Sau dd, dan d i n Baiamdn giao phat trien ben viing, va trd thanh tdn giao chinh d cdng ddng ngrfdi Kilmer.. Baiamdn giao da in dam trong tam thflc va cd anh hrfdng tdi nhieu linh vrfc t
Trang 150 Nghien ciru Tfln giao Sd2 - 2012
HINH MUA TRONG KIEN TRtC
CHUA THAP PHAT GIAO KHMER NAM BO
De tim hieu nghe thuat mfla (hinh
mua) t r o n g kie'n true chfla t h i p
Phat g i i o Khmer Nam Bd, thi c i n thie't
phai tim hieu sd Irfdc ve tdn giao, bdi
chung cd md'i quan he hflrf cd vdi nhau
Chua, t h a p la bieu trfdng dac trrfng ciia
van hda Phat giao Tieu Thrfa cua ngrfdi
JChmer d Nam Bd Song, trrfdc dd k h o a n g
the' ki I sau Cdng nguyen, Baiamdn giao
da la tdn giao quan t r p n g cua gidi quy
tpc Tfl the ki XIII, Phat giao Tieu Thfla
mdi p h i t trien m a n h me va t r d t h a n h tdn
giao chinh thd'ng cua toan cdng ddng
ngrfdi Khmer d d d n g b a n g sdng Cijfu
Long, Nam Bd Tuy Baiamdn giao da suy
tan, nhrfng a n h hrfdng cua nd cdn sau
dam t r o n g tam thflc con ngfldi va t r o n g
kie'n true chiia thap
Dieu nay cho ta t h i y r d net t r o n g nghe
thuat miia (hinh mua) t r o n g kie'n true
chiia t h a p cua P h a t g i i o Dd la hinh mua
vu nfl Apsara, chim t h i n Ma Ha Krut,
chim t h i n Garada va ca Linga bieu
trfdng linh t h i e n g cua Ba la mdn giao Dd
la srf hda nhap, giao thoa gifla Baiamdn
giad va P h a t g i i o Tieu Thfla t r o n g van
hda tdn giao cua ngrfdi Khmer d dong
b i n g sdng Cufu Long (DBSCL)
L Tdn g i a o cua ngrfdi Khmer
L£N<;occ\Mr'
1.1 Bdlamdn giao
De tim hi^u n g h e t h u i t miia (Mnh mua) t r o n g cac chiia t h i p cua P h i t giao Nam tdng Khmer, thi e i n thie't phai tim hieu k h a i irfdc vc tdn giao va chiia thap cua ngrfdi Khmer Bdi hp la chu nhan
s i n g tao van hda va kie'n true chua thap,
ma d dd da nay sinh n g h e t h u i t miia (hinh mua) nhfl mdt dae trrfng, mdt yeii to cau t h a n h n g h e thuat kie'n true chua thap cua ngrfcft Khmer d DBSCL Chfla thap la bieu tfldng dac trrfng eiia ngfldi Khmer tdn tai, phat trien, bie'n doi theo chieu dai lich sfl tie'n hda van hda tpc ngfldi Noi tcfi van hda ngrfdi Khmer la phai ndi tdi van hda kie'n true chua thap, m a chua thap va hinh miia g a n vdi tdn giao tao nen the thd'ng nhi't hufu ed vdi n h a u trong van hda Khmer
Ngrfdi Khmor, mdt d i n tpc t u cfl rat sdm d v u n g DBSCL, lien ke't cdng ddng chat che t h a n h nhflng p h u m sdc •'Theo
n h i e u n g u d n tai lieu lich suf ma chiing ta bie't drfdc thi tfl 200 - 300 n a m trrfde Cong nguyen, ngfldi K h m e r d DBSCL da scoig
t i p t r u n g t h a n h p h u m k h d n g cdn do canh du crf Hp ed tie'ng ndi rieng sing
t r o n g n g d i n h a n h d ldp b a n g dfla niftJii
Trang 251
nhufng diing bua dd'n gd, d u n g da mai cp
luta, diing h u drfng lua, d u n g chau drfng
nrfdc va rrfdu "*"
Thdi nay sinh hoat van hda chu ye'u cua
ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bd la tin ngrfdng thd
t h i n Neakta ( t h i n bao hd), Arak (thin bao
ve ddng hp), chrfa cd tdn giao chua thap
Khoang the'ki I hp mdi tie'p nhan Baiamdn
giao tfl An Dp deh vdi ngrfdi Cham rdi lan
tda deh ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bd Sau dd, dan
d i n Baiamdn giao phat trien ben viing, va
trd thanh tdn giao chinh d cdng ddng
ngrfdi Kilmer Baiamdn giao da in dam
trong tam thflc va cd anh hrfdng tdi nhieu
linh vrfc trong sinh hoat van hda, xa hdi
cua ngrfdi Khmer vflng Nam Bd Dd la tuc
cac t h i n Indra, Visnu, Siva, Khoang the'ki
XIII trd di ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd da
chuyen sang phung thd Phat giao Tieu
Thuta cho deh nay
Tuy Phat giao Tieu Thfla da phat trien
manh me va n h a n h chdng trd t h a n h tdn
giao chinh thd'ng cua toan cdng dong
ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bd, nhrfng a n h hrfdng
va gia tri eua eae than, cac hinh trfdng
t h i n cua Baiamdn g i a o i n dam va van
hien dien t r o n g tam thrfe, hda a n t r o n g
tin ngrfdng d a n g i a n va kie'n true chua
thap cua hp
"Dac biet Yeay Khmao va Kekhiham la
nhiing Neakta t h a y hien dien d k h a p
viing ddng b a n g sdng Cu^ Long Rd r a n g
day la nhflng h i n h trfdng t h i n dan gian
drfdc g a n eho cac thudc tinh, c i c hda t h i n
cua Visnu, Siva Cd the ndi t h i n eua dao
Baiamdn v i n cdn drfdc bao Iflrf siing kinh
trong xa hdi ngfldi Khmer DBSCL, gom
cd ba vi chinh;
Prum : La than tao ra the gidi Siva : La t h i n tan pha the' gian (edn gpi la Eisau)
Visnu : La t h i n eflu giup the'gian (tieng Khmer gpi la Noareay hoac Hari) Tfldng Linga - Ydni nhufng bieu trfdng cua Dao giao v i n cdn tim t h i y d
mdt so' chua va trfdng drfdc dat d ncSi
t r a n g nghiem nhfl trrfdc chinh dien (Chua 'Kanhchdng" con gpi la chua •Ciy
h e " )•«'
Nhrfng hinh trfdng than cua Baiamdn giao cung la nhftng hinh trfdng mua
t r o n g kie'n true chua, thap Khmer, ma chua thap la mdt dac trrfng bieu trfdng cua Phat giao Tieu Thfla cua cdng ddng ngrfdi Khmer v u n g DBSCL
tS Phat giao
Phat giao de'n vdi ngfldi Khmer kha sdm, cd le chi sau Baiamdn giao khdng lau, nhrfng k h d n g drfde phat trien, md nhat so vdi Baiamdn giao Bdi, gidi quy tdc Khmer siing bai Baiamdn giao va la tdn giao ngrf tri t r o n g tam thrfc, trf trfdng, t i n h cam cua gidi quy tdc, nen nd phat trien m a n h rae Cdn da sd' dan ngheo theo Phat giao Tieu Thfla Nhrf vay, thdi gian nay, ngrfdi Khmer viing DBSCL tdn tai, phat trien hai tdn giao la Baiamdn giao va Phat giao Tieu Thfla
IQioang the' ki XII - XIII cd nhieu bie'n ddng cua lich sut, cua xa hpi ngrfdi Khmer, quan t r p n g la srf phan chia, mau
t h u a n t r o n g gidi quy tdc Do dd, ddi sd'ng
1 Trirong Litii (chii bien).rc/;i hda ngirdi Khmer viing ddng hdng sdng Cim Long Nxb Van hoa dan
toe 1993,mNdi tr 26
2 Trucing Luu (chu h]sn).Vdn hda ngirdi Khmer virng ddng bdng sdng Ciru L<mg Sdd, tr 57
Trang 352 Nghien ciru T6n giao St')'2 - 20!2
van hda tdn g i i o t i m linh cua cdng
ddng ngrfdi Khmer v u n g DBSCL cd
nhrfng bie'n ddi m a n h me cd t i n h lich sii
Thdi ki nay Phflt g i i o Tieu Thfla da vrfdn
len chie'm ngrf tinh t h i n , tfl trfdng, tinh
cam, tam linh cua toan cpng ddng ngrfdi
Khmer Nam Bd P h a t giao d i n d i n p h i t
trien ben vflng t r o n g n h i n d i n v i gidi
quy tdc, t r d t h a n h tdn giao chinh t h d n g
cua ngfldi Khmor Nam Bd Bdi 16 Phat
giao Tieu Thfla da tdn tai lau dai t r o n g
dan chung vdi g i i o Ii hrfdng thien tfl bi
n h a n ai, yen ianh, tinh n h i n van cao c i
Gidi quy tde cung d i n d i n trf bo Baiamdn
g i i o , de'n vdi Phfi-t giao Tieu Thfla hda
ddng cung vdi d a n chflng Tfl thdi diem
lich sfl n a y (the ki XII - XIII) Phat giao
Tieu Thfla la tdn giao chinh thd'ng cua
toan cdng d o n g ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd
2 Chua t h a p Khmer
Chiia va t h i p cd vai trd y n g h i a dac
biet quan t r p n g vdi ngfldi Khmer Nam
Bd Nd la dac trrfng bieu trfdng linh
thieng cua di san van hda, tdn giao, kie'n
true Khmer Chfla la t r u n g tam sinh hoat
van hda, xa hpi, n g h e thuat va phong tuc,
tap quan, le n g h i cua t o i n cdng ddng
phum sdc G i n nhrf p h u m sdc nao eung
cd rapt ngdi chiia, hoac mdt sd' phum sdc
cd mpt ngdi chua Theo thd'ng ke chfla
d i y du, cdng d d n g ngrfdi Khmer cd
k h o a n g sau t r a m ngdi chiia Kinh phi
xay drfng chiia truyen thd'ng chu ye'u la
tfl cdng dflc cua toan dan Mac d i u cude
sd'ng cd nhieu khd k h a n , nhrfng hp deu
ddng gdp td'i da cho ngdi chua cua p h u m
sdc dfldc quy md, h o i n h t r a n g , be the', bdi
ndi dd la ndi guti g a m niem tin, ndi niem
vdi Thich Ca Mau Ni, vdi n g d i chiia linh
t h i e n g cua hp Dao phap, dao li, the' tuc, tdn g i i o da h d a n h i p lam mdt Chua, t h i p l i mot q u i n the kie'n true ddc d i o cua ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd, hpi tu
n a n g Iflc s a n g tao, tri thrfc van hda, tu duy t h i m mi cua eon ngrfdi Theo nguyen
t i c , quy rfdc truydn thd'ng chfla g i n vdi thap, x a y chua l i tie'p de'n x i y thap Chfla la ndi s i n h hoat P h a t giao, ndi
tu h a n h cua cae srf sai, la trrfdng hpc chft hpc dao li lam ngrfdi, hpc kinh Phflt, giao
li Chua la t r u n g tam van hda, xa hpi va nhieu linh vrfc s i n h hoat v a n hda cdng ddng, la ncA dieu h a n h chi phd'i dao va ddi cua cac srf sal Ngoai ra, chua cdn la ndi s i n h boat v a n hda, n g h e thuat, gan
bd vdi v d n g ddi ngrfdi, trf luc sinh ra dm
khi ve cdi vinh h a n g Chiia la bleu trfdng,
la ehd drfa t i n h than, g a n bd s i u dim
t r o n g t i m k h a m cua P h a t tur; cua mpi
t h a n h vien cdng d o n g ngrfdi Khmer Nam
Bp Dao va ddi, tuy la h a i nhrfng lai co si^
g a n ke't c h a t che cd t i n h n h a t the Kie'n true chiia t h a p la mdt q u i n the
di san van hda ddc dao cua ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bd, d dd hdi t u b a n sac, t r i tue, tai
n a n g s a n g tao v a n h d a ciia toan cong ddng Chfla, t h a p drfdc x a y drfng tren mot viing da't r d n g ldn, vdi nhieu dang kieu kie'n trfle, n h i e u loai h i n h n g h e thuit, dieu khac, hdi hpa t r a n g tri v i hinh trfdng mua Cung vdi kie'n true chfla th&p
la nhieu h a n g cay cao vut, n h i n tong the chfla t h i p la mot q u i n t h e kie'n true quy
md, h o a n h t r i n g , long l i y , uy nghi Nen chua pho bie'n la t a m cap (ba b i e nen), nen t h i p n h i t cd k h i cao tdi g i n h a i met)
Trang 4jr^^^gg£_^^-/^^'^^^^ ^^"'^^ ^''oi'^S k'^'fi
fi'i'ic-chic, be the Cd the ke de'n chua K h l e n g
d thi x a Sdc Trang; ehua Ong Met
(Bothisalareay) d thi xa Tra Vinh; chua
Kimphisaco d Bac Lieu; chfla x a Ldng, xa
Dai Tan, My Xuyen; chfla Champa, xa
Phu Tam, huyen My Tu, Sdc Trang; ehiia
Dom Melichei, Rach Gia, Kien Giang
Khudn vien chfla truyen thd'ng Khmer
thrfdng cd td'ng the kieh true nhrf sau:
Chinh dien (Prekvihia): la quan
trpng b i c nhat t r o n g kie'n true chua Non
(Khrfdn) chinh dicn cd nhieu ci'p eao,
rdng, cd nhieu b i c len xud'ng, mat chinh
dien nhat thie't p h a i hrfdng Ddng
- Nha thieu: phd bie'n d dan toe Khmer
c6 tuc le khi cd ngrfdi che't thi phai hda
tang, nen t r o n g k h u d n vien chua cd xay
nha thieu de thieu x a e cae srf sai va cac
t h a n h vien t r o n g sdc khi qua ddi
- Sala (pahusant - n h a tang): Trong
khudn vien chiia k h d n g chi cd mdt Sala
ma cd nhieu Sala de eho cac srf sai sinh
boat, n g h i ngcfi T r o n g c i c tda n h a Sala
cd mdt tda n h a de cho cac vi srf sai ca
(Luk Krou) s i n h hoat, n g h i ngdi va tiep
khach gpi la Sala Thien Mdt sd' ehua cd
Sala d a n h r i e n g cho k h a c h d xa n g h i
ngdi
- Trrfdng hoc: Cd vai trd quan t r p n g
trong viec truyen ba giao 11, dao li lam
ngrfdi Nhrfng trrfdc he't la phai hpc chrf
Khmer va v a n h d a cho cac tre em t r o n g
sde Trrfdng hpc cung la ncft Irfrf gifl cae
pho sach cua Baiamdn giao va Phat giao
Mpi ngrfdi de'n d a y deu thflc hien 8 dieu
td't: Suy n g h i td't; Ndi dieu td't; Lam dieu
I td't; Y chi td't; Sieng n a n g td't; Y thflc td't;
I Thien dinh td't; Tu t a m td't
- Nha be'p: Chua vdi ngrfdi Khmer la ndi dien r a nhieu loai hinh sinh hoat van hda edng ddng, dac biet la le hdi chua Nen khudn vicn chua cd xay drfng nha be'p, ndi de n i u an de ciing Phat va thufc
p h i m do srf sai cdng ddng de'n drf le, te't, hpi chua thu hrfdng
- Cdng chua: La cufa ngd vao chfla, chua nao cung cd cdng vdi quy md to, nhd, dd so, hoanh t r a n g uy nghi khac nhau Cdng chfla cung la rapt kieu kie'n true ddc dao ciia chua Khmor Nam Bp Cd the kc de'n mdt sd' cdng chua dep la cdng chua Pre Budn Prdphec (Chua Bd'n Mat), ehua Ch'mui Tim Chas, chua K h l e n g d Sdc Trang
Trong khudn vien kie'n true chua thap Khmer cd nhieu t r a n g tri, hpa tie% dieu khac, hdi hpa vdi nhieu hinh tfldng, mo tip de tai khac nhau Nhrf hinh trfdng Rdng (Niek), Ticn nfl h i n h chim (Te'p pro nam), chim t h i n (Garuda), t h i n vu nfl, chim than (Kay Nd), C h i n g (Yak), than dat (Hcng prd at Thd Ni), Ria Hu, Linga, Trong dd cd mdt so' hinh trfdng mua ddc dao, dac sac t r o n g kie'n true chua, thap, cdng chua Khmer d Nam Bd
Qua k h a o cflu khai Irfdc ve tdn giao va kie'n trflc chua t h a p Khmer Nam Bd, cho thi'y h i n h trfdng mua, than mfla, ticn nrf mua cd lien quan tdi nghe thuS-t mua la mdt bieu hien dac trrfng van hda ndi
c h u n g va chua t h a p ndi rieng Ndi each khac la h i n h trfdng mua, t h i n mua, tien nrf la rapt t r o n g nhftng loai hinh gdp phan ca'u t h a n h n g h e thuat kie'n true chua t h a p Khmer vung Nam Bd
3 Hinh m u a t r o n g kieh true chua thap Khmer
Trang 554 Nghien ciJu TAn giao Sd2^20J2^
Hinh mua t r o n g chiia t h i p Khmer
dflpc the hicn rd net la qua nghp t h u i t
dieu k h i e , hdi hpa t r a n g tri, dd la nhflng
pho trfdng nhiing bfle t r a n h vo nghd
thuat mua hoae ed lien quan tdi mfla
Nhflng trfdng mua nay lam b a n g ehi't
lieu da cd nien dai tfl the' ki VII de'n the'
ki XVIII, an minh t r o n g cac trfdng t h i n
Cac trfdng dd la: T h i n Suria (Mat Trdi),
than Gancxa (diu voi minh ngrfdi), nfl
t h i n Uma, v.v
Hicn nay, hinh trfdng ngfldi mua, canh
mua edn ton tai t r o n g cac kie'n true chua,
thap, cdng chua cd mdt so' hinh tfldng
mua saiu
Vu nfl tren dinh t h a p
Miia tren t h a p
Miia ticn nfl (Te'p pro Nora)
Mfla tien nfl h i n h ca
Vu nfl (Kay No)
Chim than Garuda
Chim t h i n Ma ha Krut
Vu nfl Apsara
Hinh ngrfdi n h a y mua t r o n g chua
3.1 Hinh mua VU nii Kay No
K i y No t r o n g truyen thuye't, t h i n
thoai drfdc mieu ta la mdt tien nfl dep
tuyet vdi ciia the' gidi thien t h i n Kay No
cung cdn cd ten gpi la chim than, bay
Ifldn nhrf loai chim, vu nfl t h i n tien mua
dep quye'n r u thien t h i n , dfldc g i a n g t r a n
de'n vdi cufa Phat, de'n vdi t r i n gian Vc
vu nfl thien t h a n cd nhieu di ban khac
nhau Du sao thi nfl t h i n Kay No cung la
mdt hien trfdng dac biet t r o n g kie'n true
ehiia cua ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd Nhflng
ngdi chua d i y du h o a n thien t r o n g kie'n
trflc chfla bao g i d cflng cd srf hien dieu oua vfl nfl thien t h i n K i y , N o tren phan
d i u cua mdi cdt d h a n h l a n g ' cua chua theo th6' chim bay: hai tay g i d cao sang hai bdn, n g a n g dinh d i u dd t h a n sa ciia
m i i chfla; drfdi ddi tay cd k h a c h i n h canh chim nhrf d a n g Ifldn bay, hai chan sat vao nhau, d the' c h i n khuyu, toan than lao vd phia trfldc, ngflc rfdn
Vu nfl thien t h i n Kay No k h d n g chi cd
t r o n g kie'n true chua ma cdn hipn dien
t r o n g kie'n true cdng chfla dfldc dat d vi tri quan trpng, tren cao ciia cac cdt tru cua cdng chiia va cflng d trf the', trang tri nhrf d cac h a n g cdt chua
3.3 Hinh mua chim than Ma Ha Krdt
Chim than Ma Ha Krut drfdC bd tri d nhieu vi tri khac nhau, d chiia va cong ehua Chim t h i n Ma Ha Krut, cd nhiing net g i n gui vdi loai Garuda cd xrfa cua ngrfdi Cham, ngrfdi Campuchia, nhrfng khac xa vdi Garuda cua ngrfdi Cham, ngrfdi Campuchia bdi srf s i n g tao dpc dao Clia ngfldi Khmer Nam Bd Ngrfdi Khmer suy tdn Ma Ha Krut la chim t h i n , chim mfla, ticn mua, bdi tao dang, tao the' ciia Ma Ha Krflt nhrf chim
d a n g mua, ngrfdi chim miia Chim than drfdc can tao hai p h i n , p h a n tren la dau chim, p h a n dfldi la t h a n ngrfdi can doi hai hda, h a i tay dfla r d n g s a n g hai ben, vflcfti eao, nhrf c i n h chim d a n g bay, dang mua Non ngrfdi Khmer gpi la chim thin, chim mua
Ma Ha Krut thrfdng drfdc c i u tao theo
h i n h khd'i Trfdng drfdc due b a n g chat lieu xi m a n g hoac b i n g cha't lieu gd, rat dep, t i n h xao, cd g i a t r i bieu trrfng, gia
Trang 655
P h a n t r e n la d i u chim dpi mu nhon
mau sac, m a t to loi, m i e n g ngam vien
ngpc xanh P h i n drfdi la than ngrfdi, hai
ddi tay tao t h a n h canh chim, ngrfdi vrfdn
r a phia trfldc, ddi c h i n chum lai nhrf co
chan bay P h a n t h a n ngfldi t r a n g phuc
nhrf canh chim, p h i n chan q u i n bd sit
Ne'u Ma Ha Krut eau tao hinh khd'i b i n g
xi m a n g thi t r a n g tri, mau s i c ra't rrfc rd,
thien ve g a m ndng Ne'u tao h i n h khd'i
bang chat lieu gd, thi mau s i c it hdn,
thien ve g a m tram, g a m lanh Pho bie'n la
trfdng khd'i b a n g xi mang Cd rapt sd'
viing, trfdng khd'i b a n g gd, nhrfng thfldng
la d cac ngdi chua cd Vi du; trfdng gd d
chua Phrfdn, chua Ang d Tra Vinh Ciing
cd mdt so' trfldng hdp bie'n doi di ban
dau va t h i n ngrfdi, p h i n chan lai la chan
chim, d a n g t h e ' g i n nhrf vu nfl thien than
Kay No, d i u dpi m u nhpn, ao bd sat
ngrfdi, t h a n ngrfdi ud'n eong nhrf chim
dang miia Chim t h i n bie'n the nay cdn
tim tha'y d chua Brfng Cdk d Hau Giang
3.3 Hinh mua tien nd Top Pro Nom
Tien nrf la trfdng h i n h khd'i trdn drfdc
ca'u tao tfl c h i t lieu xi m a n g hoac chat
lieu gd, da p h i n la chat lieu xi mang
Tien nfl Te'p P r o Nom dfldc the Men vdi
khudn mat mdt p h u nfl r a n g rd, x i n h dep,
quye'n rii, tay c i m binh khi, uy nghi nhrf
mdt vd trfdng Ngfldi dflng thang, hai
chan sat n h a u tao the' viing chac Than
ngrfdi t r a n g phuc q u i n i o bd s i t ngrfdi,
ao cd hai ta vat cheo tfl b u n g r a sau Irfng,
hai tay g i d len cao, vrfdn r d n g nhrf d a n g
bay, d a n g mua Cd trrfdng hdp hinh
trfdng tien nfl Te'p P r o Nom cd bie'n ddi la
tay cira b i n h khi nhrf cung ten, t h a n h
dao trf the' vrfdn r a phia trrfdc nhrf chie'n
dau, chd'ng lai Irfc Irfdng a c l a c h i n g (Yak) Tien nfl Top Pro Nom thfldng crfdi voi hoac crfdi ngrfa nhrf nrf tfldng xdng tran Trfdng tien nfl drfdc bd' tri d nhflng vi tri khac nhau t r o n g mdi chua, nhrf dat d gan phan d i u cot hien, hoac phia ngoai ciia chinh dien chua, hoac d vi tri tren efla sd chinh dien cua chua
3.4 Hinh mua tien nded
D i u va than la ticn nfl, p h i n chan la dudi ca dang ud'n Irfdn, phan ngrfdi vrfdn
ra phia trrfdc, ngu!c cang trdn, hai canh tay gid len cao nhfl canh ticn dang bay Ifldn, tao dang, the miia dep
Hinh trfdng mua ticn nrf ca drfdc cau tao theo h i n h khd'i trdn, bang chat lieu
xi m a n g cd hoa van hpa tie't mau sac rrfc
rd Trfdng drfdc bd' tri d p h i n d i u cac cdt hien, hai tay nhrf bay va dd mai hien cua chiia Hinh trfdng mua, mdtip mua gan nhrf hinh trfdng mua vu nrf thien t h i n Kay No Ndi each khac la dang bie'n the (di ban) eua vu nfl thien t h i n Kay No
3.5 Hinh mua thdn da't Hcng Prd dt ThdNi
T h i n dat drfdc ngrfdi Khmer tdn thd nhrf vi t h i n bao hp, dem Iai srf i'm no cho mudn dan, va xua dudi ta ma, ac quy, la niem tin cua cdng ddng ngrfdi Khmer Bdi vay tao hinh la brfc trfdng khd'i trdn, trfdng than diing gifla bdng sen dang nd,
uy nghi, be the', dfldi dang mdt tien nfl dang vrfdn minh mua gifla dda hoa sen Dau dpi k h a n mdng nhrf a n g raay bay ket hdp vdi mai tdc dai nhrf sud'i tdc chay xud'ng hai bd vai, mdt tay n a n g mai tdc dai, ngrfc cang trdn rfdn r a phia trrfdc drfdc phu dfldi ldp vai mdng
Trang 756
Tfldng t h i n d i t Hcng Prd At Thd Ni
drfdc b d tri d phia sau be t h d Phat t r o n g
chinh dien chfla Cung cd trrfdng hdp
hinh trfdng m u a cua t h i n dfldc vo tren
bflc trfdng t r o n g kie'n true chfla vdi mau
sac rrfc rd,
3.6 Hinh mim vu nd Apsara
Tfl the ki d i u Cdng nguyen, Bilamdn
giao da du n h a p tfl An Dp va trd t h a n h
tdn giao chinh eua gidi quy tdc, dd'n the ki
XIII mdi thay the' b i n g P h i t g i i o Tieu
Thrfa (Thcravada) Nhrf v i y da cd tren
mrfdi the' ki Baiamdn giao tdn tai p h i t
trien d ngrfdi Khmer, nen a n h hrfdng cua
Baiamdn giao k h d n g de bi phai md t r o n g
ddi sd'ng t i n h than cua ngrfdi Khmer Nam
Bd Khi Phat giao Tieu Thrfa da phat trie'n
ben viing thi a n h hfldng cua Baiamdn
giao van cd phan lrfu lai trong kie'n true
chua Khmer Cu the la trfdng Linga va
Apsara van hieu hufu t r o n g kie'n true chiia
thap vdi srf s a n g tao, tie'p nhan, hda n h a p
n h u i n nhuyen va each dieu,
"Tai chfla Beng San Rach, xa An Ninh,
huyen My Tuc, t i n h Hau Giang ngrfdi ta
thay tren s i n nen chinh dicn cd ba Linga
lam b a n g thach cao cao 40cm, drfdng
kinh dau 30cm, drfdc dat vao ba ngdi
mieu nhd h i n h vudng, mdi canh 60cm,
eao 1,3m d d a n g trrfdc hai cufa chinh
hrfdng ddng s a n chua Nhrf vay, phai
Chang Linga la dai dien cho mpt vat linh
thieng dd'i vdi ngrfdi Khmer g a n vdi tin
ngrfdng phdn thflc eho nen hp da dfla nd
vao thd t r o n g mio'u tron san nen chfla
ndi t r a n g t r p n g cua chinh dicn?"*'*'
Tfl dd cho thay, vu nfl Apsara - mdt vu
nfl thien t h a n cua Baiamdn giao hicn
mdt lo dfldng n h i e n t r o n g sfl g i a o lrfu,
g i a o thoa v a n h d a cua c d n g d d n g ngfldi Khmor Nam Bd Mot k h i a e a n h bieu hien
q u a n t r p n g cua trie't li P h a t giao Tieu Thrfa la hfldng thidn, trfl ac Theo quan niem cua ngfldi Khmor Nam Bd thi vu nfl A p s a r a la mdt t h i n thien Trong
t r a n g t r i va t r a n h vc t r e n cae trfdng,
t r i n cua c h u a la v6 theo e i c srf tich, vl
du: sfl tich Thion a n h hflng ca
R a m a y a n a An Dp (Riem Kc): sfl tich
P h i t thoai vc eupc ddi cua dflc Phat tiit luc s i n h r a de'n luc vao cdi Nie't Ban; hay srf tich vfl nfl A p s a r a vdi s i c dep, tai
m u a gidi, c h i n h p h u c the' gidi thien
t h i n , the' gidi t r i n g i a n , ke ca gidi tu
h a n h , non h i n h vu nfl Apsara drfdc ve
t r e n e i c bflc trfdng, c i c t r i n ciia nhftng ngdi chua cd niiieu m i u sac rrfc rd, drfdng net t i n h xao, t i n h mi t h u a t cao va
d nhflng vi t r i q u a n t r p n g K h d n g nhiing bflc vc d vi t r i c h i n h dicn m a cdn drfdc
vc d n h a hdi, n h a t a n g cua chfla Khmer
Vu nfl Apsara drfdc mieu ta la vu nii thien t h i n x i n h dep tuyet vdi, d a n g Ifldn bay, uyen chuydn, m u a dieu tien bay, voli
n h i e u kieu, d a n g , t a o h i n h dpp, hap dan lam me say cdi Trdi Vu nfl Apsara c6 nhflng d a n g dieu, t a o h i n h g i n gui vdi
h i n h mua vu nfl Kay No, p h a i ehang da
cd srf a n h hrfdng, hda quyen vu nit
Apsara (Baiamdn g i i o ) va vfl nfl Kay No ( P h i t g i i o Tieu Thfla) Ne'u cd thi dd ciing
la dieu t a t yd'u, cd the x a y r a t r o n g tim thflc cua cdng d d n g ngrfdi Khmer khi tdn tai h a i tdn g i a o Baiamdn g i a o va Phit
g i a o Tieu Thrfa t r o n g tie'n t r i n h lich sif
3 Trudng Luu (chu bien).VVi/) hda ngirdi Kliiiat
Trang 8Le Ngoc Canh Hinh mi'ia trong kien true 57
hinh t h a n h p h a t t r i e n tde ngrfdi va van
hda tdn giao cua ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bd
3.7 Hinh mda Chdng (Yak)
Chang (Yak) la mdt h i n h trfdng, mot
n h a n vat t r o n g truyen thuye't t h i n thoai
va t r o n g n h i e u l i n h vrfc van hpc n g h e
thuat, cd net dac trrfng r i e n g biet, la dai
dien cho Irfc Irfdng ta, i c , phi n g h i a (loai
nhan vat p h a n dicn) Yak drfdc khac hoa
trong s i n k h a u Rd Bam, t r o n g dieu k h i c ,
kie'n true ludn cd srf bie'n doi h i n h d a n g
r i t dac biet C h i n g mot n h a n vat dfl tdn,
khi cd mdt d i u , khi cd n h i e u diu, r a n g
n a n h d i i , nhpn, m a t ldi, miii to, mat rat
h u n g drf Quan ao ludn bd sat nhrf mdt
loai vd trfdng Vdi tai n g h e eua eac nghe
nhan, dicn mao mdtip Chang drfdc khac
hoa r a t ddc dao, t h e hien ban c h i t cua
nhan vat ta, ac Cd le vi the' t r o n g kie'n
true t h a p Khmer, Yak drfdc k h i c hpa
ngay d cac mat cua thap, d vi tri quan
trpng cua thap
Thap Khmer thfldng ca'u true ba tang,
t i n g mdt r d n g , ldn; t i n g hai nhd hdn
t a n g mdt; t i n g ba nhd hdn t i n g hai;
dinh cua t h a p tao t h a n h h i n h tam g i a c
(chdp ndn) n h i e u ldp Tren d i n h cac t h a p
cua chfla thrfdng cd trfdng khd'i Linga
ffinh m u a Yak d vi t r i h a i ben d t a n g
i mdt cua t h a p
Hinh m u a Chang (Yak) dfldc dap
thanh khd'i, tao h i n h nhfl vo trfdng canh
girf cufa thap Mdtip chu dao cua tao h i n h
' miia Yak la h a i c h a n khuyu, hai dau gd'i
' hrfdng h a i ben (the' t i n ) ; h a i tay gap, mdt
tay thi'p mpt tay cao, nhrf c i m rapt binh
khi drfa r a p h i a trrfde ngrfc, the' ngrfdi
r|thang; t r a n g phuc q u i n ao bd sat ngrfdi;
Toan khd'i trfdng h i n h mua Yak khde, chac, cd p h i n h u n g dfl
38 Hinh mua thien thdn
Phd bie'n tron c i c mat cua kie'n true thap Khmer thrfdng cd hinh mua thien
t h i n h i n h khd'i, drfdc bd' tri can dd'i d hai ben efla t h a p (tang mdt) hoac d t i n g hai cua thap Kie'n true thap thrfdng cd bd'n mat, bd'n hrfdng Ddng, Tay, Nam, Bac, mdi hrfdng cd hai hinh mua thien than hrfdng thien, b i c ai, nhrf hda ddng tien drfa phfl hd cho cae linh hon ngrfdi qua cd' t r o n g thap (cdt pi ehet day) Mdtip dang the' miia cua thien than cd
gi dd g i n giii vdi dang the' tao hinh than Siva eua Baiamdn giao drfdc each dieu cd tinh nghe thuat mua kha dam net
Mdtip tao hinh mda cd bam Mdt chan
lam tru, kieng gdt chan va khuyu, mdt chan CO (gap gd'i) cd chan dudi trf nhien, cac n g d n chan hrfdng xud'ng drfdi Than ngrfdi va dau n g a theo hrfdng chan co Mpt tay ben phia chan cd gap khuyu tay,
cd tay ud'n, cac ngdn tay sat nhau de hrfdng trrfdc ngrfc, cac ngdn tay hrfdng len tren Tay cdn lai gid len cao theo hinh day cung, khuyu tay hdi gap, cd tay cud'n, cac n g d n tay sat nhau, cac ngdn tay hrfdng n g a n g diu, long ban tay hrfdng len tren
Hinh m u a thien t h i n ben kia tao the' miia ngrfdc lai (dd'i ximg), mot hinh mua
c h i n t r u la chan phai, mdt hinh mua chan t r u la chan trai Hinh mua thien
t h i n ludn d the' can dd'i Dd la mdt quy rfdc tao h i n h mua bat budc, ludn ngrfdc nhau Cd the dd la quy luat tham mi
t r o n g quan niem, trf duy cau true t r o n g
n g h e thuat kieh true chua, thap ndi
Trang 958
rieng t r o n g c i u true n g h e t h u i t ndi
Chung cua ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bd
3.9 Hinh ngddi cdu nguyen trong kie'n
trite nhd thidu
Pho bie'n t r o n g cdng ddng ngrfdi theo
dao P h i t Tieu Thfla, khi qua ddi deu l i
hda t a n g (drfa vao n h a thieu) Nha thifiu
drfdc c i u true k h a cdng phu, dpc d i o vdi
nhieu kieu d i n g , hoa van hpa tie't t r o n g
dd cd hinh ngrfdi drfdc bd' tri d phia tren
cua n h a hda thieu Tao hinh ngrfdi dd cd
the la tfldng Phat, eflng cd the la tfldng
Phat mua khue c i u nguyen, cd ye'u td'
mua, cd lien quan tdi mua ifla quanh n h a
thieu nhrf mdt tuc 16 cua hda t i n g
Trfdng Phat ngdi bat chan chrf ngfl
t r o n g k h u n g la de drfdc each dipu Mdt
tay budng xudi d the' trf nhien d phia
trrfdc, mdt tay nhfl c i m mdt bd dud'c, nhrf
tung kinh, nhrf mua khflc c i u nguyen cho
linh hdn ngrfdi q u i cd' drfdc t i n h lae vc
ndi vinh hang
3.10 Hinh mda vO nd trong nhac cu
Trong nhieu linh vrfc sinh hoat v a n
hda chfla eiing nhrf tin ngrfdng, phong
tue, tap quan thfldng cd sfl t h a m gia eua
he thd'ng nhac cu Khmer Trong dd quan
t r p n g la eac n h a c cu gd, nhrf dan Runet
ck, Runet thung, Kdng thon, Runet dek
Cic nhac cu n a y thrfdng cau tao theo
hinh thuyen, nen edn gpi la dan thuyen
Dac biet h a i d i u g i i dd d a n thuyen
thfldng cd cham k h i c h i n h vu nfl va tao
hinh, tao dang, t r a n g phuc miia theo
phong each d a n tdc
4 Ke't luan
4.1 Ton giao
Nghe t h u a t m u a ( h i n h mfla) trong chfla t h a p cua ngfldi Khmer d vflng ddng
b a n g s d n g Cihi Long l i mpt bieu hien dpc dao t r o n g n g h e t h u a t kie'n true Khmer Nam Bd Nd h i m chfla nhiing gia tri, nhiing y nghia, nhiing trf duy sang tao
va quan nipm t h i m mi cua ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bp t r o n g kie'n true chua t h i p , trong van hda tdn giao
Chiia, t h a p la bieu tfldng, dac trrfng cua Phat g i i o Tieu Thfla, tdn tai, phat trien
r i t sdm d cdng ddng ngrfdi Khmer Nam
Bd Khoang the ki I sau Cdng nguyen, gidi quy tdc Khmer da theo Baiamdn giao
du n h a p tfl An Dp va t r d t h i n h tdn giao quan t r p n g t r o n g ddi sdng van hda ton giao cua ho Ciing thdi, hoac trfldc dd din ngheo ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bp theo Ph4t giao Tieu Thura, bdi P h i t giao Tieu Thfla
cd nhiing not trfcftig d d n g g i n giii vdi tin ngrfdng d i n g i a n nhfl tuc t h d than Arik,
t h i n Neakta Mai de'n the ki XIII Phat giao Tieu ThiJfa mdi phat trien manh me, ben vflng t r o n g toan cdng ddng ngfldi Khmer va t r d t h a n h tdn giao chinh thong eiia cdng ddng ngrfdi Khmer d ddng bang sdng Cufu Long Nam Bd
Tuy Baiamdn g i a o da d i n d i n suy tan, nhrfng a n h hrfdng cua Baiamdn giao con
s i u d i m t r o n g tam thrfc, t i n h cam cua ngrfdi Khmer Nam Bd Bdi vay trong
n g h e t h u a t kie'n true chua t h a p Khmer
v i n cdn b d n g d a n g cua Baiamdn gi^-Nhrf vay, du hflu thrfc h a y vd thflc da co srf hda n h a p , giao thoa gifla Baiamdn
g i a o va P h a t g i a o Tieu Thrfa tdn tai
t r o n g kie'n t r u e chua, t h i p Khmer Dieu n a y t h a y rd h i n h ngrfdi mua
Trang 10Le Ngoc Canh Hinh mua trong kieh tnic 59
ddi sdng v a n hda, tdn giao cua cdng
ddng Dd la h i n h mua vu nfl Aprasa,
chim t h i n Garuda, chim t h i n Ma Ha
Krut va ca Linga bieu trfdng linh thieng
cua Baiamdn giao Dd la srf hdn dung cua
van hda tdn giao cung tdn tai t r o n g sinh
hoat van hda cua edng ddng ngrfdi
Khmer Nam Bd, ma kie'n true chua thap
la mdt bieu hien
4J3 Chua thdp
Ndi tdi P h a t giao Tieu Thiia k h d n g the
khdng ndi tdi chua thap, nd cd vai trd
dac biet quan t r p n g t r o n g ddi sd'ng van
hda t i n h t h i n cua cdng ddng ngrfdi
Khmer Phd bie'n d cac phum sdc Khmer
deu cd mpt ngdi chfla Theo thd'ng kc
chift, d i y du, hien cae phum sdc d Dong
bang sdng Cufu Long cd 600 ngdi chua
Chua drfdc x a y drfng t r e n mdt khudn
vien r d n g ldn, cd nhflng h a n g cay eao
vflt va vdi n h i e u n g d i n h a vdi nhflng
cdng n a n g khac nhau
Chua la t r u n g tam s i n h hoat van hda
tdn giao, sinh hoat van hda cdng ddng,
ndi dien r a le, hdi, p h o n g tuc, tap quan,
tin ngrfdng, v a n hda, xa hpi va nghe
thuat Chiia la ndi gfli g a m niem tin, rfdc
vpng, tam l i n h cua con ngfldi va g a n bd
vdi vdng ddi ngrfdi, sinh, iao, benh, trf
Chiia l i bieu trfdng l i n h t h i e n g cua P h i t
giao Tieu Thrfa
4.3 Nghe thudt mua (hinh miia) trong kie'n trdc chiia thap
Nghe thuat miia (hinh mua) la mdt dac trrfng, ddc dao trong kie'n true chiia thap Khmer d ddng bang sdng Cflu Long Nghe thuat mua trd thanh mdt thanh td' trong nghe thuat kie'n true chua thap Phat giao, khdng the thio'u vang Phd bie'n trong kie'n true chua thap bao gid cung ed hinh miia vdi cac dang, the', tao hinh khac nhau Nhrfng tdng the cd mdtip chii dao la vu nft
l i chim than, la t h i n vdi nhiing hinh khd'i ndi va vo tren cac trfdng, tran nha chua va dap ndi tren cac thap
Qua phan khao cflrf tren cho thay md'i quan he gifta tdn giao, kie'n true chua thap
va nghp thuat mfla (hinh mua) la md'i quan
he hflu cd, trong chinh the thd'ng nhat, khdng the chia cit Chung la net dac trrfng van hda cua cdng ddng ngrfdi Khmer d ddng bang sdng Cufu Long Md'i quan he ay drfdc quy nap vao sd dd drfdi day, thay cho ldi ke't cua bai vie't nay