA about IS Additionally, the paper offers suggestions for further studies in the given topic For accomplishments of these objectives, content analysis and statistical analysis are employed as data analysis instruments Despite the writer‟s sustained efforts and serious work, the paper cannot avoid shortcomings The writer hopes that this study will make a small contribution to translation studies and translation training

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Acceptance i

Acknowledgement ii

Abstract iii

Table of content iv

List of abbreviations vi

List of figures and tables vii

PART A: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Rationale for the study 1

1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 2

1.2.1 Aims of the study 2

1.2.2 Objectives of the study 2

1.3 Research questions 2

1.4 Scope of the study 2

1.5 Methods of the study 3

PART B: RESEARCH CONTENT 4

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 4

1.1 Evaluative language 4

1.1.1 Appraisal theory 4

1.1.2 Evaluative language 6

1.1.3 Appraisal resources 7

1.2 Attitude in Appraisal theory 8

1.2.1 Affect 8

1.2.2 Judgment 11

1.2.3 Appreciation 11

1.3 Related studies 12

v

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 14

2.1 Research Method and the Corpus 14

2.2 Data analysis instruments 16

CHAPTER 3: FINDING AND DISCUSSION 17

3.1 Statistical findings 17

3.2 Qualitative findings 21

3.2.1 Headlines analysis 22

3.2.2 Article content analysis 23

PART C: CONCLUSION 35

1 Main findings of the study 35

1.1 The evaluative language is realized in the news about IS on CNN and CNA 35

1.2 Similarities and differences between writers‟ journalistic stances on CNN and writers‟ journalistic stances on CNA about IS 35

1.2.1 Similarities between writers‟ journalistic stances on CNN and writers‟ journalistic stances on CNA about IS 35

1.2.2 Differences between writers‟ journalistic stances on CNN and writers‟ journalistic stances on CNA about IS 36

2 Suggestions for further studies 37

3 Limitations of the study 37

4 Contributions of the study 38

REFERENCES 39

vi

LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS

CNN Cable News Network

CNA Channel News Asia

vii

LISTS OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Page

Figure 2: A summary of percentage of Affect in news on CNN and

Table 3: Affect- Un/happiness, in/security, dis/satisfaction 11

Table 8: Distribution of Appraisal resources on CNN and on CNA 17

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PART A: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the study

It is undeniable that language plays an important role in life of human beings Language can be used to express the writer's/speaker's opinion on people, things and situations For the past several years, there have been many attempts to study the linguistic mechanisms employed by speakers and writers to convey their personal feelings and assessments Such investigations have been carried out using

a wide range of conceptual and theoretical approaches, including stance (Biber, 2006), metadiscourse (Hyland & Tse, 2004), evaluative, attitudinal or affective language (Ochs, 1989), evidentiality (Chafe & Nichols, 1986), and evaluation (Hunston, 1994; 2011) Especially, Martin and White (2005) developed an elaborate system called Appraisal theory allowing linguistic analysis of a text from the perspective of the evaluative properties of this text The Appraisal theory is concerned with a) how text producers (writers or speakers) construe particular authorial identities for themselves, b) how authors align or do not align themselves with actual or potential respondents, and c) how writers or speakers construct an ideal audience for their texts (Martin & White, 2005; Pankovskyi, 2013) This approach is related to the stance, language usage, and response The Appraisal theory is thus suitable to be employed to analyze and evaluate living language in journalistic discourse with diverse topics and numerous audiences

In addition, events of Islamic States (IS) are drawing attention of politicians‟ and scholars‟ interest with various understandings and thoughts because their instability has affected international security Therefore, quite a few articles are published daily to update Islamic states‟ events

Moreover, up to now, very few or even no research has been done to explore the evaluative language in news about Islamic States Because of aforementioned conditions, in this research, I would like to utilize two famous channels CNN (an

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American channel) and CNA (an Asian channel) to compare the use of evaluative language in news about IS and to compare writers‟ journalistic stances on these channels

1.2 Aims and objectives of the study

1.2.1 Aims of the study

In this study, the writer aims at analyzing the evaluative language in news about Islamic States on CNN and CNA from November 30, 2014 to December 10,

2014 in the light of appraisal theory

1.2.2 Objectives of the study

The study focuses on two objectives The first objective is to describe how evaluative language is realized in in news about Islamic States on CNN and CNA from November 30, 2014 to December 10, 2014 in the light of Appraisal theory The second objective is to compare writers‟ journalistic stances on CNN and writers‟ journalistic stances on CNA hidden in their expressions

1.4 Scope of the study

As the title of the whole study, this paper places a strong focus on two issues The first issue is to investigate the use of evaluative language in news about Islamic States on CNN and CNA from November 30, 2014 to December 10, 2014 Under

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the three systems of Appraisal Framework, attention will be mainly paid to the application of attitude, which also encompasses three categories: affect, judgment and appreciation which belong respectively to psychology and emotional world, ethics and human behavior and nonhuman behavior Little attention will be paid to engagement and graduation in this article

The writer chose news from these two channels because CNN and CNA are two famous channels of America and Singapore respectively The writer hopes that news about IS released in these two channels will bring different nuances to the study Besides, Islamic States‟ events are momentous events that draw everyone‟s attention in the world so news about Islamic States is always updated and unpredictable Therefore, the writer just chose the news released for ten days from November 30, 2014 to December 10, 2014 with 10 and 10 articles on CNN and CNA respectively

1.5 Methods of the study

In the study, qualitative method is used with the instruments of content analysis and statistical analysis Comparative method is also used to compare writers‟ journalistic stances on CNN and writers‟ journalistic stances on CNA Besides, CoSchedule website is employed to analyze headlines CoSchedule is a website that more than 10000 bloggers, editors, and social marketers trust to plan their blog, content, marketing, and social media

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PART B: RESEARCH CONTENT CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Evaluative language

1.1.1 Appraisal theory

The Appraisal theory has grown out of the functional perspective in linguistics Functional grammar perceives language as having three meta-functions, namely, ideational, interpersonal and textual The interpersonal meta-function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and with the addresser‟s attitude toward what he speaks or writes about Halliday (2004) pinpoints mood, modality and key as major exponents of

interpersonal meaning In his Introduction to Functional Grammar, he mentioned

the existence of other means of realizing interpersonal meaning but even these cannot be exhaustive By emphasizing the semantics of evaluation, the Appraisal theory has opened up a new area of interpersonal meanings In this theory, Martin and White (2005) discuss how to use language to express emotion, ethics and aesthetic value

Martin and White (2005) explain that the Appraisal theory is based on the notion of stance: “appraisal is probably most closely related to the concept of stance” (p 40), which depends heavily on the idea that “whenever speakers (or writers) say anything, they encode their point of view towards it” (p 92) Besides, Appraisal framework is an approach which enables to explore, describe and explain

“the way language is used to evaluate, to adopt stances, to construct textual personas and to manage interpersonal positionings and relationships” (White, 2005) By means of this approach it is possible to identify attitudes, judgments and emotive responses that are “explicitly presented in texts” as well as those which are “indirectly implied, presupposed or assumed” (White, 2005) The Appraisal theory sees declarations of attitude as “dialogically directed towards

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aligning the addressee into a community of shared values and belief” (Martin & White, 2005, p 95) Thus, declarations of attitude not only serve the purpose of stance taking by communicating the author„s own attitude, but are also oriented towards aligning the listener/reader into an axiological community by offering to share the author‟s attitude (Pankovskyi, 2013) In other words, the Appraisal theory analyzes how the writer‟s/speaker‟s attitude is expressed and how it is directed towards aligning the reader/listener into a community of shared values and belief For example, often, the author does not state overtly his/her position, but the Appraisal theory allows an analyst still to discern it through the analysis of the author‟s use of language of evaluation

Moreover, this approach is thus suitable for the thesis as its aim is to look at journalistic discourse and find out whether and to what extent journalists use evaluative language In this study, I choose journalistic discourse to analyze the evaluative language because of typical characteristics of journalistic discourse Bell (1995, p.23-41) provides four reasons for the attention paid to journalistic discourse,

“First, the media provide an easily accessible source of language data for research and teaching purposes Second, the media are important linguistic institutions Their output makes up a large proportion of the language that people hear and read every day Media usage reflects and shapes both language use and attitudes in a speech community For second language learners, the media may function as the primary or even the sole source of native-speaker models Third, the ways in which the media use language are interesting linguistically in their own right; these include how different dialects and languages are used” by different segments of media

“to construct their own images and their relationships to an unseen, unknown audience Fourth, the media are important social institutions They are crucial presenters of culture, politics, and social life, shaping as well as reflecting how these are formed and expressed.” (p.23) Various products of media are indeed all around us and touch perhaps every sphere of our life and as Bell (1995) maintains they influence our views Besides, the topic in journalistic discourse is very various

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from the trifles to important things The language in the articles is considered carefully Fowler (1991) says that this is indeed what journalists in general claim, i.e that “he or she collects facts, reports them objectively, and the newspaper presents them fairly and without bias, in language which is designed to be unambiguous, undistorting and agreeable to readers This professional ethos is common to all the news media…” (Fowler, 1991: 1)

1.1.2 Evaluative language

Moving deeper into the way language is used, “evaluative language” is one

of the available resources at the lexical and grammatical level that are used to reflect, instantiate, and maintain role relationships between people For example, while one can say that “the man drove the car,” if one said “the maniac drove the car,” this puts a particular slant on someone driving a car and conveys a lot

of what is termed “interpersonal” meaning, rather than purely referential meaning Evaluative language is the linguistic expressions that indicate “the subjective presence of writers/speakers in texts as they adopt stances towards both the material they present and those with whom they communicate” (Martin and White 2005: 1) Evaluative meanings (Labov, 1972; Martin & White, 2005/2007) can be expressed through nouns (e.g., idiot, maniac), verbs (e.g., raced, enthused), adjectives (e.g., fantastic, horrible), intensifiers (e.g., very, clearly),

or complete phrases or clauses (e.g., without a doubt) If one examines this kind of language, it can be seen that it is this emotive or opinionated language that enables speakers to assert who they are (i.e., their identity) and what their perspective on events is In Thompson and Hunston‟s words, evaluative language involves linguistic devices that “express the speaker‟s or writer‟s opinion, and in doing so … reflect the value system of that person and their community” (Thompson &Hunston,

2000, p.6) The purpose of evaluative language is also “to construct and maintain relations between the speaker or writer and hearer or reader” (p.6)

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1.1.3 Appraisal resources

The Appraisal theory has a ramified structure allowing it to recognize even slight expressions of attitude Three main resources of the framework are: ENGAGEMENT, ATTITUDE, and GRADUATION

Figure 1: An overview of Appraisal resources (Martin &White, 2005, p.38)

1) ENGAGEMENT is “directed towards identifying the particular dialogic positioning associated with given meanings and towards describing what

is at stake when one meaning rather than another is employed” (Martin & White, 2005, p 97)

2) ATTITUDE is “concerned with our feelings, including emotional reactions, judgments of behavior and evaluation of things” (Martin & White, 2005, p 35) It consists, in turn, of three resources: AFFECT, JUDGEMENT, and APPRECIATION

a) AFFECT – Affect deals with resources for construing emotional reactions; (Martin & White, 2005, p 35)

3) GRADUATION deals with “grading phenomena whereby feelings are amplified and categories blurred” (Martin & White, 2005, p 35) It is divided into two major resources: FORCE and FOCUS

a) FORCE – resources used as “adjustments” of the degree of evaluations;

b) FOCUS – resources used in the non-gradable context, it “has the effect

of adjusting the strength of boundaries between categories, constructing core and peripheral types of things” (Martin & White, 2005, p 37)

In summary, the Appraisal theory is based on the concept of stance The Appraisal theory is oriented towards uncovering the author‟s attitude and the way in which texts align with a potential or real reader/listener

1.2 Attitude in Appraisal theory

1.2.1 Affect

1.2.1.1 Grammatical Realizations of Affect

Quality

Epithet (describing participants) A happy man Attribute (attributed to

participants) He was sad Circumstance (manner of

processes) He left happily

He liked her

She pleased him

He smiled

Comment

- Desiderative Modal adjunct Happily, he won

Table 1: Grammatical realizations of Affect (Martin &White, 2005, p.46)

E.g.: The captain disliked

leaving/leaving displeased the

Desire

E.g.: suggest, miss, request, long for,

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demand, yearn for

Table 2: Sub-categories of Affect (Martin &White, 2005, p.46-48)

The sixth category is complicated so it is displayed below:

Disquiet restless, twitching, shaking, uneasy,

anxious, freaked out,…

Surprise start, cry out, faint, startled, jolted,

staggered,…

Security

Confidence declare, assert, proclaim, together,

confident, assured,…

Trust delegate, commit, entrust, comfortable

with, confident in/about, trusting,…

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Pleasure pat on the back, compliment, reward,

satisfied, pleased, chuffed,…

Table 3: Affect- Un/happiness, in/security, dis/satisfaction

(Martin and White, 2005, p.51)

unlucky, odd, unpredictable …

Capacity

(How capable?)

powerful, healthy, mature …

mild, sick, immature …

Tenacity

(How dependable?)

brave, patient, thorough …

cowardly, impatient, reckless …

Positive (praise) Negative (condemn)

dull, monotonous, unremarkable …

Reaction:

Quality “Did I like it?”

fine, lovely, appealing … bad, ugly, repulsive …

Composition:

Balance “Did it hang

together?”

balanced, consistent, shapely …

unbalanced, contradictory, shapeless …

shallow, conventional, overdue …

Table 5: Appreciation (Martin and White, 2005, p.56)

A‟Beckett wrote a paper (2009) entitled Appraisal in the Russian Press: the Characterization of the Ukrainian Leaders in which she does what she says as

“uncover the means of inviting negative perception of Ukrainian leaders in the Russian Press” (p.1) To achieve this, she uses Appraisal theory for the analysis of

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evaluative language to analyze texts of Russian newspapers This paper is especially helpful in understanding how the Appraisal theory works on newspaper texts to reveal emotional elements in what is commonly regarded as objective news

Martin, in his article in the Discourse and Society journal entitled Mourning: How We are Aligned, examines appraisal elements in the September 2001 edition of a Hong Kong-based magazine‟s editorial entitled Mourning In it, he

shows how the editorial uses Appraisal resources to have the readers sympathize with the unfortunate persons told in the editorial, to align the readers with the position and opinion of the writer(s) of the editorial

In spite of the fact that there have been many studies on evaluative language using Appraisal framework in different kinds of discourse mentioned above, very few even no studies on evaluative language in news concerning Islamic States Therefore, the researcher hopes that this research could provide an in-depth analysis

of evaluative language in this topic in light of Appraisal theory

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CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 2.1 Research Method and the Corpus

The study is conducted in corpus-based approach Research data in this study

is news about Islamic States on CNN and CNA from November 30, 2014 to December 10, 2014

Cable News Network (CNN) which was established on June 1, 1980 is

an American basic cable and satellite television channel As of August 2013, CNN

is available to approximately 98,496,000 cable, satellite and Telco television households (86% of households with at least one television set) in the United States

Channel News Asia (CNA): was established on March 1 1999 by Media

Corp, and is an Singaporean English language Asian cable television news agency and news channel Positioned to “Understand Asia”, it reports on global developments with Asian perspectives

Because of their fame, pervasiveness, and easy accessibility, these two channels give a guarantee of research data

The corpus is compiled from 10 articles on CNN which are coded CNN1, CNN2,…CNN10 and 10 articles on CNA which are coded CNA1, CNA2,…CNA10 from November 30, 2014 to December 10, 2014 The corpus is presented in the table below

CNN1 Suspected ISIS militants kill 16 Iraqi

CNN2 Airstrikes mark shift in coalition focus

CNN3 “Powerful” wife of ISIS leader

Al-Baghdadi arrested in Lebanon 820 December 2, 2014

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CNN4 FBI warns military of ISIS threat 489 December 2, 2014

CNN5 Pentagon: There are “indications” that

Iran bombed ISIS in Iraq 646 December 3, 2014

CNN6 Syrian president: U.S.- led airstrikes

have cause “no change” in ISIS strength 705 December 3, 2014

CNN7 Mystery surrounds arrest of woman

who may be ISIS leader‟s wife 1067 December 3, 2014 CNN8 Life in the rubble of Kobani 614 December 4, 2014

CNN9 UAE woman arrested in U.S teacher‟s

mall restroom stabbing 681 December 5, 2014

CNN10

Free my brother free my son U.S

family pleas with Al Qaeda for Luke Somers‟ life

573 December 5, 2014

Table 6: Articles on CNN

CNA1 Islamic State militants suffer heavy

November 30,

2014

CNA2 Islamic State militants kill 16 border

CNA4 Anti- Islamic State fight will take

December 03,

2014

CNA5 Kerry hosts first coalition meeting to

discuss strategy against Islamic State 713

December 03,

2014 CNA6 IS advance in East Syria kills 19 196 December 04,

16

CNA7 19 killed in Islamist attack in

December 04,

2014

CNA8 Islamic State has training camps in

Eastern Libya: US general 380

December 04,

2014

CNA9 EU counts on intelligence sharing to

stem foreign fighters‟ flow to Syria 709

Table 7: Articles on CNA

2.2 Data analysis instruments

In the study, content analysis is used as a major instrument to find out the answers to research questions Also, statistical analysis is employed to find out the general trend in the use of evaluative language by writers on CNN and CNA

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CHAPTER 3: FINDING AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Statistical findings

As the title of the study, evaluative language is realized in the light of

Appraisal theory By my careful calculation, the distribution of Appraisal resources

in 10 articles on CNN and 10 articles on CNA is presented in the table as follows:

Attitude (words) Graduation (words) Engagement (words)

Table 8: Distribution of Appraisal resources on CNN and on CNA

As mentioned in the former section, in the study, I pay much attention to the

three subsystems – Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation which are under the system

of Attitude in Appraisal Framework After searching the articles on CNN and CNA,

the detail distributions of the three-attitudinal values are shown in the following line

graphs to provide with a clear overview:

Figure2: A summary of percentage of Affect in news on CNN and CNA (‰)

In short, the use of affect in news on CNN experiences more stable increase than

on CNA

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Figure 3: A summary of percentage of Judgment in news on CNN and CNA (‰)

The figure summarizes the percentage of judgment in news on CNN and CNA (‰) From the figure, some similarities and differences are seen clearly

Firstly, regarding similarity, the writers on both CNN and CNA use evaluative language in category of Judgment with a large quantity

Secondly, regarding differences, more attitudinal values occur in the category of judgment in news on CNN rather than on CNA (See more Appendix 1- table 1, 2) The evaluative language in category of judgment in news on CNN used most is 23 ‰ while the evaluative language in category of judgment in news on CNA used most is 21 ‰ Moreover, the use of judgment in news on CNN is more stable than in news on CNA There is a slight fluctuation from CNN 1 to CNN 5 Between CNN 5 and CNN 8, the use of judgment decreases significantly from 23‰

to 6 ‰ In contrast, the use of judgment in news on CNA fluctuates dramatically

To be more specific, there is a decrease in the use of judgment from 13‰ in CNA 1

to 5‰ in CNA 3 before increasing dramatically to 21 ‰ in CNA 5 Then, the use of

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judgment drops 9‰ in CNA 7 and then shoots up again to 21‰ in CNA 8 Finally, there is a significant decrease to 4 ‰ in CNA 10

In conclusion, the writers on CNN use judgment more steadily than on CNA

Figure 4: A summary of percentage of Appreciation in news on CNN and CNA

In conclusion, three figures above depict similarities and differences in the use of evaluative language in news on CNN and CNA

The similarities are that the evaluative language is used in news on both CNN and CNA, especially the categories of judgment and appreciation are used with a large quantity Moreover, appreciation on CNN and CNA experiences fluctuation

The differences are that more evaluative language in categories of affect, judgment, and appreciation is used on CNN than on CNA Besides, the trend of the use of evaluative language on CNN is more stable than the use of evaluative language on CNA which is inclined to fluctuate

3.2 Qualitative findings

It is said that headline plays an important role in journalistic discourse The impact of headlines on the reader is likely to be all the stronger because

certain linguistic features of titles make them particularly memorable and effective:

impact is deliberately sought (particularly but not exclusively in the popular press) through the use of puns, alliteration, the choice of emotive vocabulary and other rhetorical devices Moreover, headlines orient the reader's interpretation of subsequent 'facts' contained in the article As Claude Abastado argues (1980: 149) headlines encapsulate not only the content but the orientation, the perspective that the readers should bring to their understanding of the article Because of aforementioned reasons, the paper pays attention to both headline analysis and content analysis

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3.2.1 Headlines analysis

A quick look at headlines on CNN and CNA shows that more evaluative language is used in headlines on CNN than on CNA To be more specific, three headlines on CNN, namely “Suspected ISIS militants kill 16 Iraqi border guards”,

““Powerful” wife of ISIS leader Al-Baghdadi arrested in Lebanon”, and “Mystery surrounds arrest of woman who may be ISIS leader‟s wife” employ attitudinal language to draw attention of readers while only one headline, namely “Islamic state militants suffer heavy losses in Syria‟s Kobane” on CNA uses attitudinal language For example, to talk about ISIS militants kill border guards, the writers on CNN writes: “Suspected ISIS militants kill 16 Iraqi border guards” while the writer

on CNA writes “Islamic state militants kill 16 border guards in Western Iraq” The headline on CNN has an evaluative word in category of judgment (“suspected”) The appraised is ISIS militants This word makes the headline have a strong negative sentiment Therefore, the headline on CNN stirs an emotional response in the reader In contrast, the headline on CNA does not have this nuance Another headline on CNN mentioned is “Powerful” wife of ISIS leader Al-Baghdadi arrested in Lebanon” The word “powerful” here is a positive judgment The appraised is wife of ISIS leader Al-Baghdadi It can be said that “powerful” is a

“power word” that commands the reader‟s attention and action to find out the information about the wife of IS leader

In short, the writers on both CNN and CNA use evaluative language when making headlines However, more evaluative language is used in news on CNN than on CNA especially, the evaluative language in categories of affect and judgment, which means that the writers on CNN have trend of giving their subjective assessment of IS issues On the contrary, the writers on CNA purely provide information in headlines in order to express their neutral attitude towards IS issues Moreover, the information in headlines is given specifically (four out of ten headlines mention numbers) (Table 7); as a result, skimming the headlines, the reader can get the gist of articles

3 2.2.1.1 Irrealis

Firstly, regarding Irrealis in category of fear, it is used on CNN one time but it is

not used on CNA (Appendix 1- table 5)

Secondly, regarding Irrealis in category of desire, some similarities and differences are pointed out Examples from news on CNN and CNA are analyzed

before concluding

- CNN:

E.g.1 “We want nothing [Irrealis: - desire] to be done” (CNN 5) The appraiser

is Kirby He does want any military actions to be done to rise inflames sectarian tensions in the country

E.g.2:“The United States wants [Irrealis: + desire] to put an end to all Islamist

extremism” (CNN 5) The appraiser is the United States The United States strongly desire to end ISIS terrorism

E.g.3:“Is she not his wife, as the Iraqi ministry suggests [Irrealis: + desire]”

(CNN7) The appraiser is Iraqi ministry He suggests the identity of ISIS leader‟s woman

- CNA:

E.g.4:“She hoped [Irrealis: + desire] increased intelligence-sharing would help

stop the flow of foreign fighters” (CNA 9) The appraiser is New European

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Union foreign policy Chief Federica Mogherini She has hopes of stopping the flow of fighters by sharing intelligence

E.g.5: “I am hopeful [Irrealis: + desire] that it might be possible to open one or

the other chapter” (CNA 9) The appraiser is EU Enlargement Commissioner Johannes Hahn He hopes one or more chapters could open in Turkish-EU accession talks in the future

E.g.6: “I want [Irrealis: + desire] to give them time to go back” (CNA 10) The

appraiser is Terry He wants to give ISIS troops time to go back to their nations' capitals

In conclusion, regarding similarity, the writers on CNN and CNA use verb phrases to express desire However, regarding differences, affectual terms in category of desire on CNN outweigh affectual terms in category of desire on CNA The writers on CNN express both negative and positive desire while the writers on CNA merely express positive desire by using not only verb phrases but also adjectives

3 2.2.1.2 Un/happiness

Regarding similarity, it is seen that the writers on both CNN and CNA do not use attitudinal language in term of happiness (Appendix 1- table 5)

Regarding differences, unhappiness is used in news on CNN but no unhappiness

is used in news on CNA (Appendix 1- table 5) Moreover, the writers on CNN express unhappy feelings by nouns, verbs, and adjectives

E.g.7:“The extremist group's widely reviled [unhappiness: - antipathy]

tactics” (CNN3) The appraiser is the extremist group who criticize tactics under al-Baghdadi‟s leadership

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E.g.8:“Other abuses [unhappiness: - antipathy] against civilians and fighting

foes alike” (CNN3) The appraiser is ISIS Abuse is one of quite a few brutal tactics they have used to take over vast swath of territory in Iraq and Syria in the past few years

E.g.9: “Kobani feels haunted [unhappiness: - misery] by those who are still

alive in it” (CNN) The appraiser is Kobani who is very worried

In conclusion, the writers on CNN use attitudinal language in category of un/happiness to express negative attitude but the news on CNA does not use

3 2.2.1.3 In/security

Regarding similarities, the writers on CNN and CNA use in/security but they only focus on the language in categories of disquiet, confidence No attention is paid to the use of language in categories of surprise in news on both CNN and CNA (Appendix 1- table 5)

Regarding differences, the use of evaluative language in categories of disquiet, confidence, and trust in news on CNA outweighs this kind of language in news on CNN Noticeably, no evaluative language in category of trust is used in news on CNN (Appendix 1- table 5)

Firstly, some examples of disquiet language in news on CNN and CNA are taken

- CNN:

E.g.10: “It suffered [In/security: - disquiet] heavy losses” (CNN 3) The

appraiser is ISIS They experienced a lot of losses

- CNA:

E.g.11:“Islamic State group militants battling for control of the Syrian town of

Kobane suffered [In/security: - disquiet] some of their heaviest losses (CNA 1)

The appraiser is ISIS They suffered heavy losses when battling Syrian town

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E.g.12:“The Islamic State group is "starting to feel pressure” [In/security: -

disquiet]” (CNA 10) The appraiser is the Islamic State who is having initial pressures

Secondly, some examples of confidence in news on CNN and CNA are taken

- CNN:

E.g.13:“Despite assertions [In/security: + confidence] Wednesday by America's

top diplomat “(CNN 6) The appraiser is America‟s top diplomat He confidently asserts they have made “significant progress” in derailing the ISIS

- CNA:

E.g.14:“which has proclaimed [In/security: + confidence] a caliphate in parts

of Iraq and Syria.” (CNA3) The appraiser is IS They confidently tell the world officially a caliphate in parts of Iraq and Syria

E.g.15: "I'm confident [In/security: + confidence] that" (CNA5) The appraiser

is Kerry who talks about providing additional assistance to stop ISIS activities

Finally, one example in news on CNA is taken

E.g.16: "Our commitment [In/security: +trust] will most likely be measured

in years," (CNA4) The appraiser is Kerry, foreign ministers, and all people taking part in the coalition to fight ISIS That they are committed to stop ISIS will be measured in years

In short, the writers on CNA use more language in categories of in/security than the writers on CNN They express both positive and negative attitudes through nouns, verbs, and adjectives

3 2.2.1.4 Dis/satisfaction

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Writing about IS issues, the writers on both CNN and CNA do not use attitudinal language in term of ennui and pleasure Instead, they pay attention to displeasure and interest Noticeably, the use of displeasure and interest in news on CNN far outweighs the use of displeasure and interest in news on CNA (Appendix 1- table 5) Some examples are given to analyze

Firstly, in term of displeasure, only writers on CNN use displeasure items

E.g.17: “The man spearheading the Islamist terror group's sweeping rampage

[dis/satisfaction: - displeasure] across Syria and Iraq” (CNN3) The appraiser

is ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi This phrase expresses his wild and violent behavior that causes a lot of damage and destruction across Syria and Iraq

Secondly, interest is used by writers on CNN and CNA

- CNN:

E.g.18:“Describing her as a “powerful” figure (who is) heavily involved

[Dis/satisfaction: +interest] in ISIS." (CNN3) The appraised is the wife of ISIS

leader The word “involved” shows her role and participation in ISIS

E.g.19:“who they believe may be interested in [Dis/satisfaction: - interest]

carrying out attacks on U.S” (CNN4) The appraiser is individuals ISIS are

“spotting and assessing”

- CNA:

E.g.20: “Groups of militants were involved [Dis/satisfaction: - interest]”

(CNA7) The appraiser is militants who later stormed a building as well as a school

In short, a lot of dis/satisfaction is used in news on CNN especially, the language in term of interest which shows the writers‟ explicit involvement in IS events

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In conclusion, the writers on CNN as well as CNA use evaluative language in category of affect to express their emotion to the person Moreover, nouns, verbs, verb phrases, and adjectives are employed as main instruments to respond emotionally to the appraised

However, occurrences of affect on CNN outnumber the occurrences of affect

on CNA That means that there is less disclosure of personal emotions in news on CNA than on CNN Also, that might reflect the traditional Asian rhetoric, which is different from Western philosophical emphasis on argumentation, obtaining agreement from readers, and emphasizes on the use of language and rhetoric to achieve social harmony (Bloch & Chi, 1995: 259)

Moreover, occurrences of affect on both CNN and CNA are fewer than occurrences of judgment and appreciation This phenomenon is quite easy to understand When considering the values of affect, it is said that generally authorial affect involves the writer/speaker indicating how he/she has responded emotionally

to the person, thing, happening or situation being evaluated It is an entirely personalized and individualized mode of evaluation However, the heavy application of affectual language will make the text too personalized and therefore less persuasive Second, the big events, issues related to the globe like ISIS give fewer opportunities to use too personal affectual words

3 2.2.2 Analysis of judgment

Judgment refers to attitudinal evaluation in which human behavior is negatively

or positively assessed by some set of social norms, which include rules, conventions, social acceptability or expectations and systems of value Author's social position and ethics can be revealed by their judging behaviors in the samples Difference exists between social esteem and social sanction The former is categories of normality, capacity and tenacity, and the latter is categories of veracity and propriety A careful calculation shows the similarities and differences in the use

of judgment in news on these two channels

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Firstly, regarding similarities, quite a few judgment items are used by writers on CNN and CNA, especially judgment language in category of propriety is used most (Appendix 1- table 6)

Secondly, regarding differences, more judgment items in categories of normality, capacity, veracity, and propriety are used on CNN than on CNA However, fewer judgment items in category of tenacity are used on CNN than on CNA (Appendix 1- table 6)

The following part will explain and analyze the attitude expressions in category of judgment in news on CNN and CNA

3.2.2.2.1 Normality

- CNN:

E.g.21:“Citing unidentified [judgment of esteem: – normality] Lebanese

security officials” (CNN3) The appraiser is Lebanese security officials They are not recognized

E.g.22:“The United States and Iran may be bombing a common [judgment of

esteem: + normality] enemy in Iraq” (CNN5) The appraiser is the enemy who

is being bombed by the United States and Iran

- CNA: No normality item is employed on CNA

In short, the writers on CNN use adjectives as the main instrument to express their judgment in term of normality

3.2.2.2.2 Capacity

- CNN:

E.g.23:“He appears healthy [judgment of esteem: + capacity]” (CNN10) The

appraised is an American person named Luke Somers

E.g.24:“…describing her as a “powerful” [judgment of esteem: + capacity]

figure (who is) heavily involved in ISIS" (CNN 3) The appraised is the wife

of ISIS leader who is considered “powerful” in ISIS

- CNA:

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E.g.25: “We can't say [judgment of esteem: - capacity] it's the largest set of

raids they have carried out” (CNA 1) The appraised is coalition against IS

In short, the writers on CNN and CNA use adjectives and modal verbs as the main instruments to express their judgment in term of capacity

3.2.2.2.3 Tenacity

- CNN:

E.g.26: “Syrians will [judgment of esteem: + tenacity] never allow our country

to become a toy in Western hands.” (CNN6) The appraiser is Syrians

E.g.27: “Ryan … had been a dedicated [judgment: + tenacity] teacher for 17

years” (CNN9) The appraiser is Ryan who is an American teacher and stabbed

- CNA:

E.g.28:“They will also study [judgment: + tenacity] ways to disrupt how IS

raises finances” (CNA4) The appraiser is officials

In short, the writers on CNN and CNA use modal verb to express their attitudes Besides modal verb, adjective is also used on CNN

3.2.2.2.4 Veracity

- CNN:

E.g.29:“An attack by suspected [judgment of sanction: - veracity] ISIS

militants” (CNN1) The appraiser is ISIS militants who are suspected

- CNA:

E.g.30: “He was certain [judgment of sanction: +veracity]” (CNN7) The

appraiser is Putin This word expresses his belief

In short, the writers on CNN and CNA use adjectives to express their negative and positive attitudes

3.2.2.2.5 Propriety

- CNN:

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E.g.31: “Terrorism [judgment of sanction: - propriety] and security experts

have expressed growing concerns” (CNN4) The appraised is experts at terrorism

E.g.32:“That ISIS could inspire individuals in the West to carry out terrorist

[judgment of sanction: - propriety] attacks (CNN4) The appraised is the person who takes part in terrorism

- CNA:

E.g.33: “which have become a major gateway between Europe and territory

controlled by the extremists [judgment of sanction: - propriety]” (CNA9) The

appraised is the person who is extreme

E.g.34: "We discussed the situation of foreign fighters [judgment of sanction: -

propriety]” (CNA9) The appraised is the person who fights

In short, a large number of propriety items are realized on both CNN and CNA The writers on these two channels almost use nouns and adjectives to evaluate entities related to IS issues

In conclusion, the number of occurrences of judgment in the news on CNN is much higher than on CNA Also, it is seen clearly that social esteem and social sanction are not evenly distributed, and more judgment values are used in the news about IS on CNN and CNA than the affect values Moreover, the number of social sanction judgment is much higher than social esteem judgment As we mentioned in the previous section, while social esteem involves admiration and criticism, typically without legal implications, social sanction on the other hand involves praise, and condemnation, often with legal implications The most commonly used judgment value in the news about IS on both CNN and CNA is the social sanction judgment The overwhelming use of social sanction might be explained by desired condemnation of barbarous terrorism caused by IS

3 2.2.3 Analysis of appreciation