Several ways in paraphrasing for third year english majors at hanoi open university

But all of them have the same point of views about paraphrase that is using your own words and different structure to paraphrase sentences or paragraphs without changing its original mea

HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGLISH

-

GRADUATION THESIS B.A DEGREE IN ENGLISH STUDIES

SEVERAL WAYS IN PARAPHRASING FOR

THIRD YEAR ENGLISH MAJORS

AT HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY

Date of birth : 23/05/1993

HANOI, 2015

CODE: 17

Acknowledgements

Having completed this graduation paper, first of all I am very to acknowledgement to my supervisor Ms Pham Thi Minh Phuong for her enormously helpful guidance and support Without her help, my thesis would have been impossible

In my particular, I express my thanks to Prof Le Van Thanh , Rector of Hanoi Open University and Dr Ho Ngoc Trung, Dean of English Faculty, Dr Dang Ngoc Huong and Ms Tran Le Dung (M.A) of English for their support and encouragement

My since thanks also go to all the teachers of English Faculty of for their lectures and introduction which are very helpful and useful in my research

I also debt to my close friend of Group K18A2 for their ideas and help

me to finish this graduation paper

Last but not least, I would like to give my thanks to my family members for their help and support

Hanoi, 4 May 2015

Student Supervisor

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements 1

PART A: INTRODUCTION 4

1 Rationale 4

2 Scope of the study 5

3 Aims of the study 5

4 Methodology 6

5 The design of the study 6

PART B: DEVELOPMENT 8

Chapter ILITERATURE REVIEW 8

1.0 Introduction 8

1.1.Definition of paraphrasing 8

1.2 The importance of paraphrasing 11

1.3 Summary 13

CHAPTER II : PARAPHRAING SENTENCESANDPARAPHRAING PARAGRAPHS 15

* PARAPHRASING SENTENCES 15

2.0 Introduction 15

2.1.1 Some ways in paraphrasing sentences 15

2.1.1.1 Using different word order 15

2.1.1.2 Using different voice of speech 16

2.1.1.3 Using different ways of speech 22

2.1.1.4 Using different parts of speech 24

2.1.1.5 Using different verb pattern or synonyms 26

2.1.1.6 Using different styles of speech 29

2.1.1.7 Using different kinds of sentences 31

2.1.1.8 Using inferential/implied meaning 32

2.1.2 Summary 33

* PARAPHRASING A PARAGRAPH 34

2.2.0 Introduction 34

2.2.1 Some steps in paraphrasing a paragraph 35

2.1.1.1 Looking up the meaning of unfamiliar words 35

2.2.1.2 The writers make ensure that they understand every part the author wants to make in the paragraph 39

2.2.1.3 Looking up the key words of the story such as names of the people, ideas and event etc 43

2.2.1.4 Using one of the strategies to find your own words to rephrase the paragraph 46

2.2.2 Summary 50

CHAPTER III: SOME USEFUL WAYS IN TEACHING ANDLEARNING PARAGRAPH 51

3.1 Some ways in teaching paraphrasing 51

3.2 Some ways in studying paraphrasing 58

PART C : CONCLUSION 64

Appendix 66

References 68

Part a

INTRODUCTION

1 Rationale

Nowadays, English has become an international language and it is spoken

by most of the people throughout the world It is widely used in all fields of society such as : diplomacy, science Technology and foreign trade and so on The purpose of language open usage is to communicate ideas among people People always do things for some purposes Communication purpose

is also one of the main reasons why people learn foreign language in general and English in particular

In Vietnam, together with the open door policy, to fill the duty of industrialization and modernization, learning English is the important and necessary thing It becomes the compulsory subject for pupils in most secondary and high schools In addition, it is more important for those who want to find a good job Therefore, many Vietnamese learners have chosen to learn English more and more

However, both learners and teachers of English have to deal with many practices English skills such as listening, speaking, reading and especially writing Writing is considered the most difficult skill because it has wide-ranging implications for the way we think and learn as well as for our chances of success, our personal development, and our relationship with other people From different kinds of writing, we learn how to of developing out thoughts: how to reflect critically on our own behavior in autobiography ; how to distinguish facts from opinion in concept explanations, further writing helps us to learn effectively and think certifiably However , writing is one of

the most difficult skills as the writers have to choose the words, structures, sentences and punctuations

In academic writing, sometimes the writers want to borrow somebody else’s ideas to support their writing without copying her or his exact words The writer can use many ways to do this such as: quotation, summary and paraphrase However, paraphrase is better than others because we can rewrite preciously published information in different words without changing its original meaning That is the reason why the writer choose this topic for my graduation paper

The thesis hopes that the small work on this field would be useful for English learners, especially third year students English majors at HOU

2 Scope of the study.

In this thesis, because of the time limit and knowledge relating paraphrasing ; therefore, this thesis will concentrate on some ways in paraphrasing for third year students

This thesis decide to devote one chapter for literature review about the paraphrase’s theories ( the definition, the importance) Other chapters are intended the good methods in paraphrasing sentences and some steps in paraphrasing paragraph

3 Aims of the study

This study mentions the ways so as to help learners in general and third year students in particular at HOU to improve their paraphrasing skills

The study is concerned about:

• The theories those are relevant with the paraphrasing

• The definition of sentence

• The definition of paragraph

• Some ways in paraphrasing sentences

• Some steps in paraphrasing paragraph

• Getting information from many foreign books

• Consulting supervisor and other teachers

• Collecting the paragraphs which are written by students of HOU

to find out the good ways to paraphrase

5 The design of the study

The thesis is divided into 3 parts:

• Part A: the INTRODUCTION : outline the Rationale, Scope Aims, Methodology and Design of the study

• Part B : the DEVELOPMENT is divided into 3 chapters:

• Chapter I : Literature Review supplies a brief review of paraphrase’s theories

• Chapter II : Some ways in paraphrasing sentences

• Chapter III : Some steps in paraphrasing paragraph

• Part C : The CONCLUSION with the summary of the main points discussed in the previous parts

In this paper, due to the time limit and knowledge of the author, inevitable shortcoming are not avoidable, and the writer would like to express my thanks to my teacher, learners and friends for their comments and suggestions

PART B : DEVELOPMENT

Chapter I LITERATURE REVIEW

According to Oshima & Hogue in Writing Academic English (p.133):

“paraphrase is a writing skill in which the learners “paraphrase” (rewrite) previously published information in different words without changing its original meaning” Normally, the writers paraphrase only short selections such as sentences, a series of sentences, or a short paragraph When we write

a paraphrase, he/she state the author’s thought in his/her own words A paraphrase is usually as long as the original text in order to communicate its full meaning

In the St Martin’s Guide to Writing (p.452), Charles R Cooper defined that “Paraphrasing is restating something the writers have read using your own words” As a critical reading strategy, paraphrasing can help to clarify the meaning of an obscure or ambiguous passage It is one of the three ways

of integrating other people’s ideas and information into our own writing along with quoting (reproducing exactly the language of the source text, and summarizing (distilling the main ideas of gist of the resource text) the writer might choose to paraphrase rather than quote when resource\s the language is not especially corseting or memorable The writers might paraphrase short passages but summarized longer ones

Another view about paraphrasing written by DeliJaJ Valiukennas in

Writing with Authority – A guide to Research Process (p.109) is that: “ when you want to take quote material from notes and put it into his/her own words, the writers are said to be paraphrasing.”

James A.W Hefferman is Writing a College Handbook (p.245) defined

as follow: “paraphrasing is restating a short passage in your own words.”

Besides, demonstrating the writer’s understanding of what he/she read, paraphrasing enables we to discuss text without quoting every words from them and thus to avoid interrupting our essay without long quotations If the writers plan to analyze a particular passage in detail, we should quote it in full But if the writers simply want to convey essential point of the passage, they can paraphrase all or part of it

Those are the definition of paraphrasing written by famous linguistics but there is a simple definition about paraphrase which the third year English majors at Ha Noi Open University should know about it That is written by

Mr Huong, Dang Ngoc in Essentials of Writing (p.38) Mr Huong defined paraphrasing as follow: Paraphrasing is a writing skill you should develop when the writers want to borrow somebody else’s ideas to support his/her writing without copying his or her exact words (plagiarism) A paraphrase is, therefore, usually as long as the original text in order to communicate its full meaning

According the Brenda Spatt, Writing From Sources, 8th ed Bedford/St

Martin's, 2011 she said "you retain everything about the original writing but

the words ” Paraphrasing helps your readers to gain a detailed understanding

of your sources, and, indirectly, to accept your thesis as valid There are two major reasons for using paraphrase in your essays The first, using paraphrase

to present information or evidence whenever there is no special reason for using a direct quotation Another, using paraphrase to give your readers an accurate and comprehensive account of ideas taken from a source ideas that you intend to explain, interpret, or disagree with in your essay

"When you take notes for an essay based on one or more sources, you should

mostly paraphrase Quote only when recording phrases or sentences that clearly merit quotation All quotable phrases and sentences should be transcribed accurately in your notes, with quotation marks separating the paraphrase from the quotation” Brenda Spatt (p469)

The writers also know what “paraphrasing” means expressing the same ideas, just in a different way It can be useful skill to have, especially if they are trying to write an essay pr article Of course, they always want to give

credit they use someone’s ideas, but paraphrasing gives them a chance to say

it in his/her words instead of using a direct quotation By stating it his/her way, the information may fit better into what they are writing allowing their writing ro flow more easily from one ideas to the next

The writers should be awareness of the differences between paraphrasing and summarizing Paraphrasing may sound suspiciously like summarizing, but they are actually two different methods of a rewriting a text In both methods, the writers are putting the text in their own words, though summarizing sometimes uses some example to illustrate this statement:

“ The fox talked its prey in the moonlight, it’s large ears and bright eyes on

high alert for the rabbit’s next move” (original)

“ The rabbit stayed still in the light of the moon while the fox surveyed the

land using its spectacular hearing and night vision” ( paraphrasing sentence)

“ Foxes hunt rabbits at night using their ears and eyes.” (summarization)

All in all, there are many different definitions of paraphrasing which were written by many famous writers All the writers expressed their point of views about paraphrase in different ways But all of them have the same point of views about paraphrase that is using your own words and different structure to paraphrase sentences or paragraphs without changing its original meaning And the paraphrase aims to clarify and simple the original

1.2 The importance of paraphrasing

When the writers have finished the definitions of paraphrase written by

famous linguistics, it is unreliable that paraphrase has played an important role in our life Because of the purposes of the communication, sometimes the

writers want to borrow someone’s else ideas to support their writing without copying his or her exact words A paraphrase is therefore, a good way to express their ideas in different ways but there are no changes in meaning Famous writers have given the advantages of using paraphrase such as : using the writer’s own words, keeping full meaning , enabling the writers to discuss text without quoting every word of them and thus avoid interrupting our essay without long quotations Writing a paraphrase brings together a number of important reading, studying and in writing skills Therefore, nowadays paraphrase is commonly used in written or spoken in English

In other words, the ability of paraphrasing is a valuable skill for any writers Paraphrasing helps in reducing the use of direct quotes, as they merely reflect the knowledge of the original writer rather than his/her own understanding One of the biggest advantages associated with paraphrasing it

is reduces/ eliminates plagiarism if it is properly done Plagiarism is copying someone else’s work without providing proper references In paraphrasing, a writer has to choose different sentence structure and use of words before writing it down It also reflects the importance of paraphrasing that a writer needs to have a good understanding of the words, their synonyms and antonyms too

The ability of paraphrasing is an important skill Even though changing the words of the original text does not necessarily mean that the person has to change each and every word of the sentence, but it is a convention that a person does not use more than three words from a single row This rule ensures that a writer will use his/ her set of words without completely changing the idea behind the original passage

In fact, many students is the chance of plagiarism increase if a student copies and pastes whole sentences and paragraphs without paraphrasing them and sometimes even without any reference Paraphrasing skills help students

to understand and rewrite the idea in their own words while providing proper references to ensure that it is not their ideas

Paraphrasing helps in fulfilling the ethical responsibility of a writer as well It is the responsibility of students not to cheat in any sense Whether it is cheating in the exams or cheating from someone else’s paper without referencing and re – wording his ideas Another advantage associated with paraphrasing is it gives a sense of fulfillment of the ethical responsibility as a student

The writers easily find the differences between paraphrasing or quoting Paraphrasing is considered better than quoting information as quoting the information from any source merely presents the idea of the original writer Paraphrasing can reflect the understanding of a person paraphrasing and can also help him understand what is written

1.3 Summary

This chapter has given an over view of theories related in paragraph Through these theories, the writers can also understand the information of sentence, paragraph and the importance of paraphrase

This chapter cannot cover all the information of paraphrase However it will help learners, especially the third year English majors at HOU to understand more about paraphrasing

CHAPTER II : PARAPHRAING SENTENCES

AND PARAPHRAING PARAGRAPHs

• PARAPHRASING SENTENCES

2.0 Introduction

In daily life we usually borrow someone else’s ideas to support our thoughts We use our own words to express the same ideas However, we when we usually make mistakes in using structures, choosing words and styles when we rewrite the author’s ideas in other ways Therefore, we are confused at the ways to deal with paraphrasing sentences without changing the meaning of the author In scientific report, the writer would like to introduce several ways in paraphrasing sentences so that this helps the learners , especially the third year English majors at Hanoi Open University know how to paraphrase sentences in rewriting sentences Not all learners of English can change a sentence into another sentence by different grammatical structures without changing its meaning, There are 8 ways in paraphrasing sentences this scientific report would like introduce

2.1.1 Some ways in paraphrasing

sentences

2.1.1.1 Using different word order

In written English, many learners think that they cannot change the order

of words in sentences , but it is a mistake However changing the word order

is a good way in paraphrasing sentences With the same quality of words, the

writers can change one sentence into another without changing the meaning

of the original sentence by using different word order, For example:

After rewriting the original sentence by changing the order of words, two sentences by changing the order of words, two sentences “ Summer comes after Spring” or “ after Spring, Summer comes” has the same meaning that is

“ Mùa Xuân đi qua, mùa Hạ lại tới” All in all, using different word order of a good way to paraphrase sentences The writers can use this way when they want to borrow the author’s idea to support out idea without having any changes

2.1.1.2 Using different voice of speech

In modern English, voice is one interesting topic, which makes a lot of concern from well-known grammarians, teachers and learners According to Godon E.M in Grammar of Present-day English (1974,p66) voice is defined

as follow: “Voice is the form of verb, which serves to show whether the

subject of the sentence is the agent of the subject of action expressed by the predicate verb, There are two voices in English- The Active voice an the Passive voice.”

As far as we know, voice consists of two areas, the active and the passive The writer can use different voice to review an action in two ways (active or passive) without changing the meaning

Before using different voice to support their thought based on the author’s idea, the writers should know the function of active and passive voice The passive voice show that a person or a thing denoted by the subject

of the sentence is not the agent (the doer) of the action expressed by the predicate verb It is the object of the action The subject of passive verb does not act but it is undergone as an action, and the active voice shows that the subject performs or its is responsible for the action of the verb

The positive degree of adjective denotes the simple quality of one person

The following sentences are good examples:

Another name for fruit shop is a green grocer (Original)

Green grocer’s name is a fruit shop (Paraphrase)

In this sentence, with the same quality of words, the write can make a new sentence without changing of the original sentence Therefore, the readers can understand the content of the author’s idea after reading new sentence Another example:

The strain will not run tomorrow because of the strike (Original)

Because of the strike, the train will not run tomorrow (Paraphrase)

In the above example, the writer has changed the position of words to emphasize the reason why the train will not run tomorrow This makes the meaning of sentence more important The writer has paraphrased the original sentence into another sentence by using different word order but the readers can understand what the author wants to express

The more different word order the writer use, the more various sentences the writer has

The subject must agree with the verb in number (Original)

The verb must agree with the subject in number (Paraphrase)

This example is a good evidence of using different word order without changing the original meaning The position of the words has changed In this

example, the sentence “ the subject must agree with the verb in number” or “

the verb in number must agree with the subject” has the same meaning so the reader can understand its full meaning

What’s more, when using different word order, its meaning stays the same when the writer translate it into Vietnamese For example:

Summer comes after spring (Original)

After spring, summer comes (Paraphrasing)

After rewriting the original sentence by changing the order of words, two

sentences “ Summer comes after Spring” or “ After Spring, Summer comes”

the same meaning that is “Mùa Xuân đi qua, mùa hẹ lại tới” All in all, using different word order is a good way to paraphrase sentences We can use this way when we want to borrow the author’s idea to support out idea without having any chances I also hope that learners can use this way in paraphrasing sentences usefully

Changing the word order of a phrase or sentence is usually safer than using synonyms because the words are the same, so the meaning must be the same However, its is not always easy to decide which words to move which position the words should be moved Also, when the writers move the word, the writers might need to change some other words, add some other words or cut some other words to ensure that the new sentence is grammatically correct Here are two suggestions for how to change the word order without making errors:

- If the original sentence has two or more clauses, change the order of the clauses

“ If they have some help, most people can paraphrase effectively

However, practice is important because paraphrasing is difficult.” (Original)

“ Most people can paraphrase effectively, if they have some help

Paraphrasing is difficult, so practice is important.” (paraphrase)

- If the original sentence has an adjective and noun, change the adjective into a relative clause

“ Writing essays can be a challenging task” (Original)

“ Writing essays can be a task which is challenging” (Paraphrase)

This part mentions that using different voice is another way in paraphrasing From active voice, the writers can change into passive voice, but it is still kept the meaning of the original sentence The following sentences are good examples:

The positive degree of the adjective denotes the simple quality of

one person, place or thing (Active)

The simple quality of one person, place or thing is denoted by the

positive degree of the adjective (Passive)

The action of the sentence has been presented in two ways (passive or active structure) without having different meaning of the fact reported

The first sentence is the passive voice, the focus on “ the positive degree of the adjective” which performs the action “ denotes the simple

quality of one person, place or thing” receives the action “ denoted” This explanation that what important information is performed be made the subject of the sentence

When the writers want to mention the people or things that perform the action they refer to use the active voice, for instance:

I often go to Ho Chi Minh city by train

In passive sentences, agent can be omitted if that person irresponsible for an unpleasant decision, a result of specific person

He burnt the dinner (Active)

The dinner was burnt (Passive) (He can be omitted)

In some cases Passive sentence express more effectively than active sentences For example :

Tom ordered “Let kill Julia” ( Active)

“ Let kill Julia” was ordered by Tommy ( Passive)

The writers not only change from active structures into passive one but they can change from passive structure into active one For instance:

Boxes of eggs were sent to the market (Passive)

He sent boxes of eggs to the market (Active)

In this example, with the same idea “ boxes of eggs were sent to the market”, the writer can express in two ways with the same meaning

In the first sentence because of unknowing the doer so they can use

passive voice, but in the second sentence they emphasize the doer does action; therefore, the writers change from passive into active

It is quite necessary to choose those constructions in certain situation so as to achieve our objectives in writng and speaking

For example:

This tree was planned by my father (Passive)

My father planted this tree (Active)

The action of the sentence has been presented in two ways without having any changes in that fact reported The first sentence is in the

passive voice The subject “ the tree” receives the action “ planted” from “my father” The second sentence is in the active voice The focus

is on “my father” who performed the action “ planted the tree”

However, the writer should remember that the passive voice is used only when necessary sentences need changing into passive sentences For example:

I love you (Active)

In this example, the writers cannot change into passive sentence

“ you are loved by me” because if they use void in this case, the

meaning can be changed into another meaning and two sentences has different meaning

In conclusion, if the writers have the same ideas, they can use different voice ( active or passive) to express those ideas, the original meaning has no changes It is a good way in paraphrasing sentences

when they want to borrow anyone else’s ideas to support our ideas without using the same structures

2.1.1.3 Using different ways of speech

According to Mr James A.W Hefferman (1990, p43) any statement, whether spoken or written can be reported directly by quotation of the actual words or it can be reported indirectly – by paraphrasing those words Therefore, this part introduces using different speech in paraphrasing sentences, another way to rewrite sentences without changing the meaning of the original sentence

There are two kinds of speech, which are direct and in direct speeches When the writer use directly words of original statement are memorable or important Enclose the words in quotation marks, the writer uses direct speech when the exact words of the original statement are less important than their content The writer does not use quotation marks is direct speech

The writer can use different speech (direct or indirect) to paraphrase sentences when he/she wants to borrow somebody’s ideas to support thoughts without having any changes in meaning For example:

What time is it? She said (Direct)

She asked me what time it is (Indirect)

In the first sentence, the writer use direct speech whenever they speak The term “ direct speech” can be used to describe the way to

represent the spoken words in writing “ she said directly” But in the

second sentence, the indirect sentence is used because at this time

speaker does not say directly, she asks another person about “ what

time is it? ”so they do not use quotation marks in this sentence Thus, with the same question “What time is it?” the writer can express in two ways by using direct or indirect speech, but he/she can keep the original sentence

When the writers change one sentence from direct speech into indirect one, they must omit the quotation marks and the pronoun is

changed For example, in the following example the pronoun “I” must

be changed because now the speaker says indirectly and listener reports the speaker’s word but the meaning has not any changes

Besides, changing sentences from direct speech into indirect speech, they can change the sentence from direct into indirect sentence

He suggested going to the sea (Indirect)

“ Let go to the sea”” he suggested (direct)

In the above sentence, the direct sentence has changed into direct

one, but its meaning “ going to the sea” is the same However, it has

some changes in changing from direct speech such as quotation marks, pronoun and so on

When they change from indirect into direct speech, they should keep

in mind the changing of pronoun of verb tense

He wanted to know where I was born (Indirect)

“ Where were you born?” (Direct)

This question about the place where I was born can be presented in two ways without changing in the fact reported The first sentence is in the indirect speech The second one is in the direct speech, both sentences

are surrounding “ where I was born?”

Only some above examples, the writers can see that they can see that they can use different ways pf speech to rewrite sentences to express the same ideas It , therefore, is another way that they can use

in paraphrasing sentences and the meaning is the same as the original one

2.1.1.4 Using different parts of speech

Using different parts of speech is another good way in paraphrasing sentences It has function keeping the original meaning According to

Mr Diane Larsen – Freeman (1993) eight parts of speech ( nouns, pronouns, verbs, preposition, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.) make up sentences As we study the various parts of speech, we should remember that many words can be used as different parts of speech in different contexts; for example the word “hate” can

be in different ways:

I hate pain

His expression reveals hate

The senator received many hate letters

In this above sentences, with the same word “hate” but in the first sentence “hate” is a verb, in the second sentence “hate” is a noun and the last sentence “hate” is a noun and the last sentence “hate” is a noun

as an adjective

Not only can be one word be expressed in many parts of speech but also one sentence can use different parts of speech to show the same meaning

While she was staying there, she visited him twice

During her stay there, she visited him twice

In the first example, the subordinate clause “while she was

studying ” has been changed into prepositional phrase “during her stay

there” but the meaning is the same

What’s more, the writer can change a verb phrase into a noun phrase without having any changes and the readers can understand the writer’s ideas It is represented by using different parts of speech

The fact that his boss objected to his proposal upset all his plan

The fact that his boss is objection to his proposal upset all his plan

In the original sentence, the verb “object” has been changed into a noun “objection” and it means that there is a change in parts of speech, but it does not make the sentence different

The more different parts of speech the writer use , the more various sentences they make For example:

She was tired but she continued with her work

She was tired but she continued working

The preposition “with” after “ continue” has been omitted, it can be changed into “continue” +V ing but the meaning of the new sentence is

the same as the previous sentence Although other parts of speech are

used to rewrite this sentence, there are no changes in the meaning “she

was tired but she does not stop working”

The writers can use synonyms such as verbs, adjectives and other kinds of words In the following sentences, they use synonyms verb to express one idea

2.1.1.5 Using different verb

pattern or synonyms

In paraphrasing sentences, the writers can use many verb patterns

or synonyms to rewrite sentences Using different verb patterns mean

the writers use many different structures but the same meaning with the original sentences, synonyms are words ( two or more)of the same part

of speech, similar in their denotable meaning Thanks to using different verb pattern or synonyms, the writers do not repeat all the same structures or words when he/she want to express or borrow somebody else’s ideas to support thoughts in written English

In the following sentences, with the same words, the writers can express it in some ways

I advice to you is to see the doctor

-> I think that you should go to see the doctor

-> think that you have better see the doctor

This sentence can be paraphrased in three different ways In the first sentence, it is a normal sentence However, in the second sentence or

the third one which have the same meaning, they use “should” or “had

better” to advice some people to do something However, the meaning

of the original sentence makes no difference

When talking about the regret, equivalent structure can be used to show it For instance:

It is a pity she did not ensure the car

This sentence can be written in two different structures that express

the same content “a pity”

She regretted not ensuring the car

She regretted having insurance of the car

“She regretted not ensuring the car” or “ she regretted having

insurance of the car ”is the same because she did not ensure the car and

now she regrets The verb “ensure” in the original sentence has

changed into noun “ insurance” in the third sentence The structure

which express the pity “ it is pity” is replaced by structure “regret” =

V-ing If the learners can use many verb patterns or synonyms structures, they can learn English well and they do not feel confused when they are asked to rewrite sentences without changing the meaning

Beside , we can use synonymous words to paraphrase sentences because it can make the sentences more vivid, for example:

The chapel was decorated by Italian craftsmen

The chapel was built by Italian craftsmen

The chapel was made by Italian craftsmen

In these examples, the verb “ decorated” is synonym with other verb “built” and “made” When the writer use one of three words (decorated,

built, made) for this sentence, the reader can understand what the author want

to express The good way is using different word patterns or synonym when they use their word to report any sentences because they can avoid repeating the same words It will be too boring

The moment she arrived she started to complain

The moment she arrived, she start to grumble

In the above sentence, instead of using verb “complain”, we use

“grumble” but the meaning is the same When they say “complain” or

“grumble”, the readers can understand the meaning of the sentence that is

“she does not she does please”

In summary, using different verb patterns of synonyms can help learners

to create a sentences with equivalent structures and meanings The more synonyms or verb patterns the learners use, the more grammatical structures they know

2.1.1.6 Using different styles of speech

Written or spoken versions of a language use different styles, different registers To talk in “ Written language” may be not more appropriate than to write using spoken variety of English In written English, the style is an important factor Generally speaking, written language always is more formal than spoken one Nevertheless, there are formal/informal and normal/emphatic styles of written language Depending on the circumstance , the writers can use different styles to express thoughts, especially in paraphrasing sentence

In the following examples, the same sentence is expected in different styles (formal/informal)

May I borrow your pen? (informal)

Would you mind lending me your pen? (formal)

In these above examples, with the same idea “want to borrow a pen” the writer has expressed the idea in two ways It may be formal or informal but the meaning is the same In the first sentence the verb “borrow” is replaced by

“ would you mind lending” in the second sentence to express formally Therefore, the second is more formal than the first one

The more formal the document is, the more it will use inanimate nouns

as the subject of a sentence; for example:

Thank you for that (Informal)

Thank you very much indeed ( formal)

I am grateful for everything you had done for me (formal)

After reading these above sentences, to say thank to other people, the writer can use informal style “thank you for that” and formal style “thank you

very much indeed” or “I am grateful for everything you had done for me” Therefore, they sometimes use informal language when they write to their

friend or they also meet this case on newspaper , articles and columns and so

on It is very important to make a decision in which situation formal and informal language can be used

What’s more, the same idea can be expressed in normal For example :

The world needs peace and justice ( Normal)

What the world needs is peace and justice ( emphasis)

Both sentences are the same meaning, but in the second sentence, the

meaning focus on the sentence are “peace” and “justice”

The more emphasis structures they use, the more importance they express For instance:

I understand (Normal)

I do understand (Emphasis)

All in all, with the same ideas, they can be expressed in different ways (formal, informal, normal, emphasis style) Because of all above these helps the learners use it well

2.1.1.7 Using different kinds of sentences

A sentence is a group of words that can be used to communicate ideas in writing or speaking There are fours kinds of sentences in English: Simple, Compound, complex and compound-complex sentences (Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue)

According to Diane Larsen – Freemen, one part of effective writing is that it can relate to some kinds of sentence the write writes If every sentences follows the same patterns, writing may become monotonous to read Thus, in this part, learning a way of expressing oneself in different kinds of sentence is discussed With the same idea, the writers can use different sentences such as simple, complex, and compound sentences to express that ideas

In the following sentences, with the same idea, the writer can use different sentences to show it:

He was too busy to come to the party

He was busy, so he did not come to the party

The first sentence is the simple sentence, but its has been into a complex sentence with the same meaning (the second sentence)

The simple sentence can be written into complex sentence with the same meaning; for example:

After the dinner, we went home

After we has dinner, we went home

Those are good examples which an be changed into different kinds of sentences to express the same ideas so that the English learners can pratice paraphrasing sentence effectively

2.1.1.8 Using inferential/implied meaning

Using inferential/implied meaning is another way of paraphrasing sentences to help the English learners to use their own words to express the same ideas of the speakers and writers

Sometimes, in our daily life, the writers want to express thought but do not want to use more sentences They can use short sentences with implied meaning but the readers can understand the full meaning of our thoughts

In the following sentence, they use simple one, but the meaning has implied in that sentence For example:

To err is human

This sentence means that every one can make mistakes or no one is perfect This sentence mean that “Nhân vô thập toàn” Therefore, after this idiom the readers can understand the implied meaning of the speakers or writers

The more implied meaning learners use, the more interesting sentences they write For instance:

Life is not a bed for roses

“Life is not a bed for roses” means that life is not always beautiful and

pleasant

Nowadays, many people use implied meaning to express their ideas because they only use simple sentences, but the meaning is various They can learn something for those sentences Take following sentence as a good example:

Care killed a cat

The implied meaning of this example is that they are too worried , it is easy to get disease and we may die for worry

In conclusion, the writers can use inferential/implied meaning when they want to show thought without using long sentences That is also a good way many people use to express the same ideas

2.1.2 Summary

This chapter II mention8 ways of paraphrasing sentences Each way has its advantages but it has a common feature that is the meaning is the same as the original The learners and third year English majors at HOU can use those ways correctly and effectively when they want to borrow somebody else’s ideas to support their writing without copying exact words

from the original text and avoid making mistakes when paraphrasing